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ETHICAL DOCTRINES IN JAINISM
nature may be comprehended under the Niścaya and Vyavahāra points of view. So comprehensive are these spiritual Nayas that they are capable of reconciling the apparently divergent nature of Samyagdarśana enunciated by different Acāryas at different times in the history of Jaina thought. We shall now deal with the different views of Samyagdarsana.
VARIOUS VIEWS OF SAMYAGDARŠANA: Kundakunda in the Darsana Pāhuda characterises the nature of Samyagdarśana as the possession of firm belief in the six kinds of Dravyas, the nine Padārthas, the five Astikāyas, and the seven Tattvas. Nemicandrācārya represents the belief in the six Dravyas, the five Astikāyas and the nine Padārthas as indicative of Samyagdarśana.? The Mokşa Pāhuda recognises the belief in the non-violent Dharma, in the Deva bereft of the eighteen kinds of faults and in the sermons of the omniscient as constitutive of Samyagdarśana. Again the Niyamasāra regards the belief in the perfect souls, the scriptures and the six Dravyas as determining the nature of Samyagdarśana.* Besides, according to the Mūlācāra and the Uttarādhyayana, the belief in the nine Padārthas expresses the nature of Samyagdarśana." Vasunandi in his Srāvakācāra describes the nature of right belief as the true and unshakable conviction in the perfect souls, the scriptures and the seven Tattvas. Some great Ācāryas like Umāsvāti,? Amrtacandra8 and the author of the Dravya Samgrahao unanimously depict Samyagdarśana as the belief in the seven Tattvas. In the view of Svāmikārttikeya, 10 in addition to the belief in the nine Padārthas acquired after ascertaining their nature through the epistemological medium of Pramāṇa and Naya, the person desirous of possessing Samyagdarśana must also give credence to the momentous principles of Anekāntavāda and Syādvāda. The apparent diversity does not cease here, but finds expression in the words of an eminent Acārya, Samantabhadra, who acquiesces in regarding the nature of Samyagdarśana as the belief in the Āpta, the scriptures and the Guru after one has eschewed the three kinds of follies," and the eight kinds of pride, 12 and has espoused the eight essentials of right belief.13 We have already explained the nature of six
1 Daršana. Pā. 19. 2 Gomma. Ji 560. 3 Mo. Pa. 90. 4 Niyama. 5. 5 Mülā. 203; Uttarā. 28/14, 15. 6 Vasu. Srāva. 6. 7 Tasū. I. 2. 8 Puru. 22. 9 Dravya. 41. 10 Kärtti. 311, 312. 11 Three follies: Pseudo-Deva, Pseudo-Guru, Pseudo-Scriptures. 12 Eight kinds of pride: Pride of 1) learning, 2) honour, 3) family, 4) caste, 5) power, 6) opulence, 7) penance, and 8) body. 13 Ratna. Srava. 4.
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