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ETHICAL DOCTRINES IN JAINISM
2) Vinaya implies either the control of senses and the eradication of passions, or the holding of humbleness towards the triple-jewelled per*sonalities. All scriptural study in the absence of Vinaya goes to the wall.
The outcome of the former should be the latter which in turn entails progress and prosperity. The outward and mundane consequences of Vinaya are wide recognition, friendship, respect, grace of Guru, obedience to the command of Jina, and destruction of ill-will, while the inward and supermundane fruits of Vinaya are easiness in self-restraint, penances, the acquisition of knowledge, the purification of self, the emergence of the feeling of gratitude, simplicity and commendation of other man's qualities, the destruction of conceitedness, and lastly the attainment of emancipation. We have fivefold classification of Vinaya-namely (a) Darśana, (b) Jñāna, (c) Căritra, (d) Tapa and (e) Upacāra. The Tattvārthasūtra speaks of the first four and probably includes Tapa Vinaya into Cāritra Vinaya. We have previously spoken of the five types of Acāra: Darsanācāra, Jñānācāra, Căritrācāra, Tapācāra, and Vīryācāra. The first four seem to be quite same as the first four Vinayas. Really speaking, Vinaya is a disposition, while Ācāra is an activity. The two are related as the inward and the outward, only theoretically distinguishable. (a) The disposition to observe the eight constituents of Samyagdarśana, and to devote oneself to the adorable five souls has been designated as Darśana Vinaya. It is also regarded as the belief in Dravyas and Paryāyas.? (b) He who reflects, preaches and utilises knowledge for higher progress is regarded as having Jñāna Vinaya. (c) To control the senses and passions, and to observe Gupti and Samiti are included in Căritra Vinaya. (d) To be elated in presence of saints performing excellent penances, and not to depreciate others are called Tapa Vinaya. 10 (a) Upacāra Vinaya is worldly modesty. It is the expression of modesty through body, mind and speech. To stand up out of respect for the saint, to bow down, to offer him a seat, to give him send off by
1 Sat. Vol. XIII. p. 63; Acarasära. VI. 69; Anagā. Dharmā. VII. 60. Uttara. 30/32. 2 Mülā. 385,; Bhaga. Arā. 128; Anagā. Dharmā. VII. 62. 3 Mülā 386 to 388; Bhaga. Arā. 129 to 131. 4 Mülā. 364; Bhaga. Arā. 112; Acārasāra. VI. 70; Anaga. Dharmā. VII. 64. 5 Ta.sū. IX. 23. 6 Mülā. 365; Bhaga. Arā. 114. 7 Mülā. 366, 585. 8 Müla. 368; Sarvärtha. IX. 23. 9 Mülā. 369,; Bhaga. Arā. 115. 10 Mülā. 371,; Bhaga. Arā. 117.
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