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ETHICAL DOCTRINES IN JAINISM
namely, the Scheme of classifying Virtues into the Individual, the Social and the Spiritual.
INDIVIDUAL VIRTUES: 1. Self-control (Sarāga-Samyama)); 2. Greedlessness (Sauca)2; 3. Humility (Mārdava)3; 4. Straightforwardness (Ārjava)*; 5. Truthfulness (Satya)s; 6. Non-stealing (Asteya)6; 7. Continence (Brahmacarya)?; 8. Doubtlessness (Nihsankā)8; 9. Desirelessness (Nihkānksā):; 10. Non-stupidity (Amudhatā)10; 11. Abandonment of frivolous actions (Anarthadandatyāga)11; and 12. Avoidance of eight kinds of pride. 12
SOCIAL VIRTUES: 1. Universal compassion and friendship (Bhūta Anukampai3 and Maitri); 2. Charity (Dāna)14; 3. Non-hatred towards the diseased (Nirvicikitsā)15; 4. Commendation of the meritorious (Pramoda)16; and 5. Active compassion for the distressed (Karuņā)17 or helping those who are miserable, thirsty and hungry.18 6. Indifference towards the arrogant (Madhyastha)19; 7. Non-acquisition (Aparigraha)20; 8. Non-injury (Ahimsā)21; 9. Forgiveness (Kşamā)22; and 10. Propagation of moral and Spiritual values through23 adequate means (Prabhāvanā).
SPIRITUAL VIRTUES: 1. Penance (Bodily Tapas)24; 2. Endurance of Parīşahas or suffering (Parīsahajaya)25; 3. Spiritual study (Svadhyāya)26; 4. Meditation (Dhyāna)27: 5. Devotion to Deva. Šāstra, and Guru28; 6. Avoidance of seven kinds of fear29; 7. Pessimism (Vairāgya)30; 8. Service of Saints (Vaiyāvsttya)31; 9. Spiritual conversion (Samyagdarśana)32; 10. Unattachment to body (Akiñcana)33; 11. Self-condemnation (PrāyaŚcitta)34; 12. Affection towards spiritual brethren (Vātsalya)35; 13. Con. quest of sleep, posture, and the desire for food36; 14. Purity of food 37: 15. Spiritual welcome to death (Sallekhana)38: 16. Re-establishment of the aspirants on the right path39 (Sthitikaraṇa).
1 Sarvartha. VI. 12. 2 Ibid. IX-6. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid.
6 Ibid. VII. 1. 7 Ibid. 8 Bhāva. Pā. 7. 9 Ibid. 10 Ibid. 11 Sarıārtha. VII. 21.
12 Mūla. 53. 13 Sarrārtha. VI. 12.; VII. 11.
14 Ibid. 15 Bhāva. Pā. 7. 16 Sarvartha. VII. 11. 17 Ibid.
18 Pañca. 137. 19 Sarvārtha. VII. 11. 20 Sarvārtha. VII. 1. 21 Ibid.
22 Sarvartha. IX. 6. 23 Bhāva. Pā. 7 24 Sarvārtha. IX. 19. 25 Sarvārtha. IX. 9. 26 Ibid. 20. 27 Ibid. 28 Sarvärtha. VI. 24. 29 Müla. 53.
30 Sarvärtha. VII. 12. IX-7. 31 Ibid. IX. 20.
32 Ibid. IX-24. 33 Ibid. IX-6. 34 Ibid. IX-20. 35 Bhāva. Pā. 7. 36 Mo. P. 63, 37 Milā. 421. 38 Sarvārtha. VII.-22 39 Bhāva. Pā. 7.
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