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ETHICAL DOCTRINES IN JAINISM
1) Kșamā: to have an attitude of forbearance towards men, gods, and subhuman beings in spite of the fact that the saint is subjected to stupendous torments by them. The saint forgives all, and does not yield to anger. The causes of anger does not perturb him; 2) Mārdava: to be modest despite certain attainments in the field of erudition and austerities. 3) Ārjava: not to be impure, deceitful and inconsistent in mind, body, and speech, and not to hide his own faults; 4) Sauca: to cleanse the filth of craving and greed by the water of equanimity and contentment and to be devoid of all sorts of hankering after food; 5) Satya: to preach in keeping with the scriptures even though the saint himself has not been able to abide by the high conduct prescribed in them; 6) Samyama: to be constantly vigilant in not injuring even the small lives in all the activi.. ties that a saint is supposed to perform; 7) Tapas: to practise austerities without any desire to be fulfilled either in this world or in the next; 8) Tyāga: to renounce tasty food, and such habitation as may engender attachment; 9) Akimcana: to forsake all Parigraha; and 10) Brahmacarya: to abstain himself from the association with women, from looking at their beautiful forms, and from the discussion over female matters.
Before we proceed to consider the nature of the next stages of the mystic's advancement, we propose, first, to dwell upon the view of scriptural study, and secondly, to deal with the conception of devotion in Jainism, both constituting the integral parts of the mystic's moral and spiritual organism. Without the due recognition of the first, the aspirant shall not be able to achieve a remarkable success, and without the proper valuation of the second, he shall have to be disappointed in retaining and stabilizing and inspiring the moral and spiritual attainments.
KINDS OF SCRIPTURAL STUDY: Scriptural study or Svādhyāya, is of five types:
11) Vācanā: To explain words or meanings or both to the person curious to learn; 2) Prcchanā: To ask questions with a view to clearing away doubts or confirming one's view regarding words, meanings or both; 3) Anupreksā: To dwell upon the assimilated meaning constantly; 4) Āmnāya: To memorise and revise the scriptures with unerring pronunciation; and 5) Dharmopadeśa: To preach moral principles with a desire to eradicate the unworthy path, to remove doubts and to illuminate the essential aspects of life.
TYPES OF SCRIPTURES: Four types of scriptures have been recognised 1) Prathamānuyoga, 2) Karaņānuyoga, 3) Caraṇānuyoga and 4) Dra
1 Uttara. 30/34; Sarvärtha. IX. 25; Rõjavä. IX. 25.
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