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ETHICAL DOCTRINES IN JAINISM
explicity prescribe its life-long observance, while the other Acāryas implicitly state so. The Śrāvaka Prajñaptitells us that since the householder is like a heated iron ball, his movements, wherever they are made, entail Himsă. If the area of his movements is circumscribed, he will thereby save himself from committing Himsā as such outside that area. Thus by the avoidance of even the subtle sins beyond the determined limits, the Aņuvrati (householder) becomes like a Mahāvrati (ascetic) in respect of the regions lying beyond those limits. Besides, the Kārttikeyānuprekşā tells us that by fixing the limits in all the ten directions the passion of greed is controlled. This may be explained by saying that the Digvratī has automatically renounced the getting of wealth, even if it can be easily got, from the area outside the limits. It will not be idle to point out here that the limitation of movements in the external world tends to reduce the internal passions, thereby fulfilling the purpose for which the Digvrata is enjoined.
The five transgressions of the Digvrata are: Going beyond the fixed limits of space 1) in upward direction, 2) in downward direction, 3) in other directions, 4) extending the field of one's activity by increasing boundaries, and 5) forgetting the limits.
NATURE OF DEŠAVRATA: We now turn to the Dęśavrata. We shall first explain the nature of Deśavrata according to those who have regarded it as one of the Sikşāvratas. Kundakunda has not recognised this vow, but speaks of Sallekhan, in its place. Kārttikeya and Samantabhadra have included Deśavrata in the Siksāvratas, but the latter considers it to be the first and the former, the fourth of the Śikṣāyratas. The Śrāvaka Prajñapti, Haribhadra,? Hemacandra etc., have regarded Deśavrata as the second of the Siksāvratas. It may be pointed out here that Kārttikeya, Samantabhadra and Hemacandra have not considered Sallekhanā to be useless, but have delineated it after the Šīlavratas. The other thinkers have also subscribed to this
1 Srāva. Prajña. 281, cf. Yo. Sa. III. 2. 2 Ratna. Srāva. 70; Puru. 138; Sarvärtha. VII. 21; Amita. Srāva. VI. 77; Sägā.
Dharmā. V. 3. Rāja. VII. 21/19. 3 Kärtti. 341. Sarvārtha. VII. 21; Rāja. VII. 21/18; Yo. Sa. III. 3. 5 Ta.sū. I. 30; Ratna. Srāva. 73.; Puru. 188.; Uvāsaga. I. 50; Amita. Srāva. VII. 8.;
Sāgā. Dharmā. V. 5; Śrāva. Prajña. 283. Dharma. Bi. 161. 6 Śrāva. Prajña. 318. ? Dharma. Bi. 151. & Yo. Sa. III. 84. 9 Ta. sū. VII. 22; Amita. Śrāva. VI. 98; Puru. 175 to 179; Subhāşita. 822-824.
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