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ETHICAL DOCTRINES IN JAINISM
and the like. The observer of the discipline prescribed by this stage does not also feed others with those things which he himself has renounced. This stage refers to the object of Bhoga, predominantly food. The next stage is recognised to be either 'Rātri Bhuktivirati' or ‘Divāmaithunavirati.' Kundakunda,: Kārttikeya* and Samantabhadra subscribe to the former view, while the other authors like Amitagati, Cāmundarāya,? Vasunandi, Somadevao and Āsādhara10 recognise ‘Divāmaithunavirati', i. e., abstinence from sexual intercourse in the day. According to Kārttikeya he who has ascended this stage neither eats food nor feeds others at night. We may reconcile these two traditions by saying that the observer should not copulate in the day and should neither feed others at night nor suggest others to do so. We may now say that this stage refers to the limitations of both Bhoga and Upabhoga. The next stage known as Brahmacarya Pratimā prescribes absolute continence.11 This is indicative of the further limitation in the objects of Upabhoga. The eighth12 stage of householder's advancement which is known as Arambhatyāga signifies the discontinuance of service, cultivation, business, in short, the means of livelihood. Besides, he neither suggests others to do business etc., nor commends those who are doing so.18 The next stage, namely, Parigrahatyāga Pratimă enjoins the abandonment of all kinds of acquisitions except "clothes, and in those too the observer is not attached. 14 The statement of Samantabhadra and Kārttikeya that the observer of this stage should renounce all kinds
1 Kārtti. 380; Ratna. Srāva. 141; Sāgā Dharmā. VI. 8; Vasu. Śrāva. 295. Abhayadeva, regards this Pratimā as the seventh in order and prescribes the same course of discipline as above (Uvāsaga. Comm. p. 76) 2 Kārtti. 380. Abhayadeva calls this Pratimā by the name of Kāyotsarga and regards this as the fifth in order and includes in it the avoidance of cohabitation in the day. He also prescribes the observance of the Gunavratas and the Sikşāvratas in addition to the Aņuvratas in this Pratimā. (Uvāsaga. Comm. p. 76) 3 Caritra Pāhuda. 22. 4 Kārtti. 382. Ratna. Srāva. 142. 6 Amita. Srāva. VII. 72. 7 Caritrasāra. p. 38. 8 Vasu. Srāva. 296. 9 Vasu. Śrāva. Intro. p. 50. 10 Sāgā. Dharmā. VII. 12. 11 Kārtti. 384. Vasu. Srāva. 297. Ratna. Śrāva. 143. Sāgā. Dharmā. VII. 16.
Abhayadeva defines it in the same way, though the order of the Pratimā is the sixth. 12 Ratna. Srāva. 144. Vasun. Srāva. 298. Abhayadeva holds that the aspirant
himself should not indulge in any activity for livelihood. 13 Kārtti. 385. 14 Vasu. Şrāva. 299.
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