________________
MATERIAL CULTURE
143
Wines and other intoxicating liquors were extensively used. Strong liquors were termed as majja or madya and were easily available in the market. The wine-shops or taverns were termed as rasāvana, majjāvana? or påņabhūmi. We are informed that “the flags (jjhaya-dhvaja ) were hoisted over the wineshops, particularly in the Mahārāșțra country, so that the monks could detect the wine-shop from a distance to enable them to refrain from accepting alms from there. Yuan Chwang also observed that, "drinking-booths were disting uished by sign-boards.»st
Wine (majja) was of two varieties : (i) pitthakada and (ii) gulakada.' The former was wine prepared with the powder of rice or barley-meal and has been called paisti sură by other authorities. The latter was evidently a liquor prepared with the fermented juice of sugarcane.? Besides, sura, sidhuo, madhulo and à savalı were the other varieties of
1. NC.1, p. 53. 2. Talauit #14 #FETTU NC. 2, p. 136. 3. NC. 2, p. 136; BỊh. VỊ. 4, p. 985. 4. Watters, op. cit., I, p. 147; Beal, op. cit., I, p. 74' 5. fate Hysi, H 1-fazTFIT TRE N C. 2, p. 238. 6. Ostali atafayetanafrisarai. tui-Brh. Vr. 4, p. 954; aflaterale
for a la faerit Hafa Al TTIbid., p. 953; Manusmrti, 11. 94-95. In the Sanmoha Vinodini (p. 38) also pitthi surā is mentioned as one of the five kinds of surās. For the process of making paisti sură see-R. L.
Mitra, Indo-Aryan, Vol. X. 1, p. 413. 7. Tai yefasuarai–Brh: V1. 4, p. 954. 8. NC. 2, p. 456; NC. 3, p. 518. Surā was generally prepared with barley
or rice-flour.-Carakasanhită, 27. 188. 9, NC. 2, p. 456. Sidhu was prepared with the juice of sugarcane and dhātaki flowers. Caraka mentions two varieties of sidhu--one prepared from boiled juice and the other from unboiled juice ( Carakasanhitā,
27. 182-83.) 10. NC. 2, p. 456. The juice of grapes was termed as madhu-Artha
Šāstra, p. 133; also LAI., p. 126. 11. NC, 1, p. 53. Asuva.was prepared with the extract of kapittha ( Ferr.
onia Elephantidin), inspissated juice of sugarcane and honey with some spices--Arthasāstra, II: 25. 19; Sušrutasamnitā, 45. 195:
Jain Education International
For Private & Personal Use Only
www.jainelibrary.org
