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types of cilamil or curtains made from yarn ( sutta) strings (rajju, dora), bark-strips (vaga ), sticks ( ḍaṇḍa ), and bamboo sticks (vamsakaḍa )1 were used by the monks to protect themselves from heat, cold, rains, or the wild beasts when no shelter was available to them. These curtains were five hands in length and three in width.2
Shoes
1. NC. 2, p. 40. 2. Ibid.
MATERIAL CULTURE
Shoes were also a necessary item of the dress of the civilized people in society. The kings and nobles as well as the ordinary people were accustomed to wearing shoes and even the Jaina monks were allowed to wear the same under exceptional circumstances like illness or while passing through dense and dreary forests." Different varieties of shoes like egapuḍa (shoes having a single sole ), dupaḍādiya (having two or more soles ), ardhakhallaka ( shoes covering half the feet), samastakhallaka (shoses covering the entire feet), khapusă (shoes reaching upto the knees)", vaguri (those covering the toes as well as the feet), kosaga (shoes covering only the toes to protect them from getting struck against a stone or thorns) 10, addhajamgha (shoes covering half the thigh )11 and samasta
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3. NC. 2, p. 87.
4. एगपुडं एगतलं -1bid.
10. Ibid. 11. Ibid.
171
5. NC. 2, p. 87.
6. या पादार्थमाच्छादयति सा अर्धखल्लका - Ibid.
7. या च सम्पूर्णपादमाच्छादयति सा समस्तखल्लका—Ibid.
8. या घुटकं पिदधाति सा खपुसा - Ibid.
According to Motichandra, the khapusa mentioned in the Jaina. texts has its equivalent in kavasi mentioned in the Fan-yu-tsaming, the Sanskrit-Chinese dictionary of Li-yen who died in A.D. 758-794, The khapusă or kavasi was probably the boot of Iranian origin brought to India by the Sakas aud Kuṣāņas whose Iranian affinities are well known.-Article on Dress in JISOA. XII, p. 261. 9. या पुनरंगुलिं च्छादित्वा पादावुपरिच्छादयति सा वागुरा — NC. 2, p. 87.
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