Book Title: Cosmology Old and New Author(s): G R Jain Publisher: Bharatiya GyanpithPage 41
________________ SŪTRA 1 (Ajivakāya) When a gas is heated, the molecules within it rush about more vigorously and if the temperature is sufficiently raised, the molecules begin to fall to pieces, i.e., the atoms composing them get separated out just as a cluster of balls glued together would break up under hard impact. The older view with regard to the atom was that it is like a 'billiard-ball' as hard, unbreakable, and of the same nature all through, like a jelly but this conception of atom was revised by Sir Rutherford. According to him the interior of the atom is a solar system, i.e., an atom is not solid like a billiard-ball but highly porous like the solar system. From a series of difficult experiments Rutherford came to the conclusion that an atom contains within its centre a massive charge of positive electricity28, with a number of negative electricity particles, called electrons, going round the former with very great velocities in fixed orbits like the planets round the sun. The specifications for the hydrogen atom are given below. The positive charge in the centre is called the proton. See Fig. 2 on page 11. HYDROGEN ATOM Diameter Weight ELECTRON : Diameter Speed Weight 1 200,000,000 inch. 164 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0 1 500,000,000,000,0 1,300 miles per second. 1 2,000 inch. gram. of the weight of the hydrogen atom. 9 PROTON : Diameter about ten times that of the electron. that of the hydrogen atom. Weight The central positive charge of electricity, the nucleus, has a 28. See foot-note No. 6 of the Prologue. When a dry vulcanite fountain-pen is rubbed with a silken handkerchief, it is observed that rubbed bodies acquire the property of attracting light bodies such as scraps of paper or small feathers. They are said to be charged with electricity. It should be noted that the vulcanite becomes charged with one kind of electricity and silk with the other kind. These two kinds are called arbitrarily as positive and negative.Page Navigation
1 ... 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232