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COSMOLOGY : OLD AND NEW
smaller space there must be and space could only be of literally infinite extent if it contained no matter at all. Just as the surface of a sphere is a curved surface and a closed surface enclosing a three-dimensional volume, so is our three-dimensional space a curved space and a closed space enclosing a fourdimensional continuum. One startling conclusion from Einstein's theory is that both space and time vanish away into nothing if there be no matter. We cannot conceive space and time without matter. It is matter in which originate space and time and our universe of perception. It should be noted that while Jaina philosophy regards only part of the universe as finite and an infinite pure space beyond, Einstein regards the whole universe as finite with nothing beyond it, although it is quite inconceivable that there should be no space beyond a certain space. When Professor Eddington declares that the physicists cannot in any case conceive of space as void, it is clear that they do not believe in space as a substance in itself. Our view is that space is a eternal substance, for pure expansion is not thinkable in the absence of a substance in which it might in here. Space without matter and time is not void.
THE TIME OR THE KĀLA
Jaina philosophy regards time as one of the six fundamental realities of the physical universe. Time is divided into apparent and absolute time. Apparent time is that which assists substances in their continuing to exist, is the auxiliary cause of different kinds of modifications in them and is measured by some conventional units of longer or shorter durations. The absolute or real time, existing behind apparent time, consists of innumerable grains, called the kālāņus, residing one in each space-point of the finite universe, the lokakāśa, like heaps of jewels. These grains never mix or coalesce with one another; they are invisible, formless and inactive. The time substance differs from the other five substances in one important respect and it is this : Time is unindirectional. This one-way property' of time has been given the name, time's arrow, by Eddington. Time has only a longitudinal extension, no spatiality and hence no indivisible and insparable parts called the Pradesas or space-points. The instants of time, i.e., käläņus are so arranged in space that their arrangement can be represented by a monodimentional mathematical series, i.e., a series of linear order. This characteristic distinguishes time from the other five entities which require a multi-dimensional series to represent their surface extension. In Einstein's theory the space and time are
