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CHAPTER X
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also called, briefly, as dravyanaya and paryāyanaya respectively. The view of reality conceived under the division is described as the concise (sankṣepa or samāsa ') one in contrast to the other (the broad) one.
By a process of further analysis the Jaina thinkers have been led to the formulation of the methodological scheme consisting of seven ways of looking at reality. They are enumerated in the following order of decreasing denotation': naigama, sangraha, vyavahāra, ījusūtra, śabda, samabhirūdha, and evambhūta'. Generally among these the first three are considered to be dravyanayas or substantive standpoints and the other four paryāyanayas or modal standpoints. Reserve ing to a later stage the consideration of the question whether the number of these seven ways of viewpoints can be reduced to six, or five, or even less, either by elimination of any of them, or by subsumption of some of them under the one or the other of the seven viewpoints, we may now proceed to point out, with illustrations, the nature and function of these seven viewpoints.
progressive decrease in denotation, from every preceding naya to its succeeding one, in the course of as many as seven sūtras and his own comm. thereon. See ONTA, VII. 46-52 and the SRK thereon.
See PNTA, VII.5 and the SRK thereon. 2. Cf. pūrvah pūrvanayo bhūmavişayah kāraṇatmakaḥ / parah parah
punaḥ sūksmagocaro hetumāniha// Nayavivarana, kā. 98. 3. See TSUJ, I. 33. 4. dravyārtho vyavahārāntah paryāyārthas tatoparaḥ / TSV, p. 268. 5. See infra.
