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2. CIRCLE AS A SYMBOL
A small circle has been used for the following purposes :
1. It stands for a negative sign. Todaramala Quotes its use in the following form . The expression for one crore less one is The expression for crore less two is को
2. It stands for one-sensed bios, two sensed bios etc., denoted by o, oo, ........, respectively. This has been depicted in a diagrammatically symbolic representation in the Dhavalā of Virasena 3.
3. It stands for the agrhīta (non-assimilative) stage in which a bios does not assimilate kārmic particles during a material change (pudgala Parāvartana)'4. here the symbol denotes a void. Todaramala has also made use of this aspect.
4. It stands for filling up gaps. This appears in the writting of Mahābandhasūtras's. Here zeros have been placed after every incomplete sūtra signifing bridging. This use also appears in the Arthasamdrsţi in the input column of nisusus (nişekas) in the life stay (sthiti) structure of karma
5. It stands for a place value :
a. In The Tiloyapannattī, SO stands for the expression that three zeros may be placed after the product which may denote a product by 1000.17
b. Todramala expresses the following way in which 65000 were written.18 as16 & 9
c. In the Satkhandāgamal the number or a particular type of human beings is stated as greater then kodā-kodā-kodi, (107) and less then kodākodā-kodā-kodi (107)
In Tiloyapannatti a lac yojan is denoted by ul. 900000
The same is simultaneously quoted to be between22 and 22' which appear to be Neo-Pythagorean. Singh has remarked20 it. Now Vīrasena quotes verses Representing various styles for expressing big number'. It is also interesting to see how words and numbers signified a number 61, 97, 08, 46, 66, 81, 64, 16, 20, 00, 00, 000, in the form of a verse qouted from some ancient work by Vīrasena?
In the Tiloyapannattī, the author while denominating time-units stops at the acalātma for a while, i.e. (84)31 (10)%0 years. The number finds expression as 28/39/80. Here 31 Stands for the power of 84, and 90 stands for 90 zeros to be placed after the terms as place values. Todaramala has also used this symbolism of raising to power for example a volume appears as.
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