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Pa rinama in the works of Umāsvāti and Kundakunda
125
Application of Pariņāma to Kāla, Pudgala and Jiva
as found in the works of Kundakunda. At the outset, it must be pointed out that, of the six Dravyas, Kundakunda, like his predecessors, omits Dharma, Adharma and Akāśa and applies the doctrine of Pariņāma to Kāla, Pudgala and Jiva only.2+ Kala :
In the Āgamas, we saw, that Kāla was mentioned as a sixth: Dravya, but its paryāyas were not given.? 5 Similarly, the Tsū. devotes only two sūtras to Kāla, stating that it is accepted by some as a separate Dravya and that it has infinite samayas.96. Kundakunda, however, clearly explains the nature and functions. of Kāla and shows the application of the doctrine of pariņāma to it as follows. That on account of which the five Substances undrero changes is called Real Time or Kāla-dravya. It is devoid of physical qualities like colour ete. Samaya, Nimişa, Kāștha, Kalā, Nālī, day and night, month, season, Ayana (half-year) and Samvatsara (year) are all Vyavahāra or conventional time. These are determined by other objects. Duration of time, either long or short, is impossible apart from a standard of measurement. The standard of measurement also has no meaning apart from material objects. Hence, conventional or relative time is brought about by extraneous conditions. Relative time is determined by changes or motion in things. These changes themselves are the effect of time 24 There is only one stanza in the PK. (91) which seems to refer to the
Pariņāma of the Dharma Dravya. It is as followsअगुरुलघुगेहिं सया तेहिं अणंतेहिं परिणयं निच्चम् । गदिकिरियाजुत्ताणं करणभूयं सयमकज्जम् ॥
The Dharma Dravya which is eternal constantly undergoes infinite modification of the quality 'agurulaghu'. It is unaffacted by movement,
but it conditions the motion of those that can move. 25 In the Bh. Sū. 25.5.747, the notion of conventional time, viz., avalikä,
muhúrta etc. is there but it is not clear whether these pusat HUT
are to be understood as referring to the paryāyas of Dravya-Kāla. 26 FTCTROCTE' v.38. Sarat4:' V.39.
