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Kulagara
Kulagara (Kulakara) Law-giver or Governor. Seven, ten, or fifteen? Kulagaras, as different traditions go, take birth in the middle-division, of the southern half of the Bharaha(2) region, lying between the rivers Gamgā and Simdhu(1) in the Susamadusamā period of every Osappiņi and Ussappiņi. They initiate laws for maintaining peace and order. In case of the seven Kulagaras in the Osappini cycle the first two inflict the 'hakkāra' (disapproval) punishment, the next two add to it the 'makkāra' (warning) and the last three the 'dhikkāra' (reproach) punishment. Thus when gradually the severity of offences increases, , the punishment becomes harsher and harsher. In the tradition of fifteen Kulagaras the first Titthayara Usaha(1) is taken as the fifteenth Kulagara) who introduces physical punishments in addition to the above ones. Similar is the case in the Eravaya(1) region. In the Ussappini cycle the conditions become viceversa. In this Osappini the following Kulagaras were born in Bharaha(2) forming the group of seven : 1. Vimala vāhapa(6), 2. Cakkhuma, 3. Jasama, 4 Abhicasda(1), 5. Pasenai(4), 6. Marudeva(2) and 7. Nābhi.? The names of the group of ten Kulagaras of this Osappiņi are not available but those of other cycles are given.
The group of fifteen Kulagaras of Bharaha(2) of this Osappini is as follows :- 1. Sumai(1), 2. Padissui(2), 3. Simamkara(3), 4. Simamdhara(3), 5. Khemamkara(4), 6. Khemamdhara(1), 7 to 10 as the first four from the above group of seven, 11. Camdābha(2), 12 to 14 as the last three from the above group of seven and the fifteenth is Titthayara Usaha(1).
The following ten Kulagaras appeared in Bharaha(2) in the past Osappin 10 : Sayamjala(2), Sayāu(2), Ajiyaseņa(5), Aņamtaseņa(3). Kajjasena, Bhimasena(2), Mahābhīmaseņa, Dadharaha(4), Dasaraha(2) and Sayaraha(1). In the Şthānāngal there is difference in some names and their order because Sayajjala(1), Anamtasena(3), Amitasena and Takkasena are mentioned as the first, third, fourth and fifth Kulagaras. The rest of the names and their order are the same. The following seven12 were born in the Bharaha(2) region in the past Ussappini : Mittadāma, Sudāma(1), Supāsa(6), Sayampabha(2), Vimalaghosa, Sughosa(1) and Mahāghosa(6).
The names of the seven would-be Kulagaras13 of the Bharaha(2) region are as follows: Mitta vāhaņa or Miyavāhana(2), Subhoma(2) or Subhūma(3), Suppabha(2), Sayampabha(1), Datta(3), Suhuma or Suha and Surūva(3) or Subamdhu(2). The Titthogāli differs in this connection. It gives the following names of the seven would-be Kulagaras of Bharaha(2) : Vimalavāhana(9), Sudāma(2), Samgama(3), Supāsa(5), Datta(3), Suņaha and Sumai(5).14
The Sthānānga contains altogether a different list of ten Kulagaras of the coming Ussappiņi in the Bharaha(2) region and the names given there are as follows: Simamkara(2), Simamdhara(2), Khemamkara(3), Khemamdhara(2),
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