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Jaina Logic
371
example, we say, "Today, the Deepavali day, is the day of Lord Mahāvīra's nirvāņa (liberation)", or "Today, the thirteenth day of the bright half of the month of Caitra, is Lord Mahāvīra's birth-day." Here we superimpose the past on the present.
When the rice is about to be cooked, we say, “The rice has already been cooked". Or, when the bed is about to be spread out, we say, "The bed has already been spread out". Here we superimpose the future on the past. This superimposition is related to time.
Somebody says, “Here is a brāhmaṇa-monk”. Strictly speaking, a monk cannot be a brāhmaṇa for he is supposed to give up his caste-privileges. But the above statement is easily understandable as it refers to one who was a brāhmana before he became a monk. Here the past state is superimposed on the present one.
Upacara-naigama is included in āropa-naigama. Upacara means metaphorical or figurative use of words. When we make figurative statements, we do so from the standpoint of upacara-naigama. The following are the instances in point. 'Kavi Kalidasa is the Shakespeare of India.' About a friend who stands by us in good or bad days we say, “He is my right hand". About our beloved daughter we say, “She is a pupil of my eye”. About a beautiful lady we say, "She is a beauty incarnate".
"tvam jīvitam tuam asi me hrdayam dvitīyam tvas kaumudī nayanayor amȚtam tvam ange/” "You are my life; you are my twin heart; you are the moon-light of my eyes and nectar against my body." All these are the instances of upacāra-naigama.
Thus, whatever views or verbal usages originate on account of varied popular conventions, they all are collected together under the title naigamanaya.
The naigama-naya subordinates one of the two-substance and qualityto the other. For example, in the description of soul, the qualities, viz. cognition, etc., are subordinated to the soul, while in that of qualities, viz. cognition, etc., the soul is subordinated to them. This naya does not touch upon the identity that obtains between a substance and a quality, a substance and activity, a part and a whole, a universal and an individual. It notices the difference that obtains between them. It is a method which makes one member of each of these pairs principal and the other subordinate.
Sangraha-naya (Class view) : The word 'sangraha' means collection. Thus,
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