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218
THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY
NOVEMBER, 1922
None of the cities on the Normada which have been heretofore identified as Mahishmati stands where the tidal waves could conceivably have reached. The only place on the Normads which could bave been possibly described in this manner must have stood somewhere near the site of the present city of Broach, which according to Hieun-Theang stood very near the sea in his time.*
Being the capital of Kartaviryn's kingdom it must have occupied an important position in the portion of the country over which he held sway. Kårtavirya is called the lord of Antipa.5
Anûpn literally means a place near the sea or a marshy place, and was applied to various tracts near the sca. In the Mahabharata times the word Anûpa was applied to a kingdom apparently insignificant, on the west coast. It also appears that Surashtra, Anûps and Anarta were contiguous countries and that Anûpa lay to the south of Surashtra.
These references show that the only portion which could be called Anapa and which could have a capital situate on the Narmada must be the portion of Gujarat between the Mahi and the Tapti.
The extent of Kartavirya's dominions can also be ascertained by the names of his im. mediate desóendants, which are in reality either the names of the provinces which formed part of his empire, or the names of the different tribes which went to make up the Haihaya and Talajanga races of which he was the chief. These names are given as Sarasena, Sûra,
TAlainnga. Avanti, Vitihotra, Shâryâta, Bhoja, Tundikera, and Anarta. Sarasena is Mathura. Sora appears to be the tribe which gave its name to the peninsula of Kathiâ war the name of Sarashtra. Avanti is Mâlwa. Anarta is old Gujarat with its old capital KusUsthali (Dwarka). Vitihotra or Vitihavya is a country to the west of the Vindhyas10. Kundikera or better Tundikera is also a name of a tribe near the Vindhyag. 11 Bhojas appear to hav) settled to the cast of Arravali and their kingdom was known as Shâlva in the Mahabharata times.12 The dominiorts of Kårtavirya therefore appear to be bounded by Yamuna on the north-east; Vetravati or Betwa on the east ; Narmada on the south and the sea and tho desert of Rajputana on the west. The extent of this empire clearly shows that its most important portion was Anûpa, 1.e., Gujarat and Kathiawar. And neither Mandala 13 nor Maheswar14 nor Måndhâtâ 16 occupies a central position with regard to this country. It would therefore bo more natural to expect the capital of this empire somewhere nearer the seg. and being on the Narmadâ, it must be somewhere near Broach.
During the Mahabharata times Kartavirya's country and its capitel Mahishmati appear to have censed to exist except as a mere tradition. In those times Aryavarta except for the kingdom of Vidarbha was bounded on the south by NarmadA for all practical purposes and
Cunningham's Ancient Geography. 5 Mbh., Vana p., cxvii, 19. u Mon., Udyoga p., xix, 0; Vayu P., xxvi, 86; Hari II, xxxvii, 29. 7 Mbh., Sabha, p. iv, 24-35; Udyoga, p. iv, 13-24. 9 Hari I1, xxxvii, 29-40.
Matsya P., xliii, 48—49; Hari I, xxxiv, 49. 10 Mateya P., cxiv, 62—38. 11 Pargiter's Markandeya P., 344. 12 Moh. Vano p., xiv, xx, xvi, ccliii; Hari I, xxxviii. 13 (1837) JASB., 622; Cunningham's Ancient Geography, 488. 14 (1807) 9 As. Res., 105: Imp. Cass., sub-nom. Mah heswar. 16 (1910) JRAS., 428 : Pargiter's Markandeya P., 333 n.
