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the parihāra especially (cf. Bh 1, 320 b; infra). Bh I speak without equivocation of the fear which this last penance inspires, and they specify what it is that the excommunicated monk fears: the moral isolation into which he will be plunged. In certain cases this causes attacks of nervous depre
ssion : katham aham alapan’ādi-paritarjitaḥ sann ugicm tapaḥ karişyamiti, ļ '. III, 29 b. 10, ad Vav 1, 17 (cf. infra 189).
It can be understood then that these last two penances, which involve the exile of the offender, have been reserved for monks who have already proved their ability to withstand solitude.
... In addition, we can see the explanation for on the one hand, certain .. of the contradictions mentioned above, and on the other, the change of
' name of the sixth atonement.
Everything leads one to believe that in antiquity many monks lived in solitude, as in fact did Mahavira. Solitude, however, became more and more terrifying for monks whom their very rule obliged to be constantly in the company of others (cf. supra 50). From that time, the sixth atonement (parihāra), from being a penance of medium severity as it originally was, became in their eyes more feared than any loss of seniority whatever.
The sort of quarantine which characterised it became all the more intoler* able as, in fact, exile was no longer ever inflicted. In the same way that
the ninth and tenth atonenients had been reduced to fasts, the sixth had
become tava "mortification" - in other words, above all, "restrictions on i food" (supra). When however the Jainas reacted against this laxity, they
could well decide to banish once more from the religious precincts the offender who was undergoing the two penances recognised as the most painful. But it was impossible to revive the ancient parihāra, with its moral exile: and nevertheless to maintain the traditional classification, with its many disciplinary implications..
1:
... 'When forced to choose, the Jainas kept to the hierarchy of atonements ';. cheva, mūla immediately before anavaffhayā and parañciya). It remained that
the sixth atonement consisted of fasts. It lost the name of parihara, which He then became available, and took permanently the name of taya “austerity
“mortification".
The verbal substitution thus shows, in fact, a revolution in beliefs and customs.
.:''
**
1. Cf. supra, p. 55. Compare eko care klag gavisāna-kappo (refrain of the famous : Pali Khaggavisāna-sutta, Sn 35-75; cf. Mun I 357, 21-359, 15).
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