Book Title: $JES 904 Compendium of Jainism (Jain Academic Bowl Manual 3rd Edition)
Author(s): JAINA Education Committee
Publisher: JAINA Education Committee
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PHILOSOPHY
03 Classification of Pramäna
Pramäna is of two kinds
⚫
Pratyaksha (direct)
• Paroksha (indirect)
B12 Anekäntaväda II - Pramäna, Naya and Syädväda
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Pratyaksha Jnän (Direct knowledge)
Direct knowledge is that which is obtained by the soul without the help of external means. The Pratyaksha Jnän is of three kinds, namely Avadhi-jnän, Manah-Paryäva Jnän and Keval-jnän.
Paroksha Jnän (Indirect knowledge)
Indirect knowledge is that which is obtained by the soul by means of such things as the five senses and the mind. Paroksha Jnän is classified into Mati-jnän and Shruta-jnän.
Thus, there are total five kinds of Pramäna: (1) Mati-jnän (2) Shruta-jnän (3) Avadhi-jnän (4) Manahparyava jnän (5) Keval-jnän.
Pratyaksha Pramana (Direct Knowledge)
The soul's knowledge of substance is pure. The soul's involvement is direct in obtaining this type of knowledge. It can be of 2 types.
Direct or Practical
Transcendental
Sämvyavahärik Pratyaksha Pramäna Päramärthika Pratyaksha Pramäna
Direct Knowledge in a conventional sense (Sämvyavahärik Pratyaksha Pramana): Partial proper knowledge of a given substance acquired with the help of senses and mind is called direct knowledge in the conventional sense (Samvyavaharik pratyaksha).
The knowledge obtained by the soul through sensory (Mati-jnän) knowledge and articulate (Shrutajnän) knowledge, is called indirect knowledge for two reasons: 1) There is a need for the senses' and mind's involvement and 2) The knowledge is impure because the knowledge obtained from senses and mind usually is for others and not for the soul. However, when the soul obtains right faith (Samyag Darshan), at that time, the sensory knowledge and articulate knowledge are used for the knowledge of the self. Therefore, this is called direct knowledge in a conventional sense. Here the knowledge is partially true (Ekadesha Spasta).
Transcendental knowledge (Päramärthika Pratyaksha Pramäna):
When the soul obtains direct knowledge without the help of any external means (like senses and mind), then it is called transcendental knowledge. It can be of two types:
Partial perception (Vikal Päramärthika)
Perfect perception (Sakal Päramärthika)
Partial Perception Knowledge (Vikal Päramärthika):
When the soul obtains direct knowledge of a formed substance without the help of senses and mind, it is called partial knowledge. It is of two types:
Clairvoyance Knowledge (Avadhi Jnan)
Telepathy (Manah-paryäva Jnän)
Compendium of Jainism - 2015
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