Zend Avesta Part 02

Author(s): James Darmesteter
Publisher: Oxford
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/007672/1

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THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST [23] Digitized by Google

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M946 U.23 London HENRY FROWDE 16 DOMININAS SINUSITIO ILLV MEA OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE 7 PATERNOSTER ROW Digitized by Google

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THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST TRANSLATED BY VARIOUS ORIENTAL SCHOLARS AND EDITED BY F. MAX MULLER VOL. XXIII SE LIE: OF THE UNIYA LESE Oxford AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1883 [ All rights reserved] Digitized by Google

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R. SE Digitized by Google

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THE ZEND-AVESTA PART II THE SIROZAHS, YASTS, AND NYAYIS TRANSLATED BY JAMES DARMESTETER ESE LICA SE OF THE REEST UNIVITY Orford AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1883 [ All rights reserved ] Digitized by Google

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REESE Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . ix TRANSLATIONS. . . . I 3 .13 35 41 Preliminary Observations to the Yasts and Sirozahs. Sirozah I. . . . . . . . . Sirozah II . . . . . . . . I. Ormazd Yast . . . (Bahman Yast) . II. Haptan Yast . . III. Ardibehist Yast IV. Khordad Yast . V. aban Yast . . . VI. Khorshed Yast VII. Mah Yast . . . VIII. Tir Yast IX. Gos Yast X. Mihir Yast . . . XI. Srosh Yast Hadhokht. 48 52 92 * IIO . 119 . 159 XII. Rashn Yast. . 168 XIII. Farvardin Yast 179 XIV. Bahram Yast. XV. Ram Yast . XVI. Din Yast . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 231 . 249 . 264 COM Digitized by Google

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viji CONTENTS. PAGE * . . . . . . . XVII. Ashi Yast . . . XVIII. Astad Yast . . . . XIX. Zamyad Yast . . . XX. Vanant Yast . . . XXI. Yast Fragment . . XXII. Yast . . . . . XXIII. Afrin Paighambar Zartust . XXIV. Vistasp Yast . . . . . . . * * . 270 . 283 . 286 . 310 * 311 . 314 . 324 * . . . . . * * . . * . 328 * * Preliminary Observations to the Nyayis . I. Khorshed Nyayis . . . . II. Mihir Nyayis . . . . . III. Mah Nyayis . . . . IV. aban Ngayis . . . . . V. Atas Nyayis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 . 349 . 353 . 355 . 356 . 357 * INDEX to the Translations of the Vendidad, Sirozahs, Yasts, and Nyayis . . . . . . . 363 Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the Trans lations of the Sacred Books of the East . . . 381 Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. THE present volume contains a translation of the Sirozahs and Yasts, and of the Nyayis. This part of the Avesta treats chiefly of the mythical and legendary lore of Zoroastrianism. For a satisfactory translation of these texts, the etymological and comparative method is generally considered as the best or as the only possible one, on account of the entire absence of any traditional interpretation. I have tried, however, to reduce the sphere of etymological guesswork to its narrowest limits, with the help of different Pahlavi, Persian, and Sanskrit translations, which are as yet unpublished, and have been neglected by former translators. I found such translations for the Sirozahs, for Yasts I, VI, VII, XI, XXIII, XXIV, and for the Nyayisi (besides the already published translations of Yasts XXI and XXII). Of the remaining Yasts, which are mostly of an epical character, there is no direct translation available; but a close comparison of the legends in Firdausi's Shah Namah seems to throw some light, even as regards philological points, on not a few obscure and important passages. This has enabled me, I believe, to restore a few myths to their original form, and to frame a more correct idea of others. In this volume, as in the preceding one, I have to thank Mr. West for his kind assistance in making my translation more readable, as well as for valuable hints in the interpretation of several passages. JAMES DARMESTETER. PARIS, 13 December, 1882. 1 These translations have been edited in our Etudes Iraniennes, II, 253 seq. (Paris, Vieweg, 1883). * See ibidem, II, 206 seq. Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND SIROZAHS. Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND SIROZAHS. REES OF THE !TY ONIK The word yast, in Zend yesti, means properly 'the act of worshipping,' the performance of the yasna; and it is often used in Parsi tradition as synonymous with yasna. But it has also been particularly applied to a certain number of writings in which the several Izeds are praised and magnified. These writings are generally of a higher poetical and epical character than the rest of the Avesta, and are most valuable records of the old mythology and historical legends of Iran. The Parsis believe that formerly every Amshaspand and every Ized had his particular Yast, but we now possess only twenty Yasts and fragments of another. The writings known as Yast fragments, the Afrin Zartust, and Vistasp Yast (printed as Yasts XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV in Westergaard's edition), are not proper Yasts, and have no liturgical character; they are not devoted to the praise of any Ized. The order in which the Yasts have been arranged by the Parsis follows exactly the order of the Sirozah, which is the proper introduction to the Yasts. SIROZAH. Sirozah means 'thirty days :' it is the name of a prayer composed of thirty invocations addressed to the several lzeds who preside over the thirty days of the month. There are two Sirozahs, but the only difference between them is that the formulas in the former are shorter, and there is also, occasionally, some difference in the epithets, which are fuller in the latter. 1 The Bahman Yast (see Yt. 1, $$ 24 and following). : In the greater Sirozah the names of the gods invoked are introduced with the word yazamaide, we sacrifice to;' in the lesser Sirozah there is no introductory word, the word khshnaothra, propitiation,' being understood, as can be seen from the introductory formulas to the several Yasts. [23] Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND SIROZAHS. In India the Sirozah is recited in honour of the dead, on the thirtieth day after the death, on the thirtieth day of the sixth month, on the thirtieth day of the twelfth month, and then every year on the thirtieth day from the anniversary day (Anquetil, ZendAvesta, II, 315). The correspondence between the formulas of the Sirozah and the Yasts is as follows: 1. Ormazd. Ormazd Yast (I, 1-23). 2. Bahman. Bahman Yast (I, 24-33). 3. Ardibehest. Ardibehest Yast (III). 4. Shahrevar. 5. Sapendarmad. 6. Khordad. Khordad Yast (IV). 7. Murdad. 8. Dai pa Adar. dar. 10. Aban. aban Yast (V). 11. Khorshed. Khorshed Yast (VI). * 12. Mah. Mah Yast (VII). 13. Tir. Tir Yast (VIII). 14. Gos. Gos Yast (IX). 15. Dai pa Mihir. 16. Mihir. Mihir Yast (X). 17. Srosh. Srosh Yast (XI). 18. Rashn. Rashn Yast (XII). 19. Farvardin. Farvardin Yast (XIII). 20. Bahram. Bahram Yast (XIV). I. Ram. Ram Yast (XV). 22. Bad. 23. Dai pa Din. 24. Din. Din Yast (XVI). 25. Ard. Ashi Yast (XVII). 26. Astad. Astad Yast (XVIII). 27. Asman. 28. Zemyad. Zemyad Yast (XIX). 29. Mahraspand. 30. Aneran. The Yasts that have been lost are, therefore, those of Khshathra-vairya, Spenta-Armaiti, Ameretat, Atar, Vata, Asman, MathraSpenta, and Anaghra raokau. The second Yast, or Yast of the seven Amshaspands, appears to have been no independent Yast : it was common to all the seven Yasts devoted to the several Digitized by Google

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SIROZAH 1. Amshaspands, and, accordingly, it is recited on the first seven days of the month. One might suppose that it was originally a part of the Ormazd Yast, as the Amesha-Spentas are invoked in company with Ahura Mazda (Sirozah 1, 8, 15, 23). There may, indeed, have been several Yasts for one and the same formula of the Sirozah, as in all of these formulas more than one Ized are invoked: this would apply not only to the Yast of the seven Amshaspands, but also to the Vanant Yast (Yast XX), which, in that case, ought to follow the Tir Yast (see Sirozah 13). Not every Yast, however, is devoted to the Ized whose name it bears: thus the Ardibehest Yast is mostly devoted to Airyaman; the Ram-Yast and the Zemyad-Yast are devoted to Vayu and to the Hvareno: but Airyaman, Vayu, and the Hvareno are invoked in the same Sirozah formulas as Ardibehest, Ram, and Zemyad, and a Yast is named from the opening name in the correspondent Sirozah formula. The systematic order so apparent in the Sirozah pervades the rest of the liturgy to a great extent: the enumeration of Izeds in Yasna XVII, 12-42 (XVI, 3-6) follows exactly the order of the Sirozah, except that it gives only the first name of each formula; and the question may be raised whether this passage in the Yasna is taken from the Sirozah, or whether the Sirozah is developed from the Yasna. The very idea of the Sirozah, that is to say the attribution of each of the thirty days of the month to certain gods, seems to have been borrowed from the Semites: the tablets found in the library of Assurbanipal contain an Assyrian Sirozah, that is, a complete list of the Assyrian gods that preside over the thirty days of the month . SI ROZAH 1. 1. Ormazd. To Ahura Mazda, bright and glorious?, and to the Amesha-Spentas 3. * J. Halevy, Revue des Etudes Juives, 1881, October, p. 188. 2 See Yt. I, 1-23. s See Yt. II. B2 Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 2. Bahman. To Vohu-Mano 1; to Peace ?, whose breath is friendly 3, and who is more powerful to destroy than all other creatures 4; to the heavenly Wisdomo, made by Mazda ; and to the Wisdom acquired through the ear, made by Mazda. 3. Ardibehest. To Asha-Vahista, the fairest 6 ; to the muchdesired Airyaman, made by Mazda ?; to the instrument made by Mazda 8 ; and to the good Saoka", with eyes of love 10, made by Mazda and holy. See Yt. I, 24-33. ? Akhsti does not so 'much mean Peace as the power that secures peace; see note 4. 3 Ham-vaiati, from ham-va (Yt. X, I4I); possibly from van, to strike: 'Peace that smites.' 4 Taradhatem anyais daman, interpreted: tarvinitartum min zaki an daman pun anashtih akar kartan (Phl. Comm.), more destroying than other creatures, to make Non-peace (Anakhsti) powerless.' o Asnya khratu, the inborn intellect, intuition, contrasted with gaosho-sruta khratu, the knowledge acquired by hearing and learning. There is between the two nearly the same relation as between the paravidya and aparavidya in Brahmanism, the former reaching Brahma in se (parabrahma), the latter sabdabrahma, the word-Brahma (Brahma as taught and revealed). The Mobeds of later times interpreted their name Magus, juges, as meaning, 'men without ears,' wielo, ' pour insinuer que leur Docteur avait puise toute sa science dans le ciel et qu'il ne l'avait pas apprise par l'ouie comme les autres hommes' (Chardin, III, 130; ed. Amsterdam). 6 See Yt. III. ? See Vend. XXII. 8 The 'golden instrument' mentioned in Nyayis I, 8. * A personification of the Ormazdean weal; cf. Vend. XXII, 3 [8], and Yt. XIII, 42. 10 Vouru-doithra, kamak doisr; she is 'the genius of the good Digitized by Google

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SIROZAH I. 5 4. Shahrevar. To Khshathra-vairya; to the metals?; to Mercy and Charity. 5. Sapendarmad. To the good Spenta-Armaiti?, and to the good Rata 3, with eyes of love, made by Mazda and holy. 6. Khordad. To Haurvatati, the master; to the prosperity of the seasons and to the years, the masters of holiness. 7. Murdad. To Ameretat 5, the master; to fatness and flocks; to the plenty of corn; and to the powerful Gaokerena6, made by Mazda. (At the gah? Havan): to Mithra 8, the lord of wide pastures and to Rama Hvastra". (At the gah Rapithwin) : to Asha-Vahista and to Atar 10, the son of Ahura Mazda 11. eye, mino i hukasmih'(Vend. XIX, 36 [123]), the reverse of the evil eye (Yasna LXVII, 62 [LXVIII, 22]; cf. Etudes Iraniennes, II, 182). 1 Vend. Introd. IV, 33; Ormazd et Ahriman, $$ 202-206. 2 Ibid. 3 Vend. Introd. IV, 30. + See Yt. IV. o See Vend. Introd. IV, 34. The white Hom, or plant of immortality ; see Vend. Introd. IV, 28. 7 See Gahs. 8 See Yt. X. , See Yt. XV. Cf. Yasna I, 3 (7-9), where Mithra and Rama are invoked in company with the genius of the Havani period of the day. 10 The Genius of Fire. 11 Cf. Yasna I, 4 (10-12), where Asha-Vahista and Atar are invoked in company with the genius of the Rapithwin period of the day: Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND STROZAHS. (At the gah Uziren): to Apam Napat?, the tall lord, and to the water made by Mazda 2. (At the gah Aiwisruthrem): to the Fravashis 3 of the faithful, and to the females that bring forth flocks of males 4; to the prosperity of the seasons ; to the well-shapen and tall-formed Strength, to Verethraghna, made by Ahura, and to the crushing Ascendant (At the gah Ushahin): to the holy, devout, fiendsmiting Sraosha?, who makes the world grow; to Rashnu Razista 8, and to Arstat", who makes the world grow, who makes the world increase 10. 8. Dai pa Adar 11 To the Maker Ahura Mazda, bright and glorious, and to the Amesha-Spentas. i Literally "the Son of the Waters.;' he was originally the Fire of lightning, as born in the clouds (like the Vedic A pam napat); he still appears in that character, Yt. VIII, 34; he is for that reason the lord of the females' because the waters were considered as females. (cf. Yasna XXXVIII, 1 [2]). But, as napat means also 'navel' (the same words having often the two meanings of navel' and 'offspring;' cf. nabhi in the Vedas and the Zend nafyo, "offspring,' from nafa navel '), Apam Napat was interpreted as 'the spring of the waters, the navel of the waters,' which was supposed to be at the source of the Arvand (the Tigris; . Neriosengh ad Yasna I, 5 [15]); cf. Yt. V, 72. ? Cf. Yasna I, 5(13-15]. s See Yt. XIII. * Perhaps better: 10 the locks of Fravashis of the faithful, men and women.' 0 The Genius of Victory; see Yt. XIV. Cf. Yasna I, 6 (16-19]. ? See Yt. XI and Vend. Introd. IV, 31; Farg. XVIII, 14 seq. & The Genius of Truth; see Yt. XII. * Truth; see Yt. XVIII. 10 Cf. Yasna I, 7 [20-23). 11 The day before Adar (Dai is the Persian (ss, 'yesterday,' which is the same word as the Sanskrit hyas, Latin heri). The eighth, fifteenth, and twenty-third days of the month are under the Digitized by Google

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SIROZAH I. 9. Adar. To Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda ; to the Glory and to the Weal, made by Mazda; to the Glory of the Aryas?, made by Mazda; to the awful Glory of the Kavis ?, made by Mazda. To Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda ; to king Husravah 3; to the lake of Husravah *; to Mount Asnavants, made by Mazda ; to Lake Kaekasta, made by Mazda; to the Glory of the Kavis, made by Mazda ? rule of Ahura and the Amesha-Spentas, like the first day; they have therefore no name of their own and are named from the day that follows. The month was divided into four weeks, the first two numbering seven days, the last two numbering eight. Or better the Glories of the Aryas' (Eramdesasrinam): the Glory or Hvareno (Vend. Introd. IV, II, p. lxiii, note 1) is threefold, according as it illuminates the priest, the warrior, or the husbandman. Yast XIX is devoted to the praise of the Hvareno. ? Or the awful kingly glory :' Kavi means a king, but it is particularly used of the kings belonging to the second and most celebrated of the two mythical dynasties of Iran. The Kavis succeeded the Paradhata or Peshda dians, and Darius Codomanes was supposed to be the last of them. For an enumeration of the principal Kavis, see Yt. XIII, 132 seq. The Hvareno alluded to in this clause is the Hvareno of the priest; it is the fire known as Adarapra CAdar Froba]; or better Adar Farnbag: see Etudes Iraniennes, II, 84; its object is the science of the priests; by its help priests become learned and clever' (Sanskrit transl. to the Atash Nyayish). 3 See Yt. V, 41, note. * See Yt. XIX, 56. * A mountain in Adarbaigan (Bundahis XII, 26), where king Husravah settled the fire Gushasp. o See Yt. V, 49. ? The glory of the warriors, the fire known as Adar Gushasp or Gushnasp; with its help king Husravah destroyed the idoltemples near Lake Kekast, and he settled it on Mount Asnavant (Bund. XVII, 7). Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND STROZAHS. To Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda; to Mount Raevant 1, made by Mazda ; to the Glory of the Kavis, made by Mazda 2. To Atar, the beneficent, the warrior; the God who is a full source of Glory, the God who is a full source of healing. To Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda, with all Atars 3; to the God Nairyo-Sangha", who dwells in the navel of kings 6. 10. Aban. To the good Waters, made by Mazda ; to the holy water-spring Ardvi Anahita 6; to all waters made by Mazda ; to all plants made by Mazda. 11. Khorshed. To the undying, shining, swift-horsed Sun? 12. Mah. To the Moon that keeps in it the seed of the Bull 8; to the only-created Bull 9; to the Bull of many species 10. 1 A mountain in Khorasan on which the Burzin fire is settled (Bund. XII, 18). .? The fire known as Adaraburagamihira [Adar Burzin Mihir]; its object is the science of husbandry.' King Gustasp established it on Mount Raevant (Bund. XVII, 8). * All sorts of fires. See another classification, Yasna XVII, 11 (63-67] and Bundahis XVII, 1. * See Vend. XXII, 7. 5 The fire Nairyo-sangha, as the messenger of Ahura, burns hereditarily in the bosom of his earthly representative, the king. 6 See Yt. V. 7 See Yt. VI. & See Yt. VII and Vend. XXI, 1, text and note. * Aevo-da ta gaus; see Vend. 1. l. and Bundahis IV. 10 Pouru-saredha gaus: the couple born of the seed of the Digitized by Google

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SIROZAH 1. 13. Tir. To Tistrya ?, the bright and glorious star; to the powerful Satavaesa?, made by Mazda, who pushes waters forward; to the stars, made by Mazda, that have in them the seed of the waters, the seed of the earth, the seed of the plants 3; to the star Vanant 4, made by Mazda ; to those stars that are seven in number, the Haptoiringas", made by Mazda, glorious and healing. 14. Gos. To the body of the Cow, to the soul of the Cow, to the powerful Drvaspa ", made by Mazda and holy. 15. Dai pa Mihir. To the Maker Ahura Mazda, bright and glorious, and to the Amesha-Spentas. 16. Mihir. To Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, who has a thousand ears and ten thousand eyes, a God invoked by his own name; to Rama Hvastra? 17. Srosh. To the holy, strong Sraosha 9, who is the incarnate Word, a mighty-speared and lordly God. 18. Rashn. To Rashnu Razista"; to Arstat 10, who makes the only-created Bull, and from which arose two hundred and eighty species (Bund. XI, 3). 1 See Yt. VIII. 2 See Yt. VIII, 9. 3 See Yt. XII, 29-31. 4 See Yt. VIII, 12. See Yt. IX. See Yt. X. ? See Yt. XV. 8 See Yt. XI. 9 See Yt. XII. 10 See Yt. XVIII. Digitized by Google

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10 VASTS AND SIROZAHS. world grow, who makes the world increase; to the true-spoken speech, that makes the world grow. 19. Farvardin. To the awful, overpowering Fravashis of the holy ones! 20. Bahram. To the well-shapen, tall-formed Strength; to Verethraghna?, made by Ahura; to the crushing Ascendant. 21. Ram. To Rama Hvastra 3; to Vayu 3, who works highly 4 and is more powerful to destroy than all other creatures : to that part of thee, O Vayu, that belongs to Spenta-Mainyu 5; to the sovereign Sky, to the Boundless Time", to the sovereign Time of the long Period 22. Bad. To the bounteous Wind, that blows below, above, before, and behind; to the manly Courage. 23. Dai pa Din. To the Maker, Ahura Mazda, bright and glorious; to the Amesha-Spentas. 24. Din. To the most right Kista", made by Mazda and holy; to the good Law? of the worshippers of Mazda. i See Yt. XIII. * See Yt. XIV. See Yt. XV. 4 Powerfully. * See Yt. XV, 1. 6 See Vend. Introd. IV, 39 and lxxxii, 1. ? See Yt. XVI. Digitized by Google

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SIROZAH I. 11 25. Ard. To Ashi Vanguhi?; to the good Kisti 2; to the good Erethe3; to the good Rasastat 4; to the Weal and Glory, made by Mazda ; to Parendis, of the light chariot; to the Glory of the Aryas made by Mazda ; to the kingly Glory made by Mazda; to that Glory that cannot be forcibly seized(r), made by Mazda; to the Glory of Zarathustra, made by Mazda. 26. Astad. To Arstat?, who makes the world grow; to Mount Ushi-darenas, made by Mazda, the seat of holy happiness. 27. Asman. To the high, powerful Heavens; to the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy ones. 28. Zem yad To the bounteous Earth; to these places, to these fields; to Mount Ushi-darena 9, made by Mazda, the seat of holy happiness; to all the mountains made by Mazda, that are seats of holy happiness, of full happiness; to the kingly Glory made by Mazda ; * See Yt. XVII. ? Religious knowledge, wisdom (farganak; nirvanagnanam). 8 Thought (kittam). Thoughtfulness (kittasthiti). * The keeper of treasures; cf. Vend. Introd. IV, 30. * Ahvaretem hvareno: the hvareno of the priests: that it cannot be forcibly seized means that one must take possession of it through virtue and righteous exertion' (Neriosengh and Pahl. Comm. to Yasna I and IV 7 See Yt. XVIII. * See Yt. I, 31, text and note. 9 See Yt. XIX. Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND SiROZAHS. to that Glory that cannot be forcibly seized ', made by Mazda. 29. Mahraspand. To the holy, righteousness-performing Mathra Spenta"; to the Law opposed to the Daevas, the Law of Zarathustra; to the long-traditional teaching 3; to the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda ; to the Devotion to the Mathra. Spenta; to the understanding that keeps 4 the Law of the worshippers of Mazda ; to the knowledge of the Mathra Spenta; to the heavenly Wisdom made by Mazda ; to the Wisdom acquired through the ears and made by Mazda. 30. Aneran. To the eternal and sovereign luminous space?; to the bright Garo-nmana 8; to the sovereign place of eternal Wealo; to the Kinvat-bridge 10, made by Mazda; to the tall lord Apam Napati1 and to the water made by Mazda; to Haoma 12, of holy birth ; to the pious and good Blessing; to the awful cursing thought of the wise 3; to all the holy Gods of the 1 See p. 11, note 6. 2 The Holy Word. 3 Daregha upayana: the Genius of Teaching (sixam adrisyarupinim; Yasna I, 12 [40]). * In memory. 5 See above, SS 2. 6 Or boundless (anaghra; the Parsi a neran). ? Or Infinite Light; see Vend. Introd. p. lxxxii and Bund. I, 2. & The abode of Ahura Mazda; see Vend. XIX, 32. See Vend. XIX, 36, note 1. 10 See Vend. XIX, 29, note 3. 11 See Sirozah II, 7, note. 12 See Vend. Introd. IV, 28. 18 "The blessing (afriti) is twofold: one by thought, one by words; the blessing by words is the more powerful; the curse Digitized by Google

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SiROZAH 11. I 3 heavenly world and of the material one; to the awful, overpowering Fravashis of the faithful, to the Fravashis of the first men of the law, to the Fravashis of the next-of-kin 1; to every God invoked by his own name ?. SIROZAH II. 1. Ormazd. We sacrifice unto the bright and glorious Ahura Mazda; we sacrifice unto the Amesha-Spentas, the all-ruling, the all-beneficent. 2. Bahman. We sacrifice unto Vohu-Mano, the AmeshaSpenta; we sacrifice unto Peace, whose breath is friendly, and who is more powerful to destroy than all other creatures. We sacrifice unto the heavenly Wisdom, made by Mazda; we sacrifice unto the Wisdom acquired through the ear, made by Mazda. 3. Ardibehest. We sacrifice unto Asha-Vahista, the fairest, the Amesha-Spenta; we sacrifice unto the much-desired Airyaman; we sacrifice unto the instrument made by Mazda; we sacrifice unto the good Saoka, with eyes of love, made by Mazda and holy. (upamana) in thought is the more powerful' (Neriosengh ad Yasna I, 15 [44]). Upamana is the same as the Vedic manyu. 1 See Yt. XIII, o. 2 In contra distinction to general invocations. Digitized by Google

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14 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 4. Shahrevar. We sacrifice unto Khshathra-Vairya, the Amesha-Spenta; we sacrifice unto the metals; we sacrifice unto Mercy and Charity. 5. Sapendarmad. We sacrifice unto the good Spenta Armaiti; we sacrifice unto the good Rata, with eyes of love, made by Mazda and holy. 6. Khordad. We sacrifice unto Haurvatat, the AmeshaSpenta ; we sacrifice unto the prosperity of the seasons. We sacrifice unto the years, the holy and masters of holiness. 7. Murdad. We sacrifice unto Ameretat, the Amesha-Spenta; we sacrifice unto fatness and flocks; we sacrifice unto the plenty of corn; we sacrifice unto the powerful Gaokerena, made by Mazda. (At the gah Havan): We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures; we sacrifice unto Rama Hvastra. (At the gah Rapithwin): We sacrifice unto AshaVahista and unto Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda. (At the gah Uziren): We sacrifice unto Apam Napat, the swift-horsed, the tall and shining lord, the lord of the females; we sacrifice unto the water made by Mazda and holy. (At the gah Aiwisruthrem): We sacrifice unto the good, powerful, beneficent Fravashis of the holy ones; we sacrifice unto the females that bring forth flocks of males; we sacrifice unto the thrift of the Digitized by Google

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SIROZAH II. 15 seasons; we sacrifice unto the well-shapen and tallformed Strength; we sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Mazda ; we sacrifice unto the crushing Ascendant. (At the gah Ushahin): We sacrifice unto the holy, tall-formed, fiend-smiting Sraosha, who makes the world grow, the holy and master of holiness; we sacrifice unto Rashnu Razista; we sacrifice unto Arstat, who makes the world grow, who makes the world increase. 8. Dai pa Adar. We sacrifice unto the Maker Ahura Mazda, the bright and glorious; we sacrifice unto the AmeshaSpentas, the all-ruling, the all-beneficent. 9. Adar. We sacrifice unto Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda ; we sacrifice unto the Glory, made by Mazda ; we sacrifice unto the Weal, made by Mazda ; we sacrifice unto the Glory of the Aryas, made by Mazda ; we sacrifice unto the awful Glory of the Kavis, made by Mazda. We sacrifice unto Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda ; we sacrifice unto king Husravah; we sacrifice unto the lake of Husravah; we sacrifice unto Mount Asnavant, made by Mazda; we sacrifice unto Lake Kaekasta, made by Mazda; we sacrifice unto the awful Glory of the Kavis, made by Mazda. We sacrifice unto Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda ; we sacrifice unto Mount Raevant, made by Mazda ; we sacrifice unto the awful Glory of the Kavis, made by Mazda. We sacrifice unto Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda ; we sacrifice unto Atar, the beneficent, the warrior. Digitized by Google

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16 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. We sacrifice unto that God, who is a full source of glory. We sacrifice unto that God, who is a full source of healing. We sacrifice unto Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda ; we sacrifice unto all Fires; we sacrifice unto the God, Nairyo-Sangha, who dwells in the navel of kings. 10. Aban. We sacrifice unto the good Waters, made by Mazda and holy; we sacrifice unto the holy waterspring Ardvi Anahita ; we sacrifice unto all waters, made by Mazda and holy; we sacrifice unto all plants, made by Mazda and holy. 11. Khorshed. We sacrifice unto the bright, undying, shining, swift-horsed Sun. 12. Mah. We sacrifice unto the Moon that keeps in it the seed of the Bull. We sacrifice unto the Soul and Fravashi of the only-created Bull; we sacrifice unto the Soul and Fravashi of the Bull of many species. 13. Tir. We sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star ; we sacrifice unto the powerful Satavaesa, made by Mazda, who pushes waters forward; we sacrifice unto all the Stars that have in them the seed of the waters; we sacrifice unto all the Stars that have in them the seed of the earth; we sacrifice unto all the Stars that have in them the seeds of the plants; we sacrifice unto the Star Vanant, made by Mazda ; we sacrifice unto those stars that are seven in number, the Haptoiringas, made by Mazda, glorious and healing; in order to oppose the Yatus and Pairikas. Digitized by Google

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SIROZAH 11. _ 17 14. Gos. We sacrifice unto the soul of the bounteous Cow; we sacrifice unto the powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda and holy. 15. Dai pa Mihir. We sacrifice unto the Maker Ahura Mazda, the bright and glorious; we sacrifice unto the AmeshaSpentas, the all-ruling, the all-beneficent. 16. Mihir. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, who has a thousand ears and ten thousand eyes, a God invoked by his own name; we sacrifice unto Rama Hvastra. 17. Srosh. We sacrifice unto the holy, tall-formed, fiendsmiting, world-increasing Sraosha, holy and master of holiness. 18. Rashn. We sacrifice unto Rashnu Razista; we sacrifice unto Arstat, who makes the world grow, who makes the world increase; we sacrifice unto the true-spoken speech that makes the world grow. 19. Farvardin. We sacrifice unto the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the holy ones. 20. Bahram. We sacrifice unto the well-shapen, tall-formed Strength; we sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura; we sacrifice unto the crushing Ascendant. [23] Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 21. Ram. We sacrifice unto Rama Hvastra; we sacrifice unto the holy Vayu; we sacrifice unto Vayu, who works highly and is more powerful to destroy than all other creatures. Unto that part of thee do we sacrifice, O Vayu, that belongs to Spenta-Mainyu. We sacrifice unto the sovereign Sky; we sacrifice unto the Boundless Time; we sacrifice unto the sovereign Time of the long Period. 22. Bad. We sacrifice unto the beneficent, bounteous Wind; we sacrifice unto the wind that blows below; we sacrifice unto the wind that blows above; we sacrifice unto the wind that blows before; we sacrifice unto the wind that blows behind. We sacrifice unto the manly Courage. 23. Dai pa Din. We sacrifice unto the Maker Ahura Mazda, the bright and glorious; we sacrifice unto the AmeshaSpentas. 24. Din. We sacrifice unto the most right Kista, made by Mazda and holy; we sacrifice unto the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda. 25. Ard. We sacrifice unto A shi Vanguhi, the bright, high, strong, tall-formed, and merciful; we sacrifice unto the Glory made by Mazda ; we sacrifice unto the Weal made by Mazda. We sacrifice unto Parendi, of the light chariot; we sacrifice unto the Glory of the Aryas, made by Mazda ; we sacrifice Digitized by Google

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SIROZAH II. 19 unto the awful kingly Glory, made by Mazda ; we sacrifice unto that awful Glory, that cannot be forcibly seized, made by Mazda ; we sacrifice unto the Glory of Zarathustra, made by Mazda. 26. Astad. We sacrifice unto Arstat, who makes the world grow; we sacrifice unto Mount Ushi-darena, made by Mazda, a God of holy happiness. 27. Asman. We sacrifice unto the shining Heavens; we sacrifice unto the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy ones. 28. Zem yad. We sacrifice unto the Earth, a beneficent God; we sacrifice unto these places, unto these fields; we sacrifice unto Mount Ushi-darena, made by Mazda, a God of holy happiness; we sacrifice unto all the mountains, that are seats of holy happiness, of full happiness, made by Mazda, the holy and masters of holiness; we sacrifice unto the awful kingly Glory, made by Mazda ; we sacrifice unto the awful Glory that cannot be forcibly seized, made by Mazda. 29. Mahraspand. We sacrifice unto the Mathra Spenta, of high glory; we sacrifice unto the Law opposed to the Daevas; we sacrifice unto the Law of Zarathustra ; we sacrifice unto the long-traditional teaching; we sacrifice unto the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda ; we sacrifice unto the Devotion to the Mathra Spenta ; we sacrifice unto the understanding that keeps the Law of the worshippers of Mazda; we sacrifice unto C 2 Digitized by Google

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20 YASTS AND SIROZAIIS. the knowledge of the Mathra Spenta ; we sacrifice unto the heavenly Wisdom, made by Mazda ; we sacrifice unto the Wisdom acquired through the. ear and made by Mazda. . 30. Aneran. We sacrifice unto the eternal and sovereign luminous space; we sacrifice unto the bright Garonmana; we sacrifice unto the sovereign place of eternal Weal; we sacrifice unto the Kinvat-bridge, made by Mazda ; we sacrifice unto Apam Napat, the swift-horsed, the high and shining lord, who has many wives; and we sacrifice unto the water, made by Mazda and holy; we sacrifice unto the golden and tall Haoma; we sacrifice unto the enlivening Haoma, who makes the world grow; we sacrifice unto Haoma, who keeps death far away; we sacrifice unto the pious and good Blessing; we sacrifice unto the awful, powerful, cursing thought of the wise, a God; we sacrifice unto all the holy Gods of the heavenly world; we sacrifice unto all the holy Gods of the material world. I praise, I invoke, I meditate upon, and we sacrifice unto the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the holy ones? 1 Cf. Yasna XXVI, 1. Digitized by Google

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ORMAZD YAST. 21 I. ORMAZD YAST. U . The Ormazd Yast, properly so called, ends with SS 23. The rest of the Yast, from SS 24 to the end, is wanting in several manuscripts, and is supposed by the Parsis to be a fragment of the Bahman Yast. The Ormazd Yast is exclusively devoted to an enumeration of the names of Ahura and to a laudation of their virtues and efficacy: the recitation of these names is the best defence against all danger $SS 1-6. The names of Ahura Mazda are the most powerful part of the Holy Word. $$ 7-8. The twenty names of Ahura Mazda are enumerated. $$ 9-11. Efficacy of these names. $$ 12-15. Another list of names. $$ 16-19. Efficacy of Ahura's names. $$ 20-23. Sundry formulas of invocation. As may be seen from this summary, the subject has been treated twice over, first in $$ 1-11, and then in $$ 12-19; yet it does not appear that this Yast was formed out of two independent treatises, and it is more likely that the vague and indefinite enumeration in $$ 12-15, which interrupts so clumsily the train of ideas, is due either to an interpolation or simply to the literary deficiency of the writer himself. The Ormazd Yast is recited every day at the Havan Gah, after the morning prayer (Anquetil, Zend-Avesta, II, 143): it is well also to recite it when going to sleep and when changing one's residence Speculations on the mystical powers of God's names have always been common among Orientals. The number of these names went on increasing: Dastur Noshirvan wrote on the 101 names of God; Dastur Marzban on his 125 names. With the Musulmans, Allah had 1001 names. On the names of God among the Jews, see Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, XXXV, pp. 162, 532. We have three native translations of this Yast; one in Pahlavi (East India Office, XII, 39, and St. Petersburg, XCIX, 39; edited by Carl Salemann), one in Persian (East India Office, XXII, 43), and one in Sanskrit (Paris, fonds Burnouf, V, 66); the last two edited in our Etudes Iraniennes, II, 255). Digitized by Google

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22 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. The second part of the Yast, the so-called Bahman Yast fragment, is in a state of the utmost corruption. It is difficult to trace any connection in the ideas, yet $$ 28, 29, 30 seem to point rather clearly to the final struggle between Ormazd and Ahriman and to the annihilation of the Daevas, and, thereby, some connection is established between this fragment and the Pahlavi Bahman Yast", which deals with the same subject. If that correspondence be real, $ 26 might refer to the beginning of the Pahlavi Bahman Yast, in which Zarathustra is shown by Ahura the times to come and the end of the world. Of this fragment we have only a bad Pahlavi translation in the St. Petersburg manuscript mentioned above. 02 May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced! May Angra Mainyu be destroyed! by those who do truly what is the foremost wish (of God 9). I praise well-thought, well-spoken, and well-done thoughts, words, and deeds. I embrace all good thoughts, good words, and good deeds; I reject all evil thoughts, evil words, and evil deeds. I give sacrifice and prayer unto you, O Amesha-Spentas! even with the fulness of my thoughts, of my words, of my deeds, and of my heart: I give unto you even my own life I recite the Praise of Holiness 5:' 'Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good. Well is it for it, well is it for that holiness which is perfection of holiness! I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura (r); 1 Translated by West (Pahlavi Texts, I). * The formulas of this section serve as an introduction to all Yasts. 8 The last clause of this sentence is imitated from Yasna XLVI [XLV), 19:'he who does truly in holiness what was the foremost wish of Zarathustra' (that is, what he ordered most earnestly; Pahl. Comm.). "If I must give up my life for the sake of my soul, I give it up' (Pahl. Comm.). The two sentences, 'I praise ...,''I give unto you ...,' are taken from Yasna XI, 17, 18 (XII). 5 The Ashem Vohu, one of the holiest and most frequently recited prayers. The Fravarane or profession of faith of the Zoroastrian (Yasna I, 23 [65-68]). Digitized by Google

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ORMAZD YAST. 23 For sacrifice!, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto (Havani]', the holy and master of holiness ; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto [Savan. ghi and Visya] *, the holy and masters of holiness; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto the Masters of the days, of the periods of the day, of the months, of the seasons, and of the years ; Unto Ahura Mazda, bright and glorious, be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness : the riches of Vohu-Mano shall be given to him who works in this world for Mazda, and wields according to the will of Ahura the power he gave him to relieve the poor. 1. Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda : 0 Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! What of the Holy Word is the strongest ? What is the most victorious ? What is the most glorious ? What is the most effective ? 2. "What is the most fiend-smiting? What is the best-healing? What destroyeth best the malice of Daevas and Men ? What maketh the material world best come to the fulfilment of its wishes ? What freeth the material world best from the anxieties of the heart?' He shows himself a Zoroastrian by offering sacrifice .... * The actual Gah during which the Yast is being recited must be mentioned here. Havani is the first Gah (see Gahs). & The Genii who co-operate with Havani, his hamkars; for each Gah the names of its proper hamkars should be mentioned (see Gahs). * See Vendidad VIII, 19, text and notes. 5 Pun minishn it bara matartum, mandum frarun (Phl. tr.); manasas asti prapakatara (Sansk. tr.); l, slys (Pers. tr.). 6 Pun akhu it bara mushitartum: pim(i) u mandum i aparun Digitized by Google

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24 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 3. Ahura Mazda answered: Our Name, O Spitama Zarathustra! who are the Amesha-Spentas, that is the strongest part of the Holy Word; that is the most victorious; that is the most glorious ; that is the most effective; 4. "That is the most fiend-smiting; that is the besthealing; that destroyeth best the malice of Daevas and Men; that maketh the material world best come to the fulfilment of its wishes; that freeth the material world best from the anxieties of the heart.' 5. Then Zarathustra said: 'Reveal unto me that name of thine, 0 Ahura Mazda! that is the greatest, the best, the fairest, the most effective, the most fiend-smiting, the best-healing, that destroyeth best the malice of Daevas and Men; 6. "That I may afflict all Daevas and Men; that I may afflict all Yatus and Pairikasl; that neither Daevas nor Men may be able to afflict me; neither Yatus nor Pairikas.' 7. Ahura Mazda replied unto him: My name is the One of whom questions are asked?, O holy Zarathustra! My second name is the Herd-giver 3. My third name is the Strong One 4 (Phl. tr.); vitarkanam asti mushakatara (Sansk. tr.); w Luisa wyslyCine postin eis (Pers. tr.). See Vendidad, Introd. IV, 20-21. * As the revealer of the law, which is generally expounded by a process of questions from Zarathustra and answers from Ahura. The revelation itself is called spento frasna, the holy questions' (Vendidad XXII, 19). 3.That is, I give herds of men and cattle' (Phl. tr.). 4 Strong, that is, I have strength for the works of the law' (Phl. tr.); the Sanskrit translation has, powerful, that is, I have power to create.' Digitized by Google

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ORMAZD YAST. 25 My fourth name is Perfect Holiness! "My fifth name is All good things created by Mazda, the offspring of the holy principle. My sixth name is Understanding?; My seventh name is the One with understanding. My eighth name is Knowledge; My ninth name is the One with Knowledge. 8. My tenth name is Weal; 'My eleventh name is He who produces weal. My twelfth name is Ahura (the Lord) 3. My thirteenth name is the most Beneficent. My fourteenth name is He in whom there is no harm4. "My fifteenth name is the unconquerable One. My sixteenth name is He who makes the true account. "My seventeenth name is the All-seeing One. My eighteenth name is the healing One. My nineteenth name is the Creator. My twentieth name is Mazda (the All-knowing One). 9. 'Worship me, O Zarathustra, by day and by 1 Asha-Vahista, which is the name of the second AmeshaSpenta too. The commentary has: 'That is, my own being is all holiness.' ? Literally: My sixth name is that I am Understanding.' The same construction is used with regard to the eighth, the tenth, and the nineteenth names. 3 It follows from this passage that a man is not fit to be a king, unless he possesses twelve virtues' (Phl. tr.). 4 'Some say: I keep harm from man' (Phl. tr.). 5 That is, I make the account of good works and sins' (Phl. tr.); prakalam gananakaras kila punyapapayos sankhyam aham karomi (Sansk. tr.). Cf. Yasna XXXII, 6, b. Digitized by Google

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36 YASTS AND SiROZAHS. night, with offerings of libations well accepted'. I will come unto thee for help and joy, I, Ahura Mazda; the good, holy Sraosha will come unto thee for help and joy; the waters, the plants, and the Fravashis of the holy ones will come unto thee for help and joy. 10. 'If thou wantest, O Zarathustra, to destroy the malice of Daevas and Men, of the Yatus and Pairikas, of the oppressors, of the blind and of the deaf?, of the two-legged ruffians 3, of the two-legged Ashemaoghas", of the four-legged wolves; 11. 'And of the hordes with the wide front, with the many spears", with the straight spears, with the spears uplifted, bearing the spear of havock; then, recite thou these my names every day and every night. 1 Yaso-bereta: praptena danena; , wiss . * The Kavis and the Karapans, the blind and the deaf, are those who cannot see nor hear anything of God.' Those terms were current in the theological language of the Sassanian times to designate the unbelievers. An edict, promulgated by king Yazdgard III (fifth century A. c.) to make Zoroastrism the state religion in Armenia, had the following words : 'You must know that any man who does not follow the religion of Mazda is deaf, blind, and deceived by Ahriman's devs' (Elisaeus, The War of Vartan). 8 Or murderers (mairya); according to the Parsis highwaymen (w; oly). 4 The heretics. Casuists distinguish three kinds of Ashemaogha: the deceiver (friftar), the self-willed (khot doshak), and the deceived (friftak). The first and worst is one who knowingly leads people astray, making forbidden what is lawful, and lawful what is forbidden; the second is one who follows his own will and reason, instead of applying to a Dastur (a spiritual guide) for direction; the third is one who has been led astray by another. o Drafsa means also banner: the Persian hiss, derived from drafsa, has preserved the two meanings. The Sanskrit translation has sastra, the Persian has w. Digitized by Google

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ORMAZD YAST. 27 12. 'I am the Keeper 1; I am the Creator and the Maintainer2; I am the Discerner 3; I am the most beneficent Spirit. 'My name is the bestower of health; my name is the best bestower of health. My name is the Athravan4; my name is the most Athravan-like of all Athravans. My name is Ahura (the Lord). My name is Mazdau (the all-knowing). My name is the Holy; my name is the most Holy. My name is the Glorious; my name is the most Glorious. My name is the Full-seeing; my name is the Fullest-seeing. My name is the Far-seeing; my name is the Farthest-seeing. 13. "My name is the Protector; my name is the Well-wisher; my name is the Creator; my name is the Keeper; my name is the Maintainer. 'My name is the Discerner; my name is the Best Discerner. "My name is the Prosperity-producers; my name is the Word of Prosperity.. My name is the King who rules at his will; 1 'I keep the creation' (Phl. tr.). 2 'I created the world and I maintain it' (ibid.). S'I can know what is useful and what is hurtful' (ibid.). 4 The priest.' 5 'I impart increase to the righteous' (Phl. tr.). * Doubtful. Fsuso-mathro is used in several passages as the name of a part of the Avesta, Yasna LVIII (LVII), which appears to be called so from the presence in it of the words fsusa, fsumant, 'thriving, causing to thrive,' which aptly express its contents. Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND SIROZAHS. my name is the King who rules most at his will. My name is the liberal King'; my name is the most liberal King. 14. 'My name is He who does not deceive; my name is He who is not deceived. My name is the good Keeper; my name is He who destroys malice; my name is He who conquers at once; my name is He who conquers everything; my name is He who has shaped everything My name is All weal; my name is Full weal; my name is the Master of weal. 15. My name is He who can benefit at his wish; my name is He who can best benefit at his wish. My name is the Beneficent One; my name is the Energetic One; my name is the most Beneficent 'My name is Holiness; my name is the Great One; my name is the good Sovereign; my name is the Best of Sovereigns. My name is the Wise One; my name is the Wisest of the Wise; my name is He who does good for a long time. 16. 'These are my names. 'And he who in this material world, O Spitama Zarathustra! shall recite and pronounce those names of mine 3 either by day or by night ; 1 Nama, translated a pat, and interpreted Khutai rat. The Sanskrit translator has misread azat for apat, and translated svatantra, independent. 2 The commentator observes orthodoxly, 'everything good.' That is to say, who will recite this Yast. Digitized by Google

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ORMAZD YAST. 29 17. "He who shall pronounce them, when he rises up or when he lays him down; when he lays him down or when he rises up; when he binds on the sacred girdle? or when he unbinds the sacred girdle ; when he goes out of his dwelling-place, or when he goes out of his town, or when he goes out of his country and comes into another country; 18. 'That man, neither in that day nor in that night, shall be wounded by the weapons of the foe who rushes Aeshma-like and is Drug-minded; not the knife, not the cross-bow, not the arrow, not the sword, not the club, not the sling-stone 3 shall reach and wound him. 19. 'But those names shall come in to keep him from behind and to keep him in front 4, from the Drug unseen, from the female Varenya fiend", from the evil-doer bent on mischief", and from that fiend who is all death, Angra Mainyu. It will be as if there were a thousand men watching over one man. 20. "" Who is he who will smite the fiend in order to maintain thy ordinances ? Teach me clearly thy 1 The aiwyaonghanem or kosti (see Vendidad XVIII, p. 191, note 4). Or with anger.' s Akavo, kakavo, ishavo, kareta, vazra, translated kartari, kakra, sara, sastrika, vagra. * Min akhar u lain (Phl. tr.); prishtha[ta]s purata ska (Sansk. tr.). o Interpreted as the demon of lust and envy. Cf. Vendidad, Introd. IV, 23. o Kayadha, translated kastar (Phl.), 'the impairer;' kadarthaka (Sansk.), ' he who holds for nothing, who makes slight of.' ? Doubtful. The Phl. tr. has 'who impairs living creatures,' etc. 8 Cf. Yt. XIII, 71. Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 30 rules for this world and for the next, that Sraosha may come with Vohu-Mano and help whomsoever thou pleasest 1." 21. 'Hail to the Glory of the Kavis 2 ! Hail to the Airyanem Vaegah 3! Hail to the Saoka 4, made by Mazda! Hail to the waters of the Daitya ! Hail to Ardvi (r), the undefiled well! Hail to the whole world of the holy Spirit ! *Yatha a h a vairyo: The will of the Lord ....? 'Ashem Voha: Holiness is the best of all good ....8 22. "We worship the Ahuna Vairyao. We worship Asha-Vahista, most fair, undying, and beneficent 10. We worship Strength and Prosperity and Might and Victory and Glory and Vigourll. We worship Ahura Mazda, bright and glorious. *Yeng he hatam 12: All those beings 13 of whom Ahura Mazda knows the goodness 14 for a sacrifice 1 From Yasna XLIV, 16; cf. Vendidad VIII, 20. 2 See Sirozah I, 9, p. 7, note 2. s Iran Veg; see Vendidad, p. 3. * Saoka; see Sirozah 1, 3. * See Vendidad, p. 5, note 2. * Ardvi Sura Anahita, the great goddess of the waters; see Yt. V. ? See above, p. 23. 8 See above, p. 22. * The prayer yatha ahu vairyo, known as Ahuna vairy a (Honover), from the first words in it: ahu vairyo. See above, p. 23 10 Or 'the fairest Amesha-Spenta ;' cf. Vend. Introd. IV, 7. 11 Impersonated as gods, to obtain from them the benefits of which they are the impersonations. 12 A formula found at the end of most chapters of the Yasna and imitated from Yasna LI [L], 22. 13 The Amesha-Spentas (Pahl. Comm. ad Yasna XXVII, fin.). 14 The benefits of which they dispose, and which they impart as rewards to the righteous. Digitized by Google

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ORMAZD YAST. 31 [performed) in holiness, all those beings, males' and females?, do we worship. 23. 'Yatha a hd vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... 'I bless the sacrifice and the prayer unto Ahura Mazda, bright and glorious, and his strength and vigour 3.' (Bahman Yast4.) 24. 'O Zarathustra ! keep thou for ever that man who is friendly [to me) from the foe unfriendly [to me]! Do not give up that friend unto the stroke (of the foe), unto vexations to be borne; wish no harm unto that man who would offer me a sacrifice, be it ever so great or ever so small, if it has reached unto us, the Amesha-Spentas. 25. Here is Vohu-Mano, my creature, O Zarathustra ! here is Asha-Vahista, my creature, O Zarathustra! here is Khsathra-Vairya, my creature, O Zarathustra ! here is Spenta-Armaiti, my creature, O Zarathustra ! here are Haurvatat and Ameretat, who are the reward of the holy ones", when freed from their bodies, my creatures, O Zarathustra! 26. "Thou knowest this, and how it is, O holy Zarathustra ! from my understanding and from my knowledge; namely, how the world first began, and how it will end ? 1 The first three. 2 The last three, whose names are feminine. 8 Which he will impart in return to his worshippers. * See above, p. 21. 5 As the Genii who preside over plants and waters, they are very likely entrusted with the care of feeding the righteous in Paradise. Cf. Yt. XXII, 18. 6 From Yasna XXVIII, 12. ? Cf. Yasna XXX, 4. Digitized by Google

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32 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. A thousand remedies, ten thousand remedies ? ! A thousand remedies, ten thousand remedies ! A thousand remedies, ten thousand remedies! 27. '[We worship] the well-shapen, tall-formed Strength ; Verethraghna, made by Ahura ; the crushing Ascendant?, and Spenta-Armaiti. 28. "And with the help of Spenta-Armaiti, break ye 3 asunder their- malice, turn their minds astray, bind their hands, make their knees quake against one another, bind their tongues. When, O Mazda ! shall the faithful smite the wicked 6 ? When shall the faithful smite the Drug? When shall the faithful smite the wicked ?' 29. Then Zarathustra said: 'I threw you back into the earth ?, and by the eyes of Spenta-Armaiti 8 the ruffian was made powerlesso. 30. We worship the powerful Gaokerena 10, made by Mazda ; the powerful Gaokerena, made by Mazda. 31. 'We worship the memory of Ahura Mazda, to keep the Holy Word. We worship the understanding of Ahura Mazda, to study the Holy Word. We worship the tongue of Ahura Mazda, to speak forth the Holy Word. 1 Yasna LXVIII, 15 (LXVII, 50). See Sirozah I, 20. : Refers probably to the Izeds mentioned in the preceding paragraph. + Of the foes alluded to $ 24. Derezvan; see Yt. XI, 2. * Cf. Yasna XLVIII [XLVII), 2. ? I follow the reading zamerena, which is followed by the Pahlavi translation too. In the Yasna IX, 15 (46) Zarathustra is said to have obliged the Daevas to hide themselves in the earth. 8 Cf. Yt. XIX, 94. 9 Cf. Vend. IX, 12-13. 10 See Sirozah I, 7. Digitized by Google

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ORMAZD YAST. 33 "We worship the mountain that gives understanding, that preserves understanding?; [we worship it] by day and by night, with offerings of libations well-accepted ? 32. "We worship that creation (of Ahura's], SpentaArmaiti; and the holy creations of that creature and of Asha [Vahista), that are foremost in holiness 3. Here I take as lord and master the greatest of all, Ahura Mazda ; to smite the fiend Angra Mainyu; to smite Aesma of the wounding spear 5; to smite the Mazainya fiendse; to smite all the Daevas and the Varenya fiends e; to increase Ahura Mazda, 1 That mount is called in later literature Mount Osda star (the Pahlavi translation of ushi-darena, the keeper of understanding). According to the Bundahis (XII, 15), it stands in Seistan. High mountains, being nearer heaven, are apt to become in the spirit of mythology the seat of heavenly beings or treasures. It was on the top of a mountain that Ahura revealed the law (see Vd. XXII, 19 [53]); the first man and king, Gayomarth, ruled on a mountain and was called Gar-shah, the king of the mountain. When the Kayanian family failed, the Iranians went to Mount Alborz and found there Kai Kobad waiting for his fate. ? The order of the text differs in one series of manuscripts, in which it begins with SS 31; then comes SS 29 with the following additional words: A thousand remedies, ten thousand remedies! (three times; cf. above, $ 26.) We worship the Fravashi of the man whose name is Asmo hvanvant; then I will worship the Fravashis of the other holy ones who were strong of faith' (Yt. XXII, 37). Asmo-hvanvant was one of the first followers of Zarathustra, and with his name begins the enumeration of the Fravashis (Yt. XIII, 96). Then follows $ 30, and then again SS 31 with the Ashem Vohu; and then the additional passage, 'We worship....,' is repeated twice. 3 Visperad XIX, 2. * As a hu and ratu, that is, as temporal chief and spiritual guide. o See Vend. Introd. IV, 22. 6 Ibid. 23. [23] Digitized by Google

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34 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. bright and glorious; to increase the Amesha-Spentas; to increase the star Tistrya', the bright and glorious ; to increase the faithful men; to increase all the holy creatures of the Beneficent Spirit. 'Ashem Voha: Holiness is the best of all good ....2 33. '[Give] unto that man brightness and glory, give him health of body, give him sturdiness of body, give him victorious strength of body, give him full welfare of wealth, give him a virtuous* offspring, give him long, long life, give him the bright, allhappy, blissful abode of the holy Ones 6. "May it come according to my blessing ! A thousand remedies, ten thousand remedies?! (three times.) Come to me for help, O Mazda ! We worship the well-shapen, tall-formed Strength, and Verethraghna, made by Mazda, and the crushing Ascendant 8. "We worship Rama Hvastra, and Vayu who works highly and is more powerful to destroy than all other creatures. That part of thee do we worship, O Vayu, that belongs to Spenta Mainyu. We worship the sovereign Sky, the boundless Time, and the sovereign Time of the long Periodo. 'Ashem Voha: Holiness is the best of all good ....' 1 See Yast VIII. As above, p. 22. * Who shall offer thee a sacrifice. This paragraph is taken from Yasna LXVIII, 11 (LXVII, 32), where it is addressed to the Waters : Ye, good waters, give unto that man who will offer you a sacrifice.. * Susila (Sansk. tr. ad Yasna LXI, 13). This clause serves as a conclusion to all Yasts. . From Yasna LXVIII, 20 (LXVII, 52). ? Cf. above, $ 26. Cf. Sirozah I, 20. Ibid. 21. Digitized by Google

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HAPTAN YAST. _ 33 II. HAPTAN YAST. The Yast of the seven Amshaspands is recited on the first seven days of the week, that is to say, on the days consecrated to the Amesha-Spentas. In fact it is nothing more than an extract from the Sirozahs, being composed of the first seven formulas in their two forms: $$ 1-5=Sirozah I, 1-7; $$ 6-10=Sirozah II, 1-7. Then come four sections which are the original part of the Yast (S$ 11-15). o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced?!.... Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good".... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura ; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto [Havani), the holy arid master of holiness? ... 12. To Ahura Mazda, bright and glorious, and to the Amesha-Spentas; To Vohu-Mano; to Peace, whose breath is friendly, and who is more powerful to destroy than all other creatures; to the heavenly Wisdom, made by Mazda, and to the Wisdom acquired through the ear, made by Mazda ; 23. To Asha-Vahista, the fairest; to the muchdesired Airyaman; to the instrument made by Mazda ; and to the good Saoka, with eyes of love, made by Mazda and holy; * Sirozah I, 1-2. 1 The rest as above, Yt. I, o. 8 Sirozah I, 3-4. D 2 Digitized by Google

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36 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. To Khshathra-Vairya; to the metals; to Mercy and Charity. 3? To the good Spenta-Armaiti, and to the good Rata, with eyes of love, made by Mazda and holy; * To Haurvatat, the master; to the prosperity of the seasons and to the years, the masters of holiness; And to Ameretat, the master; to fatness and flocks; to the plenty of corn; and to the powerful Gaokerena, made by Mazda. 42 (At the Gah Havan) : To Mithra, the lord of wide pastures and to Rama Hvastra. (At the Gah Rapithwin): To Asha-Vahista and to Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda. (At the Gah Uziren): To Apam Napat, the tall lord, and to water, made by Mazda. 53. (At the Gah Aiwisruthrem): To the Fravashis of the faithful and to the females that bring forth flocks of males; to the prosperity of the seasons; to the well-shapen and tall-formed Strength; to Verethraghna, made by Ahura, and to the crushing Ascendant. (At the Gah Usahin): To the holy, devout, fiendsmiting Sraosha, who makes the world grow; to Rashnu-Razista and to Arstat, who makes the world grow, who makes the world increase 3 ; Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification! * Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... 1 Sirozah I, 5-7. 2 Sirozah I, 7. 3 Sirozah I, 7. Digitized by Google

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HAPTAN YAST. 37 II. 61. We sacrifice unto Ahura Mazda, bright and glorious ; we sacrifice unto the Amesha-Spentas, the all-ruling, the all-beneficent. We sacrifice unto Vohu-Mano, the AmeshaSpenta ; we sacrifice unto Peace, whose breath is friendly, and who is more powerful to destroy than all other creatures; we sacrifice unto the heavenly Wisdom, made by Mazda; we sacrifice unto the wisdom acquired through the ear, made by Mazda. 7? We sacrifice unto Asha-Vahista, the fairest, the Amesha-Spenta ; we sacrifice unto the muchdesired Airyaman; we sacrifice unto the instrument made by Mazda ; we sacrifice unto the good Saoka, with eyes of love, made by Mazda and holy. We sacrifice unto Khshathra-Vairya; we sacrifice unto the metals; we sacrifice unto Mercy and Charity. 83. We sacrifice unto the good Spenta-Armaiti; we sacrifice unto the good Rata, with eyes of love, made by Mazda and holy. We sacrifice unto Haurvatat, the AmeshaSpenta ; we sacrifice unto the prosperity of the seasons; we sacrifice unto the years, the holy and masters of holiness. We sacrifice unto Ameretat, the Amesha-Spenta; we sacrifice unto fatness and flocks; we sacrifice unto the plenty of corn; we sacrifice unto the powerful Gaokerena, made by Mazda. 9*. (At the Gah Havan) : We sacrifice unto i Sirozah II, 1-2. * Sirozah II, 5-7. 2 Sirozah II, 3-4. 4 Sirozab II, 7. Digitized by Google

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38 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. Mithra, the lord of wide pastures; we sacrifice unto Rama Huastra. (At the Gah Rapithwin) : We sacrifice unto AshaVahista and Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda. (At the Gah Uziren): We sacrifice unto A pam Napat, the swift-horsed, the tall and shining lord, the lord of the females; we sacrifice unto the holy waters, made by Mazda. 101. (At the Gah Aiwisrathrem): We sacrifice unto the good, powerful, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful; we sacrifice unto the females who bring forth flocks of males; we sacrifice unto the prosperity of the seasons; we sacrifice unto the well-shapen, tall-formed Strength; we sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Mazda ; we sacrifice unto the crushing Ascendant. (At the Gah Usahin): We sacrifice unto the holy, tall-formed, fiend-smiting Sraosha, who makes the world grow, the holy and master of holiness; we sacrifice unto Rashnu-Razista; we sacrifice unto Arstat, who makes the world grow, who makes the world increase III. 11. Let the Yatus be crushed, o Zarathustra ? ! both Daevas and men 3. Who is he in whose house, O Spitama Zara. thustra ! every Drug is destroyed, every Drug perishes, when he pronounces these words - : 125.........? 13. It is he who takes the seven Amesha-Spentas, 1 Sirozah II, 7. Or: Let Zarathustra crush the Yatus. * The Yatus are either demons or men: the man-Yatu is the sorcerer, the wizard. Cf. Yt. VIII, 44. + Doubtful. I am unable to make anything of this section. Digitized by Google

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HAPTAN YAST. 39 the all-ruling, the all-beneficent, as a shield' against his enemies. We worship the Law of the worshippers of Mazda; weworship the waters coming in the shape of a horse?, made by Mazda. 14-15. He has renounced trespasses and faults, O Zarathustra ! he has renounced all trespasses and faults 3, O Zarathustra! when he throws down the destroyer of Vohu-Mano and his words, with a hundred times hundredfold, with a many times manifold preaching and smiting, and he takes away the Law of Mazda, that was carried away as a prisonere, from the hands of the [ungodly], who are destroyed by his strength. Ashem Vohd: Holiness is the best of all good .... 16. Yatha aha vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness..... I bless the sacrifice and the prayer, the strength and vigour Of Ahura Mazda, bright and glorious, and of the Amesha-Spentas; Of Vohu-Mano; of Peace, whose breath is friendly?.... 1 Doubtful. * See Yt. VIII, 5, 42; cf. SS 20. s Atare-vitaremaibya .... vimraot; cf. ataraish .... vi sarem mruye (Yasna XII, 4 (XIII, 16]): atareman seems to be a sin by commission, vitareman a sin by omission. *Doubtful (fraspavares: fraspa is generally translated ramituntan). 6 Doubtful. * Cf. Yt. XIII, 100; XIX, 86; fravasnam is the reverse of uzvazhat (1. 1.). ? The rest as above, $ 1. Digitized by Google

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40 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. Of Asha-Vahista, the fairest; of the much-desired Airyaman'.... * Of Khshathra-Vairya, of the metals? .... Of the good Spenta-Armaiti and of the good Rata ? .... Of Haurvatat, the master 2.... Of Ameretat, the master 2 .... (At the Gah Havan): Of Mithra 3 .... (At the Gah Rapithwin): Of Asha-Vahista 3.... (At the Gah Uziren): Of the high lord Apam Napat 3 .... (At the Gah Aiwisruthrem) : Of the Fravashis of the faithful 4.... (At the Gah Usahin): Of the holy, devout, frendsmiting Sraosha, who, makes the world grow; of Rashnu-Razista, and of Arstat, who makes the world grow, who makes the world increase. Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... Give unto that man brightness and glory, give him, health of body, give him sturdiness of body, give him victorious strength of body, give him full welfare of wealth, give him a virtuous offspring, give him long, long life, give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones. 1. The rest as above, $ 2. The rest as above, $ 3. 9 The rest as above, $ 4. The rest as above, $ 5. o Who shall offer a sacrifice to the Ainshaspands. Digitized by Google

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ARDIBEHIST YAST. III. ARDIBEHIST 1 YAST. This Yast is for a great part devoted to the praise of the Airyaman prayer, which is described as driving away all the diseases and plagues that have been brought upon the world by Angra Mainyu; and when the writer passes from the glorification of Airyaman to that of Asha-Vahista, which is put into the mouth of Angra Mainyu himself ($13 seq.), he makes him speak of AshaVahista just in the same way, and ascribe him just the same powers, as he himself has done with regard to Airyaman. This is owing to the fact of Airyaman being invoked in company with AshaVahista in the second formula of the Sirozah? The powers ascribed to Asha-Vahista have their origin in the twofold nature of that Amesha-Spenta, who being, in his abstract character, the impersonation of the highest element in Mazdeism, Divine Order and Holiness, and in his concrete character, the genius who presides over the mightiest of physical elements, Fire*, is one of the most powerful and dreaded opponents of Angra Mainyu'. On the other hand, Airyaman is the genius to whom hura Mazda applied to heal the nine, and ninety, and nine hundred and nine thousand diseases created by Angra Mainyu . This Yast is recited every day at the Gahs Havan, Rapithwin, and Aiwisruhrem (Anquetil). o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced!.. Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura ; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto (Havani], the holy and master of holiness ?.... 1 Ard-1-behist is the Parsi form for Asha vahista, ard being derived from arta, the Persian form corresponding to the Zend asha. * See Sirozah I, 3, and below the introductory formula. s See Vend. Introd. IV, 30. Ibid. 33. 6 See Yt. XVII, 18. & Fargard XXII and Introd. ? As above, Yt. I, o. Digitized by Google

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42 YASTS AND STROZAHS. Unto Asha-Vahista, the fairest; unto the muchdesired Airyaman, made by Mazda, and unto the good Saoka, with eyes of love, made by Mazda and holy? ; Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... 1. Ahura Mazda spake unto Spitama Zarathustra, saying : 'That thou mayest increase Asha-Vahista, O Spitama Zarathustra! with hymns of praise, with performance of the office, with invocations, holy words, sacrifice, blessings, and adoration-once to abide in the shining luminous space, in the beautiful abodes 3--for the sacrifice and invocation of us, the Amesha-Spentast' ..... 2. Zarathustra said: 'Say unto me the right words, such as they are, O Ahura Mazda! that I may increase Asha-Vahista, with hymns of praise, 1 Sirozah I, 3. * Several manuscripts add here the full invocation of the greater Sirozah : "We sacrifice unto Asha-Vahista, the 'fairest, the Amesha Spenta; We sacrifice unto the much-desired Airyaman We sacrifice unto the instrument, made by Mazda; We sacrifice unto the good Saoka, with eyes of love, made by Mazda and holy.' 8 The Garo-nmanem or Paradise ; see Yasna XVI, 7 [XVII, 42], Phl. tr. The principal clause appears to be wanting, unless Zarathustra is supposed to interrupt Ahura. One might also understand the sentence in an optative sense: 'Mayest thou increase .... Digitized by Google

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ARDIBEHIST YAST. 43 with performance of the office, with invocations, holy words, sacrifice, blessings, and adoration, -once to abide in the shining luminous space, in the beautiful abodes,-for the sacrifice and invocation of you, the Amesha-Spentas. 3?'.... I proclaim Asha-Vahista : if I proclaim Asha-Vahista, then easy is the way to the abode of the other Amesha-Spentas ?, which Ahura Mazda keeps with Good Thoughts, which Ahura Mazda keeps with Good Words, which Ahura Mazda keeps with Good Deeds 3 ; 4. '(Easy is the way to the Garo-nmana of Ahura Mazda): the Garo-nmana is for the holy souls, and no one of the wicked can enter the Garo-nmana and its bright, wide, holy ways; (no one of them can go) to Ahura Mazda 5. "The Airyaman prayer 4 smites down the strength of all the creatures of Angra Mainyu, of the Yatus and Pairikas 5. It is the greatest of spells, the best of spells, the very best of all spells; the * Here again it seems as if a paragraph had been lost : 'Ahura Mazda answered : Proclaim thou Asha-Vahista ; if thou proclaimest Asha-Vahista ....-Then Zarathustra replied: I proclaim AshaVahista ...' 3 The Garothman. An allusion to the three Paradises of Humat, Hakht, Hvarst through which the souls of the blessed pass to Garothman (Yt. XXII, 15). * The prayer known as Airyama-ishyo; see Vendidad XXI, II-12. 5 See Vend. Introd. IV, 20-21. Digitized by Google

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44 VASTS AND SIROZAHS. fairest of spells, the very fairest of all spells; the fearful one amongst spells, the most fearful of all spells; the firm one amongst spells, the firmest of all spells; the victorious one amongst spells, the most victorious of all spells; the healing one amongst spells, the best-healing of all spells. 6. 'One may heal with Holiness, one may heal with the Law, one may heal with the knife, one may heal with herbs, one may heal with the Holy Word: amongst all remedies this one is the healing one that heals with the Holy Word; this one it is that will best drive away sickness from the body of the faithful: for this one is the best-healing of all remedies 7. Sickness Aed away [before it] Death fled away; the Daeva Aed away, the Daeva's counterwork? fled away; the unholy Ashemaogha : fed away, the oppressor of men fled away. 8. 'The brood of the Snake fled away; the brood of the Wolf fled away; the brood of the Two-legged fled away. Pride fled away; Scorn fled away; Hot Fever fled away; Slander fled away; Discord fled away; the Evil Eye fled away. 9. "The most lying words of falsehood fled away; the Gahi", addicted to the Yatu, fled away; the 1 Cf. Vendidad VII, 44 (118). That Airyaman made use of the Holy Word (of spells) to cure diseases appears from Vend. XXII, 6 seq. ? Paityara: every work of Ahura was opposed and spoiled by a counter-work of Angra Mainyu. Cf. Bundahis I, 23 seq.; III, 13 seq.; Vend. I; see Ormazd et Ahriman, $$ 195 seq. See Yt. I, 1o and note 4. * The Ahrimanian creatures belonging to mankind, the Mairyas and Ashemaoghas (Yt. I, 10). * The courtezan ; cf. Vend. XXI, 17 (35), and Introd. IV, 25. Digjized by Google

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ARDIBEHIST YAST. 45 Gahi, who makes one pinel, fled away; the wind that blows from the North 2 fed away; the wind that blows from the North vanished away. 10. 'He it is who smites me that brood of the Snake, and who might smite those Daevas by thousands of thousands, by ten thousands of ten thousands; he smites sickness, he smites death, he smites the Daevas, he smites the Daeva's counter-work, he smites the unholy Ashemaogha, he smites the oppressor of men. 11. 'He smites the brood of the Snake; he smites the brood of the Wolf; he smites the brood of the Two-legged. He smites Pride; he smites Scorn; he smites Hot Fever; he smites Slander; he smites Discord; he smites the Evil Eye. 12. 'He smites the most lying words of falsehood; he smites the Gahi, addicted to the Yatu; he smites the Gahi, who makes one pine. He smites the wind that blows from the North; the wind that blows from the North vanished away. 13. He it is who smites me that brood of the Two-legged, and who might smite those Daevas, by thousands of thousands, by ten thousands of ten thousands. Angra Mainyu, who is all death, the worst-lying of all Daevas, rushed from before him : 14. 'He exclaimed, did Angra Mainyu : "Woe is me! Here is the god Asha-Vahista, who will smite the sickliest of all sicknesses, who will afflict the sickliest of all sicknesses ; The Zend is Kahvaredhaini, a synonym of which, Kahvaredha, Yasna LXI, 2 [LX, 7), is translated impairer of Glory, which means very likely : he who makes one dwindle, peak, and pine' (cf. Vend. XVIII, 62-64). ? From the country of hell; cf. Vend. VII, 2; XIX, 1; Yt. XXII, 25. Digitized by Google

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46 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. men ("He will smite the deadliest of all deaths, he will afflict the deadliest of all deaths; ""He will smite the most fiendish of all fiends, he will afflict the most fiendish of all fiends; "" He will smite the most counter-working of all counter-works, he will afflict the most counterworking of all counter-works; ""He will smite the unholy Ashemaogha, he will afflict the unholy Ashemaogha ; ""He will smite the most oppressive of the oppressors of men, he will afflict the most oppressive of the oppressors of men. 15. ""He will smite the snakiest of the Snake's brood, he will afflict the snakiest of the Snake's brood; "He will smite the most wolfish of the Wolf's brood, he will afflict the most wolfish of the Wolf's brood; ""He will smite the worst of the two-legged brood, he will afflict the worst of the two-legged brood; "" He will smite Pride, he will afflict Pride; "" He will smite Scorn, he will afflict Scorn; "" He will smite the hottest of hot fevers, he will afflict the hottest of hot fevers; ""He will smite the most slanderous of slanders, he will afflict the most slanderous of slanders; ""He will smite the most discordant of discords, he will afflict the most discordant of discords ; "" He will smite the worst of the Evil Eye, he will. afflict the worst of the Evil Eye. 16. "" He will smite the most lying words of falsehood, he will afflict the most lying words of falsehood; Digitized by Google

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ARDIBEHIST YAST. 47 "" He will smite the Gahi, addicted to the Yatu, he will afflict the Gahi, addicted to the Yatu ; ""He will smite the Gahi, who makes one pine, he will afflict the Gahi, who makes one pine ; ""He will smite the wind that blows from the North, he will afflict the wind that blows from the North." 171. 'The Drug will perish away, the Drug will perish; the Drug will rush, the Drug will vanish. Thou perishest away to the regions of the North, never more to give unto death the living world of the holy spirit . 18. 'For his brightness and glory I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard, namely, unto Asha-Vahista, the fairest, the Amesha-Spenta. Unto Asha-Vahista, the fairest, the AmeshaSpenta, we offer up the libations, the Haoma and meat", the baresma , the wisdom of the tongue, the holy spells ?, the speech, the deeds, the libations, and the rightly-spoken words. "Yenhe hatam: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda knows the goodness'.... 19. "Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... 1 One set of manuscripts insert: 'He will smite the wind that blows against the North, he will afflict the wind that blows against the North; the wind that blows against the North (will perish].' This is most likely an interpolation, as the wind that blows against the North (if this is the right meaning of aparo apakhtara, as opposed to pourvo apakhtara) blows against Angra Mainyu. 9 Cf. Vendidad VIII, 21. That is to say, worth being accepted: cf. Yt. X, 32; the Parsis translate, a sacrifice heard [from the lips of the Dasturs)'( uleiud ulo; il www; East India Office, XXV, 42). * The Haoma and Myazda. See Vend. III, 1, note 2. o Hizvo danghah: huzvan danakih (Phl. tr.) means "the right formulas. 7 The Avesta' (Phl. tr.). 8 The several operations of the sacrifice. * As above, Yt. I, 22. Digitized by Google

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VASTS AND SIROZAHS. I bless the sacrifice and prayer and the strength and vigour of Asha-Vahista, the fairest; of the muchdesired Airyaman, made by Mazda ; and of the good Saoka, with eyes of love, made by Mazda and holy 1. *Ashem Voha: Holiness is the best of all good?... [Give] unto that man brightness and glory, give him health of body; .... give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones.' IV. KHORDAD YAST. Only the first two sections of this Yast refer to its nominal object, Haurvatat, the Genius of Health and Waters (Vend. Introd. IV, 7, 33). The rest of the Yast refers to the performance of the Bareshnum ceremony as being the test of the true Zoroastrian. As the Bareshnum purification was performed by Airyaman to drive away the myriads of diseases created by Angra Mainyu , its laudation is not quite unaptly inserted in a Yast devoted to the Genius of Health. The Khordad Yast can be recited at any time. It is better to recite it during the Gah Usahin, on the day Khordad (Anquetil). The text is corrupt. o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoicedl.... Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura ; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto [Havani], the holy and master of holiness &.... Unto Haurvatat, the master ; unto the prosperity 1 Cf. Sirozah I, 2. . As above, p. 22. Who shall offer a sacrifice to Asha-Vahista; cf. Yt. I, 33 and notes. 4 Vend. XXII o As above, p. 22 and notes. Digitized by Google

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KHORDAD YAST. of the seasons and unto the years, the masters of holiness, Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... We sacrifice unto Haurvatat, the Amesha-Spenta; we sacrifice unto the prosperity of the seasons; we sacrifice unto the years, the holy and masters of holiness? 1. Ahura Mazda spake unto Spitama Zarathustra, saying: 'I created for the faithful the help, the enjoyments, the comforts, and the pleasures of Hauryatat. We unite them with him who would come up to thee as one of the Amesha-Spentas, as he would come to any of the Amesha-Spentas, Vohu-Mano, Asha-Vahista, Khshathra-Vairya, Spenta-Armaiti, Haurvatat, and Ameretat. 2. 'He who against the thousands of thousands of those Daevas, against their ten thousands of ten thousands, against their numberless myriads would invoke the name of Haurvatat, as one of the Amesha-Spentas, he would smite the Nasu, he would smite Hasi 3, he would smite Basi 3, he would smite Saeni 3, he would smite Bugis. 34. 'I proclaim the faithful man as the first [of men]; if I proclaim the faithful man as the first i Sirozah I, 6. * Sirozah II, 6. Names of Daevas. According to the Parsi translator of the Dinkart (vol. ii, p. 65), Hasi is 'he who makes sceptical;' Basi is 'he who gives rise to the barking disease;' Saeni is he who causes harm ;' Bugi is 'he who preys upon.' * The translation of this paragraph is quite conjectural. [23] Digitized by Google

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50 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. [of men)', then Rashnu Razista?, then every heavenly Yazata of male nature in company with the AmeshaSpentas will free the faithful man 3 4. From the Nasu, from Hasi, from Gasi", from Saeni, from Bugi; from the hordes with the wide front, from the hordes with the many spears uplifted, from the evil man who oppresses, from the wilful sinner 5, from the oppressor of men, from the Yatu, from the Pairika, from the straying way. 5. How does the way of the faithful turn and part from the way of the wicked @ ?' Ahura Mazda answered: 'It is when a man pronouncing my spell, either reading? or reciting it by heart, draws the furrows 8 and hides' there himself, [saying]: 6. "I will smite thee, O Drug! whomsoever thou art, whomsoever thou art amongst the Druges that come in an open way, whomsoever thou art amongst the Druges that come by hidden ways, whomsoever thou art amongst the Druges that defile by contact; whatsoever Drug thou art, I smite thee away from the Aryan countries; whatsoever. Drug thou art, I bind thee; I smite thee down, O Drug! I throw thee down below, O Drug!" If I am one of the faithful. The Genius of Truth, Yt. XII. : Will free me as one of the faithful. * Sic; cf. SS 2. 6 Starai; cf. Etudes Iraniennes, II, 135. * How is the wicked known from the faithful one ? ? Marao: Phl. osmorit, Sansk. adhyeti; safarunit, posha. yati (pustakayati ? Yasna XIX, 6 [9]). The furrows for the Bareshnum purification (Vend. IX). * Doubtful : gaozaiti; read yaozdaiti (? he cleanses). Digitized by Google

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KHORDAD YAST. 7. 'He draws [then] three furrows 1: I proclaim him one of the faithful; he draws six furrows?: I proclaim him one of the faithful; he draws nine furrows 1: I proclaim him one of the faithful. 8. The names of those (Amesha-Spentas) smite the men turned to Nasus 2 by the Druges; the seed and kin of the deafs are smitten, the scornful + are dead, as the Zaotar Zarathustra blows them away to woe", however fierce, at his will and wish, as many as he wishes. 9. From the time when the sun is down he smites them with bruising blows; from the time when the sun is no longer up, he deals deadly blows on the Nasu with his club struck down, for the propitiation and glorification of the heavenly gods. 10. 'O Zarathustra ! let not that spell be shown to any one, except by the father to his son, or by the brother to his brother from the same womb, or by the Athravan to his pupil & in black hair, devoted to the good law, who, devoted to the good law, holy? and brave, stills all the Druges 8. 11. 'For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard, namely, unto Hauryatat, the Amesha-Spenta. Unto Haurvatat, the Amesha-Spenta, we offer up the libations, the Haoma and meat, the baresma, the wisdom of the tongue, the 1 To perform the Bareshnum; cf. Vend. XXII, 20 (54). * Reading nasum kereta; cf. nasu-kereta (Vend. VII, 26 [67]). See above, p. 26, note 2. Saoka; cf. Yt. XXII, 13. o Duxavat: both the reading and the meaning are doubtful. Mr. West suggests, sends to hell' (reading duzanghvat or dusang hat). * Doubtful. ? Reading ashava instead of aso ava. * Cf. Yt. XIV, 46. E 2 Digitized by Google

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52 VASTS AND STROZAHS. holy spells, the speech, the deeds, the libations, and the rightlyspoken words. 12. "Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... 'I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of Haurvatat, the master; of the prosperity of the seasons and of the years, the masters of holiness. Ashem VohQ: Holiness is the best of all good .... '[Give] unto that man' brightness and glory, ... give him the bright, all happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones.' V. ABAN YAST. The aban Yast (or Yast of the Waters) is devoted to the great goddess of the waters, the celebrated Ardvi Sura Anahita, the 'Avaitis of the Greeks. Ardvi Sura Anahita (the high, powerful, undefiled') is the heavenly spring from which all waters on the earth flow down; her fountains are on the top of the mythical mountain, the Hukairya, in the star region. Her descent from the heavens is described in sp 85 seq.; it reminds one of the Indian legend of the celestial Ganga. This Yast contains much valuable information about the historical legends of Iran, as it enumerates the several heroes who worshipped Ardvi Sura and asked for her help. First of all is Ahura himself (SS 16); then came Haoshyangha (821), Yima ($ 25), Azi Dahaka ($ 29), Thraetaona ($ 33), Keresaspa ($ 37), Franghrasyan ( 41), Kava Usa ($ 45), Husravah ($ 49), Tusa (53), Vaesaka's sons ($ 57), Vafra Navaza ($ 61), Gamaspa ( 68), Ashavazdah, the son of Pourudhakhsti, and Ashavazdah and Thrita, the sons of Sayuzdri ($ 72), Vistauru ($ 76), Yoista ($ 81); the Hvovas and the Naotaras ($ 98), Zarathustra (SS 103), Kava Vistaspa ($ 107), Zairivairi ( 112), Aregal-aspa and Vandaremaini ($ 116). This enumeration is interrupted by a description of the descent of Ardvi Sura from the heavens (&$ 85-89), and of certain rules for her sacrifice given by herself to Zarathustra (S$ 90-97). This interruption may have been intentional, as it takes place just when 1 Who shall have sacrificed to Haurvatat. Digitized by Google

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ABAN YAST. 53 the course of the enumeration brings us to the times of Zarathustra and of the institution of the new religion. The Yast is opened with a laudation of the benefits bestowed by Ardvi Sura:(SSSS 1-16), and it closes with a description of her garments and apparel. The first record of the worship of Ardvi Sura is in a cuneiform inscription by Artaxerxes Mnemon (404-361), in which her name is corrupted into Anahata. Artaxerxes Mnemon appears to have been an eager promoter of her worship, as he is said 'to have first erected the statues of Venus-Anahita ('Adpodirns, 'Avairidos) in Babylon, Suza, and Ecbatana, and to have taught her worship to the Persians, the Bactrians, and the people of Damas and Sardes' (Clemens Alexandrinus, Protrept. 5, on the authority of Berosus; about 260 B. c.). My friend M. Halevy suggests to me that the detailed and circumstantial description of Anahita's appearance and costume (in $$ 126-13.1) shows that the writer must have described her from a consecrated type of statuary. The principal data of the Greek writers on Anahita will be found in Windischmann's Essay (Die persische Anahita oder Anaitis, 1856). One must be cautious in the use of the Greek sources, as the Greeks, with the eclectic turn of their mind, were inclined to confound under the name of Anahita all the great female deities of Asia Minor, and her name became a common appellation for the Aphrodites as well as for the Artemides of the East. o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced 1.... Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto [Havani], the holy and master of holiness. Unto the good Waters, made by Mazda ; unto the holy water-spring Ardvi ANAHITA; unto all waters, made by Mazda ; unto all plants, made by Mazda, Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yath a ah u vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holi ness.... 1 Sirozah I, ro. Digitized by Google

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VASTS AND SIROZAHS. 1. 1. Ahura Mazda spake unto Spitama Zarathustra, saying: 'Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustra ! unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita, the wide-expanding and health-giving, who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura, who is worthy of sacrifice in the material world, worthy of prayer in the material world; the life-increasing2 and holy, the herd-increasing and holy, the fold-increasing and holy, the wealth-increasing and holy, the countryincreasing and holy; 2. 'Who makes the seed of all males pures, who makes the womb of all females pure for bringing forth 4, who makes all females bring forth in safety, who puts milk into the breasts of all females in the right measure and the right quality; 3. 'The large river, known afar, that is as large as the whole of the waters that run along the earth ; that runs powerfully from the height Hukairya 5 down to the sea Vouru-Kasha. 4. 'All the shores of the sea Vouru-Kasha are 1. As she comes down to all places' (Phl. tr, ad Yasna LXV, 1 [LXVI, 2]). ? Adhu, translated gan; 'she makes life longer' (Aspendiarji). Perhaps adhu will be better translated springs, rivers (reading guy instead of gan; cf. Yt. VIII, 29). 3.Pure and sound, without blood and filth' (Phl. tr.). + "So that it may conceive again' (Phl. tr.). 0 'Hagar the lofty is that from which the water of Aredvivsur leaps down the height of a thousand men' (Bundahis XII, 5, tr. West); cf. infra, &$ 96, 121, 126; Yt. XIII, 24. The Hukairya is mentioned again SS 25 and Yt. IX, 8; Yt. X, 88; Yt. XV, 15; Yt. XVII, 28. It appears to be situated in the west (Bundahis XXIV, 17; II, 7; Minokhired XLIV, 12). * The earth-surrounding Ocean; cf. Vendidad V, 15 (49) seq., text and notes. Digitized by Google

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ABAN YAST. 55 boiling over, all the middle of it is boiling over, when she runs down there, when she streams down there, she, Ardvi Sura Anahita, who has a thousand cells and a thousand channels 2: the extent of each of those cells, of each of those channels is as much as a man can ride in forty days, riding on a good horse. 5. 'From this river of mine alone flow all the waters that spread all over the seven Karshvares; this river of mine alone goes on bringing waters, both in summer and in winter. This river of mine purifies the seed in males, the womb in females, the milk in females' breasts. 6. 'I, Ahura Mazda, brought it down with mighty vigour, for the increase of the house, of the borough, of the town, of the country, to keep them, to maintain them, to look over them, to keep and maintain them close. 7. Then Ardvi Sura Anahita, O Spitama Zarathustra ! proceeded forth from the Maker Mazda. Beautiful were her white arms, thick as a horse's shoulder or still thicker; beautiful was her ....?, and thus came she, strong, with thick arms, thinking thus in her heart: 8. ""Who will praise me? Who will offer me a sacrifice, with libations cleanly prepared and wellstrained, together with the Haoma and meat ? To whom shall I cleave, who cleaves unto me, and thinks with me, and bestows gifts upon me, and is of good will unto me? 3". 9. 'For her brightness and glory, I will offer her 1 See the description SS 1or seq. * Zaosa or zusa, an amas deyouevov, seems to designate a part of the body; cf. SS 126. 8 Cf. $$ 11, 124. Digitized by Google

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VASTS AND SIROZAHS. 56 a sacrifice worth being heard; I will offer up unto the holy Ardvi Sura Anahita a good sacrifice with an offering of libations ;-thus mayest thou advise us when thou art appealed to! Mayest thou be most fully worshipped, O Ardvi Sura Anahita ! with the Haoma and meat, with the baresma, with the wisdom of the tongue, with the holy spells, with the words, with the deeds, with the libations, and with the rightly-spoken words.. *Yenhe hatam?: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda .... II. 10. 'Offer up a sacrifice, Spitama Zarathustral unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita, the wide-expanding and health-giving, who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura, who is worthy of sacrifice in the material world, worthy of prayer in the material world; the life-increasing and holy, the herd-increasing and holy, the fold-increasing and holy, the wealth-increasing and holy, the country-increasing and holyo; 11. Who drives forwards on her chariot, holding the reins of the chariot. She goes, driving, on this chariot, longing for men and thinking thus in her heart: "Who will praise me? Who will offer me a sacrifice, with libations cleanly prepared and wellstrained, together with the Haoma and meat ? To whom shall I cleave, who cleaves unto me, and thinks with me, and bestows gifts upon me, and is of good will unto me?" 'For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice, worth being heard .... As above, p. 30; $ 9 is repeated at the end of every chapter. ? $ 10=s 2. 3 Viz. for their worshipping ; cf. Yasna XXIII, 2 [5], paitismarenti=Phl. humitinit, they hope, they expect. Cf. SS 123. 4 As above, SS 9. Digitized by Google

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ABAN YAST. III. 12. 'Offer up a sacrifice, Spitama Zarathustra I unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita !.... 13. Whom four horses carry, all white, of one and the same colour, of the same blood, tall, crushing down the hates of all haters, of the Daevas and men, of the Yatus and Pairikas, of the oppressors, of the blind and of the deaf?. 'For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... IV. 14. 'Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustra I unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita ..... 15. 'Strong and bright, tall and beautiful of form, who sends down by day and by night a flow of motherly: waters as large as the whole of the waters that run along the earth, and who runs powerfully For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... V. 16. Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustral unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 17. "To her did the Maker Ahura Mazda offer up a sacrifices in the Airyana Vaegah, by the good river Daitya ; with the Haoma and meat, with the baresma, with the wisdom of the tongue, with the holy spells, with the words, with the deeds, with the libations, and with the rightly-spoken words?. * As above, $ 10. * Cf. p. 26, note 2. : Doubtful; cf. Yt. VIII, 47. Cf. above, $ 3. 5 Cf. Vend. Introd. IV, 9, 40. This is the heavenly prototype of the Mazdean sacrifice as it was later shown to men by Zarathustra; cf. $ 101. o Cf. Yt. I, 4 and notes. ? Cf. Yt. III, 18. Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND STROZAHS. 18. "He begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant me this, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sura Anahita ! that I may bring the son of Pourushaspa, the holy Zarathustra, to think after my law, to speak after my law, to do after my law!" 19. 'Ardvi Sura Anahita granted him that boon, as he was offering libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and begging that she would grant him that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... VI. 20. 'Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustra I unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 21. 'To her did Haoshyangha, the Paradhata?, offer up a sacrifice on the enclosure? of the Haras, with a hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, and ten thousand lambs. 22. 'He begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant me this, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sura Anahita! that I may become the sovereign lord of all countries, of the Daevas and men, of the 1 Haoshyangha was the first king of the Paradhata (Peshaayan) aynasty (cf. above, p. 7, note 2, and Bundahis XXXI, 1). It is related in Firdausi's Shah Namah that he was the grandson of Gayomarth, the first man and king, and the son of Syamak; that his father having been killed by the black Div, he encountered him at the head of an army of lions, tigers, birds, and Paris, and destroyed him; he then succeeded his grandfather, and reigned supreme over the seven Keshvars of the earth. ? Doubtful: upabda=upabanda, as thribda (Yt. VIII, 55)= thribanda; it appears from Yt. XV, 7 that the place meant here is the Taera which is said in the Bundahis (V, 7) to be surrounded by the Alborz (the Hara). The Hara berezaiti or Alborz, in Mazandaran, south of the Caspian Sea, was supposed to surround the earth ; cf. Yt. X, 56. Digitized by Google

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ABAN YAST. 59 Yatus and Pairikas, of the oppressors, the blind and the deaf; and that I may smite down two thirds? of the Daevas of Mazana? and of the fiends of Varena 3." 23. Ardvi Sura Anahita granted him that boon, as he was offering libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... VII. 24. 'Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustra ! unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 25. *To her did Yima Khshaeta", the good shepherd, offer up a sacrifice from the height Hukairya", with a hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs. 26. 'He begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant me this, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sura Anahita! that I may become the sovereign lord of all countries, of the Daevas and men, of the Yatus and Pairikas, of the oppressors, the blind and the deaf; and that I may take from the Daevas both * A formula frequently used, not only in the Avesta, but also in the Shah Namah. ? The Daevas in Mazandaran. Mazandaran was held a place of resort for demons and sorcerers, and was in the Iranian legend nearly the same as Ceylon is in the Ramayana. The Damavand mountain, to which Azi Dahaka was bound, is the southern boundary of Mazandaran. * See Vend. Introd. IV, 23; cf. this Yast, $ 33. * Yima Khshaeta (Gemshid), as an earthly king, ruled over the world for a thousand years, while he made immortality reign in it (Yt. IX, 8; XV, 15; cf. Vendidad II, Introd.). o See above, $ 3. Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND SiROZAHS. riches and welfare, both fatness and locks, both weal and Glory?" 27. 'Ardvi Sura Anahita granted him that boon, as he was offering libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... VIII. 28. Offer up a sacrifice, 0 Spitama Zarathustra! unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 29. `To her did Azi Dahaka?, the three-mouthed, offer up a sacrifice in the land of Bawris, with a 1 After his brother Takhma Urupa, who reigned before him, had been killed and devoured by Angra Mainyu (Yt. IV, 11, note). 2 When Yima began to sin and lost the Hvareno (Glory), he was overthrown by Azi Dahaka (Zohak), who seized the power and reigned in his place for a thousand years (cf. Yt. XIX, 33 seq.). Azi Dahaka, literally 'the fiendish snake,' was first a mythical personage; he was the snake' of the storm-cloud, and a counterpart of the Vedic Ahi or Vritra. He appears still in that character in Yast XIX seq., where he is described struggling for the Hvareno against Atar (Fire), in the sea Vourukasha (Vendidad, Introd. IV, 38; cf. this Yast, SS 90). His struggle with Yima Khshaeta bore at first the same mythological character, the shining Yima' being originally, like the Vedic Yama, a solar hero: when Yima was turned into an earthly king, Azi underwent the same fate. In the Shah Namah he is described as a man with two snakes springing from his shoulders: they grew there through a kiss of Ahriman's. For the myths referring to Asi, see Ormazd et Ahriman, $$ 91-95. s Babylon (cf. Yt. XV, 19). The usurper Azi, being a non-Aryan, was identified with the hereditary foe, the Chaldaeans: the name of Babylon united in it, at the same time, a dim historical record of the old Assyrian oppression, then shaken off and forgotten, and an actual expression of the national antipathy of the Iranians for their Semitic neighbours in Chaldaea. After the conquest of Persia by the Musulmans, Azi was turned at last into an Arab. The original seat of the Azi myths was on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea (Etudes Iraniennes, II, 210). Digitized by Google

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ABAN YAST. 61 hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, and ten thousand lambs. 30. 'He begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant me this boon, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sara Anahita ! that I may make all the seven Karshvares of the earth empty of men." 31. 'Ardvi Sara Anahita did not grant him that boon, although he was offering libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating her that she would grant him that boon. 'For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... IX. 32. Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustral unto Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 33. "To her did Thraetaona, the heir 2 of the valiant Athwya clan, offer up a sacrifice in the fourcornered Varena3, with a hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs. 34. He begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant me this, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sara Anahita! that I may overcome Azi Dahaka, the threemouthed, the three-headed, the six-eyed, who has a thousand senses", that most powerful, fiendish Drug, 1 Thraetaona (Feridun), son of Athwya, conquered Azi and bound him to Mount Damavand, where he is to stay till the end of the world, when he shall be let loose and then killed by Keresaspa (Vendidad, Introd. IV, 12, 18; Bahman Yast III, 55 seq.; Bund. XXIX, 8 seq.). 3 Viso-puthra=Pahlavi barbita (see Etudes Iraniennes, II, 139). 8 Cf. Vend. I, 18 and Introd. IV, 12. Modern tradition supposes Varena to have been the region of Ghilan (very likely on account of its proximity to Mazandaran and Mount Damavand). + See Yt. X, 82, note. Digitized by Google

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62 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. that demon, baleful to the world, the strongest Drug that Angra Mainyu created against the material world, to destroy the world of the good principle ?; and that I may deliver his two wives, Savanghavak and Erenavak?, who are the fairest of body amongst women, and the most wonderful creatures in the world 3." 35. 'Ardvi Sara Anahita granted him that boon, as he was offering libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon, *For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... 36. 'Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustra ! unto Ardvi Sara Anahita .... 37. "To her did Keresaspa 4, the manly-hearted, offer up a sacrifice behind the Vairi Pisanah", with a 1 Cf. Yt. XIX, 37. ? The two daughters of Yima, who had been ravished by Azi: they are called in the Shah Namah Shahrinaz and Arnavaz (see Etudes Iraniennes, II, 213, Savanghavak et Erenavak). Thraetaona delivered them, and then married them; he had a son, Airyu, from Arnavaz, and two sons from Shahrinaz, Tura and Sairima; Airyu, Tura, and Sairima became the kings of Iran, Turan, and Rum. . 8 Cf. Yt. IX, 14; XV, 24; XVII, 34. * Keresaspa (Garshasp), one of the greatest heroes in the Avestean romance, although Firdausi has all but passed him over in silence. See his feats, Yt. XIX, 38 seq.; cf. Yt. V, 27 seq. ; Yasna IX, 10 (29); Vend. I, 10 (36). 6 The Pisin valley, south of Cabool. It was in the land of Cabool that the Keresaspa legend had its rise, or at least it was localised there. It is in the plain near the Pisin valley that Keresaspa lies asleep, till the end of the world comes (see Yt XIII, 61, note). Digitized by Google

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ABAN YAST. hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs. 38. 'He begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant me this, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sara Anahita ! that I may overcome the golden-heeled Gandarewa', though all the shores of the sea Vouru-Kasha are boiling over; and that I may run up to the stronghold of the fiend on the wide, round earth, whose ends lie afar." 39. 'Ardvi Sura Anahita granted him that boon, as he was offering libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... 1 A Parsi poem, of a very late date, gives further details about Gandarewa. It was a monster who lived in the sea, on the mountain, and in the valley;' he was called Pashnah zarah, because the sea did not go above his heel (a misinterpretation of his Avestean epithet zairi pashna, golden-heeled, the Zend zairi being mistaken for the Persian zara hyj, sea); his head would rise to the sun and rub the sky; he could swallow up twelve men at once. Keresaspa fought him for nine days and nine nights together; he drew him at last from the bottom of the sea and smashed his head with his club : when he fell on the ground, many countries were spoiled by his fall (Spiegel, Die traditionnelle Literatur der Parsen, p. 339, and West, Pahlavi Texts, II, pp. 369 seq.). In the Vedic mythology the Gandharva is the keeper of Soma, and is described now as a god, now as a fiend, according as he is a heavenly Soma-priest or a jealous possessor who grudges it to man. What was the original form of the myth in Mazdeism is not clear. In the Shah Namah he appears as the minister of Azi Dahaka. Cf. Yt. XV, 27 seq., and Ormazd et Ahriman, pp. 99, note 5; 215, note i. Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND STROZAHS. XI. 40. 'Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustra ! unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 41. To her did the Turanian murderer, Frangrasyan?, offer up a sacrifice in his cave under the earth?, with a hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs. 42. 'He begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant me this, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sara Anahita! that I may seize hold of that Glory 3, that is waving in the middle of the sea Vouru-Kasha S and Frangrasyan (Afrasyab) was king of Taran for two hundred years. The perpetual struggle between Iran and Turan, which lasts to this day, was represented in the legend by the deadly and endless wars between Afrasyab and the Iranian kings from Minokihr down to Kai Khosrav (Kavi Husravah). The chief cause of the feud was the murder of Syavakhsh (Syavarshana) by Afrasyab; Syavakhsh, son of Kai Kaus (Kava Usa), having been exiled by his father, at the instigation of his mother-in-law, took refuge with Afrasyab, who received him with honour, and gave him his daughter in marriage : but the fortune of Syavakhsh raised the jealousy of Afrasyab's brother, Karsivaz (Keresavazda), who by means of calumnious accusations extorted from Afrasyab an order for putting him to death (see Yt. XIX, 77). Syavakhsh was revenged by his son, Kai Khosrav, the grandson of Afrasyab (Yt. IX, 22). ? Hankane: Firdausi speaks of a cave on the top of a mountain, near Barda (on the frontier of Adarbaigan), where Afrasyab, when defeated, took refuge, and was discovered by Kai Khosrav; that cave was called the cave of Afrasyab' (hang i Afrasiab; Shah Namah, IV, 196). In an older 'form of the legend, that cave was a palace built under-ground, with walls of iron and a hundred columns : its height was a thousand times a man's size (Aogemaide, SS 61; cf. Bund. XII, 20: see Etudes Iraniennes, II, 225, Le Hang d'Afrasyab). 8 Yt. XIX, 56 seq. Digitized by Google

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ABAN VAST. 65 that belongs to the Aryan people, to those born and to those not yet born, and to the holy Zarathustra." 43. 'Ardvi Sura Anahita did not grant him that boon. 'For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice ..., XII. 44. Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustra ! unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 45. 'To her did the great, most wise Kavi Usa? offer up a sacrifice from Mount Erezifya?, with a hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs. 46. 'He begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant me, this, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sura Anahita ! that I may become the sovereign lord of all countries, of the Daevas and men, of the Yatus and Pairikas, of the oppressors, the blind and the deaf." 47. 'Ardvi Sara Anahita granted him that boon, as he was offering libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. *For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... XIII. 48. Offer up a sacrifice, Spitama Zarathustra! unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahta .... 49. "To her did the gallant Husravah, he who "Kavi Usa (Kai Kaus), the son of Kavi Kavata (Kai Kobad) and the father of Syavakhsh (see p. 64, note 1), was the second king of the Kayanian dynasty. 2 Mount Erezifya has been supposed to be the same as the Sariphi Montes in Ptolemaeus, which stretch between Margiana and Ariana (Burnouf, Commentaire sur le Yasna, p. 436). * Kai Khosrav; cf. p. 64, notes i and 2. [23] Digitized by Google

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66 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. united the Aryan nations into one kingdom", offer up a sacrifice behind the Kaekasta lake 2, the deep lake, of salt waters 3, with a hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs. 50. 'He begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant me this, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sura Anahita ! that I may become the sovereign lord of all countries, of Daevas and men, of the Yatus and Pairikas, of the oppressors, the blind and the deaf; and that I may have the lead in front of all the teams 4 and that he may not pass through the forest , he, the murderer", who now is fiercely 8 striving against me on horseback 10." 51. 'Ardvi Sura Anahita granted him that boon, as he was offering libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. 'For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... XIV. 52. 'Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustral unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 53. To her did the valiant warrior Tusa 11 offer 1 Doubtful. * A lake in Adarbaigan, with salt water: fish cannot live in it (Bundahis XXII, 2). It is the same as Lake Urumiah. Its name is miswritten in Firdausi (Khangast for Kegast, Campis for s Doubtful; see Etudes Iraniennes, II, uruyapa, p. 179. * In pursuing his adversary. Doubtful (cf. Yt. XV, 32). * The White Forest (ibid.). ? Aurvasara (ibid.). 8 Doubtful. Trying to flee and escape. 10 Possibly, 'vieing in horses' (for the swiftness of the race): cf. Yt. XIX, 77. 11 Tusa, in the Shah Namah Tus; one of the most celebrated Pahlavans of Kai Khosrav; he was the son of king Naotara (Nodar). Digitized by Google

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ABAN YAST. worship on the back of his horse ?, begging swiftness for his teams, health for his own body, and that he might watch with full success those who hated him, smite down his foes, and destroy at one stroke his adversaries, his enemies, and those who hated him 54. 'He begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant me this, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sura Anahita ! that I may overcome the gallant sons of Vaesaka", by the castle Khshathro-saoka, that stands high up on the lofty, holy Kanghao; that I may smite of the Turanian people their fifties and their hundreds, their hundreds and their thousands, their thousands and their tens of thousands, their tens of thousands and their myriads of myriads." 55. 'Ardvi Sara Anahita granted him that boon, as he was offering libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... 1 He offers not a full sacrifice, being on horseback. 9 Not to be taken by surprise. s Cf. Yt. X, 11, 94, 114. 4 Vaesaka was the head of the Visah family, whose foremost member was Piran Visah, the clever and upright minister of A frasyab, the Turanian Nestor ; but his counsels were despised for the common ruin, and himself perished with all his sons in the war against Iran. 5 Kangha was a town founded by Syavarshana, during his exile, in a part of the land of Khvarizm, which is described as an earthly paradise.' This city was built on the top of a high mountain (Antare-Kangha, Yt. XIX, 4). The Khshathro-saoka castle is called in the Shah Namah Kang dez, the fortress of Kangha;' and, possibly, Khshathro-saoka is a mere epithet of dvarem, the castle of kingly welfare.' According to the Shah Namah, Kang dez was stormed by Kai Khosrav himself. F 2 Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND Sirozahs. XV. 56. 'Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustra l unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 57. "To her did the gallant sons of Vaesaka offer up a sacrifice in the castle Khshathro-saoka, that stands high up on the lofty, holy Kangha, with a hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs. 58. "They begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant us this, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sura Anahita! that we may overcome the valiant warrior Tusa, and that we may smite of the Aryan people their fifties and their hundreds, their hundreds and their thousands, their thousands and their tens of thousands, their tens of thousands and their myriads of myriads ?." 59. 'Ardvi Sura Anahita did not grant them that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... XVI. 60. Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustra l unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 61. 'The old ? Vafra Navaza worshipped her, when the strong fiend-smiter, Thraetaona, flung him up in the air in the shape of a bird, of a vulture 3. i Cf. $$ 53-54. * Doubtful (pourvo); perhaps the man of the primitive faith' (the paoiryo-tkaesha; cf. Yt. XIII, o, note): the sacrifice he offers is quite a Zoroastrian one (cf. $$ 17, 104, and note 2 to the latter). 'An allusion is made here to a myth, belonging to the Thraetaona cyclus, of which no other trace is found in the Avesta (except in Yt. XXIII, 4). It referred most likely to the time when Digitized by Google

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ABAN YAST. 62. 'He went on flying, for three days and three nights, towards his own house; but he could not, he could not turn down. At the end of the third night, when the beneficent dawn came dawning up, then he prayed unto Ardvi Sura Anahita, saying: 63. ""Ardvi Sara Anahita! do thou quickly hasten helpfully and bring me assistance at once. I will offer thee a thousand libations, cleanly prepared and well strained, along with Haomas and meat, by the brink of the river Rangha, if I reach alive the earth made by Ahura and my own house." 64. 'Ardvi Sara Anahita hastened unto him in the shape of a maid, fair of body, most strong, tallformed, high-girded, pure, nobly born of a glorious race, wearing shoes up to the ankle, wearing a golden ...., and radiant 2. 65. 'She seized him by the arm: quickly was it done, nor was it long till, speeding, he arrived at the earth made by Mazda and at his own house, safe, unhurt, unwounded, just as he was before. [66. 'Ardvi Sara Anahita granted him that boon, as he was offering up libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, entreating that she would grant him that boon?.] For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... Thraetaona, on his march to Bawri, the capital of Azi (cf. SS 29), arrived at the Tigris (the Rangha); an angel then came and taught him magic to enable him to baffle the sortileges of Azi (Shah Namah). We have in this passage an instance of his talents as a wizard, and one which helps us to understand why Thraetaona is considered as the inventor of magic, and his name is invoked in spells and incantations (Hamzah Ispahanensis, p. 101; Anquetil, II, pp. 135 seq.). Cf. Yt. XIV, 40 and note. 1 Urvikhsna, a word of doubtful meaning. . Cf. Yt. V, 78, 126. 8 This clause is no doubt spurious here. Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND SIROZAHS. XVII. 67. Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustral unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 68. 'To her did Gamaspa? offer up a sacrifice, with a hundred horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs, when he saw the army of the wicked, of the worshippers of the Daevas, coming from afar in battle array. 69. "He asked of her a boon, saying: "Grant me this, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sara Anahita! that I may be as constantly victorious as any one of all the Aryans 2." 70. 'Ardvi Sara Anahita granted him that boon, as he was offering up libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... XVIII. 71. Offer up a sacrifice, 0 Spitama Zarathustral unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 72. "To her did Ashavazdah, the son of Pouru * Gamaspa, the prime minister of Vistaspa (Kai Gastasp), appears here in the character of a warrior, though generally he is described as a sage and a prophet (Yasna XLIX (XLVIII), 9; LI (L), 8; Zardost Namah; yet cf. Yt. XXIII, 2). The Shah Namah has an episode which recalls this one, although very different in its spirit, and more in accordance with the general character of Gamaspa. At the moment when the two armies meet together, Gustasp asks Gamasp to reveal to him the issue of the encounter: Gamasp obeys reluctantly, as the issue is to be fatal to the Iranians. Gamasp belonged to the Hvova family, ? Or, 'as all the rest of the Aryans together.' Digitized by Google

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ABAN YAST. dhakhsti!, and Ashavazdah and Thrita, the sons of Sayuzdri', offer up a sacrifice, with a hundred horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs, by Apam Napat, the tall lord, the lord of the females, the bright and swift-horsed . 73. 'They begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant us this, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sara Anahita ! that we may overcome the assemblers of the Turanian Danus", Kara Asabana 5, and Vara Asabana, and the most mighty Duraekaeta, in the battles of this world. 74. 'Ardvi Sara Anahita granted them that boon, as they were offering up libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant them that boon. *For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... XIX. 75. Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustra ! unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 76. Vistauru, the son of Naotara", worshipped 1 Cf. Yt. XIII, 112. Ashavazdah, the son of Pourudhakhsti, is one of the immortals who will come forth to help Saoshyant in the final struggle (Bundahis XXIX, 6; Yt. XIX, 95). ? Cf. Yt. XIII, 113. Cf. above, p. 6, note 1. * A Turanian tribe, Yt. XIII, 37-38. * A sabana is very likely an epithet; possibly, 'who kills with a stone' (asan-ban); the sling was, as it seems, the favourite weapon of the Danus (Yt. XIII, o This section is the only fragment left of the legend of Ashavazdah, which must have been an important one, since Ashavazdah is one of the immortals (Yt. XIX, 95). ? Cf. Yt. XIII, 102. Vistauru, being the son of Naotara, is the brother of Tusa, which identifies him with the Gustahm (mind) in the Shah Namah: Nodar had two sons, Tus and Gustahm... Digitized by Google

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72 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. her by the brink of the river Vitanghuhaiti", with well-spoken words, speaking thus: 77. "" This is true, this is truly spoken, that I have smitten as many of the worshippers of the Daevas as the hairs I bear on my head. Do thou then, O Ardvi Sura Anahita ! leave me a dry passage, to pass over the good Vitanghuhaiti." 78. 'Ardvi Sura Anahita hastened unto him in the shape of a maid, fair of body, most strong, tallformed, high-girded, pure, nobly born of a glorious race, wearing shoes up to the ankle, with all sorts of ornaments and radiant 2. * A part of the waters she made stand still, a part of the waters she made flow forward, and she left him a dry passage to pass over the good Vitanghuhaiti 3. [79. 'Ardvi Sara Anahita granted him that boon, as he was offering up libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon] *For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... XX. 80. Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustra ! unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita ... 81. 'To her did Yoista, one of the Fryanas", 1 A river not mentioned elsewhere, * Cf. $$ 64, 126. 8 Firdausi has no mention of this episode. * Spurious. 5 This legend is fully told in the Pahlavi tale of Gosti Fryan (edited and translated by West): a sorcerer, named Akht, comes with an immense army to the city of the enigma-expounders, threatening to make it a beaten track for elephants, if his enigmas are not solved. A Mazdayasnian, named Gosti Fryan, guesses the Digitized by Google

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ABAN YAST. 73 offer up a sacrifice with a hundred horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs on the Pedvaepal of the Rangha. 82. He begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant me this, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sara Anahita ! that I may overcome the evil-doing Akhtya, the offspring of darkness, and that I may answer the ninety-nine hard riddles that he asks me maliciously, the evil-doing Akhtya, the offspring of darkness." '83. 'Ardvi Sara Anahita granted him that boon, as he was offering up libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. 'For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... XXI. 84. 'Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustra I unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .. 85. Whom Ahura Mazda the merciful ordered thus, saying: "Come, O Ardvi Sura Anahita, come from those stars? down to the earth made by Ahura, thirty-three riddles proposed by Akht; then, in his turn, he proposes him three riddles which the sorcerer is unable to guess, and, in the end, he destroys him by the strength of a Nirang. Cf. Yt. XIII, 120. This tale, which belongs to the same widespread cycle as the myth of Oedipus and the Germanic legend of the Wartburg battle, is found in the Zarathustra legend too (Vendidad XIX, 4). Perhaps an affluent of the Rangha (cf. Yt. XIII, 19, 19; XV,27). Between the earth and the region of infinite light there are three intermediate regions, the star region, the moon region, and the sun region. The star region is the nearest to the earth, and the sun region is the remotest from it. Ardvi Sura has her seat in the star region (Yasna LXV (LXIV), 1; Phl. tr.); cf. Yt. V, 132. Digitized by Google

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74 YASTS AND SEROZAHS. that the great lords may worship thee, the masters of the countries, and their sons. 86. ""The men of strength will beg of thee swift horses and supremacy of Glory. ""The Athravans who read 2 and the pupils of the Athravans will beg of thee knowledge and prosperity, the Victory made by Ahura, and the crushing Ascendant. 87. ""The maids of barren womb 3, longing for a lord 3, will beg of thee a strong husband; ""Women, on the point of bringing forth, will beg of thee a good delivery. ""All this wilt thou grant unto them, as it lies in thy power, O Ardvi Sara Anahita !" . 88. "Then Ardvi Sura Anahita came forth, O Zarathustral down from those stars to the earth made by Mazda; and Ardvi Sura Anahita spake thus: 89. ""O pure, holy Zarathustra! Ahura Mazda has established thee as the master of the material world : Ahura Mazda has established me to keep the whole of the holy creation. ""Through my brightness and glory flocks and herds and two-legged men go on, upon the earth: I, forsooth, keep all good things, made by Mazda, the offspring of the holy principle, just as a shepherd keeps his flock." 90. 'Zarathustra asked Ardvi Sara Anahita : "O Ardvi Sura Anahita ! With what manner of sacrifice shall I worship thee? With what manner of sacrifice shall I worship and forward thee? So that Mazda may make thee run down to the earth), that 1 The warriors. * To teach 8 Doubtful. Digitized by Google

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ABAN YAST. 75 he may not make thee run up into the heavens, above the sun!; and that the Serpent may not injure thee with ....3, with ....4, with ....', and .... poisons 6." 91. 'Ardvi Sara Andhita answered: "O pure, holy Spitama! this is the sacrifice wherewith thou shalt worship me, this is the sacrifice wherewith thou shalt worship and forward me, from the time when the sun is rising to the time when the sun is setting. "Of this libation of mine thou shalt drink, thou who art an Athravan, who hast asked and learnt the revealed law, who art wise, clever, and the Word incarnate.. 92. ""Of this libation of mine let no foe drink, no man fever-sick, no liar, no coward, no jealous one, no woman, no faithful one who does not sing the Gathas, no leper to be confined ?. 93. "I do not accept those libations that are drunk in my honour by the blind, by the deaf, by the wicked, by the destroyers, by the niggards, by the ...., nor any of those stamped with those characters which have no strength for the holy Word, i When the beds of the rivers are dry, the cause is that Ardvi Sura sends up her waters to the higher heavens (to the sun region) instead of sending them down to the earth (cf. p. 73, note 2). 9 The serpent, Azi, is here Azi in his original naturalistic character, the storm-fiend (cf. Vend. Introd. IV, 38 and this Yast, SS 29, note). The uncleanness and unhealthiness of the rivers are ascribed to his poison. & Arethna, an atas leyouevov. * Vawzaka, idem. 8 Varen va, idem. * Varen va poisons. 7 Cf. Vend. II, 29. 8? Ranghau. * Which incapacitate one for religious works. Digilized by Google

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76 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. "" Let no one drink of these my libations who is hump-backed or bulged forward; no fiend with decayed teeth?." 94. "Then Zarathustra asked Ardvi Sura Anahita: "O Ardvi Sara Anahita! What becomes of those libations which the wicked worshippers of the Daevas bring unto thee after the sun has set??" 95. 'Ardvi Sara Anahita answered: "O pure, holy Spitama Zarathustra ! howling, clapping, hopping, and shouting 3, six hundred and a thousand Daevas, who ought not to receive that sacrifice 4, receive those libations that men bring unto me after [the sun has set]o." 96. 'I will worship the height Hukairya, of the deep precipices ?, made of gold, wherefrom this mine Ardvi Sara Anahita leaps, from a hundred times the height of a mano, while she is possessed of as much Glory as the whole of the waters that run along the earth, and she runs powerfully .. "For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... XXII. 97. Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustra l unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 98. Before whom the worshippers of Mazda 1 Cf. Vend. II, 29. 2 Cf. Vend. VII, 79 and note 2; cf. above, $ 91. $ For joy. The translations of those several words are not certain. * Doubtful. * Perhaps, those cups (yamau). Filled up from $ 94. ? The text here has vispo-vah mem,' worthy of all prayer;' the reading vispo-vaemem from Yt. XII, 24 seems to be better. 8 Cf. $$ 102, 121. * Cf. $$ 4, 102, 121. Digitized by Google

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ABAN YAST. 77 stand with baresma in their hands : the Hvovas did worship her, the Naotaras did worship her 1; the Hvovas asked for riches, the Naotaras asked for swift horses. Quickly was Hvova blessed with riches and full prosperity ; quickly became Vistaspa, the Naotaride, the lord of the swiftest horses in these countries 99. ['Ardvi Sara Anahita granted them that boon, as they were offering up libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant them that boon3.] For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... XXIII. 100. Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustral unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 101. "Who has a thousand cells and a thousand channels : the extent of each of those cells, of each of those channels, is as much as a man can ride in forty days, riding on a good horse 4. In each channel there stands a palace, well-founded, shining with a hundred windows, with a thousand columns, well-built, with ten thousand balconies, and mighty. 102. 'In each of those palaces there lies a welllaid, well-scented bed, covered with pillows, and 1 The Hvova or Hvogva family plays as great a part in the religious legend, as the Naotara family in the heroic one. Two of the Hvovas, Frashaostra and Gamaspa, were among the first disciples of Zarathustra and the prophet married Frashaostra's daughter, Hvogvi (cf. Yt. XIII, 139). For the Naotaras, see above, $$ 53, 76. According to the Bundahis, Vistaspa did not belong to the Naotara family (XXXI, 28): perhaps he was considered a Naotaride on account of his wife Hutaosa, who was one (Yt. XV, 35). His very name means 'He who has many horses.' 3 Spurious. * Cf. SS 4. Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND SIROZAHS. Ardvi Sara Anahita, O Zarathustra ! runs down there from a thousand times the height of a man, and she is possessed of as much Glory as the whole of the waters that run along the earth, and she runs powerfully? XXIV. 103. 'Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustra ! unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 104. Unto her did the holy Zarathustra offer up a sacrifice in the Airyana Vaegah, by the good river Daitya ; with the Haoma and meat, with the baresma, with the wisdom of the tongue, with the holy spells, with the speech, with the deeds, with the libations, and with the rightly-spoken words%. 105. He begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant me this, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sara Anahita! that I may bring the son of Aurvat-aspa 3, the valiant Kavi Vistaspa, to think according to the law, to speak according to the law, to do according to the law4." 106. 'Ardvi Sura Anahita granted him that boon, as he was offering up libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... 1 Cf. SS 96. Cf. SS 17. It is to be noticed that only Ahura and Zarathustra (and perhaps Vafra Navaza; see p. 68, note 2) offer the pure Zoroastrian sacrifice. 3 Called Lohrasp in Parsi tradition. * Cf. SS 18. The conversion of Vistaspa by Zarathustra is the turning-point in the earthly history of Mazdeism, as the conversion of Zarathustra by Ahura himself is in its heavenly history. Cf. Yt. XXIV and IX, 26. Digitized by Google

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ABAN YAST. XXV. 107. Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustral unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sara Anahita .... 108. *Unto her did the talli Kavi Vistaspa offer up a sacrifice behind Lake Frazdanava, with a hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs. 109. 'He begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant me this, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sara Anahita! that I may overcome Tathravant, of the bad law, and Peshana, the worshipper of the Daevas, and the wicked Aregat-aspa 4, in the battles of this world !" 110. 'Ardvi Sura Anahita granted him that boon, as he was offering up libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. *For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... 1 Berezaidhi, translated buland (Yasna LVII, 11 [LVI, 5, 2]). 3 See Yt. XIII, 99 ; V, 98, 105. s A lake in Seistan (Bundahis XXII, 5); from that lake will rise Hoshedar Bami (Ukhshyal-ereta), the first of the three sons of Zarathustra, not yet born (Bahman Yast III, 13; cf. Yt. XIII, 98). * Of these three, Aregat-aspa alone is known to Firdausi ; he is the celebrated Argasp, who waged a deadly war against Gustasp to suppress the new religion : be stormed Balkh, slaughtered Lohrasp and Zartust (Zarathustra), and was at last defeated and killed by Gastasp's son, Isfendyar. He is the Afrasyab of the Zoroastrian period. In the Avesta he is not called a Turanian (Tura), but a Huyaona; see Yt. IX, 30. Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND SIROZAHS. XXVI. 111. 'Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustra! unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 112. Unto her did Zairi-vairi?, who fought on horseback, offer up a sacrifice behind the river Daitya', with a hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs. 113. 'He begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant me this, Ogood, most beneficent Ardvi Sura Anahita ! that I may overcome Pesho-Kangha the corpse-burier 3, Humayaka 4 the worshipper of the Daevas, and the wicked Aregat-aspa", in the battles of this world. 114. 'Ardvi Sura Anahita granted him that boono, as he was offering up libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... XXVII. 115. 'Offer up a sacrifice, 0 Spitama Zarathustral unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 116. Unto her did Aregat-aspa and Vandaremaini? ? Zarir in Firdausi, the brother of Vistaspa ; cf. Yt. V, 117; XIII, 101. * The Araxes (Vendidad I, 3). : Doubtful (cf. Vend. III, 36 seq.). * This is perhaps an epithet to Pesho-Kangha, 'the most malicious. * See p. 79, note 4. 6 If we may trust the Shah Namah, she did not grant her favour to the last, as Zarir was killed by one of the generals of Argasp, Bidirafsh. ? A brother of Argasp's: his name is slightly altered in Firdausi see zwndrymn for ndrymn ,Andariman miswritten for Vandariman) Etudes Iraniennes, p. 228). Digitized by Google

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ABAN YAST. 81 offer up a sacrifice by the sea Vouru-Kasha, with a hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs. 117. 'They' begged of her a boon, saying: "Grant us this, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sara Anahita! that we may conquer the valiant Kavi Vistaspa and Zairivairi who fights on horseback, and that we may smite of the Aryan people their fifties and their hundreds, their hundreds and their thousands, their thousands and their tens of thousands, their tens of thousands and their myriads of myriads." 118. 'Ardvi Sura Anahita did not grant them that favour, though they were offering up libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she should grant them that favour. 'For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... XXVIII. 119. 'Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustral unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 120. 'For whom Ahura Mazda has made four horses--the wind, the rain, the cloud, and the sleetand thus ever 3 upon the earth it is raining, snowing, hailing, and sleeting; and whose armies are so many and numbered by nine-hundreds and thousands. 121. 'I will worship the height Hukairya, of the 1 The text has the singular here and in the rest of the sentence : the names of the two brothers form a sort of singular dvandva; cf. Franghrasyanem Keresavazdem (Yt. XIX, 77); Ashavazdangho Thritahe (Yt. XIII, 113; and same Yast, 115), and in the present passage Vista spo Zairivairis (see Etudes Iraniennes, II, 229). ? Both were killed by Isfendyar (Shah Namah). Misti translated hamesak, sada (Yt. VII, 4). [23] Digitized by Google

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82 YASTS AND STROZAHS. deep precipices, made of gold, wherefrom this mine Ardvi Sara Anahita leaps, from a hundred times the height of a man, while she is possessed of as much Glory as the whole of the waters that run along the earth, and she runs powerfully'. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... XXIX. 122. Offer up a sacrifice, o Spitama Zarathustra ! unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 123. 'She stands, the good Ardvi Sara Anahita, wearing a golden mantle ?, waiting for a man who shall offer her libations and prayers, and thinking thus in her heart : 124. "Who will praise me? Who will offer me a sacrifice, with libations cleanly prepared and wellstrained, together with the Haoma and meat? To. whom shall I cleave, who cleaves unto me, and" thinks with me, and bestows gifts upon me, and is of good will unto me 3?" *For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... . xxx. 125. Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustra! unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita .... 126. 'Ardvi Sara Anahita, who stands carried forth in the shape of a maid, fair of body, most strong, tall-formed, high-girded, pure, nobly born of: SS 121=S$ 96, 102. * Paitidana, a mantle, a tunic (Vend. XIV, 9 [28]). 3 See $$ 8, 11. Digitized by Google : :

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ABAN YASTI ww83 a glorious race ?, wearing along her....? a mantle fully embroidered with gold; 127. 'Ever holding the baresma in her hand, according to the rules, she wears square golden earrings on her ears bored ?, and a golden necklace around her beautiful neck, she, the nobly born Ardvi Sura Anahita ; and she girded her waist tightly, so that her breasts may be well-shaped, that they may be tightly pressed 4. 128. "Upon her head Ardvi Sara Anahita bound a golden crown, with a hundred stars, with eight rays, a fine ...., a well-made crown, in the shape of a ....?, with fillets streaming down. 129. 'She is clothed with garments of beaver 8, Ardvi Sara Anahita; with the skin of thirty beavers of those that bear four young ones, that are the finest kind of beavers; for the skin of the beaver that lives in water is the finest-coloured of all skins, and when worked at the right time it shines to the eye with full sheen of silver and gold. 130. 'Here, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sara Anahita! I beg of thee this favour: that I, fully blessed, may conquer large kingdoms, rich in horses', with high tributes, with snorting horses, sounding chariots, flashing swords, rich in aliments, with stores of food, with well-scented beds 10; that I may have 1 Cf. $$ 64, 78. ? Zaosa ; cf. $ 7, note 2. .. . Doubtful (sispemna, from sif, bew) * Doubtful. Gems. 1.0.7 Anupoithwaitim. ;?? Ratha; the usual meaning of ratha is 'a chariot;' perhaps ; the round shape of the chest of a chariot is meant. -8 Possibly otter, Vend. XIV. * Doubtful. . 20 Cf. Yt. XVII, 7. G2 Digitized by Google

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YASTS AND SIROZAHS. at my wish the fulness of the good things of life and whatever makes a kingdom thrive 1: 131. 'Here, O good, most beneficent Ardvi Sura Anahita! I beg of thee two gallant companions, one two-legged and one four-legged ?: one two-legged, who is swift, quickly rushing, and clever in turning a chariot round in battle; and one four-legged, who can quickly turn towards either wing of the host with a wide front, towards the right wing or the left, towards the left wing or the right. 132. "Through the strength of this sacrifice, of this invocation, O Ardvi Sara Anahita! come down from those stars , towards the earth made by Ahura, towards the sacrificing priest, towards the full boiling [milk"); come to help him who is offering up libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that thou wouldst grant him thy favours; that all those gallant warriors may be strong, like king Vistaspa. 'For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... 133. 'Yath a ah u vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... 'I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of the holy water-spring Anahita. "Ashem Voha: Holiness is the best of all good .... '[Give) unto that man brightness and glory, .... give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones!' 1 The translation of the last clause is doubtful. ? A good horse and a good driver. 8 Cl. $$ 85, 88. Aspendiarji ad Vend. XIX, 40 [133]. Digitized by Google

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KHORSHD YAST. VI. KHORSHED YAST. (YAST TO THE SUN.) This Yast is recited at any time, but particularly on the days consecrated to the sun and to Khshathra-Vairya (Shahrivar), Mithra (Mihir), Asman (Asman), and Anaghra raokau (Aniran"): the last three, Mithra, Asman (the Heaven), Anaghra (the infinite Light), have a natural connection with the sun, but its connection with Khshathra -Vairya is not so clear. Of this Yast we have a Pahlavi (East India Office, XII), a Persian (ibid. XXIV), and a Sanskrit translation (Fonds Burnouf V; all three edited in Etudes Iraniennes, II). o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoicedl.... Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good.... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto (Havani), the holy and master of holiness ?.... Unto the undying, shining, swift-horsed Sun 3 ; Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness? .... 1. We sacrifice unto the undying, shining, swifthorsed Sun. When the light of the sun waxes warmer 4, when the brightness of the sun waxes warmer, then up ? Or the 11th, 16th, 27th, and 30th days of the month (Anquetil, II, 184). 2 As above, Yt. I, o. Sirozah I, 11. * That is to say, rises up' (Phl. tr.). Digitized by Google

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86 YASTS AND STROZAHS. stand the heavenly Yazatas, by hundreds and thousands: they gather together its Glory, they make its Glory pass down, they pour its Glory upon the earth made by Ahura, for the increase of the world of holiness, for the increase of the creatures of holiness', for the increase of the undying, shining, swifthorsed Sun. 2. And when the sun rises up, then the earth, made by Ahura, becomes clean a; the running waters become clean, the waters of the wells become clean, the waters of the sea become clean, the standing waters become clean; all the holy creatures, the creatures of the Good Spirit, become clean. 3. Should not the sun rise up, then the Daevas would destroy all the things that are in the seven Karshvares, nor would the heavenly Yazatas find any way of withstanding or repelling them in the material world. 4. He who offers up a sacrifice unto the undying, shining, swift-horsed Sun--to withstand darkness, to withstand the Daevas born of darkness, to withstand the robbers and bandits, to withstand the Yatus and Pairikas; to withstand death that creeps in unseenoffers it up to Ahura Mazda, offers it up to the Amesha-Spentas, offers it up to his own souls. He rejoices all the heavenly and worldly Yazatas, who offers up a sacrifice unto the undying, shining, swifthorsed Sun. 5. I will sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide Literally of the body of holiness,' that is to say, of the bodily creatures that incorporate holiness. ? From the uncleanness that the Daevas mix with the earth during the night' (Phl. tr.). 8 As he benefits them and himself thereby. Digitized by Google

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KHORSHED YAST. pastures, who has a thousand ears, ten thousand eyes. I will sacrifice unto the club of Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, well struck down' upon the skulls of the Daevas. I will sacrifice unto that friendship, the best of all friendships, that reigns between the moon and the sun? 6. For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard, namely, unto the undying, shining, swifthorsed Sun. Unto the undying, shining, swift-horsed Sun we offer up the libations, the Haoma and meat, the baresma, the wisdom of the tongue, the holy spells, the speech, the deeds, the libations, and the rightly-spoken words. Yenhe hatam: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda ... 7. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... I bless the sacrifice and the invocation, and the strength and vigour of the undying, shining, swifthorsed Sun. Ashem Voha: Holiness is the best of all good ..., Give unto that man brightness and glory, give him health of body, .... give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones. 1 Hunivikhtem: suniyuktam (Sansk.tr.); soldi wes (Pers.tr.). ? As they succeed one another in regular order. 3 Cf. Yt. III, 18. Digitized by Google

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X YASTS AND SIROZAHS. VII. MAH YAST. This Yast to the Moon is recited on the day of the Moon, and on those of Bahman, Gos, and Ram? (Anquetil, II, 185). Bahman and Gos are so far connected with the Moon that all three are gaokithra: 'Bahman, the Moon, and Goso, all three, are having in them the seed of the bull; Bahman can neither be seen nor seized with the hand; the Moon proceeded from Bahman. and can be seen, but cannot be seized with the hand; Gos proceeded from the Moon and can both be seen and seized with the hand &.' Ram is referred to here as being hvastra," lord of good pastures ? Of this Yast we have translations in Pahlavi, Persian, and Sanskrit (edited in Etudes Iraniennes, II). o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced!... Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good. I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto [Havani], the holy and master of holiness .... Unto the Moon that keeps in it the seed of the 1 The 12th, 2nd, 14th, and 21st days of the month. 2 The Amshaspand Bahman is entrusted with the care of cattle (Vend. XIX, 20, note 8). 8 The Genius of Cattle; see Yt. IX. * Bahman is 'good thought, good mind,' Vohu-Mano; in the Vedas the moon is said to have been made out of the mind (manas) of Purusa. For an explanation of that old mystical myth, see Ormazd et Ahriman, p. 74, note 3. o See Vend. XXI, 9 51, note 4. * Pahlavi commentary to this Yast, I. 7 Vend. Introd. IV, 16, and Etudes Iraniennes, II, 187 seq. Digitized by Google

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MAH YAST. Bull; unto the only-created Bull and unto the Bulli of many species; Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha aho vairy8: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... 1. Hail to Ahura Mazda! Hail to the AmeshaSpentas! Hail to the Moon that keeps in it the seed of the Bull ?! Hail to thee when we look at thee! Hail to thee when thou lookest at us 3! 2. How does the moon wax? How does the moon wane ? For fifteen days does the moon wax; for fifteen days does the moon wane. As long as her waxing, so long is the waning 6; as long as her waning, so long is the waxing. Who is there but thee @ who makes the moon wax and wane??' i Sirozah I, 12. See Vend. XXI, 1, text and note. 8 When the moon allows itself to be perceived. * The Pahlavi translation has the following interesting details: For fifteen days they take good deeds from the earthly creatures and the rewards for virtue from the heavens ; for fifteen days they make the rewards pass to the earth and the good deeds pass to the heavens.' The moon is thus a sort of moral clearing-house between earth and heaven. According to the Parsis this waning does not refer to the moon, but to the constellations that help it in the struggle against the planets, which are supposed to belong to the Ahrimanian world (see Ormazd et Ahriman, &$ 223-226): while it waxes -- amely, the moon-they wane,-namely, those that are opposed to the planets, to the bad stars; for instance, Haftoiring, Vanand, Tistar, Satves; ... . while it wanes-namely, the moon--they wax, that is to say, they are strong for doing good.' Thus the moon and the stars relieve each other in the battle against Ahriman. 6 Ahura. " Quoted from Yasna XLIV (XLIII), 3. Digitized by Google

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90 YASTS AND STROZAHS. 3. We sacrifice unto the Moon that keeps in it the seed of the Bull, the holy and master of holiness. Here I look at the moon, here I perceive the moon; here I look at the light of the moon, here I perceive the light of the moon. The AmeshaSpentas stand up, holding its glory; the AmeshaSpentas stand up, pouring its glory upon the earth, made by Mazda 2. 4. And when the light of the moon waxes warmer, golden-hued plants grow on from the earth during the spring * We sacrifice unto the new moons, the full moons, and the Vishaptathas. We sacrifice unto the new moon, the holy and master of holiness; We sacrifice unto the full moon, the holy and master of holiness; We sacrifice unto the Vishaptatha, the holy and master of holiness. 1 As soon as the moon appears. : Cf. Yt. VI, 2. Misti, meaning sada, bias; cf. mi-saki. * Zaremaem, meaning vasantamase,, 44 Los; it has the same meaning in Vend. XVIII, 9 [23]; cf. Yt. XXII, 18. 6 New moon and full moon are not used here in the English meaning: the month was divided into six parts, of five days each (the Norse fimt or five days' week; see Vigfusson, Icelandic Dictionary, s.v.): the first five days (pankak fartum) formed the new moon or antare-maungha, literally the moon within;' the next five days (pankak datigar) formed the pereno-maungha, literally the moon full,' which in fact partly answered to our first quarter; the next five days (pankak sitigar), belonging to the full moon, were called the Vishaptatha; no mention is made of the last three pankak, forming the second half of the month. It may be they were not mentioned, as belonging to the waning period, when the powers of the moon are suffering an eclipse. Cf. Neriosengh to Yasna I, (23.) Digitized by Google

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MAH YAST. 5. I will sacrifice unto the Moon, that keeps in it the seed of the Bull, the liberal, bright, glorious, water - giving?, warmth - giving, wisdom - giving ?, wealth-givings, riches-giving, thoughtfulness-giving", weal-giving, freshness-giving 6, prosperity-giving (r), the liberal, the healing. 6. For its brightness and glory, I will offer unto it a sacrifice worth being heard, namely, unto the Moon that keeps in it the seed of the Bull. Unto the Moon that keeps in it the seed of the Bull, we offer up the libations, the Haoma and meat, the baresma, the wisdom of the tongue, the holy spells, the speech, the deeds, the libations, and the rightly-spoken words. Yenhe hatam: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda .... 7. Yatha ah u vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of the Moon, that keeps in it the seed of the Bull, and of the only-created Bull, and of the Bull of many species. Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good. Give unto that man brightness and glory, give him health of body, ... . give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones. * Or possessing: giving may be replaced by possessing in this word as in the following. 2 Varekanghantem: danak (Phl.); gnanitaram (Sansk.). s Khstavantem: lakshmivantam (Sansk.). * Yaokhstivantem, ' pondering on what good is to be done' drndh khr w `dl ;vikaryavantam karyanyayanam) .(ndyshh ny o Zairimyavantem: haritavarnavantam, kila prithivi(m) sardrataram karoti (Sansk.). * Vohvavantem: uttamasamriddhimantam (Sansk.). Digitized by Google

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92 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. VIII. TIR YAST. Tistrya is the leader of the stars against the planets, as stars and planets belong, respectively, to the worlds of Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu (Vend. Introd. IV, 36; Bund. II, 5 seq.). This Yast is a description of the production of the rain through the agency of the star Tistrya. It has to struggle against the Daeva of Drought, Apaosha, is first overcome and conquers at last. This seems to be a refacimento of the old storm myths, which have been in so far renewed as the role of the hero in the original myth has been transferred to a star. It is to be noticed, however, that Apaosha is not described as a planet. Tistrya is Sirius! It presides over the first month of summer (21 June-21 July). This Yast appears thus to have been written in a part of Iran where the dog-days must have fallen in July, and the rainy season began in the last days of July, unless the place of Tistrya in the calendar has been changed at some later period. This Yast is recited on the days of Tistrya, Haurvatat (as the Genius of Waters), Farvardin (as the Fravashis are his allies in the struggle; $ 34), and Bad (the wind; $ 32). The struggle between Tistrya and Apaosha is described in the Bundahis (VII), but it has there a cosmological character : it has not for its object the annual and regular return of the rains after the dog-days, but the production of the seas and lakes in the first ages of the world. o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced 1.... Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto (Havani), the holy and master of holiness ..... Unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, and unto the powerful Satavaesa, made by Mazda, who pushes waters forward ?, 1 "Ena d' astera pro panton, oion phulaka kai proopten egkatestese, ton Leipcov (Plutarchus, de Iside et Osiride, $ 47; cf. infra, $ 48). 2 Sirozah I, 13. Digitized by Google

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TIR YAST. 93 Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha a hu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holi ness .... 1. Ahura Mazda spake unto Spitama Zarathustra, saying: 'We worship the lordship and mastership [of Tistrya), whereby he protects the Moon, the dwelling, the food, when my glorious stars come along and impart their gifts ? to men. I will sacrifice unto the star Tistrya, that gives the fields their share [of waters]. 2. "We offer up libations unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, that gives happy dwelling and good dwelling; the white, shining, seen afar, and piercing ; the health-bringing, loud-snorting 3, and high, piercing from afar with its shining, undefiled rays; and unto the waters of the wide sea, the Vanguhi of wide renown", and the species o of the Bull, made by Mazda, the awful kingly Glory, and the Fravashi of the holy Spitama Zarathustra. 3. 'For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard, namely, unto the star Tistrya. 'Unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, we offer up the libations, the Haoma and meat, the baresma, the wisdom of the tongue, the holy spells, the speech, the deeds, the libations, and the rightlyspoken words. The rain. 1 Doubtful. : In his disguise as a horse ; $ 18. * See Vend., pp. 3, 5, note 2. Nama; see Etudes Iraniennes, II, 124. Cf. p. 47. Digitized by Google

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94 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. *Yenhe hatam: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda .... II. 4. "We sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, who is the seed of the waters, powerful, tall, and strong, whose light goes afar; powerful and highlyl working, through whom the brightness and the seed of the waters come from the high Apam Napat?, *For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard... III. 5. 'We sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star; for whom long : flocks and herds and men, looking forward for him and deceived in their hope 4: "When shall we see him rise up, the bright and glorious star Tistrya ? When will the springs run with waves as thick as a horse's size and still thicker? Or will they never come ?" For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... IV. 6. 'We sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star.; who flies, towards the sea Vouru-Kasha", as swiftly as the arrow darted through the heavenly 1 Powerfully ? Or, 'through whom the beauty of the waters comes from Bereza, and their seed from Apam Napat. Bereza, the high, the tall, an epithet of Apam Napat, became one of his names (Ized Borg ; cf. SS 34); for Apam Napat, see above, p. 6, note 1. 8 Paitismarenti; cf. Yt. V, 123. * Or better, 'in their looking.' 5 See above, p. 54, note 6, Digitized by Google

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TIR YAST. 95 space?, which Erekhsha?, the swift archer, the Arya amongst the Aryas whose arrow was the swiftest, shot from Mount Khshaotha to Mount Hvanvant 3. 7. For Ahura Mazda gave him assistance; so did the waters and the plants; and Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, opened a wide way unto him. *For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... 8. 'We sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, that afflicts the Pairikas, that vexes the Pairikas, who, in the shape of worm-stars 4, fly * Mainivasau=mainyu-asau (meaning pun minoi givakih, svargasthanam, Yasna LVII, 27 [LVI, 11, 3]). * Erekhsha khshviwi-ishus, in Pahlavi Aris Shivatir (see Etudes Iraniennes, II, 220), or 'Aris of the swift arrow, was the best archer in the Iranian army. When Minokihr and Afrasyab determined to make peace and to fix the boundary between Iran and Turan, it was stipulated that Aris should ascend Mount Damavand, and from thence discharge an arrow towards the east; and that the place in which the arrow fell should form the boundary between the two kingdoms. Aris thereupon ascended the mountain, and discharged towards the east an arrow, the flight of which continued from the dawn of day until noon, when it fell on the banks of the Gihun (the Oxus);' (Mirkhond, History of the Early Kings of Persia, trans. by David Shea, p. 175; cf. Noeldeke, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, 1881, p. 445.) s Mount Khshaotha seems to be the same as Mount Damavand (see preceding note); Mount Hvanvant may be the same as Mount Bamian, from which the Balkh river springs, as according to Tabari (trans. by Noeldeke, 1. 1.), Aris' arrow stopped at the Balkh river (an affluent of the Oxus). But it may be that the limits given refer to the course of Tistrya; cf. $ 38, text and note. * Doubtful. Shooting stars are alluded to. Mr. Geiger remarks that there is a swarm of shooting stars falling every year just at the time when Tistrya, in the European climate, is supposed to be most active, on the roth of August. Digitized by Google

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96 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. between the earth and the heavens, in the sea Vouru-Kasha, the powerful sea, the large-sized, deep sea of salt waters. He goes to its lake in the shape of a horse, in a holy shape; and down there he makes the waters boil over, and the winds flow above powerfully all around. 9. "Then Satavaesa ? makes those waters flow down to the seven Karshvares of the earth, and when he has arrived down there, he stands, beautiful, spreading ease and joy on the fertile countries (thinking in himself): "How shall the countries of the Aryas grow fertile ?". *For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... VI. 10. 'We sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, who spake unto Ahura Mazda, saying : "Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! 11. ""If men would worship me with a sacrifice in which I were invoked by my own name, as they worship the other Yazatas with sacrifices in which they are invoked by their own names, then I should have come to the faithful at the appointed time 4; I should have come in the appointed time of my i See above, p. 66, note 3. 2 Satavaesa is said to be the leader of the western stars to be read southern stars, Bund. II, 7), and has in its protection the seas of the southern quarter (ibid. XIII, 12); the Satavaesa sea is the Persian gulf. This seems to be an allusion to the tide in the Arabian sea (the sea Vouru-Kasha) and in the gulf of Oman, which, being a southern sea, is under the control of Satavaesa (cf. preceding note and Vend. V, 18, note 1). * At the right time of the year when rain is expected. Digitized by Google

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ifR YAST. ' 97 beautiful, immortal life!, should it be one night, or two nights, or fifty, or a hundred nights." 12. "We sacrifice unto Tistrya ; We sacrifice unto the rains of Tistrya *We sacrifice unto the first star 3; we sacrifice unto the rains of the first star. 'I will sacrifice unto the stars Haptoiringa", to oppose the Yatus and Pairikas. We sacrifice unto Vanants, the star made by Mazda; for the well-shapen strength, for the Victory, made by Ahura, for the crushing Ascendant, for the destruction of what distresses us, for the destruction of what persecutes us. "We sacrifice unto Tistrya, whose eye-sight is sound? 13. 'For ten nights, O Spitama Zarathustra! Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, mingles his shape 1 Cf. $SS 23-24 and Yt. X, 54-55, 74. 2 As Tistrya is the producer of the rain: Tistryenyaska=Tistaratarakasya vrishfim (Khorshed Nyayis 8, Sansk. tr.). 3 Tistrya ; cf. p. 105, note 3. * Haptoiringa (Ursa Major) is the leader of the stars in the north (Bund. II, 7). It is entrusted with the gate and passage of hell, to keep back those of the nine, and ninety, and nine hundred, and nine thousand and nine myriad demons, and demonesses, and fairies (Pairikas) and sorcerers (Yatus) who are in opposition to the celestial sphere and constellations' (Minokhired XLIX, 15; tr. by West). 5 Vanant is the leader of the stars in the south (read west; Bund. II, 7). Cf. Yt. XX. 6 To obtain .... This invocation is brought about by the very name of Vanant, which means 'who smites, who overcomes.' The peculiar office of Vanant is to keep the passes and gates of Mount Alborz, around which the sun, the moon, and the stars revolve, and to prevent the Paris and Daevas from cutting off and breaking the road of the sun (Minokhired XLIX ?"I sacrifice to Tistar for (=to obtain) the soundness of the sight' (Khorshed Nyayis 8, Pahl. tr.). [23] Digitized by Google

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98 YASTS AND SiROZAHS. with light, moving in the shape of a man of fifteen years of age ?, bright, with clear eyes, tall, full of strength, strong, and clever. 14. 'He is active as the first man ? was; he goes on with the strength of the first man; he has the virility of the first man. 154 'Here he calls for people to assemble, here he asks, saying: "Who now will offer me the libations with the Haoma and the holy meat? To whom shall I give wealth of male children, a troop of male children, and the purification of his own soul? Now I ought to receive sacrifice and prayer in the material world, by the law of excellent holiness." 16. 'The next ten nights, O Spitama Zarathustra! the bright and glorious Tistrya mingles his shape with light, moving in the shape of a golden-horned bull. 17. 'Here he calls for people to assemble, here he asks, saying: "Who now will offer me the libations with the Haoma and the holy meat ? To whom shall I give wealth of oxen, a herd of oxen, and the purification of his own soul ? Now I ought to receive sacrifice and prayer in the material world, by the law of excellent holiness." 18. "The next ten nights, O Spitama Zarathustra! the bright and glorious Tistrya mingles his shape with light, moving in the shape of a white, beautiful horse, with golden ears and a golden caparison. 1 The age of fifteen is the paradisiacal age in the Avesta (Yasna IX, 5 [18]). Gayo maratan. But the translation is doubtful; possibly as a first-rate man is.' : Doubtful; cf. erezi, Yt. XIV, 29. * Cf. Yt. V, 8. 6 Cf. Vend. XIX, 37 (123). Digitized by Google

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TIR YAST. 99 19. 'Here he calls for people to assemble, here he asks, saying : "Who now will offer me the libations with the Haoma and the holy meat ? To whom shall I give wealth of horses, a troop of horses, and the purification of his own soul? Now I ought to receive sacrifice and prayer in the material world, by the law of excellent holiness." 20. "Then, O Spitama Zarathustra ! the bright and glorious Tistrya goes down to the sea VouruKasha in the shape of a white, beautiful horse, with golden ears and a golden caparison. 21. But there rushes down to meet him the Daeva Apaosha, in the shape of a dark horse, black with black ears, black with a black back, black with a black tail, stamped with brands of terror. 22. 'They meet together, hoof against hoof, O Spitama Zarathustra! the bright and glorious Tistrya and the Daeva Apaosha. They fight together, O Spitama Zarathustra! for three days and three nights. And then the Daeva Apaosha proves stronger than the bright and glorious Tistrya, he overcomes him. 23. "And Tistrya flees from the sea Vouru-Kasha, as far as a Hathra's ? length. He cries out in woe and distress, the bright and glorious Tistrya : "Woe is me, O Ahura Mazda! I am in distress, O Waters and Plants ! O Fate and thou, Law of the worshippers of Mazda! Men do not worship me with a 1 Tistar was converted into three forms, the form of a man and the form of a horse and the form of a bull .... as the astrologers say that every constellation has three forms' (Bund. VII, 4; tr. West). Tistrya promises his worshippers children (SS 15), oxen ($ 17), or horses ( 19), according as he appears in the form of a man (SS 13), of a bull ($ 16), or of a horse ($ 18). ? A mile (Bundahis XXVI, 1; tr. West, note 1). H 2 Digitized by Google

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100 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. sacrifice in which I am invoked by my own name, as they worship the other Yazatas with sacrifices in which they are invoked by their own names 1. 24. ""If men had worshipped me with a sacrifice in which I had been invoked by my own name, as they worship the other Yazatas with sacrifices in which they are invoked by their own names, I should have taken to me the strength of ten horses, the strength of ten camels, the strength of ten bulls, the strength of ten mountains, the strength of ten rivers ?." 25. Then I, Ahura Mazda, offer up to the bright and glorious Tistrya a sacrifice in which he is invoked by his own name, and I bring him the strength of ten horses, the strength of ten camels, the strength of ten bulls, the strength of ten mountains, the strength of ten rivers. 268. Then, O Spitama Zarathustra ! the bright and glorious Tistrya goes down to the sea VouruKasha in the shape of a white, beautiful horse, with golden ears and golden caparison. 27. But there rushes down to meet him the Daeva Apaosha in the shape of a dark horse, black with black ears, black with a black back, black with a black tail, stamped with brands of terror. 28. "They meet together, hoof against hoof, O Spitama Zarathustra! the bright and glorious Tistrya, and the Daeva Apaosha; they fight together, O Zarathustra! till the time of noon. Then the bright and glorious Tistrya proves stronger than the Daeva Apaosha, he overcomes him. 29. "Then he goes from the sea Vouru-Kasha as far as a Hathra's length: "Hail!" cries the 1 Cf. SS 10 and Yt. X, 54 seq., 74. . Cf. Vend. Introd. IV, 27. 3 $$ 26-27=S$ 20-21. Digitized by Google

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TiR YAST. 101 bright and glorious Tistrya. "Hail unto me, O Ahura Mazda! Hail unto you, O waters and plants ! Hail, O Law of the worshippers of Mazda! Hail will it be unto you, O lands! The life of the waters will flow down unrestrained to the big-seeded a cornfields, to the small-seeded: pasture-fields, and to the whole of the material world !". 30. *Then the bright and glorious Tistrya goes back down to the sea Vouru-Kasha, in the shape of a white, beautiful horse, with golden ears and a golden caparison 4. 31. 'He makes the sea boil up and down; he makes the sea stream this and that way; he makes the sea flow this and that way: all the shores of the sea Vouru-Kasha are boiling over, all the middle of it is boiling over. 32. 'And the bright and glorious Tistrya rises up from the sea Vouru-Kasha, O Spitama Zarathustra ! the bright and glorious Satavaesa rises up from the sea Vouru-Kasha; and vapours rise up above Mount Us-hindu, that stands in the middle of the sea Vouru-Kasha 6 * Adhavo; possibly the streams ;' cf. Yt. V, 1, note 2. A month in the ancient Persian calendar, supposed to correspond to September-October, was called adukani, which might, on that hypothesis, mean '(the month) that makes streams spring up.' ? Of which the representative is wheat (Bundahis XXIV, 19). s Of which the representative is the summer vetch (ibid. 21). - Cf. SS 18. 8 The Ausindom mountain is that which, being of ruby, of the substance of the sky, is in the midst of the wide-formed ocean (the sea Vouru-Kasha),' (Bund. XII, 6; tr. West). Mount Ausindom receives its waters through a golden channel from the height Hukairya (cf. Yt. V, 3); from there one portion flows forth to the ocean for the purification of the sea, and one portion drizzles in moisture upon the whole of this earth, and all the creations of Digitized by Google

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102 YASTS AND STROZAHS. 33. 'Then the vapours push forward, in the regular shape of clouds ?; they go following the wind, along the ways which Haoma traverses, the increaser of the world a. Behind him travels the mighty wind, made by Mazda, and the rain, and the cloud, and the sleet, down to the several places, down to the fields, down to the seven Karshvares of the earth. 34. Apam Napat 3, O Spitama Zarathustra ! divides the waters amongst the countries in the material world, in company with the mighty wind, the Glory, made by the waters", and the Fravashis of the faithful 6. For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .. VII. 35. "We sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, who from the shining east, moves along his long winding course, along the path made by the gods, along the way appointed for him the Adharmazd acquire health from it, and it dispels the dryness of the atmosphere' (ibid. XIII, 5). 1 Doubtful. ? Haoma opens the way for the waters from heaven, as being the foremost element in sacrifice (cf. SS 24). For the same reason the Bundahis numbers Vohu-Mano, 'Good Mind,' amongst the cooperators of Tistrya. s See p. 6, note 1. 4 Or better, 'seated in the waters ;' see Yt. XIX, 56 seq. and Yt. XIII, 65. 5 The Fravashis are active in the world struggle; cf. Yt. XIII, 43. "Co-operators with Tistar were Vohuman and the angel Hom, with the assistance of the angel Burg (the same as Apam * Napat; see p. 94, note 2) and the righteous guardian spirits in orderly arrangement' (Bundahis VII, 3, tr. West). Digitized by Google

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TIR yast. 103 watery way, at the will of Ahura Mazda, at the will of the Amesha-Spentas. For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... VIII. 36. "We sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, whose rising is watched by men who live on the fruits of the year, by the chiefs of deep? understandinga; by the wild beasts in the mountains, by the tame beasts that run in the plains; they watch him, as he comes up to the country for a bad year, or for a good year 3, (thinking in themselves): "How shall the Aryan countries be fertile ?" *For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... IX. 374. 'We sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, swift-flying and swift-moving, who flies towards the sea Vouru-Kasha, as swiftly as the arrow darted through the heavenly space, which Erekhsha, the swift archer, the Arya amongst the Aryas whose arrow was the swiftest, shot from Mount Khshaotha to Mount Hvanvant. 38. 'Ahura Mazda gave him assistance, and the Amesha-Spentas and Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, pointed him the way: behind him went the * Doubtful. $ For good or bad harvest. * The chiefs of the state. *$ 37=$ 6. Digitized by Google

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104 YASTS AND SiROZAHS. tall Ashis Vanguhi1 and Parendi? on her light chariot : always till, in his course, he reached Mount Hvanvant on the shining waters . For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... 39. 'We sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, who afflicts the Pairikas, who destroys the Pairikas, that Angra Mainyus flung to stop all the stars that have in them the seed of the waters 4. 40. 'Tistrya afflicts them, he blows them away from the sea Vouru-Kasha; then the wind blows the clouds forward, bearing the waters of fertility, so that the friendly showers spread wide over, they spread helpingly and friendly over the seven Karshvares. For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard.... XI. 41. 'We sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, for whom long the standing waters, and the running spring-waters, the stream-waters, and the rain-waters : 42. "When will the bright and glorious Tistrya rise up for us? When will the springs with a flow and overflow of waters, thick as a horse's shoulder, run to the beautiful places and fields, and to the 1 See Yt. XVII. * See above, p. II, note 5. s Doubtful. Mount Hvanvant, being situated in the sea VouruKasha (as appears from Tistrya travelling towards that sea, SS 38), seems to be the same with Mount Ausindom ($ 32). 4 Cf. above, $ 8. Digitized by Google

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TIR YAST. 105 pastures, even to the roots of the plants, that they may grow with a powerful growth ?" "For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XII. 43. 'We sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, who washes away all things of fear?, who stunts the growth of all....?, and brings health to all these creations, being most beneficent, when he has been worshipped with a sacrifice and propitiated, rejoiced, and satisfied. 'For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... KhIII. 44. 'I will sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, whom Ahura Mazda has established as a lord and overseer above all stars 3, in the same way as he has established Zarathustra above men; whom neither Angra Mainyu, nor the Yatus and the Pairikas, nor the men Yatus * can deliver unto death, nor can all the Daevas together prevail for his death. For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... Simau, meaning sahmgun, bhayamkara (Yasna IX, 38 [93]). ? ? Vazdris. 3 In the Bundahis it is especially the leader of the eastern stars; but the Minokhired calls it the first star (XLIX, 5; cf. above, $12). 4 See above, p. 38, note 3. Digitized by Google

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106 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. XIV. 45. 'We sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, to whom Ahura Mazda has given a thousand senses, and who is the most beneficent amongst the stars that have in them the seed of the waters : 46. Who moves in light with the stars that have in them the seed of the waters : he, from the sea Vouru-Kasha, the powerful sea, the large-sized, deep, and salt of waters, goes to all the lakes, and to all the beautiful caves, and to all the beautiful channels 2, in the shape of a white, beautiful horse, with golden ears and a golden caparison. 47. : Then, O Spitama Zarathustra! the waters flow down from the sea Vouru-Kasha, mother-like 3, friendly, and healing: he divides them amongst these countries, being most beneficent, when he has been worshipped with a sacrifice and propitiated, rejoiced, and satisfied 4. For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XV. 48. We sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, for whom long all the creatures of SpentaMainyu, those that live under the ground, and those that live above the ground; those that live in the waters, and those that live on dry land; those that fly, and those that run in the plains 6; and all those 1 See Yt. X, 82, note. * Those of Ardvi Sura Anahita; cf. Yt. V, 4, 101. s Cf. Yt. V, 15. * Cf. SS 43. o See Yt. XIII, 10, note; cf. Visperad I, I, and Bundahis XXIV, tr. West, note 1. Digitized by Google

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TIr yast. 107 that live within this boundless and endless world of the holy Spirit. For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XVI. 49. 'We sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, the healthful, wise, happy, and powerful, who is the lord of a thousand boons, and grants many boons to that man who has pleased him, whether begging or not begging for them. 50. 'I, O Spitama Zarathustra! have created that star Tistrya as worthy of sacrifice, as worthy of prayer, as worthy of propitiation, as worthy of glorification as myself, Ahura Mazda ?; 51. 'In order to withstand, to break asunder, to afflict, to drive back the malice of that Pairika Duzyairya", whom evil-speaking people call Huyairya*. 52. 'Had I not created that star Tistrya as worthy of sacrifice, as worthy of prayer, as worthy of propitiation, as worthy of glorification as myself, Ahura Mazda ; 53. In order to withstand, to break asunder, to afflict, to drive back the malice of that Pairika Duz. yairya, whom evil-speaking people call Huyairya ; 1 Cf. Yt. X, 1. Bad year, that is to say, sterility, drought. Darius, the son of Hystaspes, also deprecates Duzyairya in one of his inscriptions : May Ahura Mazda keep this country from the hostile host, from sterility (dusiyara), from lying (disloyalty): may never the foreigner enter this country, nor the hostile host, nor sterility, nor lying' (Persepolis, H, 15). s People who object to rain and are fond of fine weather (?). * Good year. Digitized by Google

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108 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 54. "Then all day long, all night long, that Pairika Duzyairya would wage war against this material world of mine, wanting to extinguish its life!, and she goes on, rushing upon and around it. 55. But the bright and glorious Tistrya keeps that Pairika in bonds, with twofold bonds, with threefold bonds, that cannot be overcome, with bonds all over the body: it is as if there were a thousand men keeping one man in bonds, a thousand men of those who are the strongest in strength. 56. "If the Aryan countries, O Spitama Zarathustra! would perform in honour of the bright and glorious Tistrya the due sacrifice and invocation, just as that sacrifice and invocation ought to be performed in the perfection of holiness; never should a hostile horde enter these Aryan countries, nor any plague, nor leprosy, nor venomous plants ?, nor the chariot of a foe, nor the uplifted spear of a foe.' 573. Zarathustra asked: What is then, O Ahura Mazdal the sacrifice and invocation in honour of the bright and glorious Tistrya, as it ought to be performed in the perfection of holiness ?' 58. Ahura Mazda answered: 'Let the Aryan nations bring libations unto him; let the Aryan nations tie bundles of baresma for him; let the Aryan nations cook for him a head of cattle, either white, or black, or of any other colour, but all of one and the same colour. 1 Reading aval-derenam); cf. Vend. XVIII, 18 [45]. * Kapasti is properly the colocynthis or bitter-apple: Occidet et serpens, et fallax herba veneni Occidet.' (Ecl. IV, 24, 25.) $ $$ 57-61=Yt. XIV, 49-53; cf. Yt. V, 89 seq. Digitized by Google

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TIR YAST. 109 59. 'Let not a murderer take of these offerings, nor a whore, nor a ....? who does not sing the Gathas, who spreads death in the world and withstands the law of Mazda, the law of Zarathustra. 60. 'If a murderer take of these offerings, or a whore, or a .... who does not sing the Gathas, who spreads death in the world and withstands the law of Mazda, the law of Zarathustra, then the bright and glorious Tistrya takes back his healing virtues. 61. "Plagues will ever pour upon the Aryan nations ; hostile hordes will ever fall upon the Aryan nations; the Aryans will be smitten, by their fifties and their hundreds, by their hundreds and their thousands, by their thousands and their tens of thousands, by their tens of thousands and their myriads of myriads. 62. 'Yatha aho vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... 'I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of Tistrya, the bright and glorious star, and of the powerful Satavaesa, made by Mazda, who pushes waters forward. "Ashem Voh@: Holiness is the best of all good .... *[Give] unto that man brightness and glory,.... give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones ?? 17 Asha ovo. * Cf. Yt. I, 33. Digitized by Google

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IIO YASTS AND SIROZAHS. IX. GOS YAST. Gos, 'the cow,' kar' etoxiv, is a personation of the animal kingdom which she maintains and protects. She is also called Drva spa and Gosurun: Drvaspa means 'she who keeps horses in health,' and is nothing more than an epithet of Gos: Gosurun (from the Zend Geus urvan) means 'the Soul of the Bull' (the primeval Bull). Although urvan is a masculine noun in Zend, yet Gosurun is considered a female angel, as this name is only a substitute for Gos. Gos is the angel of the 14th day (Sirozah I, 14), and her Yast is recited during the Gah Usahin, on the days of Gos, Bahman, Mah, and Ram (the same days as those on which the Mah Yast is recited; see above, p. 88). Gos is hardly described in this Yast ($$ 1-2); the greater part of it being filled with the several prayers addressed to her by the Iranian heroes, Haoshyangha ($ 3), Yima ($ 8), Thraetaona (SS 13), Haoma ($ 17), Husravah ($ 21), Zarathustra, and Vistaspa. Her worshippers and their prayers to her are the same as in the case of Ashi Vanguhi (see Yt. XVII). o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced! May Angra Mainyu be afflicted!.... Ashem Voha: Holiness is the best of all good. I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura; For sacrifice, prayer, satisfaction, and glorification unto Havani, the holy and master of holiness. Unto the powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda and holy?, Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha a ho vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... * Sirozah I, 14. Digitized by Google

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GOS YAST. III 1. 1. We sacrifice unto the powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda and holy, who keeps the flocks in health, the herds in health, the grown-up? (cattle) in health, the young ones in health ; who watches well from afar, with a wide-spread and long-continued welfaregiving friendship; 2. Who yokes teams of horses, who makes her chariot turn and its wheels sound, fat and glistening, strong, tall-formed, weal-possessing, health-giving, powerful to stand and powerful to turn for assistance to the faithful. 3. To her did Haoshyangha, the Paradhata ?, offer up a sacrifice on the enclosure of the Hara, the beautiful height, made by Mazda, with a hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, and ten thousand lambs, and with an offering of libations: 4. 'Grant me this boon, O good, most beneficent Drvaspa! that I may overcome all the Daevas of Mazana * ; that I may never fear and bow through terror before the Daevas, but that all the Daevas may fear and bow in spite of themselves before me, that they may fear and flee down to darkness 5.' 5. The powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda, the holy Drvaspa, the maintainer, granted him that boon, as he was offering libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. 6. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice worth being heard; I will offer her a sacrifice well performed, namely, unto the powerful 1 Doubtful; possibly the friend in health, the child in health.' % Doubtful. 8 Cf. p. 58, note i. * Cf. p. 59, note 2. 6 To hell. Digitized by Google

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II2 VASTS AND SIROZAHS. Drvaspa, made by Mazda and holy. We offer up libations to the powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda and holy; we offer her the Haoma and meat, the baresma, the wisdom of the tongue, the holy spells, the speech, the deeds, the libations, and the rightlyspoken words. Yenhe hatam: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda .... II. 7. We offer up a sacrifice unto the powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda and holy, who keeps the flocks in health .... Who yokes teams of horses .... for assistance to the faithful'. 8. To her did Yima Khshaeta, the good shepherd, offer up a sacrifice from the height Hukairya, with a hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs, and with an offering of libations: 9. 'Grant me this boon, O good, most beneficent Drvaspa! that I may bring fatness and flocks down to the world created by Mazda ; that I may bring immortality down to the world created by Mazda; 10. 'That I may take away both hunger and thirst, from the world created by Mazda; that I may take away both old age and death, from the world created by Mazda ; that I may take away both hot wind and cold wind, from the world created by Mazda, for a thousand years!' 11. The powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda, the holy Drvaspa, the maintainer, granted him that boon, 1 As above, p. 30. $7=$$ 1-2. $ $$ 8-10=Yt. XVII, 28-30; cf. Yasna IX, 4-5 [11-20]; Yt. V, 25-27. Digitized by Google

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GOS YAST. 113 as he was offering up libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice worth being heard .... III. 12. We offer up a sacrifice unto the powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda and holy, who keeps the flocks in health .... Who yokes teams of horses . . . . for assistance to the faithful. 13? To her did Thraetaona, the heir of the valiant Athwya clan, offer up a sacrifice in the fourcornered Varena, with a hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs, and with an offering of libations: 14. 'Grant me this boon, O good, most beneficent Drvaspa! that I may overcome Azi Dahaka, the three-mouthed, the three-headed, the six-eyed, who has a thousand senses, that most powerful, fiendish Drug, that demon, baleful to the world, the strongest Drug that Angra Mainyu created against the material world, to destroy the world of the good principle; and that I may deliver his two wives, Savanghavak and Erenavak, who are the fairest of body amongst women, and the most wonderful creatures in the world?' 15. The powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda, the holy Drvaspa, the maintainer, granted him that boon, as he was offering up libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice worth being heard .... 1 Yt. V, 34; XV, 24; XVII, 34. (-3] Digitized by Google

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114 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. IV. 16. We offer up a sacrifice unto the powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda and holy, who keeps flocks in health .... Who yokes teams of horses .... for assistance to the faithful. 17?. To her did Haoma? offer up a sacrifice, Haoma, the enlivening, the healing, the beautiful, the lordly, with golden eyes, upon the highest height of the Haraiti Bareza. He begged of her a boon, saying: 18. Grant me this boon, O good, most beneficent Drvaspa ! that I may bind the Turanian murderer, Franghrasyans, that I may drag him bound, that I may bring him bound unto king Husravah, that king Husravah may kill him, behind the Kaekasta lake", the deep lake of salts waters, to avenge the murder of his father Syavarshanas, a man, and of Aghraeratha, a semi-man?! 1 $17-19=Yt. XVII, 37-38. ? Cf. Yasna XI, 7 [20-21). The destruction of the fiends, being one of the principal effects of sacrifice, is ascribed to Haoma as the most powerful element in the sacrifice. In the Shah Namah, the god Haoma has been turned into a hermit who, living near the cave in which Afrasyab had taken refuge (see above, Yt. V, 41), overhears his lamentations, takes him by surprise, binds him, and delivers him into the hands of Khosrav (Etudes Iraniennes, II, 227). * See p. 64, note 1. * See above, p. 66, note 2. 6 See p. 66, note 3. . See p. 64, note 1. ? Doubtful (narava, as opposed to nara). Aghraeratha (Aghrerath) was a brother of Afrasyab's; he was a righteous man, and Afrasyab killed him for his having saved the Iranian king Minokihr with his army, when captive in the Padashkhvar mountains (Bundahis XXXI, 21). Yet he is still living as an immortal in the land of Saukavastan, under the name of Gopatshah (the king of the bulls); 'from foot to mid-body he is a bull, and from mid-body to Digitized by Google

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GOS YAST. 115 19. The powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda, the holy Drvaspa, the maintainer, granted him that boon, as he was offering up libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would give him that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice worth being heard .... 20. We offer up a sacrifice unto the powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda and holy, who keeps the flocks in health .... Who yokes teams of horses .... for assistance to the faithful. 211. To her did the gallant Husravah, he who united the Arya nations into one kingdom, offer up a sacrifice, behind the Kaekasta lake, the deep lake of salt waters, with a hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs, and an offering of libations : 22. Grant me this boon, O good, most beneficent Drvaspa! that I may kill the Turanian murderer, Franghrasyan, behind the Kaekasta lake, the deep lake of salt waters, to avenge the murder of my father Syavarshana, a man, and of Aghraeratha, a semi-man?' 23. The powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda, the holy Drvaspa, the maintainer, granted him that boon, as he was offering up libations, giving gifts, sacri the top he is a man; at all times he stays on the sea-shore, and always performs the worship of God, and always pours holy-water into the sea' (Minokhired LXII, 31 seq., tr. West; Bund. XXIX, 5); according to Bund. XXXI, 20, Aghrerath was not Gopatshah, he was his father. Cf. Yt. XIX, 93. 1 $$ 21-22=Yt. XVII, 41-42. * See p. 114, note 7. I 2 Digitized by Google

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116 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. ficing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice worth being heard .... VI. 24. We offer up a sacrifice unto the powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda and holy, who keeps the filocks in health ... Who yokes teams of horses . . . . for assistance to the faithful. 251. To her did the holy Zarathustra offer up a sacrifice in the Airyana Vaegah, by the good river Daitya, with the Haoma and meat, with the baresma, with the wisdom of the tongue, with the holy spells, with the speech, with the deeds, with the libations, and with the rightly-spoken words. He begged of her a boon, saying : 26. 'O good, most beneficent Drvaspa ! grant me this boon, that I may bring the good and noble Hutaosa? to think according to the law, to speak according to the law, to do according to the law, that she may spread my Mazdean law and make it known, and that she may bestow beautiful praises upon my deeds.' 27. The strong Drvaspa, made by Mazda, the holy Drvaspa, the maintainer, granted him that boon, as he was offering up libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice worth being heard .... 1 $$ 25-26=XVII, 44-45; cf. Yt. V, 104. * Hutaosa was the wife of king Vistaspa; cf. Yt. XV, 37. Digitized by Google

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GOS YAST. 117 VII. 28. We offer up a sacrifice unto the powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda and holy, who keeps the flocks in health ..... Who yokes teams of horses .... for assistance to the faithful. 29" To her did the tall Kavi Vistaspa offer up a sacrifice behind the waters of the river Daitya, with a hundred male horses, a thousand oxen, ten thousand lambs, and with an offering of libations: 30. Grant me this boon, O good, most beneficent Drvaspa! that I may put to flight Asta-aurvant, the son of Vispa-thaurvo-asti, the all-afflicting, of the brazen helmet, of the brazen armour, of the thick neck, behind whom seven hundred camels....?; that I may put to flight the Hvyaona murderer, Aregataspas; that I may put to flight Darsinika 4, the worshipper of the Daevas; 31. And that I may smite Tathravants of the bad law; that I may smite Spingauruska", the worshipper of the Daevas; and that I may bring unto the good law the nations of the Varedhakas and of the Hvyaonase ; and that I may smite of the Hvyaona nations their fifties and their hundreds, their hundreds and their thousands, their thousands and their * $$ 29-31=Yt. XVII, 49-51. ? ? Gainyavarat. 8 See above, p. 79, note 4 4"Anak leyouevos. * Mentioned Yt. V, 109 and XIX, 87. 6 The Huyaonas seem to have been the Chionitae, a bellicose tribe, near the land of Gilan, often at war with the first Sassanides (Amm. Marcellinus XVII, 5). The name of the Varedhakas reminds one of the Vertae who are mentioned once in company with the Chionitae (ibid. XIX, 1); but their geographical situation is not ascertained. In any case the proximity of the Daitya ($ 29) shows that both people must have inhabited the western coast of the Caspian sea. Digitized by Google

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118 VASTS AND SIROZAHS. tens of thousands, their tens of thousands and their myriads of myriads. 32. The strong Drvaspa, made by Mazda, the holy Drvaspa, the maintainer, granted him that boon, as he was offering up libations, giving gifts, sacrificing, and entreating that she would grant him that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice worth being heard; I will offer her a sacrifice well performed, namely, unto the powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda and holy. We offer up libations to the powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda and holy; we offer her the Haoma and meat, the baresma, the wisdom of the tongue, the holy spells, the speech, the deeds, the libations, and the rightly-spoken words. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of the powerful Drvaspa, made by Mazda and holy. Ashem Voha: Holiness is the best of all good .... [Give] unto that man brightness and glory, give him health of body, . . . . give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones. Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 119 X. MIHIR YAST. This Yast, one of the longest of the Avesta and one of the most interesting in a literary point of view, is not very instructive for mythology. It consists of long descriptive pieces, sometimes rather spirited, and of fervent prayers and invocations for mercy or protection. Originally Mithra was the god of the heavenly light (S$ 12, 50, 67, 104, 124 seq., 136 seq., &c.); and in that character he knows the truth, as he sees everything; he is therefore taken as a witness of truth, he is the preserver of oaths and good faith (S$ 2, 44 seq., 79 seq., 81 seq., &c.); he chastises those who break their promises and lie to Mithra, destroys their houses and smites them in battle ($$17 seq., 28 seq., 35 seq., 47 seq., 99 seq., 105 seq., 112 seq., 128 seq., &c.). Particularly interesting are $$ 115-118, as giving a sketch of moral hierarchy in Iran, and $$ 121-122, as being perhaps the source of the trials in the later Roman Mithriacism. Cf. Vend. Introd. IV, 8 and Ormazd et Ahriman, $$ 59-61. o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced!.... Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas, and obeys the laws of Ahura; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto [Havani], the holy and master of holiness .... Unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, who has a thousand ears, ten thousand eyes, a Yazata invoked by his own name, and unto Rama Hvastra', Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holi ness.... T 1. Ahura Mazda spake unto Spitama Zarathustra, saying: 'Verily, when I created Mithra, the lord of 1 Sirozah I, 16. Digitized by Google

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120 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. wide pastures, O Spitama ! I created him as worthy of sacrifice, as worthy of prayer as myself, Ahura Mazda! 2. "The ruffian who lies unto Mithra2 brings death unto the whole country, injuring as much the faithful world as a hundred evil-doers 3 could do. Break not the contract, O Spitama! neither the one that thou hadst entered into with one of the unfaithful, nor the one that thou hadst entered into with one of the faithful who is one of thy own faith 4 For Mithra stands for both the faithful and the unfaithful. 3. 'Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, gives swiftness to the horses of those who lie not unto Mithra. Fire, the son of Ahura Mazda, gives the straightest way to those who lie not unto Mithra. The good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful give a virtuous offspring to those who lie not unto Mithra. 4. "For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard, namely, unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures. We offer up libations unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, who gives a happy dwelling and a good dwelling to the Aryan nations. 5. May he come to us for help! May he come to us for ease! May he come to us for joy! May he come to us for mercy! May he come to us for health! May he come to us for victory! May he 1 Cf. Yt. VIII, 50. * The Mithradrug: one might also translate who breaks the contract,' as mithra, as a common noun, means 'a contract.' Kayadhas; cf. Yt. I, 19. * Cf. Arda Viraf, chap. lii. Digitized by Google i

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MIHIR YAST. 121 come to us for good conscience?! May he come to us for bliss?! he, the awful and overpowering, worthy of sacrifice and prayer, not to be deceived anywhere in the whole of the material world, Mithra, the lord of wide pastures. 6. 'I will offer up libations unto him, the strong Yazata, the powerful Mithra, most beneficent to the creatures : I will apply unto him with charity and prayers: I will offer up a sacrifice worth being heard unto him, Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, with the Haoma and meat, with the baresma, with the wisdom of the tongue, with the holy spells, with the speech, with the deeds, with the libations, and with the rightly-spoken words. *Yenhe hatam: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda .... 11. 7. 'We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, who is truth-speaking, a chief in assemblies, with a thousand ears, well-shapen, with ten thousand eyes, high, with full knowledge, strong, sleepless, and ever awake; 1 Cheerfulness at the head of the Kinvat bridge (Yasna LXII, 6 [LXI, 17]; cf. Vend. XVIII, 6). 2 The condition of the blessed in the next world. 3 Vanta, 'assistance, that is, making gadangoi' (Yasna LXII [LXI], 1; gadangoi is making a collection for the poor (Etudes Iraniennes, II, 155). * As p. 30. * Perethu-vaedhayana: sampurnavittaram karyanyayanam (Khorshed Nyayis 6). Gaghaurvaunghem: this word, strangely enough, is generally translated 'who has most strong arms' (balishthabhugam); gagauru is translated in the same way. Digitized by Google

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I 22 YASTS AND SiROZAHS. 8. "To whom the chiefs of nations offer up sacrifices, as they go to the field, against havocking hosts, against enemies coming in battle array, in the strife of conflicting nations. 9. On whichever side he has been worshipped first in the fulness of faith of a devoted heart, to that side turns Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, with the fiend-smiting wind, with the cursing thought of the wise . For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... III. 10. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake. 11. Whom the horsemen worship on the back of their horses, begging swiftness for their teams, health for their own bodies, and that they may watch with full success those who hate them, smite down their foes, and destroy at one stroke their adversaries, their enemies, and those who hate them? *For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard ... IV. 12. "We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake ; 13. Who first of the heavenly gods reaches over the Haras, before the undying, swift-horsed sun*; * See p. 12, note 13. 2 Cf. Yt. V, 53; X, 94. 9 Mount Alborz, whence the sun rises; see $ 50. - Mithra is closely connected with the sun, but not yet identical with it, as he became in later times Gre, the sun; Deo invicto Soli Mithrae). Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. I 23 who, foremost in a golden array, takes hold of the beautiful summits, and from thence looks over the abode of the Aryans with a beneficent eye. 14. Where the valiant chiefs draw up their many troops in arrayl; where the high mountains, rich in pastures and waters, yield plenty to the cattle? ; where the deep lakes, with salt waters, stands; where wide-flowing rivers swell and hurry towards Iskata and Pouruta, Mouru and Haroyu, the GayaSughdha and Hvairizem*; 15. On Arezahi and Savahi, on Fradadhafshu and Vidadhafshu, on Vourubaresti and Vourugaresti, on this bright Karshvare of Hvaniratha", the abode of cattle, the dwelling of cattle, the powerful Mithra looks with a health-bringing eye; 16. 'He who moves along all the Karshvares, a Yazata unseen, and brings glory; he who moves along all the Karshvares, a Yazata unseen, and brings sovereignty; and increases strength for 1 In the flat countries. * In the mountainous parts of Iran. s In the lake regions (Seistan, Farsistan, Adarbaigan). * In the country of the large rivers in the East. Mouru is Marv (Margiana), with the Murghab river (the Margus); Haroyu is the Herat country, with the Harerud; Gava-Sughdha and Hvarizm are Sogdiana and Khvarizm, with the Oxus. The situation of Iskata and Pouruta is not clear: one might think of Alexander eschata on the laxartes and the Paretacene country between the Oxus and the laxartes. * The earth is divided into seven Karshvares, separated from one another by seas and mountains impassable to men. Arezahi and Savahi are the western and the eastern Karshvare; Fradadhafshu and Vidadhafshu are in the south; Vourubaresti and Vourugaresti are in the north; Hvaniratha is the central Karshvare. Hvaniratha is the only Karshvare inhabited by man (Bundahis XI, 3). Doubtful. Digitized by Google

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124 YASTS AND STROZAHS. victory to those who, with a pious intent, holily offer him libations. For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... v. 17. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures,.... sleepless, and ever awake; Unto whom nobody must lie, neither the master of a house, nor the lord of a borough, nor the lord of a town, nor the lord of a province. 18. "If the master of a house lies unto him, or the lord of a borough, or the lord of a town, or the lord of a province, then comes Mithra, angry and offended, and he breaks asunder the house, the borough, the town, the province; and the masters of the houses, the lords of the boroughs, the lords of the towns, the lords of the provinces, and the foremost men of the provinces. 19. On whatever side there is one who has lied unto Mithra, on that side Mithra stands forth, angry and offended, and his wrathi is slow to relent?. 20. "Those who lie unto Mithra, however swift they may be running, cannot overtake 3; riding, cannot ....3; driving, cannot .... The spear that the foe of Mithra Alings, darts backwards, for the 1 Mainyu, in the meaning of the Sanskrit manyu (?). Doubtful; aspakat: cf. gw, to be late. 8 Apayeinti, frastanvainti, framanyeinte: these are three technical words for the movements of the three classes of soldiers, footmen, horsemen, and chariot-men; the last two words are probably synonymous with the first, but the exact shades of meaning are not known. Mr. West suggests, cannot outrun, outride, outdrive him. Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 125 number of the evil spells that the foe of Mithra works out? 21. 'And even though the spear be flung well, even though it reach the body, it makes no wound, for the number of the evil spells that the foe of Mithra works out. The wind drives away the spear that the foe of Mithra flings, for the number of the evil spells that the foe of Mithra works out. "For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard ... VI. 22. "We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; "Who takes out of distress the man who has not lied unto him, who takes him out of death. 23. "Take us out of distress, take us out of distresses, O Mithra! as we have not lied unto thee. Thou bringest down terror upon the bodies of the men who lie unto Mithra ; thou takest away the strength from their arms, being angry and all-powerful; thou takest the swiftness from their feet, the eye-sight from their eyes, the hearing from their ears. 24. Not the wound of the well-sharpened spear or of the flying arrow reaches that man to whom Mithra comes for help with all the strength of his soul, he, of the ten thousand spies, the powerful, all-seeing, undeceivable Mithra. *For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... 1 The sacramental words of the contract, by their not being kept, turn to evil spells against the contract-breaker. * Doubtful: sanamayo, or sanamaoyo; read shanmaoyo (?), from shan, Sansk. kshan. Digitized by Google

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I 26 VASTS AND SIROZAHS. VII. 25. *We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; Who is lordly, deep, strong, and weal-giving ; a chief in assemblies, pleased with prayers?, high, holily clever, the incarnate Word, a warrior with strong arms; 26. 'Who breaks the skulls of the Daevas, and is most cruel in exacting pains; the punisher of the men who lie unto Mithra, the withstander of the Pairikas; who, when not deceived, establisheth nations in supreme strength; who, when not deceived, establisheth nations in supreme victory; 27. "Who confounds the ways of the nation that delights in havoc, who turns away their Glory?, takes away their strength for victory, blows them away helpless, and delivers them unto ten thousand strokes; he, of the ten thousand spies, the powerful, all-seeing, undeceivable Mithra. "For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .. VIII. 28. "We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; *Who upholds the columns of the lofty house and makes its pillars- solid; who gives herds of oxen and male children to that house in which he has been satisfied; he breaks to pieces those in which he has been offended. 29. `Thou, O Mithra! art both bad and good to 1 Vahmo-sendah; cf. Visperad VIII (IX, 1), Phl. tr. 2 Their Hvareno. 8 Doubtful. * Aithya; cf. Lat. antae (Brugmann). Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 127 nations; thou, O Mithra ! art both bad and good to men; thou, O. Mithra! keepest in thy hands both peace and trouble' for nations. : 30. Thou makest houses large, beautiful with women, beautiful with chariots, with well-laid foundations', and high above their groundwork; thou makest that house lofty, beautiful with women, beautiful with chariots, with well-laid foundations, and high above its groundwork, of which the master, pious and holding libations in his hand, offers thee a sacrifice, in which thou art invoked by thy own name and with the proper words. 31. With a sacrifice, in which thou art invoked by thy own name, with the proper words will I offer thee libations, O powerful Mithra ! With a sacrifice, in which thou art invoked by thy own name, with the proper words will I offer thee libations, O most beneficent Mithra! With a sacrifice, in which thou art invoked by thy own name, with the proper words will I offer thee libations, O thou undeceivable Mithra ! 32. 'Listen unto our sacrifice 3, O Mithra! Be thou pleased with our sacrifice, O Mithra! Come and sit at our sacrifice! Accept our libations ! Accept them as they have been consecrated 4 ! Gather them together with love and lay them in the Garo-nmana! 33. 'Grant us these boons which we beg of thee, O powerful god l in accordance with the words of revelation, namely, riches, strength, and victory, good conscience and bliss, good fame and a good 1 Doubtful. Doubtful. * By the proper prayers (yastau). 8 Cf. Yt. III, 18. 6 Doubtful. 6 Cf. SS 5. Digitized by Google

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128 VASTS AND SIROZAHS. soul; wisdom and the knowledge that gives happiness', the victorious strength given by Ahura, the crushing Ascendant of Asha Vahista, and conversation (with God) on the Holy Word?. 34. 'Grant that we, in a good spirit and high spirit, exalted in joy and a good spirit, may smite all our foes; that we, in a good spirit and high spirit, exalted in joy and a good spirit, may smite all our enemies; that we, in a good spirit and high spirit, exalted in joy and a good spirit, may smite all the malice of Daevas and Men, of the Yatus and Pairikas, of the oppressors, the blind, and the deaf 3. 'For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... IX. 35. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; * Victory-making", army-governing, endowed with a thousand senseso; power-wielding, power-possessing, and all-knowing; 36. Who sets the battle a going, who stands against (armies) in battle, who, standing against (armies) in battle, breaks asunder the lines arrayed. The wings of the columns gone to battle shake, and he throws terror upon the centre of the havocking host. 37. 'He can bring and does bring down upon them distress and fear; he throws down the heads of those who lie unto Mithra, he takes off the heads of those who lie unto Mithra. * Spiritual happiness, bliss. Vend. XVIII, 51 [111]. 8 See above, p. 26, note 2. $$ 30-34=$$ 56-59. * Doubtful (reading arenat-gaesha?). * See $ 82, note. Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 129 38. 'Sad is the abode, unpeopled with children, where abide men who lie unto Mithra, and, verily, the fiendish killer of faithful men. The grazing cow goes a sad straying way, driven along the vales of the Mithradruges: they2 stand on the road, letting tears run over their chins. 39. Their falcon-feathered arrows, shot from the string of the well-bent bow, fly towards the mark, and hit it not, as Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, angry, offended, and unsatisfied, comes and meets them. *Their spears, well whetted and sharp, their long spears fly from their hands towards the mark, and hit it not, as Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, angry, offended, and unsatisfied, comes and meets them. 40. "Their swords, well thrust and striking at the heads of men, hit not the mark, as Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, angry, offended, and unsatisfied, comes and meets them. Their clubs, well falling and striking at the heads of men, hit not the mark, as Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, angry, offended, and unsatisfied, comes and meets them. 41. <Page #144
130 YASTS AND SiROZAHS. of wide pastures, angry, offended, and unsatisfied, comes and meets them?. 42. 'They cry unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, saying: "O Mithra, thou lord of wide pastures ! here are our fiery horses taking us away, as they flee from Mithra ; here are our sturdy arms cut to pieces by the sword, O Mithra !" 43. And then Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, throws them to the ground, killing their fifties and their hundreds, their hundreds and their thousands, their thousands and their tens of thousands, their tens of thousands and their myriads of myriads; as Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, is angry and offended. 'For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... x. 44. "We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; Whose dwelling, wide as the earth, extends over the material world, large?, unconfined, and bright, a far-and-wide-extending abode. 45. 'Whose eight friends 3 sit as spies for Mithra, on all the heights, at all the watching-places, obserying the man who lies unto Mithra, looking at those, remembering those who have lied unto Mithra, but guarding the ways of those whose life is sought by 1 Cf. $$ 99-101. ? Doubtful. The text is corrupt. .Doubtful. The number eight has probably an astronomical signification, each of the eight ratis of Mithra occupying one of the eight points of the compass. Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 131 men who lie unto Mithra, and, verily, by the fiendish killers of faithful men. 46. 'Helping and guarding, guarding behind and guarding in front, Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, proves an undeceivable spy and watcher for the man to whom he comes to help with all the strength of his soul, he of the ten thousand spies, the powerful, all-knowing, undeceivable god. 'For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XI. 47. 'We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; A god of high renown and old age', whom widehoofed horses carry against havocking hosts, against enemies coming in battle array, in the strife of conflicting nations? 48. And when Mithra drives along towards the havocking hosts, towards the enemies coming in battle array, in the strife of the conflicting nations, then he binds the hands of those who have lied unto Mithra, he confounds their eye-sight, he takes the hearing from their ears; they can no longer move their feet; they can no longer withstand those people, those foes, when Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, bears them ill-will. 'For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XII. 49. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; 50. 'For whom the Maker, Ahura Mazda, has 1 Doubtful. . . Cf. $ 8. K 2 Digitized by Google

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132 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. built up a dwelling on the Hara Berezaiti, the bright mountain around which the many (stars) revolve, where come neither night nor darkness, no cold wind and no hot wind, no deathful sickness, no uncleanness made by the Daevas, and the clouds cannot reach up unto the Haraiti Bareza 2; 51. 'A dwelling that all the Amesha-Spentas, in one accord with the sun, made for him in the fulness of faith of a devoted heart, and he surveys the whole of the material world from the Haraiti Bareza. 52. And when there rushes a wicked worker of evil, swiftly, with a swift step, Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, goes and yokes his horses to his chariot, along with the holy, powerful Sraosha and Nairyo-sangha 3, who strikes a blow that smites the army, that.smites the strength of the malicious 4. For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XIII. 53. 'We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; 54. Who, with hands lifted up, ever cries unto Ahura Mazda, saying: "I am the kind keeper of all creatures, I am the kind maintainer of all creatures; yet men worship me not with a sacrifice in which I am invoked by my own name, as they worship the other gods with sacrifices in which they are invoked by their own names, 55%. ""If men would' worship me with a sacrifice Bundahis V, 3 seq.; cf. Yt. XII, 13, and Yt. X, 13. 9 The Haraiti Bareza is the same as Hara Berezaiti. Sirozah I, 9, notes 4 and 5. * Doubtful (mayaos). 5 Cf. Yt. VIII, 11, 24, and Yt. X, 74. Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 133 in which I were invoked by my own name, as they worship the other Yazatas with sacrifices in which they are invoked by their own names, then I would come to the faithful at the appointed time; I would come in the appointed time of my beautiful, immortal life." 567. 'But the pious man, holding libations in his hands, does worship thee with a sacrifice, in which thou art invoked by thy own name, and with the proper words. With a sacrifice, in which thou art invoked by thy own name, with the proper words will I offer thee libations, O powerful Mithra ! With a sacrifice, in which thou art invoked by thy own name, with the proper words will I offer thee libations, O most beneficent Mithra ! With a sacrifice, in which thou art invoked by thy own name, with the proper words will I offer thee libations, O thou undeceivable Mithra! 57. 'Listen unto our sacrifice, O Mithra! Be thou pleased with our sacrifice, O Mithra! Come and sit at our sacrifice! Accept our libations! Accept them as they have been consecrated! Gather them together with love and lay them in the Garo-nmana! 58. 'Grant us these boons which we beg of thee, O powerful god! in accordance with the words of revelation, namely, riches, strength, and victory, good conscience and bliss, good fame and a good soul; wisdom and the knowledge that gives happiness, the victorious strength given by Ahura, the crushing Ascendant of Asha-Vahista, and conversation (with God) on the Holy Word. 1 $$ 56-59=9$ 30-34. Digitized by Google

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134 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 59. 'Grant that we, in a good spirit and high spirit, exalted in joy and a good spirit, may smite all our foes; that we, in a good spirit and high spirit, exalted in joy and a good spirit, may smite all our enemies; that we, in a good spirit and high spirit, exalted in joy and a good spirit, may smite all the malice of Daevas and Men, of the Yatus and Pairikas, of the oppressors, the blind, and the deaf. *For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XIV. 60. "We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; Whose renown is good, whose shape is good, whose glory is good; who has boons to give at his will, who has pasture-fields to give at his will ; harmless to the tiller of the ground, . ..., beneficent; he, of the ten thousand spies, the powerful, all-knowing, undeceivable god. *For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XV. 61. 'We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; Firm-legged ?, a watcher fully awake; valiant, a chief in assemblies; making the waters flow forward; listening to appeals; making the waters run and the plants grow up; ruling over the Karsh 1 The text is corrupt (vaso-yaonai inatam ?). * Eredhwo-zangem: sudridhaganghata, kila karye yad padabhyam yugyate kartum vyavasayi saktaska (Yasna LXII, 5 [LXI, 13]). Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 135 vares?; delivering"; happy8; undeceivable; endowed with many senses*; a creature of wisdom; 62. "Who gives neither strength nor vigour to him who has lied unto Mithra; who gives neither glory nor any boon to him who has lied unto Mithra. 63. 'Thou takest away the strength from their arms, being angry and all-powerful; thou takest the swiftness from their feet, the eye-sight from their eyes, the hearing from their ears. Not the wound of the well-sharpened spear or of the flying arrow reaches that man to whom Mithra comes for help with all the strength of his soul, he, of the ten-thousand spies, the powerful, all-knowing, undeceivable god. For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XVI. 64. "We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; *Who takes possession of the beautiful, wideexpanding law, greatly and powerfully, and whose face looks over all the seven Karshvares of the earth; 65. Who is swift amongst the swift, liberal amongst the liberal, strong amongst the strong, a chief of assembly amongst the chiefs of assemblies; increase-giving, fatness-giving, cattle-giving, sovereignty-giving, son-giving, cheerfulness ?-giving, and bliss 7-giving 1 Karso-razanghem: kesvar virai (Pahl. tr. ibid.). 2 From Ahriman;cf.Yasna XXIX,6 (vyana=vikarisn,visuddhata.) 8 Yaokhstivant: kamakomand (possessing whatever he wishes for, Vend. XX, 1 (3]). * See Yt. X, 82, note. From Yt. X, 23-24. * Cf. Yasna XLIII, 7: vyanaya: amat vandinit, yat grihnati. ? Cf. Yt. X, 5, P. 121, notes i and 2. Digitized by Google

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136 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 66. With whom proceed Ashi Vanguhi, and Parendi on her light chariot ?, the awful Manly Courage, the awful kingly Glory, the awful sovereign Sky, the awful cursing thought 2 of the wise, the awful Fravashis of the faithful, and he who keeps united together the many faithful worshippers of Mazda 3. *For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XVII. 67. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; Who drives along on his high-wheeled chariot, made of a heavenlye substance, from the Karshvare of Arezahi 6 to the Karshvare of Hvaniratha, the bright one; accompanied by the wheel of sovereignty?, the Glory made by Mazda, and the Victory made by Ahura ; 68. 'Whose chariot is embraced by the great Ashi Vanguhi; to whom the Law of Mazda opens a way, that he may go easily; whom four heavenly steeds, white, shining, seen afar, beneficent, endowed with knowledge, swiftly carry along the heavenly space 10, while the cursing thought of the wise pushes it forward; 69. From whom all the Daevas unseen and the Varenya fiends 11 flee away in fear. Oh! may we 1 Cf. Yt. VIII, 38. See above, p. 12, note 13. s Mithra himself (?). 4 Or 'invisible.' 5 The western Karshvare (see above, p. 123, note 5); this seems to refer to the career of Mithra during the night; cf. $ 95. 6 And rolling upon it. ? Cf. Yt. XIII, 89, note. 8 And uplifted. * Doubtful. 10 See above, p. 95, note 1. 11 See Vend. Introd. IV, 23. Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 137 never fall across the rush of the angry lord', who goes and rushes from a thousand sides against his foe, he, of the ten thousand spies, the powerful, all-knowing, undeceivable god. 'For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XVIII. 70. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; * Before whom Verethraghna, made by Ahura, runs opposing the foes in the shape of a boar, a sharptoothed he-boar, a sharp-jawed boar, that kills at one stroke, pursuing 3, wrathful, with a dripping face; strong, with iron feet, iron fore-paws", iron weapons, an iron tail, and iron jaws; 71. Who, eagerly clinging to the fleeing foe, along with Manly Courage, smites the foe in battle, and does not think he has smitten him, nor does he consider it a blow till he has smitten away the marrow and the column of life, the marrow and the spring of existence. 72. He cuts all the limbs to pieces, and mingles, together with the earth, the bones, hair, brains, and blood of the men who have lied unto Mithra? For his brightness and glory, we offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... 1 Cf. SS 98. 2 See Yt. XIV, 15; cf. Yt. X, 127. 3 Anupoithwa; cf. poithwa (Vend. XIV [114])=raninisn. 4 Literally, hands. 6 Doubtful. 6 The spine. "Cf. $ 80. Digitized by Google

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138 YASTS AND STROZAHS. XIX. 73. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; *Who, with hands lifted up, rejoicing, cries out, speaking thus: 74.""O Ahura Mazda, most beneficent spirit ! Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! ""If men would worship me with a sacrifice in which I were invoked by my own name, as they worship the other gods with sacrifices in which they are invoked by their own names, then I should come to the faithful at the appointed time; I should come in the appointed time of my beautiful, immortal life 2." 75. May we keep our field; may we never be exiles 3 from our field, exiles from our house, exiles from our borough, exiles from our town, exiles from our country. 76. `Thou dashest in pieces the malice of the malicious, the malice of the men of malice: dash thou in pieces the killers of faithful men! 'Thou hast good horses, thou hast a good chariot: thou art bringing help at every appeal, and art powerful. 77. 'I will pray unto thee for help, with many consecrations, with good consecrations of libations ; with many offerings, with good offerings of libations, that we, abiding in thee, may long inhabit a good abode, full of all the riches that can be wished for. 1 They have worshipped him and he has consequently overcome the Mithradruges ; this accounts for the word rejoicing. 2 Cf. Yt. X, 55. s Iric; cf. linquo. Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 139 78. "Thou keepest those nations that tender a good worship to Mithra, the lord of wide pastures; thou dashest in pieces those that delight in havoc. Unto thee will I pray for help: may he come to us for help, the awful, most powerful Mithra, the worshipful and praiseworthy, the glorious lord of nations. For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XX. 79. "We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; 'Who made a dwelling for Rashnu', and to whom Rashnu gave all his soul for long friendship; 80. Thou art a keeper and protector of the dwelling of those who lie not: thou art the maintainer of those who lie not. With thee hath Verethraghna, made by Ahura, contracted the best of all friendships 2, and thus it is how so many men who have lied unto Mithra, even privily 3, lie smitten down on the ground. 'For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XXI. 81. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; 'Who made a dwelling for Rashnu, and to whom Rashnu gave all his soul for long friendship; 82. To whom Ahura Mazda gave a thousand 1 The Genius of Truth (Yt. XII); Mithra gives a dwelling to the truthful man in the same way as he destroys the dwelling of the liar ($ 80). 2 Cf. $ 70. 8 Aipi vithisi; Vedic api vyathis (VIII, 45, 19). Digitized by Google

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140 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. senses and ten thousand eyes to see. With those eyes and those senses, he watches the man who injures Mithra, the man who lies unto Mithra. Through those eyes and those senses, he is undeceivable, he, of the ten thousand spies, the powerful, all-knowing, undeceivable god. For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XXII. 83. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; Whom the lord of the country invokes for help, with hands uplifted; "Whom the lord of the town invokes for help, with hands uplifted; 84. Whom the lord of the borough invokes for help, with hands uplifted; Whom the master of the house invokes for help, with hands uplifted; 'Whom the ....2 in danger of death invokes for help, with hands uplifted; Whom the poor man, who follows the good law, when wronged and deprived of his rights, invokes for help, with hands uplifted. 85. 'The voice of his wailing reaches up to the sky, it goes over the earth all around, it goes over 1 Yaokhsti, the root of Persian nyosidan, Pahlavi niyokhsitan, to hear; one might be inclined to translate 'a thousand ears,' or 'a thousand hearings;' but the meaning of the word must have been rather more general, as Neriosengh translates it (pranidhi, IX, 8 [25]). 2 Dvakina? Pithe: mrityu (Yasna LIII [LII], 6). Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 141 the seven Karshvares, whether he utters his prayer in a low tone of voice or aloud. 86. "The cow driven astray invokes him for help, longing for the stables: <<"When will that bull, Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, bring us back, and make us reach the stables ? when will he turn us back to the right way from the den of the Drug where we were driven 3?" 87. 'And to him with whom Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, has been satisfied, he comes with help; and of him with whom Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, has been offended, he crushes down the house, the borough, the town, the province, the country. For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XXIII. 88. "We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; To whom the enlivening, healing, fair, lordly, golden-eyed Haoma offered up a sacrifice on the highest of the heights, on the Haraiti Bareza -, he 1 Vakem, the so-called vag. Most manuscripts have added here, from the preceding clauses,' with hands uplifted! 8 An allusion to a myth in which Mithra was described as an Indra delivering the cows carried away by a Vritra: Firmicus Maternus called him abactorem boum (De Errore Profan. Relig. V); Commodianus compares him with Cacus: Vrtebatque boves alienos semper in antris Sicut et Cacus Vulcani filius ille.' (Apud Windischmann, Mithra, p. 64.) * See above, p. 132, note 2. Digitized by Google

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142 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. the undefiled to one undefiled, with undefiled baresma, undefiled libations, and undefiled words; 89. Whom the holy Ahura Mazda has established as a priest, quick in performing the sacrifice and loud in song. He performed the sacrifice with a loud voice, as a priest quick in sacrifice and loud in song, a priest to Ahura Mazda, a priest to the Amesha-Spentas. His voice reached up to the sky, went over the earth all around, went over the seven Karshvares. 90. 'Who first lifted up Haomas, in a mortar inlaid with stars and made of a heavenly substance. Ahura Mazda longed for him, the Amesha-Spentas longed for him, for the well-shapen body of him whom the swift-horsed sun awakes for prayer from afar2 91. 'Hail to Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, who has a thousand ears and ten thousand eyes! Thou art worthy of sacrifice and prayer : mayest thou have sacrifice and prayer in the houses of men! Hail to the man who shall offer thee a sacrifice, with the holy wood in his hand, the baresma in his hand, the holy meat in his hand, the holy mortar in his hand, with his hands well-washed, with the mortar well-washed, with the bundles of baresma tied up, the Haoma uplifted, and the Ahuna Vairya sung through. 92. "The holy Ahura Mazda confessed that religion and so did Vohu-Mano, so did Asha-Vahista, so did Khshathra-Vairya, so did Spenta-Armaiti, so 1 Haoma; cf. Yasna IX, 26 [81]. 2 For the morning service in the Gah Usahin. * Cf. Vend. III, 1. Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 143 did Haurvatat and Ameretat; and all the AmeshaSpentas longed for and confessed his religion. The kind Mazda conferred upon him the mastership of the world; and (so did they'] who saw thee amongst all creatures the right lord and master of the world, the best cleanser of these creatures. 93. 'So mayest thou in both worlds, mayest thou keep us in both worlds, O Mithra, lord of wide pastures! both in this material world and in the world of the spirit, from the fiend of Death, from the fiend Aeshma ", from the fiendish hordes, that lift up the spear of havoc, and from the onsets of Aeshma, wherein the evil-doing Aeshma rushes along with Vidotu 3, made by the Daevas. 94. 'So mayest thou, O Mithra, lord of wide pastures! give swiftness to our teams, strength to our own bodies, and that we may watch with full success those who hate us, smite down our foes, and destroy at one stroke our adversaries, our enemies and those who hate us. 'For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XXIV. 95. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; Who goes over the earth, all her breadth over, after the setting of the sun, touches both ends of 1 The Amesha-Spentas. * See Vend. Introd. IV, 22. s See ibid. * See Yt. V, 53; X, 11, 114; V, 53. o It should seem as if Mithra was supposed to retrace his steps during the night. The Hindus supposed that the sun had a bright face and a dark one, and that during the night it returned from the west to the east with its dark face turned towards the earth. Digitized by Google

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144 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. this wide, round earth, whose ends lie afar, and surveys everything that is between the earth and the heavens, 96. 'Swinging in his hands a club with a hundred knots, a hundred edges, that rushes forwards and fells men down; a club cast out of red brass, of strong, golden brass; the strongest of all weapons, the most victorious of all weapons ? ; 97. 'From whom Angra Mainyu, who is all death, flees away in fear ; from whom Aeshma, the evildoing Peshotanu ?, flees away in fear; from whom the long-handed Bushyasta 3 flees away in fear; from whom all the Daevas unseen and the Varenya fiends flee away in fear. 98. 'Oh! may we never fall across the rush of Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, when in anger 6! May Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, never smite us in his anger; he who stands up upon this earth as the strongest of all gods, the most valiant of all gods, the most energetic of all gods, the swiftest of all gods, the most fiend-smiting of all gods, he, Mithra, the lord of wide pastures 6. For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XXV. 99. "We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; *From whom all the Daevas unseen and the Varenya fiends flee away in fear? 1 Cf. SS 132. s See ibid. IV, 24. 6 Cf. Yt. X, 69. ? Cf. SS 97. 2 See Vend. Introd. V, 19. 4 Cf. SS 69. 8 $$ 97-98=134-135. Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 145 "The lord of nations, Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, drives forward at the right-hand side of this wide, round earth, whose ends lie afar. 100. 'At his right hand drives the good, holy Sraosha; at his left hand drives the tall and strong Rashnu; on all sides around him drive the waters, the plants, and the Fravashis of the faithful. 101. 'In his might, he ever brings to them falconfeathered arrows, and, when driving, he himself comes there, where are nations, enemy to Mithra, he, first and foremost, strikes blows with his club on the horse and his rider; he throws fear and fright upon the horse and his rider. 'For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XXVI. 102. "We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; *The warrior of the white horse, of the sharp spear, the long spear, the quick arrows; foreseeing and clever; 103. Whom Ahura Mazda has established to maintain and look over all this moving world, and who maintains and looks over all this moving world; who, never sleeping, wakefully guards the creation of Mazda; who, never sleeping, wakefully maintains the creation of Mazda. *For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... 1 Fravois; Parsi tradition translates large: fraz (tr. Phl.), buland (Asp., Yasna LVII, 15 [LVI, 7, 3]). [23] : L Digitized by Google

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146 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. XXVII. 104. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; Whose long arms, strong with Mithra-strength, encompass what he seizes in the easternmost river 1 and what he beats with the westernmost river 2, what is by the Sanaka : of the Rangha and what is by the boundary of the earth *. 105. 'And thou, O Mithra! encompassing all this around, do thou reach it, all over, with thy arms. *The man without glory 5, led astray from the right way, grieves in his heart; the man without glory thinks thus in himself: "That careless Mithra does not see all the evil that is done, nor all the lies that are told." 106. 'But I think thus in my heart: ""Should the evil thoughts of the earthly man be a hundred times worse, they would not rise so high as the good thoughts of the heavenly Mithra; ""Should the evil words of the earthly man be a hundred times worse, they would not rise so high as the good words of the heavenly Mithra; 1 The Sind. The Rangha or Tigris. The words ageurvayeiti and nighne, 'he seizes, he beats,' are the words used of the priest laying the Haoma in the mortar and pounding it with the pestle (Yasna, X, 2 [4-5]). The Sind and the Rangha are thus compared with the two parts of the Havana, the land between is the Haoma, and Mithra's arms are the arms of the priest. Sanake, an drag leyouevov; opposed to the aodhas of the Rangha, Yt. XII, 19. * The Arabian sea (?). Cf. Yt. XII, 21. Who has not a ray of the celestial light: here, the man of little faith. Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 147 (<Page #162
148 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 110. ""To whom shall I, in my might, impart sickness and death? To whom shall I impart poverty and sterility ? Of whom shall I at one stroke cut off the offspring ? 111. "From whom shall I take away, without his thinking of it, the awful sovereignty, beautifully arrayed, with many armies, and most perfect; the sovereignty of an all-powerful tyrant, who fells down heads, valiant, smiting, and unsmitten; who orders chastisement to be done and his order is done at once, which he has ordered in his anger." O Mithra! while thou art satisfied and not angry, he moves thy heart to anger ?, and makes Mithra unsatisfied. 'For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XXVIII. 112. "We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; A warrior with a silver helm 3, a golden cuirass 3 who kills with the poniard, strong, valiant, lord of the borough. Bright are the ways of Mithra, by which he goes towards the country, when, wishing well, he turns its plains and vales to pasture grounds, 113. 'And then cattle and males come to graze, as many as he wants. May Mithra and Ahura ", the high gods, come to us for help, when the poniard lifts up its voice 1 Doubtful. He who offers thee a bad sacrifice. * See Vend. Introd. IV, 8. s Doubtful. Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 149 aloud , when the nostrils of the horses quiver, when the poniards ....?, when the strings of the bows whistle and shoot sharp arrows; then the brood of those whose libations are hated fall smitten to the ground, with their hair torn off. 114. 'So mayest thou, O Mithra, lord of wide pastures! give swiftness to our teams, strength to our own bodies, and that we may watch with full success those who hate us, smite down our foes, and destroy at one stroke our adversaries, our enemies, and those who hate us 3. For his, brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XXIX. 115. "We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake. O Mithra, lord of wide pastures ! thou master of the house, of the borough, of the town, of the country, thou Zarathustrotema 4! 116. 'Mithra is twentyfoldo between two friends or two relations; * Mithra is thirtyfold between two men of the same group (r); 'Mithra is fortyfold between two partners ?; 1 When it clashes with another. Kahvan. * See Yt. V, 53 ; X, 11, 94. * The chief of the sacerdotal order, the so-called Maubedanmaused. o Or the contract is twentyfold ....,' that is, twenty times more strictly binding than between any two strangers. This passage is one of the most important of the Avesta, as a short account of the social constitution and morals of Zoroastrian Iran. o Of the same gild (svapankti, ap. Neriosengh). ? Hadha-gaetha, co-proprietors of a gaeth a (a rural estate). Digitized by Google

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150 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. Mithra is fiftyfold between wife and husband 1; Mithra is sixtyfold between two pupils (of the same master); Mithra is seventyfold between the pupil and his master; 'Mithra is eightyfold between the son-in-law.and his father-in-law ; Mithra is ninetyfold between two brothers; 117. Mithra is a hundredfold between the father and the son; Mithra is a thousandfold between two nations ?; Mithra is ten thousandfold when connected with the Law of Mazda 3, and then he will be every day of victorious strength. 118. "May I come unto thee with a prayer that goes lowly or goes highly! As this sun rises up above the Hara Berezaiti and then fulfils its career, so may I, O Spitama ! with a prayer that goes lowly or goes highly, rise up above the will of the fiend Angra Mainyu 6! 'For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XXX 119. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake. Offer up a sacrifice unto Mithra, O Spitama! and order thy pupils to do the same. 1 Doubtful. ? A fair recognition of the jus gentium. * The contract between the faithful and the Law, the covenant (?). * Reading [h]amahe ayan. * The last clause is doubtful; the text is corrupt. * Prayer follows Mithra in his career, rising and setting with him. Dighized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 151 'Let the worshipper of Mazda sacrifice unto thee 1 with small cattle, with black cattle, with flying birds, gliding forward on wings. 120. "To Mithra all the faithful worshippers of Mazda must give strength and energy with offered and proffered Haomas, which the Zaotar proffers unto him and gives in sacrifice 2. Let the faithful man drink of the libations cleanly prepared, which if he does, if he offers them unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, Mithra will be pleased with him and without anger.' 121. Zarathustra asked him: 'O Ahura Mazda! how shall the faithful man drink the libations cleanly prepared, which if he does and he offers them unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, Mithra will be pleased with him and without anger?' 122. Ahura Mazda answered : 'Let them wash their bodies three days and three nights; let them undergo thirty strokes 3 for the sacrifice and prayer unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures. Let them wash their bodies two days and two nights; let them undergo twenty strokes for the sacrifice and prayer unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures. Let no 1 Mithra. The translation of this sentence is conjectural. 3 Thirty strokes with the Sraosho-karana (upazana; see Vend. Introd. V, 19); it is an expiation (akayayanta) which purges them from their sins and makes them fit for offering a sacrifice to Mithra. One may find in this passage the origin of the painful trials through which the adepts of the Mithriac mysteries had to go before being admitted to initiation (ouk an oun eis auton dunesaito tis telesthenai, ei me dia tinon bathmon parelthon ton kolaseon deixei avrov OLV kai inaon, Suidas s. v., ap. Windischmann, uber Mithra, 68 seq.). Digitized by Google

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152 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. man drink of these libations who does not know the staota yesnyal: Vispe ratavo %. For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XXXI. 123. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; To whom Ahura Mazda offered up a sacrifice in the shining Garo-nmana . 124. With his arms lifted up towards Immortality 4, Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, drives forward from the shining Garo-nmana, in a beautiful chariot that drives on, ever-swift, adorned with all sorts of ornaments, and made of gold. 125. Four stallions draw that chariot, all of the same white colour, living on heavenly food and undying. The hoofs of their fore-feet are shod with gold, the hoofs of their hind-feet are shod with silver; all are yoked to the same pole, and wear the yoke and the cross-beams of the yoke 6, fastened with hooks of Khshathra vairya' to a beautiful ....8 126. 'At his right hand drives Rashnu-Razista", the most beneficent and most well-shapen. 1 The sutad yest; the last chapters of the Yasna, from LVIII [LVII) to end, according to Anquetil (Zend-Avesta. I, 2, 232). The first words of the Visperad. Paradise. Towards the abode of the Immortals. o Fed with ambrosia (ausspoolov cidap) like Poseidon's steeds (II. XIII, 35; cf. Ovid, Metam. IV, 214). * Doubtful (simamka simoithramka). ? Metal. See Vend. Introd. IV, 33. 8 Upairispata. See Yt. XII. Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 153 'At his left hand drives the most upright Kista ", the holy one, bearing libations in her hands, clothed with white clothes, and white herself; and the cursing thought of the Law of Mazda. 127. Close by him drives the strong cursing thought of the wise man, opposing foes in the shape of a boar, a sharp-toothed he-boar, a sharpjawed boar, that kills at one stroke, pursuing, wrathful, with a dripping face , strong and swift to run, and rushing all around 4. 'Behind him drives Atar, all in a blaze, and the awful kingly Glory. 128. 'On a side of the chariot of Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, stand a thousand bows well-made, with a string of cowgut; they go through the heavenly space, they fall through the heavenly space upon the skulls of the Daevas. 129. 'On a side of the chariot of Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, stand a thousand vulture-feathered arrows, with a golden mouth", with a horn shaft, with a brass tail, and well-made. They go through the heavenly space, they fall through the heavenly space upon the skulls of the Daevas. 130. 'On a side of the chariot of Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, stand a thousand spears well-made and sharp-piercing. They go through the heavenly space, they fall through the heavenly space upon the skulls of the Daevas. 'On a side of the chariot of Mithra, the lord of 1 See Yt. XVI. See above, p. 12, note 13. Cf. Yt. X, 70. * Or better, rushing before (pairi-vaza; cf. the translations of pairi-dahuyu, Yt. X, 144 and pairi-vara, Yt. I, 19). Cf. Yt. XIV, 15. * The Genius of Fire. See p. 95, note 1. "A golden point. Digitized by Google

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154 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. wide pastures, stand a thousand steel-hammers, twoedged, well-made. They go through the heavenly space, they fall through the heavenly space upon the skulls of the Daevas. 131. 'On a side of the chariot of Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, stand a thousand swords, twoedged and well-made. They go through the heavenly space, they fall through the heavenly space upon the skulls of the Daevas. "On a side of the chariot of Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, stand a thousand maces of iron, wellmade. They go through the heavenly space, they fall through the heavenly space -upon the skulls of the Daevas. 132. 'On a side of the chariot of Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, stands a beautiful well-falling club, with a hundred knots, a hundred edges, that rushes forward and fells men down; a club cast out of red brass, of strong, golden brass; the strongest of all weapons, the most victorious of all weapons 1. It goes through the heavenly space ?, it falls through the heavenly space upon the skulls of the Daevas. 133. 'After he has smitten the Daevas, after he has smitten down the men who lied unto Mithra, Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, drives forward through Arezahe and Savahe, through Fradadhafshu and Vidadhafshu, through Vourubaresti and Vourugaresti, through this our Karshvare, the bright Hvaniratha S. 134. 'Angra Mainyu, who is all death, flees away in fear; Aeshma, the evil-doing Peshotanu, flees Cf. Yt. X, 96. * The text has, they go.... 8 See above, p. 123, note 5. Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 155 away in fear; the long-handed Bashyasta flees away in fear; all the Daevas unseen and the Varenya fiends flee away in fear. 135. 'Oh! may we never fall across the rush of Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, when in anger! May Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, never smite us in his anger; he who stands up upon this earth as the strongest of all gods, the most valiant of all gods, the most energetic of all gods, the swiftest of all gods, the most fiend-smiting of all gods, he, Mithra, the lord of wide pastures?. For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XXXII. 136. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; 'For whom white stallions, yoked to his chariot, draw it, on one golden wheel, with a full shining axle. 137. 'If Mithra takes his libations to his own dwelling?, "Happy that man, I think,"--said Ahura Mazda, --"O holy Zarathustra! for whom a holy priest, as pious as any in the world 3, who is the Word incarnate, offers up a sacrifice unto Mithra with bundles of baresma and with the [proper] words. "" Straight to that man, I think, will Mithra come, to visit his dwelling, 138. ""When Mithra's boons will come to him, as he follows God's teaching, and thinks according to God's teaching. ""Woe to that man, I think,"--said Ahura Mazda, - * $$ 134-135=s& 97-98. * Cf. Yt. X, 32. * Doubtful. Possibly, of a pious conscience.' Digitized by Google

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156 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. "O holy Zarathustra ! for whom an unholy priest, not pious ?, who is not the Word incarnate, stands behind the baresma, however full may be the bundles of baresma he ties, however long may be the sacrifice he performs." 139. 'He does not delight Ahura Mazda, nor the other Amesha-Spentas, nor Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, he who thus scorns Mazda, and the other Amesha-Spentas, and Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, and the Law, and Rashnu, and Arstat, who makes the world grow, who makes the world increase. 'For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XXXIII. 140. 'We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake. 'I will offer up a sacrifice unto the good Mithra, O Spitama! unto the strong, heavenly god, who is foremost, highly merciful, and peerless; whose house is above ?, a stout and strong warrior; 141. 'Victorious and armed with a well-fashioned weapon, watchful in darkness and undeceivable. He is the stoutest of the stoutest, he is the strongest of the strongest, he is the most intelligent of the gods, he is victorious and endowed with Glory: he, of the ten thousand eyes, of the ten thousand spies, the powerful, all-knowing, undeceivable god. For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... ? An unqualified priest ; cf. Vend. IX, 47-57; XVIII, 1 seq. ? Or, 'whose house is great.' Digitized by Google

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MIHIR YAST. 157 XXXIV. 142. "We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, .... sleepless, and ever awake; Who, with his manifold knowledge, powerfully increases the creation of Spenta Mainyu, and is a well-created and most great Yazata, self-shining like the moon, when he makes his own body shine; 143. Whose face is flashing with light like the face of the star Tistrya'; whose chariot is embraced by that goddess who is foremost amongst those who have no deceit in them?, O Spitama! who is fairer than any creature in the world, and full of light to shine. I will worship that chariot, wrought by the Maker, Ahura Mazda, inlaid with stars and made of a heavenly substance; (the chariot) of Mithra, who has ten thousand spies, the powerful, all-knowing, undeceivable god. "For his brightness and glory, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XXXV. 144. 'We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, who is truth-speaking, a chief in assemblies, with a thousand ears, well-shapen, with a thousand eyes, high, with full knowledge, strong, sleepless, and ever awake. "We sacrifice unto the Mithra around countries > ; "We sacrifice unto the Mithra within countries; 1 See Yt. VIII. Ashi Vanguhi (?); cf. SS 68. s Who watches around countries : aiwidahvyum is translated Lo geful website ope (Pers. tr. of Mihir Nyayis). Digitized by Google

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158 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. *We sacrifice unto the Mithra in this country 1; 'We sacrifice unto the Mithra above countries; We sacrifice unto the Mithra under countries; We sacrifice unto the Mithra before countries 2; We sacrifice unto the Mithra behind countries. 145. We sacrifice unto Mithra and Ahura, the two great, imperishable, holy gods 3; and unto the stars, and the moon, and the sun, with the trees that yield up baresma 4. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of all countries. "For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard, namely, unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures. 'Yatha ah u vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... 'I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, who has a thousand ears, ten thousand eyes, a Yazata invoked by his own name; and that of Rama Hvastra. Ashem Voha: Holiness is the best of all good .... *[Give) unto that mano brightness and glory, . . . . give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones!' 1 Adahvyum: Celje wel zu wszys; cf. Yasna XXVI, 9 [28]. khh pysh hrshhr st : Pairidahuyam w 8 Cf. Vend. Introd. IV, 8. 5 Cf. Sirozah I, 16. * Cf. Vend. p. 22, note a. Who sacrifices to Mithra, Digitized by Google

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SROSH YAST HADHOKHT. 159 XI. SROSH YAST HADHOKHT. There are two Yasts dedicated to Sraosha, the angel of divine worship?: one is a part of the Yasna (LVII (LVI]), and this, the other, is called the Srosh Yast Hadhokht. Whether it belonged to the socalled Hadhokht Nosk. one of the twenty-one Nosks of which the original Avesta was formed, or whether it was recited in the Hadhokht sacrifice", a particular liturgy, is a matter on which we have no sufficient information. The two Yasts have a few developments in common (see $$ 89, 10-13): the Hadhokht is more liturgical, the Yasna Yast is more descriptive, and has to a greater degree the poetical imagery of a Yast. The Srosh Yast Hadhokht is recited every day, during any gah except the Rapitvin. A Pahlavi translation of this Yast is extant (East India Office, XII, 102; Paris, Supplement Persan, XXXIII, 259 ; edited in Etudes Iraniennes, II), and Anquetil mentions a Sanskrit translation. o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced l.... Ashem Vohd: Holiness is the best of all good .... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto [Havani), the holy and master of holiness ..... Unto the holy, strong Sraosha, who is the incarnate Word, a mighty-speared and lordly god, Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... * Cf. Vend. Introd. IV, 31. Ibid. III, 3. s See an account of the Hadhokht Nosk in the Dinkart (West, Pahlavi Texts, I, 225, note); cf. Introd. to Yt. XXI. . Cf. $ 18, note. Digitized by Google

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160 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 1. We sacrifice unto the holy, tall-formed, fiendsmiting Sraosha, who makes the world increase, the holy and master of holiness. Good prayer, excellent prayer to the worlds 1, O Zarathustra! 2. This it is that takes away the friendship of the fiend and fiends, of the he-fiend and of the shefiend; it turns away in giddiness their eyes, minds, ears ?, hands, feet, mouths, and tongues 3 ; as good prayer, without deceit and without harm, is Manly Courage", and turns away the Drug . 3. The holy Sraosha, the best protector of the poor, is fiend-smiting; he is the best smiter of the Drug. The faithful one who pronounces most words of blessing is the most victorious in victory; the Mathra Spenta takes best the unseen Drug away. The Ahuna Vairya is the best fiend-smiter among all spells; the word of truth is the fighter? that is the best of all fiend-smiters. The Law of the worshippers of Mazda is the truest giver of all the good things, of all those that are the offspring of the good principle; and so is the Law of Zarathustra. 4. And he who should pronounce that word , O Zarathustra! either a man or a woman, with a mind all intent on holiness, with words all intent on 1 Has been taught to the world, namely, the Law' (Pahl. Comm.). 9 Doubtful. Derezva: Pahl. huzvan; cf. Yt. I, 28. * Is the same with it, is as powerful. 5 Doubtful (varethrem daresta .... zak drug varti dastartum). * See p. 23. ? Or, 'is the best of all fiend-smiters in battle.' 8 This chapter (Pahl. Comm.). Digitized by Google

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SROSH YAST HADHOKHT. 161 holiness, with deeds all intent on holiness, when he is in fear either of high waters or of the darkness of a rainy night; Or at the fords of a river, or at the branching-off of roads; Or in the meeting together of the faithful, or the rushing together of the worshippers of the Daevas ? ; 5. Whether on the road 2 or in the laws he has to fear, not in that day nor in that night shall the tormenting fiend, who wants to torment him, prevail to throw upon him the look of his evil eye, and the malice of the thief who carries off cattle shall not reach him. 6. Pronounce then that word, O Zarathustra ! that word to be spoken", when thou fall upon the idolaterse and thieves and Daevas rushing together. Then the malice of the wicked worshippers of the Daevas, of the Yatus and their followers, of the Pairikas and their followers, will be affrighted and rush away. Down are the Daevas! Down are the Daeva-worshippers, and they take back their mouths from biting? * Different words are used, as usual, to express the same conflict, according as it refers to the faithful or to the idolaters. * Aipi-ayanam: madam ras. s Arethyanam: da distan (from aretha, meaning dina, dadistan). * Gadha: nrisamsa (Neriosengh); the Pahlavi has g<<, a Saka, a Scythe. The praise of Sraosha. . * Keresaska: krasi ak; cf. Neriosengh ad Yasna IX, 24 [75]; that name was in the later periods applied to Christians, as if keresa were the name of Christ; cf. Bahman Yast II, 19; III, 2. 1 Doubtful. [23] M Digitized by Google

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162 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 7. And therefore we take around us the holynatured Sraosha, the holy, the fiend-smiter, as one does with shepherds'dogs; therefore we sacrifice unto the holy-natured Sraosha, the holy, the fiendsmiter, with good thoughts, good words, and good deeds. 81. For his brightness and glory, for his strength and victorious power, for his offering sacrifices unto the gods ?, I will offer him a sacrifice worth being heard. I will offer up libations unto the holy Sraosha, unto the great Ashi Vanguhis, and unto Nairyo-sangha-, the tall-formed. So may the holy Sraosha, the fiend-smiter, come to us for help! 9. We worship the holy Sraosha; we worship the great master, Ahura Mazda, who is supreme in holiness, who is the foremost to do deeds of holiness. We worship all the words 6 of Zarathustra, and all the good deeds, those done and those to be done. Yenhe hatam: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda .... II. 109. We sacrifice unto the holy, tall-formed, fiend-smiting Sraosha, who makes the world increase, the holy and master of holiness; Who strikes the evil-doing? man, who strikes the evil-doing woman; who smites the fiendish 1 8$ 8-9=Yasna LVII, 3-4 [LVI, 1, 6-12]. * See Vend. Introd. IV, 31. . s See Yt. XVII. * See Vend. XXII, 7 [22] and Sirozah I, 9. 6 The words of the law. o $$ 10-13=Yasna LVII, 15-18 [LVI, 7). 7 Cf. Yt. I, 19. Digitized by Google

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SROSH YAST HADHOKHT. 163 Drug, and is most strong and world-destroying ; who maintains and looks over all this moving world; 11. Who, never sleeping, wakefully guards the creation of Mazda ; who, never sleeping, wakefully maintains the creation of Mazda; who protects all the material world with his club uplifted, from the hour when the sun is down; 12. Who never more did enjoy sleep from the time when the two Spirits made the world, namely, the good Spirit and the evil One; who every day, every night, fights with the Mazainya Daevas. 13. He bows not for fear and fright before the Daevas : before him all the Daevas bow for fear and fright reluctantly, and rush away to darkness 2. For his brightness and glory, for his strength and victorious power ....3 III. 14. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... We sacrifice unto the holy, tall-formed, fiend-smiting Sraosha, who makes the world increase, the holy and master of holiness; Who with peace and friendship - watches the Drug and the most beneficent Spirit: so that the Amesha-Spentas may go along the seven Karshvares of the earth 5; who is the teacher of the 1 Cf. above, p. 145, note I. ? To hell. 8 As above, &$ 8-9. To the creation of Ormazd. s Doubtful. The Yasna has: Through whose strength, victorious power, wisdom, and knowledge the Amesha-Spentas go (avan; Phl. satunand) along the seven Karshvares of the earth' (LVII, 23 [LVI, 10, 2]). M 2 Digitized by Google

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164 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. Lawl: he himself was taught it by Ahura Mazda, the holy One. For his brightness and glory, for his strength and victorious power .... IV. 15. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... We sacrifice unto the holy, tall-formed, fiend-smiting Sraosha, who makes the world increase, the holy and master of holiness; Whom the holy Ahura Mazda has created to withstand Aeshma, the fiend of the wounding spear; . we sacrifice unto Peace, whose breath is friendly, and unto the two withstanders of sin and guilt, 16. The friends of the holy Sraosha; The friends of Rashnu Razista 3; The friends of the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda ; The friends of Arstat", who makes the world grow, who makes the world increase, who makes the world prosper; The friends of Ashi Vanguhi"; The friends of the good Kisti e; The friends of the most right Kista?; 1 He teaches the law to the three saviours to come, Oshedar Bami, Oshedar Mah, and Soshyos (Yasna LVII, 24 [LVI, 10, 2]; Phl. tr.). ? Parestaska mravaydoska, to be corrected, according to various readings, into staretaska mavaydoska or something like it; the two genii here alluded to are Anastareta and Amuyamna, Sinlessness and Innocence, who are invoked in company with Akhsti hamvainti in Visperad VIII, 4. $ See Yt. XII. * See Yt. XVII. " See Vend. XIX, 39. 6 See ibid. * See Yt. XVI, 1. Digitized by Google

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SROSH VAST HADHOKHT. 165 17. The friends of all gods; The friends of the Mathra Spenta; The friends of the fiend-destroying Law; The friends of the long-traditional teaching ; The friends of the Amesha-Spentas; The friends of ourselves, the Saoshyants, the two-footed part of the holy creation; The friends of all the beings of the holy world. For his brightness and glory, for his strength and victorious power .... 18. Yath a ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... We sacrifice unto the holy, tall-formed, fiend-smiting Sraosha, who makes the world increase, the holy and master of holiness; The first (Sraosha], the next, the middle, and the highest; with the first sacrifice, with the next, with the middle, and with the highest ? We sacrifice unto all [the moments]: of the holy and strong Sraosha, who is the incarnate Word; 19. The strong Sraosha, of the manly courage, the warrior of the strong arms, who breaks the skulls of the Daevas; who smites with heavy blows 4 and is strong to smite; the holy Sraosha, who smites The faithful, as helping through their good deeds in the work of final restoration, to be performed by Saoshyant (cf. Yt. XIII, 17). The first sacrifice is the Yasna sacrifice; the next (literally, superior) is the Visperad; the middle sacrifice is the Hadhokht [and] evak homast; the highest sacrifice is the Dvazda h homast (Pahl.Comm.). Sraosha is called the first, next, middle, and highest, accordingly as he presides over one or the other of those sacrifices. For a definition of the evak homast and Dvazdah homast, see West, Pahlavi Texts, I, 212, note 5. S Vispan, translated harvisp zaman. * Literally, the smiter who smites with smitings. Digitized by Google

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166 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. with heavy blows; we sacrifice unto the crushing Ascendant of both the holy Sraosha and Arsti. 20. We sacrifice for all the houses protected by Sraosha, where the holy Sraosha is dear and friendly treated and satisfied, as well as the faithful man?, rich in good thoughts, rich in good words, rich in good deeds. 21. We sacrifice unto the body of the holy Sraosha; We sacrifice unto the body of Rashnu Razista ; We sacrifice unto the body of Mithra, the lord of wide pastures; We sacrifice unto the body of the holy wind; We sacrifice unto the body of the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda ; We sacrifice unto the body of Arstat, who makes the world grow, who makes the world increase, who makes the world prosper; We sacrifice unto the body of Ashi Vanguhi; We sacrifice unto the body of the good Kisti ; We sacrifice unto the body of the most right Kista; We sacrifice unto the bodies of all the gods; 22. We sacrifice unto the body of the Mathra Spenta; We sacrifice unto the body of the fiend-destroying Law; We sacrifice unto the body of the long-traditional teaching; We sacrifice unto the bodies of the AmeshaSpentas; 1 The same as Arstal. Cf. Yasna LVII, 34-35 (LVI, 13, 3-7). He receives alms (the asho dad). Digitized by Google

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SROSH VAST HADHOKHT. 167 We sacrifice unto the bodies of ourselves, the Saoshyants, the two-footed part of the holy crea tion; We sacrifice unto the bodies of all the beings of the holy world 1. For his brightness and glory, for his strength and victorious power .... 23. Yatha aho vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... I bless the sacrifice and prayer, the strength and vigour of the holy, strong Sraosha, who is the incarnate Word, a mighty-speared and lordly god. [Give] unto that mano brightness and glory, .... give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones! 1 Cf. $16-17. Who sacrifices to Sraosha. Digitized by Google

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168 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. XII. RASHN YAST. Rashnu Razista, 'the truest True,' is the Genius of Truth: he is one of the three judges of the departed, with Mithra and Sraosha : he holds the balance in which the deeds of men are weighed after their death : 'he makes no unjust balance...., neither for the pious nor yet the wicked, neither for lords nor yet rulers; as much as a hair's breadth he will not vary, and he shows no favour?' He is an offshoot either of Mithra, the God of Truth and the avenger of lies, or of Ahura Mazda himself, the all-knowing lord ($ 2 seq.). This Yast seems to be an appeal made to Rashnu to come and attend the performance of the var nirang or ordeal (see p. 170, note 3), of which Rashnu, as the Genius of Truth, was the natural witness and arbiter (cf. Vend. IV, 54-55(154-156]). As a god of Truth must know everything and be present everywhere, he is called from whatever part of the world he may actually be in. This brings about an enumeration of all the parts of the world, from this earth (8$ 9-22) to the highest heaven ($ 37), passing through the Alborz ($ 23-26), the star region (&$ 26-32), the moon region ( 33), and the sun region ($ 34; cf. p. 73, note 2).. This Yast is recited on the days of Rashn, Murdad, Ashtad, and Zemyad (the 18th, 7th, 26th, and 28th of the month). o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced !.... Ashem Vohd: Holiness is the best of all good .... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura ; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto [Havani], the holy and master of holiness. Unto Rashnu Razista ; unto Arstat, who makes the world grow, who makes the world increase; unto the true-spoken speech, that makes the world growa; * Minokhirad II, 120-121 (tr. West). Sirozah I, 18. Digitized by Google

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RASHN YAST. 169 Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha aho vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... 1. The holy (Zarathustra) asked him 1: 'O holy Ahura Mazda! I ask thee; answer me with words of truth, thou who knowest the truth. Thou art undeceivable, thou hast an undeceivable understanding; thou art undeceivable, as thou knowest everything. What of the Holy Word is created true? what is created progress-making? what is fit to discern? what is healthful ? what is wise ? what is happy and more powerful to destroy than all other creatures ? ?' 2. Ahura Mazda answered: 'I will declare that unto thee, O pure, holy Spitama! The most glorious Holy Word (itself), this is what in the Holy Word is created true, what is created progress making, what is fit to discern, what is healthful, wise, and happy, what is more powerful to destroy than all other creatures.' 3. Ahura Mazda said: 'Bind up a three-twigged baresma against the way of the sun. [Address] unto me, Ahura Mazda, these words : "We invoke, we bless [Ahura]s; I invoke the friendship (of Ahura] towards this var 4 prepared, towards the fire and the baresma, towards the full boiling (milk], towards the vart of oil and the sap of the plants." 1 Ahura Mazda. . Cf. Yt. I, i seq. & The text is apparently corrupt and has literally, We invoke, we bless me, Ahura Mazda.' * See following page, note 3. 5 Possibly, waters; cf. Yt. V, 132 and Vend. IV, 46 [128], 54 [154] seq. * Literally, the fat. * Digitized by Google

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170 YASTS AND SIROZahs. 4. "Then I, Ahura Mazda, shall come for help unto thee, towards this var prepared, towards the fire and the baresma, towards the full boiling [milk], towards the var of oil and the sap of the plants; 'Along with the fiend-smiting Wind, along with the cursing thought of the wise !, along with the kingly Glory, along with Saoka?, made by Mazda. 5. 'We invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong; I invoke his friendship towards this var 3 prepared, towards the fire and the baresma, towards the full boiling (milk], towards the var of oil and the sap of the plants. 6. "Then Rashnu the tall, the strong, will come for help unto thee, towards this var prepared, towards the fire and the baresma, towards the full boiling [Milk], towards the var of oil and the sap of the plants: Along with the fiend-smiting Wind, along with the cursing thought of the wise, along with the kingly Glory, along with Saoka, made by Mazda. 7. O thou, holy Rashnu ! O most true Rashnu! most beneficent Rashnu! most knowing Rashnu ! most discerning Rashnu ! most fore-knowing Rashnu! most far-seeing Rashnu! Rashnu, the 1 See p. 12, note 13. ? See Vend. XXII, 3. 3 Varo; this seems to be the Var nirang or ordeal which is alluded to in several passages of the Avesta; cf. Afrigan I, 9; Yasna XXXI, 3 b (see Pahl. Comm.; cf. Comm. ad XXXIV, 4 a); cf. Vend. IV, 46, 55. According to the Dinkart, there were thirtythree kinds of var ordeals (Haug, Arda Viraf, p. 145); the most common was to pour melted copper upon the breast of the man whose truth was to be tested: if he went off uninjured, he was considered to have spoken the truth. Cf. Vend. Introd. III, 9. Digitized by Google

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RASHN YAST. 171 best doer of justice?! Rashnu, the best smiter of thieves; 8. "The uninjured, the best killer, smiter, destroyer of thieves and bandits ! in whatever part of the world thou art watching the doings 2 of men and making the account ....8. II. 9. 'Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in the Karshvare Arezahi4, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared . ...in whatever part of the world thou art. III. 10. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in the Karshvare Savahi", we invoke, we bless Rashnu. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared ....in whatever part of the world thou art. IV. 11. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in the Karshvare Fradadhafshu", we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... in whatever part of the world thou art. V. 12. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in the 1 Arethamat-bairishta: aretha. is dina, dadistan (law, justice). * Kesa=kartari (Pahl. Comm. ad Vend. XXI, 3 (14]). $ I cannot make anything of the rest of the sentence hadhana tanasus; cf. SS 38. - See Yt. X, 15, note 5. 5 The rest as in $$ 5-8. Digitized by Google

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172 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. Karshvare Vidadhafshul, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... in whatever part of the world thou art. VI. 13. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in the Karshyare Vouru-baresti', we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... in whatever part of the world thou art. VII. 14. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in the Karshvare Vouru-garesti?, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared ..., in whatever part of the world thou art. VIII. 15. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in this Karshvare, the bright Hvaniratha, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared . ...in whatever part of the world thou art. IX. 16. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in the sea Vouru-Kasha?, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... in whatever part of the world thou art. i See Yt. X, 15, note 5. ? See p. 54, note 6. Digitized by Google

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RASHN YAST. 173 X. 17. "Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art on the tree of the eagle ", that stands in the middle of the sea Vouru-Kasha, that is called the tree of good remedies, the tree of powerful remedies, the tree of all remedies, and on which rest the seeds of all plants; we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... XI. 18. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu ! art on the Aodhas 2 of the Rangha, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... XII. 19. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art on the Sanakas of the Rangha, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... 1 The Saena, in later mythology the Sinamru or Simorgh; his 'resting-place is on the tree which is Jad-besh (opposed to harm) of all seeds; and always when he rises aloft, a thousand twigs will shoot forth from that tree; and when he alights, he will break off the thousand twigs, and he sheds their seed therefrom. And the bird Chanmrosh for ever sits in that vicinity; and his work is this, that he collects that seed which sheds from the tree of all seeds, which is Jad-besh, and conveys it there where Tishtar seizes the water, so that Tishtar may seize the water with that seed of all kinds, and may rain it on the world with the rain' (Minokhirad LXII, 37; tr. West). 2 By the floods (? Vend. I, 26); it has probably a geographical meaning; cf. the following paragraph ; perhaps the marshy country at the mouth of the Tigris. 8 Cf. Yt. X, 104; aodhas and sanaka may refer to the southern and northern basin of the Tigris. Digitized by Google

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174 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. XIII. 20. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art at one of the angles. of this earth, we invoke we bless Rashnu. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... XIV. 21. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu ! art at the boundary of this earth, we invoke, we bless Rashnu. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... XV. 22. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in any place of this earth, we invoke, we bless Rashnu. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... XVI. 23. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art on the Hara Berezaiti, the bright mountain around which the many (stars) revolve, where come neither night nor darkness, no cold wind and no hot wind, no deathful sickness, no uncleanness made by the Daevas, and the clouds cannot reach up unto the Haraiti Bareza"; we invoke, we bless Rashnu. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared.... XVII. 24. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art upon the highest Hukairya, of the deep precipices ?, made of gold, wherefrom this river of mine, Ardvi Sara Anahita, leaps from a thousand times the height of a man, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared ..., 1 Cf. Yt. X, 50. . 2 Reading vispo-vaemem; cf. Yt. V, 96, note 7. Digitized by Google

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RASHN YAST. 175 XVIII. 25. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art upon the Taera of the height Haraiti, around which the stars, the moon, and the sun revolve !, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... XIX. 26. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in the star Vanant?, made by Mazda, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... XX. 27. "Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in the bright and glorious star Tistrya", we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards the var prepared .... XXI. 28. "Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in the group of the Haptoiringa stars >>, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... XXII. 29. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in those stars that have the seed of the waters in them, we 1 See Bund. V, 3 seq. ; cf. Yt. X, 13, 50. 2 Cf. Yt. XX and Yt. VIII, 12. SCE. Yt. VIII, 12. * The star of water essence is for the increase of water; and the star of earth essence, for the increase of earth; and the star of tree essence, for the increase of trees; and the star of cattle essence, Digitized by Google

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176 VASTS AND STROZAHS. invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... XXIII. 30. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu ! art in those stars that have the seed of the earth in them ?, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... . XXIV. 31. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in those stars that have the seed of the plants in them?, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... XXV. 32. "Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in the stars that belong to the Good Spirit?, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... XXVI. 33. "Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in the moon which has the seed of the Bull in its, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared ..... for the increase of cattle; and the essence of water, and earth, and trees, and cattle is created for the increase of man' (Minokhirad XLIX, 7, tr. West). 1 See preceding note. ? Excluding the planets which belong to Ahriman (Minokhirad VIII, 19; Bund. III, 25; V, 1). * See above, p. 8, note 8. Digitized by Google

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RASHN YAST. 177 XXVII. 34. "Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in the swift-horsed sun, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... XXVIII. 35. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in the sovereign endless Light, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... XXIX. 36. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu ! art in the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... XXX. 37. Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art in the shining Garo-demana?, we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... XXXI. 38. "Whether thou, O holy Rashnu! art ....2 we invoke, we bless Rashnu, the strong. I invoke his friendship towards this var prepared .... 39. 'For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... 1 The highest heaven, the abode of Ormazd. ?? Upa hadhana hadhana tanasus; cf. SS 8, p. 171, note 3. [23] N Digitized by Google

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178 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. Yenhe hatam: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda .... 40. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... 'I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of Rashnu Razista; of Arstat, who makes the world grow, who makes the world increase ; and of the true-spoken speech that makes the world grow. Ashem Voha: Holiness is the best of all good .... *[Give] unto that man' brightness and glory, give him health of body, .. .. give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones.' 1 Who shall have worshipped Rashnu. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN YAST. 179 XIII. FARVARDIN YAST. The Fravashi is the inner power in every being that maintains it and makes it grow and subsist. Originally the Fravashis were the same as the Pitris of the Hindus or the Manes of the Latins, that is to say, the everlasting and deified souls of the dead (see $$ 49-52); but in course of time they gained a wider domain, and not only men, but gods and even physical objects, like the sky and the earth, &c. ($ 85-86), had each a Fravashi (see Ormazd et Ahriman, $$ 111-113). This Yast is to be divided into two parts. The former part (S$ 1-84) is a glorification of the powers and attributes of the Fravashis in general; the latter part ($ 85-158) is an enumeration of the Fravashis of the most celebrated heroes of Mazdeism, from the first man, Gaya Maretan, down to the last, Saoshyant. This latter part is like a Homer's catalogue of Mazdeism. The greatest part of the historical legends of Iran lies here condensed into a register of proper names. This enumeration is divided into seven chapters: The first (XXIV, $$ 85-95) contains the names of several gods, of the first man, Gaya Maretan, the first law-giver, Zarathustra, and his first disciple, Maidhyo-maungha ; The second part (XXV, $$ 96-110) contains the names of the disciples of Zarathustra, most of them belonging to the epical cyclus of Vistaspa (Gustasp); The third part (XXVI, SS 111-117) is of uncertain character, and no name contained in it is found in the epical legends; The fourth part (XXVII, SS 118-128) seems to be devoted to the heroes of the other Karshvares and to mythical beings, born or unborn (cf. $$ 121, 122, 127, 128); The fifth part (XXVIII, SS 129) is devoted to Saoshyant alone; The sixth part (XXIX, $$ 130-138) is devoted to the heroes before the time of Zarathustra ; The seventh part (XXX, $$ 139-142) is devoted to the holy women of Mazdeism from Hvovi, Zarathustra's wife, down to Srutat-fedhri, Vanghu-fedhri, and Eredat-fedhri, the future mothers of his three unborn sons. The second, third, and fourth enumerations all end with the N 2 Digitized by Google

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180 YASTS AND STROZAHS. name of Astvat-ereta (that is to say, Saoshyant), which shows that they do not refer to successive generations, but to three independent branches, which are each developed apart down to the time of the Saviour. o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced ..... Ashem Voho : Holiness is the best of all good .... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura: For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto [Havani), the holy and master of holiness. Unto the awful, overpowering Fravashis of the faithful; unto the Fravashis of the men of the primitive law 1; unto the Fravashis of the next-of-kin, Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... 1. Ahura Mazda spake unto Spitama Zarathustra, saying: 'Do thou proclaim, O pure Zarathustra ! the vigour and strength, the glory, the help and the joy that are in the Fravashis of the faithful, the awful and overpowering Fravashis; do thou tell how they come to help me, how they bring assistance unto me, the awful Fravashis of the faithful 2. 2. "Through their brightness and glory, O Zarathustra! I maintain that sky, there above, shining and seen afar, and encompassing this earth all around. 3. "It looks like a palace, that stands built of a 1 The so-called paoiryo-tkaesha: the primitive law is what is considered as the true Mazdayasnian religion in all ages, both before and after the time of Zaratust' (West, Pahlavi Texts, L 242, note 1); cf. $ 150. 2 Cf. SS 19. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN YAST. 181 heavenly substance , firmly established, with ends that lie afar, shining in its body of ruby over the three-thirds (of the earth)?; it is like a garment inlaid with stars, made of a heavenly substance, that Mazda puts on, along with Mithra and Rashnu and Spenta-Armaiti, and on no side can the eye perceive the end of it. 4. "Through their brightness and glory, O Zarathustra ! I maintain Ardvi Sura Anahita, the wideexpanding and health-giving, who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura, who is worthy of sacrifice in the material world, worthy of prayer in the material world; the life-increasing and holy, the flocks-increasing and holy, the fold-increasing and holy, the wealth-increasing and holy, the countryincreasing and holy 3; 54. Who makes the seed of all males pure, who makes the womb of all females pure for bringing forth, who makes all females bring forth in safety, who puts milk in the breasts of all females in the right measure and the right quality; 6. 'The large river, known afar, that is as large as the whole of all the waters that run along the earth; that runs powerfully from the height Hukairya down to the sea Vouru-Kasha. 1.7. All the shores of the sea Vouru-Kasha are boiling over, all the middle of it is boiling over, * Reading mainyu-ta sto; cf. Yt. X, 90, 143, and in this very paragraph vanghanem mainyu-tastem. ? A division of the earth different from and older than the division into seven Karshvares; cf. Yasna XI, 2 [21]; this division was derived by analogy from the tripartite division of the universe (earth, atmosphere, and heaven). 8 Yt. V, 1. * $$ 5-8=Yt. V, 2-5. Digitized by Google

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182 YASTS AND STROZAHS. when she runs down there, when she streams down there, she, Ardvi Sara Anahita, who has a thousand cells and a thousand channels; the extent of each of those cells, of each of those channels, is as much as a man can ride in forty days, riding on a good horse. 8. 'From this river of mine alone flow all the waters that spread all over the seven Karshvares; this river of mine alone goes on bringing waters, both in summer and in winter. This river of mine purifies the seed in males, the womb in females, the milk in females' breasts 1. 9. 'Through their brightness and glory, O Zarathustra! I maintain the wide earth made by Ahura, the large and broad earth, that bears so much that is fine, that bears all the bodily world, the live and the dead, and the high mountains, rich in pastures and waters; 10. Upon which run the many streams and rivers ; upon which the many kinds of plants grow up from the ground, to nourish animals and men, to nourish the Aryan nations, to nourish the five kinds of animals 2, and to help the faithful. 11. "Through their brightness and glory, O Zarathustra! I maintain in the womb the child that has been conceived, so that it does not die from the * $$ 4-8=Yt. V, 1-5. * There are five classes of animals: those living in waters (upapa), those living under the ground (upasma=upa-zema), the flying ones (fraptargat), the running ones (ravaskarant), the grazing ones (kangrang hak); Visperad I, 1 seq.; Yt. XIII, 74. The representatives of those several classes are the kar mahi fish, the ermine, the karsipt, the hare, and the ass-goat (Pahl. Comm. ad Visp. 1. 1.). Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN YAST. 183 assaults of Vidotu', and I develop in it? the bones, the hair, the ....3, the entrails, the feet, and the sexual organs. 12. Had not the awful Fravashis of the faithful given help unto me, those animals and men of mine, of which there are such excellent kinds, would not subsist; strength would belong to the Drug, the dominion would belong to the Drug, the material world would belong to the Drug. 13 'Between the earth and the sky the immaterial creatures would be harassed by the Drug; between the earth and the sky the immaterial creatures would be smitten by the Drug; and never afterwards would Angra-Mainyu give way to the blows of SpentaMainyu. 14. Through their brightness and glory the waters run and flow forward from the never-failing springs; through their brightness and glory the plants grow up from the earth, by the never-failing springs; through their brightness and glory the winds blow, driving down the clouds towards the never-failing springs. 15. *Through their brightness and glory the females conceive offspring; through their brightness and glory they bring forth in safety;. it is through their brightness and glory when they become blessed with children. 16. "Through their brightness and glory a man is born who is a chief in assemblies and meetings, who listens well 6 to the (holy) words, whom Wisdom 1 See Vend. IV, 40 [137]. 2 Doubtful. S? Derewda. * A Trolunu danv. * Who learns well, who has the gaosho-sruta khratu. Digitized by Google

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184 YASTS AND SEROZAHS. holds dear 1, and who returns a victor from discussions with Gaotema, the heretic 2. Through their brightness and glory the sun goes his way; through their brightness and glory the moon goes her way; through their brightness and glory the stars go their way. 17. "In fearful battles they are the wisest for help, the Fravashis of the faithful. The most powerful amongst the Fravashis of the faithful, O Spitama! are those of the men of the primitive laws or those of the Saoshyants 4 not yet born, who are to restore the world. Of the others, the Fravashis of the living faithful are more powerful, O Zarathustra! than those of the dead, O Spitama! 18. "And the man who in life shall treat the Fravashis of the faithful well, will become a ruler of the country with full power, and a. chief most strong; so shall any man of you become, who shall treat Mithra well, the lord of wide pastures, and Arstat, who makes the world grow, who makes the world increase. 19. 'Thus do I proclaim unto thee, O pure Spitama! the vigour and strength, the glory, the help, and the joy that are in the Fravashis of the faithful, 1 Or, who wishes for wisdom' (lore; khratukata=khratukinah). ? Yo naidhyangho gaotem ahe paro ayau parstoit avaiti. This seems to be an allusion to controversies with the Buddhists or Gotama's disciples, whose religion had obtained a footing in the western parts of Iran as early as the second century before Christ. Naidhyangho means a heretic, an Ashemaogha (see Pahl. Comm. ad Yasna XXXIV, 8). * See above, p. 180, note 1. See above, p. 165, note 1. Digitized by Google

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SE! . iT! ) 185 FARVARDIN HAST... !!) the awful and overpowering Fravashis; and how they come to help me, how they bring assistance unto me, the awful Fravashis of the faithful?.' II. 20. Ahura Mazda spake unto Spitama Zarathustra, saying: 'If in this material world, O Spitama Zarathustra! thou happenest to come upon frightful roads, full of dangers and fears, O Zarathustra ! and thou fearest for thyself, then do thou recite these words, then proclaim these fiend-smiting words, O Zarathustra ! 21. "I praise, I invoke, I meditate upon, and we sacrifice unto the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful. We worship the Fravashis of the masters of the houses, those of the lords of the boroughs, those of the lords of the towns, those of the lords of the countries, those of the Zarathustrotemas 2; the Fravashis of those that are, the Fravashis of those that have been, the Fravashis of those that will be; all the Fravashis of all nations 3, and most friendly the Fravashis of the friendly nations; 22. "" Who maintain the sky, who maintain the waters, who maintain the earth, who maintain the cattle, who maintain in the womb the child that has been conceived, so that it does not die from the assaults of Vidotu, and develop in it the bones, the hair, the ...., the entrails, the feet, and the sexual organs *; 23. ""Who are much - bringing, who move with i Cf. SS 1. * See $ 143, text and note. ? See Yt. X, 115, note. See $ 11. Digitized by Google

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186 YASTS AND STROZAHS. awfulness, well-moving, swiftly moving, quickly moving, who move when invoked; who are to be invoked in the conquest of good, who are to be invoked in fights against foes, who are to be invoked in battles; 24."" Who give victory to their invoker, who give boons to their lover, who give health to the sick man, who give good Glory to the faithful man that brings libations and invokes them with a sacrifice and words of propitiation ?; 25. "" Who turn to that side where are faithful men, most devoted to holiness, and where is the greatest piety?, where the faithful man is rejoiced , and where the faithful man is not ill-treated 4." III. 26. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who are the mightiest of drivers, the lightest of those driving forwards, the slowest of the retiring 5, the safesto of all bridges, the leasterring of all weapons and arms (r), and who never turn their backs ?. 27. At once, wherever they come, we worship them, the good ones, the excellent ones, the good, the strong, the beneficent Fravashis of the faithful. They are to be invoked when the bundles of baresma are tied; they are to be invoked in fights against foes, in battles, and there where gallant men strive to conquer foes. - 1 Cf. $ 40. 9 Freritau: cf. frereti=farnamisn, adesa (Yasna VIII, 2 [4]). With alms (asho dad). * Cf. SS 36. 8 Doubtful. 6 Defensive arms. 7 To flee. 8 Cf. SS 23. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN YAST. 187 28. Mazda invoked them for help, when he fixed the sky and the waters and the earth and the plants; when Spenta-Mainyu fixed the sky, when he fixed the waters, when the earth, when the cattle, when the plants, when the child conceived in the womb, so that it should not die from the assaults of Vidotu, and developed in it the bones, the hair, the ...., the entrails, the feet, and the sexual organs ?. 29. Spenta-Mainyu maintained the sky, and they sustained it from below, they, the strong Fravashis, who sit in silence, gazing with sharp looks; whose eyes and ears are powerful, who bring long joy, high and high-girded; well-moving and moving afar, loudsnorting ?, possessing riches and a high renown. IV. 30. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful; whose friendship is good, and who know how to benefit; whose friendship lasts long; who like to stay in the abode where they are not harmed by its dwellers; who are good, beautiful afar 3, health-giving, of high renown, conquering in battle, and who never do harm first. V. 31. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful; whose will is dreadful unto those who vex them; powerfully working and most beneficent; who in battle break the dread arms of their foes and haters. 1 Cf. $$ 11, 22. * They are compared to horses; cf. Yt. VIII, 2. 8 Their beauty is seen afar. One manuscript has known afar;' another, whose eyesight reaches far.' Digitized by Google

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188 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. VI. 32. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful; liberal, valiant, and full of strength, not to be seized by thought, welfaregiving, kind, and health-giving, following with Ashi's remedies, as far as the earth extends, as the rivers stretch, as the sun rises ?. VII. 33. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who gallantly and bravely fight, causing havoc, wounding?, breaking to pieces all the malice of the malicious, Daevas and men, and smiting powerfully in battle, at their wish and will. 34. You kindly deliver the Victory made by Ahura, and the crushing Ascendant, most beneficently, to those countries where you, the good ones, unharmed and rejoiced, unoppressed and unoffended, have been held worthy of sacrifice and prayer, and proceed the way of your wish. VIII. 35. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, of high renown, smiting in battle, most strong, shield-bearing and harmless to those who are true, whom both the pursuing and the fleeing invoke for help: the pursuer invokes 1 All the beneficent powers hidden in the earth, in the waters, and in the sun, and which Ashi Vanguhi (Yt. XVII) imparts to man. Doubtful: urvaenaitis. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN YAST. 189 them for a swift race, and for a swift race does the fleer invoke them; 36. Who turn to that side where are faithful men, most devoted to holiness, and where is the greatest piety, where the faithful man is rejoiced, and where the faithful man is not ill-treated 1. IX. 37. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who form many battalions, girded with weapons a, lifting up spears, and full of sheen; who in fearful battles come rushing along where the gallant heroes 8 go and assail the Danus*. 38. There you destroy the victorious strength of the Turanian Danus; there you destroy the malice of the Turanian Danus; through you the chiefs are of high intellect and most successful; they, the gallant heroes 3, the gallant Saoshyants?, the gallant conquerors of the offspring of the Danus chiefs of myriads, who wound with stones 8. 39. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who rout the two wings of an army standing in battle array, who make the centre swerve, and swiftly pursue onwards, to help the faithful and to distress the doers of evil deeds. XI. 40. We worship the good, strong, beneficent 1 Cf. SS 25. Yasto-zayau. 9 Doubtful. + Yt. V, 72. Doubtful. * Hvira; see Etudes Iraniennes, II, 183. ? Cf. p. 165, note 1. : Doubtful (asabana). Digitized by Google

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190 YASTS AND STROZAHS. Fravashis of the faithful; awful, overpowering, and victorious, smiting in battle, sorely wounding, blowing away (the foes), moving along to and fro, of good renown, fair of body, godly of soul, and holy; who give victory to their invoker, who give boons to their lover, who give health to the sick man"; 41. Who give good glory to him who worships them with a sacrifice, as that man did worship them, the holy Zarathustra, the chief of the material world, the head of the two-footed race, in whatever struggle he had to enter, in whatever distress he did fear; 42. Who, when well invoked, enjoy bliss in the heavens; who, when well invoked, come forward from the heavens, who are the heads ? of that sky above, possessing the well-shapen Strength, the Victory made by Ahura, the crushing Ascendant, and Welfare ', the wealth-bringing, boon-bringing, holy, well fed, worthy of sacrifice and prayer in the perfection of holiness. 43. They shed Satavaesa * between the earth and the sky, him to whom the waters belong 6, who listens to appeals and makes the waters flow and the plants grow up, to nourish animals and men, to nourish the Aryan nations, to nourish the five kinds of animals, and to help the faithful?. 44. Satavaesa comes down and flows between the earth and the sky, he to whom the waters belong, who listens to appeals and makes the waters and the plants grow up, fair, radiant, and full of 1 Cf. SS 24. 2 "The chief creatures ;' cf. Gah II, 8. * Saoka; cf. Sirozah I, 3, note. * Cf. Yt. VIII, 9, and 34, note. . See above, p. 182, note 2. 0 Tat-apem. Cf. SS 10. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN YAST. 191 light, to nourish animals and men, to nourish the Aryan nations, to nourish the five kinds of animals, and to help the faithful. XII. 45. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful ; with helms of brass, with weapons of brass, with armour of brass; who struggle in the fights for victory in garments of light, arraying the battles and bringing them forwards, to kill thousands of Daevas. When the wind blows from behind them and brings their breath unto men, 46. Then men know where blows the breath of victory: and they pay pious homage unto the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, with their hearts prepared and their arms uplifted. 47. Whichever side they have been first worshipped in the fulness of faith of a devoted heart, to that side turn the awful Fravashis of the faithful, along with Mithra and Rashnu and the awful cursing thought * of the wise and the victorious wind. 48. And those nations are smitten at one stroke by their fifties and their hundreds, by their hundreds and their thousands, by their thousands and their tens of thousands, by their tens of thousands and their myriads of myriads, against which turn the awful Fravashis of the faithful, along with Mithra and Rashnu, and the awful cursing thought of the wise and the victorious wind. 1 Doubtful. :: Cf. Yt. X, 9. * Literally, blows them within. * See above, p. 12, note 12. Digitized by Google

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192 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. XIII. 49. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who come and go through the borough at the time of the Hamaspathmaedha"; they go along there for ten nights, asking thus 2: 50. Who will praise us? Who will offer us a sacrifice? Who will meditate upon us? Who will bless us 3? Who will receive us with meat and clothes in his hand 4 and with a prayer worthy of bliss 6? Of which of us will the name be taken for invocation? Of which of you will the soul be worshipped by you with a sacrifice ?? To whom will this gift of ours be given, that he may have neverfailing food for ever and ever?' 51. And the man who offers them up a sacrifice, 1 The sixth and last Gahambar (see Afrigan Gahambar), or the last ten days of the year (10th-20th March), including the last five days of the last month, Sapendarmad, and the five complementary days. These last ten days should be spent in deeds of charity, religious banquets (gasan), and ceremonies in memory of the dead. It was also at the approach of the spring that the Romans and the Athenians used to offer annual sacrifices to the dead; the Romans in February 'qui tunc extremus anni mensis erat' (Cicero, De Legibus, II, 21), the Athenians on the third day of the Anthesterion feast in the same month). The souls of the dead were supposed to partake of the new life then beginning to circulate through nature, that had also been dead during the long months of winter. * Perhaps : asking for help, thus. . * Frinat: who will pronounce the Afrin? - To be given in alms to poor Mazdayasnians (asho-dad). * Asha-nasa: that makes him reach the condition of one of the blessed (ahlayih arzanik, Vend. XVIII, 6 [17]): the Sanskrit translation has,' that is to say, that makes him worthy of a great reward.' o As in the invocations from $ 87 to the end. ? An allusion to the formula : 'I sacrifice to the Fravashi of my own soul,' Yasna XXIII, 4 [6]. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN YAST. 193 with meat and clothes in his hand, with a prayer worthy of bliss, the awful Fravashis of the faithful, satisfied, unharmed, and unoffended, bless thus: 52. "May there be in this house flocks of animals and men! May there be a swift horse and a solid chariot! May there be a man who knows how to praise God 1 and rule in an assembly, who will offer us sacrifices with meat and clothes in his hand, and with a prayer worthy of bliss?' XIV. 53. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who show beautiful paths to the waters, made by Mazda, which had stood before for a long time in the same place without flowing 3: 54. And now they flow along the path made by Mazda, along the way made by the gods, the watery way appointed to them, at the wish of Ahura Mazda, at the wish of the Amesha-Spentas. xv. 55. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who show a beautiful growth to the fertile plants, which had stood before for a long time in the same place without growing: 56. And now they grow up along the path made i Stahyo: stutikaro (Sansk. tr.; cf. Atash Nyayis, 10). s $$ 49-52 are a part of the so-called Afrigan Dahnaan (a prayer recited in honour of the dead); a Sanskrit translation of that Afrigan has been published by Burnouf in his Etudes zendes. 9 In winter. * Doubtful. The word is hvawrira, which Aspendiarji makes synonymous with hvapara, kind, merciful (Visperad XXI (XXIV], 1). [23] Digitized by Google

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194 YASTS AND STROZAHS. by Mazda, along the way made by the gods, in the time appointed to them, at the wish of Ahura Mazda, at the wish of the Amesha-Spentas. XVI. 57. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who showed their paths to the stars, the moon, the sun, and the endless lights, that had stood before for a long time in the same place, without moving forwards, through the oppression of the Daevas and the assaults of the Daevas?. 58. And now they move around in their farrevolving circle for ever, till they come to the time of the good restoration of the world. XVII. 59. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who watch over the bright sea Vouru-Kasha", to the number of ninety thousand, and nine thousand, and nine hundred, and ninety-nine. XVIII. 60. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who watch over the stars Haptoiringas, to the number of ninety thousand, and nine thousand, and nine hundred, and ninetynine. XIX. 61. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who watch over the body * Bundahis VI, 3. ? To keep the white Hom there from the evil beings that try to destroy it (Minokhirad LXII, 28). 8 See above, p. 97, note 4. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN YAST. 195 of Keresaspa, the son of Sama", the club-bearer with plaited hair, to the number of ninety thousand, and nine thousand, and nine hundred, and ninetynine. XX. 62. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who watch over the seed of the holy Zarathustra ?, to the number of ninety thousand, and nine thousand, and nine hundred, and ninety-nine. XXI. 63. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who fight at the right hand of the reigning lord, if he rejoices the faithful 3 and if the awful Fravashis of the faithful are not hurt by him, if they are rejoiced by him, unharmed and unoffended. XXII. 64. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who are greater, who are 1 Keresaspa lies asleep in the plain of Pesyansai; "the glory (far) of heaven stands over him for the purpose that, when As-iDahak becomes unfettered, he may arise and slay him; and a myriad guardian spirits of the righteous are as a protection to him' (Bundahis XXIX, 8; tr. West). 3 Zaratust went near unto Hvov (Hvogvi, his wife) three times, and each time the seed went to the ground; the angel Neryosang received the brilliance and strength of that seed, delivered it with care to the angel Anahid, and in time will blend it with a mother' (Bundahis XXXII, 8). A maid, Eredat-fedhri, bathing in Lake Kasava, will conceive by that seed and bring forth the Saviour Saoshyant; his two fore-runners, Ukhshyal-ereta and Ukhshyat-nemah, will be born in the same way of Srutat-fedhri and Vanghu-fedhri (Yt. XIII, 141-142). 8 With alms. 02 Digitized by Google

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196 YASTS AND STROZAHS. stronger, who are swifter, who are more powerful, who are more victorious, who are more healing, who are more effective than can be expressed by words; who run by tens of thousands into the midst of the Myazdas. 65. And when the waters come up from the sea Vouru-Kasha, O Spitama Zarathustra ! along with the Glory made by Mazda!, then forwards come the awful Fravashis of the faithful, many and many hundreds, many and many thousands, many and many tens of thousands, 66. Seeking water for their own kindred, for their own borough, for their own town, for their own country, and saying thus : 'May our own country have a good store and full joy! 67. They fight in the battles that are fought in their own place and land, each according to the place and house where he dwelt (of yore) 2: they look like a gallant warrior who, girded up and watchful, fights for the hoard he has treasured up. 68. And those of them who win bring waters to their own kindred, to their own borough, to their own town, to their own country, saying thus : 'May my country grow and increase!' 69. And when the all-powerful sovereign of a country has been surprised by his foes and haters, he invokes them, the awful Fravashis of the faithful. 70. And they come to his help, if they have not been hurt by him, if they have been rejoiced by him, if they have not been harmed nor offended, the awful Fravashis of the faithful : they come flying unto him, it seems as if they were well-winged birds. 1 Cf. Yt. XIX, 56 seq.; VIII, 34. : Doubtful. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN VAST. 197 71. They come in as a weapon and as a shield, to keep him behind and to keep him in front, from the Drug unseen, from the female Varenya fiend, from the evil-doer bent on mischief, and from that fiend who is all death, Angra Mainyu. It will be as if there were a thousand men watching over one man 1; 72. So that neither the sword well-thrust, neither the club well-falling, nor the arrow well-shot, nor the spear well-darted, nor the stones flung from the arm shall destroy him. 73. They come on this side, they come on that side, never resting, the good, powerful, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, asking for help thus : *Who will praise us? Who will offer us a sacrifice ? Who will meditate upon us? Who will bless us ? Who will receive us with meat and clothes in his hand and with a prayer worthy of bliss ? Of which of us will the name be taken for invocation? Of which of you will the soul be worshipped by you with a sacrifice? To whom will that gift of ours be given, that he may have never-failing food for ever and ever??' 74. We worship the perception 3; we worship the intellect; we worship the conscience; we worship those of the Saoshyants 4; We worship the souls; those of the tame animals; those of the wild animals; those of the animals that live in the waters; those of the animals that live under the ground; those of the flying ones; those of the running ones; those of the grazing ones 6. Cf. Yt. I, 19. * Asnarazana (?). Cf. Yt. XIII, 1o. Cf. $ 50. * Cf. p. 165, note 1. Digitized by Google

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198 VASTS AND SIROZAHS. We worship their Fravashis 1. 75. We worship the Fravashis. We worship them, the liberal; We worship them, the valiant; we worship them, the most valiant; We worship them, the beneficent; we worship them, the most beneficent; We worship them, the powerful ; We worship them, the most strong ; We worship them, the light; we worship them, the most light; * We worship them, the effective; we worship them, the most effective. 76. They are the most effective amongst the creatures of the two Spirits, they the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, who stood holding fast when the two Spirits created the world, the Good Spirit and the Evil One 2. 77. When Angra Mainyu broke into the creation of the good holiness, then came in across Vohu Mano and Atar 3 78. They destroyed the malice of the fiend Angra Mainyu, so that the waters did not stop flowing nor did the plants stop growing; but at once the most beneficent waters of the creator and 1 There seems to be in this paragraph a distinction of five faculties of the soul, asna, mana, daena, urvan, fravashi. The usual classification, as given in this Yast, SS 149, and in later Parsism (Spiegel, Die traditionelle Literatur der Parsen, p. 172), is: ahu, spirit of life (?); daena, conscience; baodho, perception ; urvan, the soul; fravashi. ? The Fravashis, 'on war horses and spear in hand, were around the sky.... and no passage was found by the evil spirit, who rushed back' (Bund. VI, 3-4; tr. West). 8 Cf. Ormazd et Ahriman, $ 107. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN YAST. 199 ruler, Ahura Mazda, flowed forward and his plants went on growing. 79. We worship all the waters; We worship all the plants; We worship all the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful. We worship the waters by their names 1; We worship the plants by their names 2; We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful by their names. 80. Of all those ancient Fravashis, we worship the Fravashi of Ahura Mazda ; who is the greatest, the best, the fairest, the most solid, the wisest, the finest of body and supreme in holiness : ; 81. Whose soul is the Mathra Spenta, who is white, shining, seen afar; and we worship the beautiful forms, the active forms wherewith he clothes the Amesha-Spentas; we worship the swift-horsed sun. XXIII. 82. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the Amesha-Spentas, the bright ones, whose looks perform what they wish, the tall, quickly coming to do, strong, and lordly, who are undecaying and holy; 83. Who are all seven of one thought, who are all seven of one speech, who are all seven of one deed; whose thought is the same, whose speech is the same, whose deed is the same, whose father and That is to say, after their different kinds (described in Yasna XXXVIII, 3, 5 [7-9, 13-14]; LXVIII, 8 [LXVII, 15); and Bund. XXI). : After their kinds (Bund. XXVII). s Cf. Yasna I, 1. Digitized by Google

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200 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. commander is the same, namely, the Maker, Ahura Mazda; 84. Who see one another's soul thinking of good thoughts, thinking of good words, thinking of good deeds, thinking of Gard-nmana, and whose ways 1 are shining as they go down towards the libations. XXIV. 85. We worship the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis: that of the most rejoicing 8 fire, the beneficent and assembly-making ; and that of the holy, strong Sraosha ", who is the incarnate Word, a mighty-speared and lordly god; and that of Nairyo-sangha . 86. And that of Rashnu Razista ?; That of Mithra, the lord of wide pastures; That of the Mathra-Spenta o; That of the sky; That of the waters : That of the earth; That of the plants ; That of the Bull 10; That of the living man 11; That of the holy creation 12. 87. We worship the Fravashi of Gaya Maretan 13, 1 The Vedic devayana. Cf. Yt. XIX, 15, 17. 3 Urvazista. As a proper name Urvazista is the name of the fire in plants (Yasna XVII, 11 [65], and Bund. XVII, 1). * At the hearth and the altar. o See Yt. XI. See Vend. XXII, 7. ? See Yt. XII. 8 See Yt. X. * The Holy Word. 10 See Sirozah I, 12. 11 Of mankind; possibly, of Gaya (Maretan). 13 Doubtful. 13 The first man. On the myths of Gaya Maretan, see Ormazd et Ahriman, $$ 129-135. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN VAST. 201 who first listened unto the thought and teaching of Ahura Mazda; of whom Ahura formed the race of the Aryan nations, the seed of the Aryan nations. We worship the piety and the Fravashi of the holy Zarathustra ; 88. Who first thought what is good, who first spoke what is good, who first did what is good; who was the first Priest, the first Warrior, the first Plougher of the ground 1; who first knew and first taught; who first possessed 2 and first took possession of the Bull, of Holiness 4, of the Word, the obedience to the Word, and dominion, and all the good things made by Mazda, that are the offspring of the good Principle ; 89. Who was the first Priest, the first Warrior, the first Plougher of the ground; who first took the turning of the wheel 6 from the hands of the Daeva and of the cold-hearted man; who first in the material world pronounced the praise of Asha, thus bringing the Daevas to naught, and confessed himself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas, and obeys the laws of Ahura. 90. Who first in the material world said the word that destroys the Daevas, the law of Ahura; who first in the material world proclaimed the word that destroys the Daevas, the law of Ahura; who 1 As having established those three classes. His three earthly sons, Isal-vastra, Urvatat-nara, and Hvare-kithra ($ 98), were the chiefs of the three classes. Cf. Vend. Introd. III, 15, note 3. * Doubtful. Cf. Yasna XXIX, 8. * The divine Order, Asha. * The wheel of sovereignty (?); cf. Yt. X, 67; this expression smacks of Buddhism. Who first pronounced the Ashem Vohu; cf. Yt. XXI. Digitized by Google

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202 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. first in the material world declared all the creation of the Daevas unworthy of sacrifice and prayer; who was strong, giving all the good things of life, the first bearer of the Law amongst the nations; 91. In whom was heard the whole Mathra, the word of holiness; who was the lord and master of the world, the praiser of the most great, most good and most fair Asha 2; who had a revelation of the Law, that most excellent of all beings; 92. For whom the Amesha-Spentas longed, in one accord with the sun, in the fulness of faith of a devoted heart; they longed for him, as the lord and master of the world, as the praiser of the most great, most good, and most fair Asha, as having a revelation of the Law, that most excellent of all beings; 93. In whose birth and growth the waters and the plants rejoiced; in whose birth and growth the waters and the plants grew; in whose birth and growth all the creatures of the good creations cried out, Hail 3! 94. Hail to us! for he is born, the Athravan, Spitama Zarathustra. Zarathustra will offer us sacrifices with libations and bundles of baresma ; and there will the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda come and spread through all the seven Karshvares of the earth. 95. 'There will Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, increase all the excellences of our countries, and allay their troubles; there will the powerful ApamNapat 4 increase all the excellences of our countries, and allay their troubles.' * Material lord and spiritual master. * The reciter of the Ashem Vobu. 8 Cf. Vend. XIX, 46 [143]. * See Sirozah I, 9, note. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN YAST. 203 We worship the piety and Fravashi of Maidhyomaungha, the son of Arasti ?, who first listened unto the word and teaching of Zarathustra. XXV. 96. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Asmohvanvant 2; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Asanhvanvant. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gavayan. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Parshatgaus, the son of Frata ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohvasti, the son of Snaoya; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Isvat, the son of Varaza. 97. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Saena, the son of Ahum-stutt, who first appeared upon this earth with a hundred pupils 6. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fradhidaya. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Usmanara, the son of Paeshata. 1 Maidhyo-maungha was the cousin and first disciple of Zarathustra ; Zarathustra's father, Pourushaspa, and Arasti were brothers (Bund. XXXII, 3); cf. Yasna LI [L], 19. ? Cf. p. 33, note 2; Yt. XXII, 37. 8 Another Parsal-gaus is mentioned SS 126. * Possibly, the holy falcon, praiser of the lord;' thus the Law was brought to the Var of Yima by the bird Karsipta (Vend. II, 42), who recites the Avesta in the language of birds (Bund. XIX, 16): the Saena-bird (Simurgh) became in later literature a mythical incarnation of Supreme wisdom (see the Mantik uttair and Dabistan 1, 55). o Who was the first regular teacher, the first aethrapaiti. Digitized by Google

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204 YASTS AND STROZAHS. * We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohuraokah, the son of Franya; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashoraokah, the son of Franya; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Varesmoraokah, the son of Franya. 98. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Isatvastra, the son of Zarathustra ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Urvatatnara, the son of Zarathustra ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvarekithra, the son of Zarathustra ! We worship the Fravashi of the holy Daevotbis, the son of Takhma. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Thrimithwant, the son of Spitama?. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Daungha, the son of Zairita. 99. We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Vistaspa 3; the gallant one, who was the incarnate 1.By Zaratust were begotten three sons and three daughters; one son was Isadvastar, one Allrvatad-nar, and one Khurshedkihar; as Isadvastar was chief of the priests he became the Mobad of Mobads, and passed away in the hundredth year of the religion; Adrvatad-nar was an agriculturist, and the chief of the enclosure formed by Yim, which is below the earth (see Vend. II, 43 [141]); Khurshed-kihar was a warrior, commander of the army of Peshyotanu, son of Vistasp (see Yt. XXIV, 4), and dwells in Kangdes; and of the three daughters the name of one was Fren, of one Srit, and of one Porukist (see Yt. XIII, 139). Aurvatad-nar and Khurshed-kihar were from a serving (kakar) wife, the rest were from a privileged (padakhshah) wife' (Bund. XXXII, 5-6; tr. West). According to Anquetil,' the threefold seed of Spitama Zarathustra;' cf. above, $ 62. 8 The king of Bactra, the champion of Zoroastrism ; cf. Yt. V, 98, 108. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN VAST. 205 Word, the mighty-speared, and lordly one; who, driving the Drug I before him, sought wide room for the holy religion; who, driving the Drugi before him, made wide room for the holy religion, who made himself the arm and support of this law of Ahura, of this law of Zarathustra. 100. Who took her?, standing bound 3, from the hands of the Hunus 4, and established her to sit in the middle [of the world), high ruling, never falling back, holy, nourished with plenty of cattle and pastures, blessed with plenty of cattle and pastures * 101. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Zairivairi 5 ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Yukhtavairi; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Sriraokhshan; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Keresaokhshan; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vanara; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Varaza; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Bugisravah e; 1 Druga paurvanka, possibly, with the spear pushed forwards' (reading druka). * Daena, the religion. & Cf. Yt. II, 15. * A generic name of the people called elsewhere Varedhakas (Yt. IX, 31; XVII, 51) or Hvyaonas (ibid. and XIX, 87). The Hunus have been compared with the Hunni ; but it is not certain that this is a proper name; it may be a disparaging denomination, meaning the brood (hunu=Sansk, sunu; cf. Yt. X, 113). o Zarir, the brother of Vistaspa and son of Aurval-aspa (see Yt. V, 112). The ten following seem to be the names of the other sons of Aurval-aspa (Bund. XXXI, 29). Possibly the same with Pat-Khosrav, a brother to Vistaspa in the Yadkar-i Zariran, as Mr. West informs me. Digiized by Google

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206 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Berezyarsti; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Tizyarsti; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Perethuarsti; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vizyarsti. 102. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Naptya ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vazaspa ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Habaspa. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vistauru), the son of Naotara. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fras-hamvareta ? ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frashokareta. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Atarevanu; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Atarepata; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ataredata ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Atarekithra; i Gustahm, the son of Nodar ; see Yt. V, 76. Strangely enough, Tusa is not mentioned here, unless he is the same with one of the preceding names : possibly the words the son of Naotara' (Naotairyana) refer to all the four. 2 Possibly Frashidvardsgade (misspelt from a Pahlavi form Frasanvard fotorente (?); the Yadkar-i Zariran, as Mr.West informs me, has poderes tes and wgperetes). Frashidvard was a son of Gustasp: he was killed by one of Argasp's heroes and avenged by his brother Isfendyar (Spento-data). The following names would belong to his brothers : most of them contain the word Atar, in honour of the newly-adopted worship of fire. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN VAST. 207 We worship the Fravashi of the holy Atarehvarenah ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ataresavah; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Atarezantu; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ataredanghu. 103. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Huskyaothna; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Piskyaothna; We worship the Fravashi of the holy and gallant Spento-data 1 We worship the Fravashi of the holy Bastavairi 2; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Kavarazem 3 We worship the Fravashi' of the holy Frashaostra ", the son of Hvova ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gamaspa 5, the son of Hvova; 1 Isfendyar, the heroic son of Gastasp, killed by Rustem. ? In the Yadkar-i Zariran, according to Mr. West, Bastvar, the son of Zairivairi, whose death he avenges on his murderer Vidrafs. This makes Bastavairi identical with the Nastur gumns of Firdausi (read Bastur gums). Kavarazem is the Gurezm of later tradition (jv, the jealous brother of Isfendyar, whom he slandered to his father and caused to be thrown into prison'(Burhan qati'h). Firdausi (IV, 432) shnydm khh gshtsp r : has only that he was a relation to Gastasp sewings. See Etudes Iraniennes, II, 230. Who gave his daughter, Hvovi, in marriage to Zarathustra (Yasna L (XLIX], 4, 17). * See Yt. V, 68. Digitized by Google

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208 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Avaraostri? 104. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Huskyaothna, the son of Frashaostra ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvadaena, the son of Frashaostra. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hanghaurvaungh, the son of Gamaspa 2;. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vareshna, the son of Hanghaurvaungh. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohunemah, the son of Avaraostri, To withstand evil dreams, to withstand evil visions, to withstand evil ...., to withstand the evil Pairikas. 105. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Mathravaka, the son of Simaezi, the Aethrapati, the Hamidhpati4, who was able to smite down most of the evil, unfaithful Ashemaoghas, that shout the hymns 5, and acknowledge no lord and no master, the dreadful ones whose Fravashis are to be broken"; to withstand the evil done by the faithful 8. 1 Another brother to Frashaostra (?). 3 The son of Gamasp in the Shah Namah is called Girami and Garamik-kard in the Yadkar-i Zariran. 8? Aoiwra. * Aethrapati, in Parsi herbad, a priest,' whose special function is to teach ; his pupils were called aethrya. Aethrapati meant literally the master of the hearth' (cf. herkodah, fire-temple). Hamidhpati is literally the master of the sacrificial log.' o Doubtful. & No temporal lord (ahu) and no spiritual master (ratu). Doubtful (avaskasta-fravashinam). & The evil done by Zoroastrians. This Mathravaka (Proclaimer Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN VAST. 209 106. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashastu, the son of Maidhyo-maungha? We worship the Fravashi of the holy Avarethrabah, the son of Rastare-vaghant. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Bagra, the son of Dazgaraspa. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Zbaurvant; We worship the Fravashi of the holy and gallant Karesna ?, the son of Zbaurvant; who was the incarnate Word, mighty-speared and lordly; 107. In whose house did walk the good, beautiful, shining Ashi Vanguhi, in the shape of a maid fair of body, most strong, tall-formed, high-up girded, pure, nobly born of a glorious seeds; who, rushing to the battle, knew how to make room for himself with his own arms; who, rushing to the battle, knew how to fight the foe with his own arms. 108. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vfraspa, the son of Karesna; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Azata, the son of Karesna: We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frayaodha, the son of Karesna. We worship the Fravashi of the holy and good Arshya; Arshya, the chief in assemblies, the most energetic of the worshippers of Mazda. of the Holy Word') was apparently a great doctor and confounder of heresies. 1 See above, $ 95. * Possibly the eponym of that great Karen family, which played so great a part in the history of the Sassanian times, and traced its origin to the time of Gastasp (Noeldeke, Geschichte der Perser zur Zeit der Sasaniden, p. 437). .: Cf. Yt. V, 64. * Cf. Yt. XIII, 99. [23] Digitized by Google

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210 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Darayatratha ; We worship the. Fravashi of the holy Frayatratha ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Skarayatratha. 109. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Arsvant ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vyarsvant; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Paityarsvant. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Amru'; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Kamru? We worship the Fravashi of the holy Dratha ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Paitidratha; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Paitivangha. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frashavakhsha. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Nemo vanghu, the son of Vaedhayangha. 110. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Visadha. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashavanghu, the son of Bivandangha 2; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Garo danghu, the son of Pairistira 2; 1 Amru and Kamru are apparently the two mythical birds mentioned above under the names of Sin-amru (the Amru-falcon) and Kamros (p. 173, note 1). * Mr.West compares Ashavanghu, the son of Bivandangha, and Garddanghu, the son of Pairistira, with the two high-priests of the Karshvares of Arezahi and Savahi, whose names are, in the Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN YAST. 211 We worship the Fravashi of the holy Neremyazdana, the son of Athwyoza. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Berezisnu, the son of Ara; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Kasupatu, the son of Ara. We worship the Frayashi of the holy Frya. We worship the Fravashi of the holy AstvatERETA. XXVI. I11. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gaopivanghu. We worship the Fravashi of the holy and gallant Ham-baretar vanghvam ?. We worship the Fravashi of the holy StaotarVahistahe-Ashyehe 3. . We worship the Fravashi of the holy Pourudhakhsti, the son of Khstavaenya; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Khshoiwraspa, the son of Khstavaenya. 112. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ayoasti, the son of Pouru-dhakhsti * ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohv-asti, the son of Pouru-dhakhsti; - Bundahis, Ashashagahad-e Hvandkan and Hoazarodathhri-e Parestyard (Bund. XXIX, 1, notes 4 and 5). ? Saoshyant; cf. $$ 117, 128. Possibly, 'the holy Ham-baretar vanghvam, the son of Takhma.' His name means, 'the gatherer of good things.' * This name means, the praiser of excellent holiness' (the reciter of the Ashem Voha). * See preceding paragraph. P 2 Digitized by Google

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2 12 YASTS AND STROZAHS. 1: We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gayadhasti, the son of Pouru-dhakhsti; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Asha-vazdah, the son of Pouru-dhakhsti ? ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Uradhu, the son of Pouru-dhakhsti. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Khshathrokinah, the son of Khshvoiwraspao. 113. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashahura, the son of Gisti. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frayazanta ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frenah, the son of Frayazanta ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Garovanghu, the son of Frayazanta. We worship the Fravashis of the holy Ashavazdah and Thrita, the sons of Sayuzdri 3. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohuraokah, the son of Varakasa. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Areganghant, the Turanian". We worship the Fravashi of the holy Usinemah. 114. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Yukhtaspa. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashaskyaothna, the son of Gayadhasti 6. 1 One of the seven immortals, rulers in Hvaniratha; cf. Yt. V, 72, text and notes, and Yt. XIII, 120, 124. 9 See preceding paragraph. 8 See Yt. V, 72. The text has the Fravashi ;' cf. Yt. V, 116, note, and Yt. XIII, 115. * Cf. Yt. XIII, 143. Possibly, the son of Tura. 0 Cf. $ 112. Digitized by Google

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. FARVARDIN YAST. 213 We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohunemah, the son of Katu; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohuvazdah, the son of Katu. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashasaredha, the son of Asha-sairyak ; We worship the Frayashi of the holy Ashasaredha, the son of Zairyak. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Kakhshni. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Syavaspi. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Pourusti, the son of Kavi. 115. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Varesmapa, the son of Ganara. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Nanarasti, the son of Paeshatah; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Zarazdati, the son of Paeshatah. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gaevani, the son of Vohu-nemah ?. We worship the Fravashis of the holy Arezva and Srata-spadha. We worship the Fravashisa of the holy Zrayah and Spento-khratu. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Varsni, the son of Vagereza. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frakya, the son of Taurvati. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vahmaedata, the son of Mathravaka 3. 1 There are two men of this name; one is the son of Katu ($ 114), the other is the son of Avaraostri ($ 104). 9 The text has 'the Fravashi ;' cf. preceding page, note 3. & See $ 105. Digiized by Google

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214 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ustra, the son of Sadhanah. 116. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Danghu-sruta; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Danghufradhah. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aspopadho-makhsti; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Payanghromakhsti. We worship the Frayashi of the holy Ustazanta. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashasavah; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashourvatha. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Haomohvarenah. 117. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frava. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Usnaka. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvanvant. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Daeno. vazah. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aregaona. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aiwi. hvarenah. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Huyazata. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Haredhaspa. We worship the Frayashi of the holy Pazinah. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvakhshathra. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ashopaoirya. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN YAST. 215 . We worship the Fravashi of the holy AstvatERETA 1. XXVII. 118. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hugau. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Anghuyu. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gauri; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Yasta, the son of Gauri. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Mazdravanghu; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Srira- vanghu. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ayllta. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Sdroyazata. 119. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Eredhwa. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Kavi. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ukhshan, the son of the great Vidi-sravah, known afar? We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vanghudhata, the son of Hvadhata ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Uzya, the son of Vanghu-dhata ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frya. I 20. We worship the Fravashi of the holy one whose name is Ashem-yenhe-raokau; We worship the Fravashi of the holy one whose name is Ashem-yenhe-vereza ; 1 Saoshyant; cf. $$ 110, 128. 3 Perhaps, Ukhshan, the conqueror of glory, known afar, son of Berezvant. Digitized by Google

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216 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. We worship the Fravashi of the holy one whose name is Ashem-yahmai-usta 1. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Yoista?, of the Fryana house. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Usmanara, the son of Paeshatah Paitisrira 3, to withstand the evil done by one's kindred 121. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Spiti", the son of Uspasnu; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Erezraspa, the son of Uspasnu . We worship the Fravashi of the holy Usadhan, the son of Mazdayasna. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fradatvanghu, the son of Stivant. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Raokaskaeshman"; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvarekaeshman? We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frasrdtara ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Visrutara. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Baremna. 1 One of the immortals, rulers in Hvaniratha: he is said to belong to the Fryana family (Dadistan XC, 3); he resides in the district of the river Naivtak (Bund. XXIX, 5). 2 See Yt. V, 81. 8 Paitisrira is perhaps an epithet (most beautiful?), added to distinguish Paeshatah from the hero mentioned in $ 115. * An allusion to some legend of domestic feud of which Paeshatah was the hero. The high-priest of the Fradadhafshu Karshvare (Spitoid-i Adsposinan; Bund. XXIX, 1; tr. West, note 6). 6 The high-priest of the Vidadhafshu Karshvare (Airiz-rasp A dsposinan; see ibid., note 7). ? Cf. SS 128. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN YAST. 217 We worship the Fravashi of the holy Visruta. 122. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvaspal; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Kathwaraspa. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Dawramaeshi. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fraoraostra, the son of Kaosha. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frinaspa, the son of Kaeva. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fradatnara, the son of Gravaratu. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohuustra, the son of Akhnangha. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vivareshvant, the son of Ainyu. 123. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frarazi, the son of Tura 3. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Stipi, the son of Ravant. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Parshanta, the son of Gandarewa. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Avahya, the son of Spenta. : We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aeta, the son of Mayu; ? Probably the same with Huvasp, the high-priest in the Vourubaresti Karshvare (Bund. XXIX, 1; tr. West, note 8). Possibly the same with the high-priest in the Vouru-garesti karshvare, Kakhravak (ibid., note 9). Kakhravak is the generic name of the bird Karshipta (Pahl. Comm. ad II, 42 [139]); it must stand here by mistake for Kaharasp. s Or, 'the Turanian ;' cf. $ 113. Digitized by Google

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218 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Yaetusgau, the son of Vyatana. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Garsta, the son of Kavi. 124. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Pouru-bangha, the son of Zaosha. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohudata, the son of Kata. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Baungha, the son of Saungha. We worship the Fravashis? of the holy Hvareza and Ankasa. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aravaostra, the son of Erezvat-danghu. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frakithra, the son of Berezvant. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vohuperesa, the son of Ainyu. 125. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Parodasma, the son of Dastaghni, a Miza man of the Miza land. We worship the Fravashis of the holy Fratira and Baeshatastira. We worship the Frayashi of the holy and pure Avare-gau, the son of Aoighimatastira. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gaomant, the son of Zavan, a Raozdya man of the Raozdya land. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Thrit, the son of Aevo-saredha-fyaesta, a Tanya man of the Tanya land. 1 The text has the Fravashi;' cf. $$ 113, 127. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN YAST. 219 126. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Tironakathwa, of the Uspaesta-Saena house? We worship the Fravashi of the holy Utayuti Vit-kavi, the son of Zighri, of the Saena house ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Frohakafra, the son of Merezishmya, of the Saena house 1 We worship the Fravashi of the holy Varesmoraokah, the son of Perethu-afzem. 127. We worship the Fravashis % of the holy Asha-nemah and Vidat-gau, of this country. We worship the Fravashisa of the holy Parshat-gau and Dazgara-gau, of the Apakhshira country. We worship the Frayashi of the holy Hufravakhs, of the Kahrkana house We worship the Fravashi of the holy Akayadha, of the Pidha house 1. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Gamaspa, the younger 3. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Maidhyomaungha, the younger 4 We worship the Fravashi of the holy Urvatatnara, the younger. 128. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Raokas-kaesman ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvarekaesman; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fradathvarenah; 1 See Etudes Iraniennes, II, 142. * The text has 'the Fravashi ;' cf. $ 113. * Different from Gamaspa, the son of Hvova (SS 103). 4 Different from Maidhyo-maungha, the son of Arasti ($ 95). 5 Different from Urvatat-nara, the son of Zarathustra ($ 98). Digitized by Google

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2 20 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Varedathvarenah ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vourunemah; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vourusavah?; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ukhshyatereta 2; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ukhshyatnemah 3; We worship the Fravashi of the holy ASTVATERETA 4; XXVIII. 129. Whose name will be the victorious SAOSHYANT and whose name will be Astvat-ereta. He will be SAOSHYANT (the Beneficent One), because he will benefit the whole bodily world; he will be ASTVAT-ERETA (he who makes the bodily creatures 1 The six foremost helpers of Saoshyant, each in one of the six Karshvares : It is said that in the fifty-seven years, which are the period of the raising of the dead, Roshano-kashm in Arzah, Khurkashm in Savah, Fradad-gadman (Fradat-hvareno, Increaser of Glory) in Fradadafsh, Varedad-gadman (Varedat-hvarenO, Multiplier of Glory) in Vidadafsh, Kamak-vakhshisn (Vouru-nemo, Prayer-loving) in Vorubarst, and Kamak-sud (Vouru-savo, Weal-loving) in Vorugarst, while Soshans in the illustrious and pure Khvaniras is connected with them, are immortal. The completely good sense, perfect hearing, and full glory of those seven producers of the renovation are so miraculous that they converse from region unto region, every one together with the six others' (Dadistan XXXVI, 5-6; tr. West). The first brother and forerunner to Saoshyant, the Oshedar mah of later tradition (see above, p. 196, note 2; cf. SS 141, note). $ The second brother and forerunner to Saoshyant, the Oshedar bami of later tradition (ibid. ; cf. $ 142, note). * Saoshyant; cf. following paragraph and $$ 110, 117. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN VAST. 221 rise up), because as a bodily creature and as a living creature he will stand against the destruction of the bodily creatures, to withstand the Drug of the twofooted brood, to withstand the evil done by the faithful 1. XXIX. 130. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Yima?, the son of Vivanghant; the valiant Yima, who had flocks at his wisho; to stand against the oppression caused by the Daevas, against the drought that destroys pastures, and against death that creeps unseen 131. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Thraetaona, of the Athwya house"; to stand against itch, hot fever, humours, cold fever, and incontinency, to stand against the evil done by the Serpent? We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aoshnara, the son of Pouru-gira 8. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Uzava, the son of Tamaspao 1 He will suppress both the destructive power of the men of the Drug (idolaters and the like) and the errors of Mazdayasnians (?). * See above, p. 25, note 4. & Vouru-vathwa; cf. Etudes Iraniennes, II, 182. * As he made waters and trees undrying, cattle and men undying. * See above, p. 61, note 1. & As the inventor of medicine; see Vend. XX, Introd. ? Disease, being a poison, comes from the Serpent ; see ibid. * Or * Aoshnara, full of wisdom ;' cf. Yt. XXIII, 2, and West, Pahlavi Texts, II, 171, note 3. . Called in the Shah Namah Zab, son of Tahmasp, who appears to have been a son of Nodar (Bund. XXXI, 23). Digitized by Google

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222 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Aghraeratha, the demi-man". We worship the Fravashi of the holy Manuskithra, the son of Airyu?. 132. We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Kavata 3; We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Aipivanghu"; We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Usadhano; We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Arshan; We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Pisanaho; We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Byarshano; We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Syavarshane; We worship the Fravashi of the holy king Husravah; 133. For the well-shapened Strength?, for the Victory made by Ahura, for the crushing Ascendant; for the righteousness of the law, for the innocence of 1 See above, p. 114, note 7 (Yt. IX, 18). * Airyu, the youngest of the three sons of Thraetaona (see p. 61, note 1), was killed by his brothers and avenged by his son Manuskithra, who succeeded Thraetaona. * Kavata, Kai Qobad in the Shah Namah, an adoptive son to Uzava, according to Bund. XXXI, 24. 4 Kai-Apiveh in the Bundahis; he was the son of Kai Qobad. o Usadhan, Arshan, Pisanah, and Byarshan were the four sons of Aipivanghu; they are called in Firdausi Kai Kaus, Kai Arish, Kai Pashin, and Kai Armin. Kai Kaus alone came to the throne. Syavakhsh and Khosrav; see above, p. 64, note 1. .? To become possessed of Strength, Victory, &c., as Husravah did. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN YAST. 223 the law, for the unconquerable power of the law; for the extermination of the enemies at one stroke; 134. And for the vigour of health, for the Glory made by Mazda, for the health of the body, and for a good, virtuous offspring, wise, chief in assemblies, bright, and clear-eyed, that frees [their father] from the pangs [of hell], of good intellect; and for that part in the blessed world that falls to wisdom and to those who do not follow impiety; 135. For a dominion full of splendour, for a long, long life, and for all boons and remedies; to withstand the Yatus and Pairikas, the oppressors, the blind, and the deaf; to withstand the evil done by oppressors? 136. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Keresaspa ?, the Sama 3, the club-bearer with plaited hair; to withstand the dreadful arm and the hordes with the wide battle array, with the many spears, with the straight spears, with the spears uplifted, bearing the spears of havoc; to withstand the dreadful brigand who works destruction, the man-slayer who has no mercy; to withstand the evil done by the brigand. 137. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Akhrura", the son of Husravah; To withstand the wicked one that deceives his friend and the niggard that causes the destruction of the world. * Like Frangrasyan; cf. p. 64, note 1. : See Yt. V, 37; XV, 27; XIX, 38. 3 Belonging to the Sama family (Yasna IX, 10). * Like the nine highwaymen killed by Keresaspa, Yt. XIX, 41. Not mentioned in the Shah Namah; Khosrav was succeeded by a distant relation, Lohrasp. An allusion to the lost legend of Akhrura ; see, however, West, Pahlavi Texts, II, 375. Digitized by Google

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224 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. We worship the Fravashi of the holy and gallant Haoshyangha; To withstand the Mazainya Daevas and the Varenya fiends; to withstand the evil done by the Daevas 1. 138. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Fradhakhsti, the son of the jar, To withstand Aeshma, the fiend of the wounding spear, and the Daevas that grow through Aeshma; to withstand the evil done by Aeshma. xxx. 139. We worship the Fravashi of the holy HVovi 3. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Freni; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Thriti ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Pourukista 4. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hutaosa 8 ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Huma We worship the Fravashi of the holy Zairiki. * See Yt. V, 21-23. Khumbya, one of the immortals in Hvaniratha; he resides in the Pesgansai plain : "he is Hvembya for this reason, because they brought him up in a hvemb (jar) for fear of Khashm' (Bund. XXIX, 5). He answers pretty well to the Agastya and Vasishtha of the Vedic legend (see Ormazd et Ahriman, $ 177). 8 One of the three wives of Zarathustra, the daughter of Frashaostra; she is the supposed mother of Saoshyant and his brothers (see p. 195, note 2). * The three daughters of Zarathustra and sisters to Isadvastar (see p. 204, note 1). o Vistaspa's wife; see Yt. IX, 26, and XVII, 46. * Vistaspa's daughter, Humai, in the Shah Namah. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN VAST. 225 We worship the Fravashi of the holy Vispataurvashi. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ustavaiti. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Tusna maiti. 140. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Freni, the wife of Usenemah?; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Freni, the wife of the son of Frayazanta" ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Freni, the wife of the son of Khshoiwraspa 3 ; We worship the Fravashi of the holy Freni, the wife of Gayadhasti 4. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Asabani, the wife of Pourudhakhsti 6. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Ukhshyeinti, the wife of Staotar-Vahistahe-Ashyehe 6. 141. We worship the Fravashi of the holy maid Vadhat. We worship the Fravashi of the holy maid Gaghrudh. We worship the Fravashi of the holy maid Franghadh. We worship the Fravashi of the holy maid Urddhayant. We worship the Fravashi of the holy maid Paesanghanu. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hvaredhi. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Hukithra. We worship the Fravashi of the holy Kanuka. 1 See $ 113. Of Frenah or Garo-vanghu, SS 113. 8 Of Khshathro-kinah, $112. * See $112. See S111. 6 Ibid. [23] e Digitized by Google

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226 YASTS AND STROZAHS. We worship the Fravashi of the holy maid Srutat-fedhri 1. 142. We worship the Fravashi of the holy maid Vanghu-fedhria; We worship the Fravashi of the holy maid Eredat-fedhri', who is called Vispa-taurvairi. She is Vispa-taurvairi (the all-destroying) because she will bring him forth, who will destroy the malice of Daevas and men, to withstand the evil done by the Gahi 4. 143. We worship the Fravashis of the holy men in the Aryan countries; We worship the Fravashis of the holy women in the Aryan countries. We worship the Fravashis of the holy men in the Turanian countries 5; We worship the Fravashis of the holy women in the Turanian countries. We worship the Fravashis of the holy men in the Sairimyan countries R; A 1 Ukhshyat-ereta's mother (see above, $ 126); the Saddar Bundahis (Etudes Iraniennes, II, 209) calls her Bad, from the last part of her name (fedhri for padhri), and states that, bathing in Lake Kasava, she will become pregnant from the seed of Zarathustra, that is preserved there (see above, p. 195, note 2), and she will bring forth a son, Oshedar bami. * Ukhshyal-nemah's mother, called Vah Bad in the Saddar; she will conceive in the same way as Srutat-fedhri. 8 Saoshyant's mother. * Cf. Vend. XIX, 5, and Introd. IV, 39-40. 5 Gogosasp (a commentator to the Avesta) says, "There are holy men in all religions, as appears from the words tuiryanam dahvyuna m [We worship the Fravashis of the holy men in the Turanian countries],' (Pahl. Comm. ad Vend. III, end; and Vend. V, 38 [122]); cf. above, $$ 113, 123. * The countries inherited by Sairima (Selm), the third son of Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN VAST. 227 We worship the Fravashis of the holy women in the Sairimyan countries. 144. We worship the Fravashis of the holy men in the Saini countries 1; We worship the Fravashis of the holy women in the Saini countries. We worship the Fravashis of the holy men in the Dahi countries 2; We worship the Fravashis of the holy women in the Dahi countries. We worship the Fravashis of the holy men in all countries; We worship the Fravashis of the holy women in all countries. 145. We worship all the good, awful, beneficent Fravashis of the faithful, from Gaya Maretan down to the victorious Saoshyants. May the Fravashis of the faithful come quickly to us! May they come to our help! 146. They protect us when in distress with manifest assistance, with the assistance of Ahura Mazda and of the holy, powerful Sraosha, and with the Mathra-Spenta, the all-knowing, who hates the Daevas with a mighty hate, a friend of Ahura Mazda, whom Zarathustra worshipped so greatly in the material world. 147. May the good waters and the plants and Thraetaona, as Turan and Iran were inherited by Tura and Airyu. Selm's heritage was Ram, that is to say, Europa and Western Asia. 1 China (Bund. XV, 29). * Perhaps the Dahae (Pliny VI, 17; Aeneis VIII, 728) or Adai (Strabo), called Ta-hia by Chinese geographers, on the south of the Oxus. s From the first man to the last. Q2 Digitized by Google

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228 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. the Fravashis of the faithful abide down here! May you be rejoiced and well received in this house ! Here are the Athravans of the countries?, thinking of good holiness. Our hands are lifted up for asking help, and for offering a sacrifice unto you, O most beneficent Fravashis! 148. We worship the Fravashis of all the holy men and holy women whose souls are worthy of sacrifice ?, whose Fravashis are worthy of invocation. We worship the Fravashis of all the holy men and holy women, our sacrificing to whom makes us good in the eyes of Ahura Mazda : of all of those we have heard that Zarathustra is the first and best, as a follower of Ahura and as a performer of the law. 149. We worship the spirit, conscience, perception, soul, and Fravashi 3 of men of the primitive law", of the first who listened to the teaching (of Ahura), holy men and holy women, who struggled for holiness 0; we worship the spirit, conscience, perception, soul, and Fravashi of our next-of-kin, holy men and holy women, who struggled for holiness 150. We worship the men of the primitive law who will be in these houses, boroughs, towns, and countries; We worship the men of the primitive law who have been in these houses, boroughs, towns, and countries; We worship the men of the primitive law who are in these houses, boroughs, towns, and countries. 151. We worship the men of the primitive law i Itinerant priests are received here. 2 Doubtful. 3 Cf. p. 198, note 1. * The Paoiryo-tkaesas; see p. 180, note 1. * For the triumph of the Zoroastrian law. Digitized by Google

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FARVARDIN YAST. 229 in all houses, boroughs, towns, and countries, who obtained these houses, who obtained these boroughs, who obtained these towns, who obtained these countries, who obtained holiness, who obtained the Mathra, who obtained the [blessedness of the) soul, who obtained all the perfections of goodness. 152. We worship Zarathustra, the lord and master of all the material world, the man of the primitive law; the wisest of all beings, the bestruling of all beings, the brightest of all beings, the most glorious of all beings, the most worthy of sacrifice amongst all beings, the most worthy of prayer amongst all beings, the most worthy of propitiation amongst all beings, the most worthy of glorification amongst all beings, whom we call well-desired and worthy of sacrifice and prayer as much as any being can be, in the perfection of his holiness. 153. We worship this earth; We worship those heavens; We worship those good things that stand between (the earth and the heavens) and that are worthy of sacrifice and prayer and are to be worshipped by the faithful man. 154. We worship the souls of the wild beasts and of the tamel. We worship the souls of the holy men and women, born at any time, whose consciences struggle, or will struggle, or have struggled, for the good. Daitika, Persian us; Neriosengh has that go by herds,' pankti karin. Aidyu; the Pahlavi translation has ayyar, that are of help' (domesticated?); Neriosengh has misread it as suvar and translated acvacarin. The expression daitika aidyu answers to the Persian pls, ss, meaning all sorts of animals (see Etudes Iraniennes, II, 150). Digiized by Google

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2 30 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 155. We worship the spirit, conscience, perception, soul, and Fravashi of the holy men and holy women who struggle, will struggle, or have struggled, and teach the Law, and who have struggled for holiness. Yenhe hatam: All those beings to whom Ahura Mazda .... Yatha a hu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... 156. The Fravashis of the faithful, awful and overpowering, awful and victorious; the Fravashis of the men of the primitive law; the Fravashis of the next-of-kin; may these Fravashis come satisfied into this house; may they walk satisfied through this house! 157. May they, being satisfied, bless this house with the presence of the kind Ashi Vanguhi! May they leave this house satisfied! May they carry back from here hymns and worship to the Maker, Ahura Mazda, and the Amesha-Spentas ! May they not leave this house of us, the worshippers of Mazda, complaining ! 158. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of the awful, overpowering Fravashis of the faithful; of the Fravashis of the men of the primitive law; of the Fravashis of the next-of-kin. Ashem Vohd: Holiness is the best of all good .... [Give] unto that man' brightness and glory, .... give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones. Who shall worship the Fravashis. Digiized by Google

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BAHRAM YAST. 231 231 XIV. BAHRAM YAST. Regarding Bahram (Verethraghna), the Genius of Victory, see Vend. Introd. V, 8. This Yast can be divided into four parts : I (S$ 1-28) An enumeration of the ten incarnations in which Verethraghna appeared to Zarathustra (as a wind, SS 2; as a bull, $ 7; as a horse, $ 9; as a camel, $ 11; as a boar, $ 15; as a youth, $ 17; as a raven, $ 19; as a ram, $ 23; as a buck, $ 25; and as a man, SS 27). II ($$ 30-33). The powers given by Verethraghna to his worshipper, Zarathustra. III ($$ 34-46). The magical powers, ascribed to the raven's feather, of striking terror into an army and dispersing it (the raven being the seventh incarnation of Verethraghna). IV (S$ 47-64). The glorification of Verethraghna. o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced!.... Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura ; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto [Havani], the holy and master of holiness .... Unto Verethraghna, made by Mazda, and unto the crushing Ascendant'; Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... I. 1. We sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura. Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda : 'Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! i Sirozah I, 20. Digitized by Google

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232 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. Who is the best-armed of the heavenly gods?' Ahura Mazda answered: 'It is Verethraghna, made by Ahura, O Spitama Zarathustra!' 2. Verethraghna, made by Ahura, came to him first, running in the shape of a strong, beautiful wind, made by Mazda; he bore the good Glory, made by Mazda, the Glory made by Mazda, that is both health and strength. 3. Then he, who is the strongest', said unto him?: I am the strongest in strength; I am the most victorious in victory; I am the most glorious in Glory; I am the most favouring in favour; I am the best giver of welfare ; I am the best-healing in healthgiving. 4. And I shall destroy the malice of all the malicious, the malice of Daevas and men, of the Yatus and Pairikas, of the oppressors, the blind, and the deaf. 5. 'For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard; namely, unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura. We worship Verethraghna, made by Ahura, with an offering of libations, according to the primitive ordinances of Ahura ; with the Haoma and meat, the baresma, the wisdom of the tongue, the holy spells, the speech, the deeds, the libations, and the rightlyspoken words. *Yenhe hatam: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda .... II. 6. "We sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura.' Verethraghna. 2 Zarathustra. Digitized by Google

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BAHRAM YAST. 233 Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda : 'Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! Who is the best-armed of the heavenly gods ?' Ahura Mazda answered: 'It is Verethraghna, made by Ahura, O Spitama Zarathustra!' 7. Verethraghna, made by Ahura, came to him the second time, running in the shape of a beautiful bull, with yellow ears and golden horns; upon whose horns floated the well-shapen Strength, and Victory, beautiful of form, made by Ahura : thus did he come, bearing the good Glory, made by Mazda, the Glory made by Mazda, that is both health and strength. Then he, who is the strongest, said unto him: 'I am the strongest in strength ...., And I shall destroy the malice of all malicious....2 For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard ....' III. . 8. We sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura. Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda : 'Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! Who is the best-armed of the heavenly gods ?' Ahura Mazda answered: "It is Verethraghna, made by Ahura, O Spitama Zarathustra ! 9. Verethraghna, made by Ahura, came to him the third time, running in the shape of a white, beautiful horse, with yellow ears and a golden caparison; upon whose forehead floated the well-shapen Strength, ? As above, $ 3. ? As above, $ 4. As above, $ 5. Digitized by Google

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234 YASTS AND STROZahs. and Victory, beautiful of form, made by Ahura: thus did he come, bearing the good Glory, made by Mazda, that is both health and strength. Then he, who is the strongest, said unto him : 'I am the strongest in strength .... 'And I shall destroy the malice of all malicious ....' For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... IV. 10. We sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura. Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda: 'Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! Who is the best-armed of the heavenly gods ?' Ahura Mazda answered: 'It is Verethraghna, made by Ahura, O Spitama Zarathustra!' 11. Verethraghna, made by Ahura, came to him the fourth time, running in the shape of a burdenbearingi camel, sharp-toothed?, swift.... 3, stamping forwards, long-haired, and living in the abodes of men 4; 12. Who of all males in rut shows greatest strength and greatest fire, when he goes to his females. Of all females those are best kept whom a burdenbearing camel keeps, who has thick forelegs and large humps, . ...", quick-eyed, long-headed, bright, tall, and strong; 13. Whose piercing look goes afar ....', even in the dark of the night; who throws white foam 1 Doubtful (vadharois). 8? Urvato; cf. SS 19. 0? Smarsno. ? Doubtful (dadasois). 4 Tame, domesticated. 6 ? Haita he. Digitized by Google

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BAHRAM YAST. 235 along his mouth; well-kneed, well-footed, standing with the countenance of an all-powerful master : Thus did Verethraghna come, bearing the good Glory made by Mazda, the Glory made by Mazda .... 14. We sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura. Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda: 'Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! 'Who is the best-armed of the heavenly gods ?' Ahura Mazda answered: 'It is Verethraghna, made by Ahura, O Spitama Zarathustra !' 15. Verethraghna, made by Ahura, came to him the fifth time, running in the shape of a boar, opposing the foes, a sharp-toothed he-boar, a sharp-jawed boar, that kills at one stroke, pursuing, wrathful, with a dripping facel, strong, and swift to run, and rushing all around 2. Thus did Verethraghna come, bearing the good Glory made by Mazda, the Glory made by Mazda .... VI. 16. We sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura. Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda : "Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! Who is the best-armed of the heavenly gods ?' Ahura Mazda answered: 'It is Verethraghna, made by Ahura, 0 Spitama Zarathustra !' 1 Cf. Yt. X, 70. ? Or better, rushing before. Cf. Yt. X, 127. Digiized by Google

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236 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 17. Verethraghna,' made by Ahura, came to him the sixth time, running in the shape of a beautiful youth of fifteen, shining, clear-eyed, thin-heeled. Thus did Verethraghna come, bearing the good Glory made by Mazda, the Glory made by Mazda .... VII. 18. We sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura. Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda : 'Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! Who is the best-armed of the heavenly gods ?' Ahura Mazda answered: 'It is Verethraghna, made by Ahura, O Spitama Zarathustra !' 19. Verethraghna, made by Ahura, came to him the seventh time, running in the shape of a raven that .... 1 below and ....1 above, and that is the swiftest of all birds, the lightest of the flying creatures. 20. He alone of living things,- he or none, overtakes the flight of an arrow, however well it has been shot. He flies up joyfully at the first break of dawn, wishing the night to be no more, wishing the dawn, that has not yet come, to come. 21. He grazes the hidden ways of the mountains, he grazes the tops of the mountains, he grazes the depths of the vales, he grazes the summits" of the trees, listening to the voices of the birds. ? Urvato, pishato. * The raven was sacred to Apollo. The priests of the sun in Persia are said to have been named ravens (Porphyrius). Cf. Georgica I, 45. 3 Reading vigataro. * Doubtful. Digitized by Google

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BAHRAM YAST. 237 Thus did Verethraghna come, bearing the good Glory made by Mazda', the Glory made by Mazda .... . VIII. 22. We sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura. Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda : "Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! Who is the best-armed of the heavenly gods?' Ahura Mazda answered: 'It is Verethraghna, made by Ahura, O Spitama Zarathustra!' 23. Verethraghna, made by Ahura, came to him the eighth time, running in the shape of a wild, beautiful ram, with horns bent round? Thus did Verethraghna come, bearing the good Glory made by Mazda 3, the Glory made by Mazda .... IX. 24. We sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura. Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda : 'Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! Who is the best-armed of the heavenly gods ?' Ahura Mazda answered: 'It is Verethraghna, made by Ahura, O Spitama Zarathustra !' 1 The royal Glory is described Aying in the shape of a raven, Yt. XIX, 35. % Doubtful. 8 While Ardashir, the founder of the Sasanian dynasty, was flying from Ardavan, a beautiful wild ram ran after him and overtook him, and Ardavan understood from this that the kingly Glory had left him and had passed over to his rival (Shah Namah, Ardashir; Kar Namaki Artachshir, tr. Noeldeke, p. 45). Digitized by Google

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238 YASTS AND SiROZAHS. 25. Verethraghna, made by Ahura, came to him the ninth time, running in the shape of a beautiful, fighting buck, with sharp horns. Thus did Verethraghna come, bearing the good Glory made by Mazda, the Glory made by Mazda .... X. 26. We sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura. Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda : 'Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! "Who is the best-armed of the heavenly gods?' Ahura Mazda answered : 'It is Verethraghna, made by Ahura, O Spitama Zarathustra!' 27. Verethraghna, made by Ahura, came to him the tenth time, running in the shape of a man, bright and beautiful, made by Mazda: he held a sword with a golden blade, inlaid with all sorts of ornaments. Thus did Verethraghna come, bearing the good Glory made by Mazda, the Glory made by Mazda .... XI. 28. We sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura, who makes virility, who makes death, who makes resurrection, who possesses peace, who has a free way. Unto him did the holy Zarathustra offer up a sacrifice, asking] for victorious thinking, victorious speaking, victorious doing, victorious addressing, and victorious answering. 29. Verethraghna, made by Ahura, gave him the Digitized by Google

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BAHRAM YAST. . 239 fountains of manliness?, the strength of the arms, the health of the whole body, the sturdiness of the whole body, and the eye-sight of the Kara fish ?, that lives beneath the waters and can measures a rippling of the water, not thicker than a hair, in the Rangha whose ends lie afar, whose depth is a thousand times the height of a man 4. For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XII. 30. We sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura, who makes virility, who makes death, who makes resurrection, who possesses peace, who has a free way. Unto him did the holy Zarathustra offer up a sacrifice, [asking] for victorious thinking, victorious speaking, victorious doing, victorious addressing, and victorious answering. 31. Verethraghna, made by Ahura, gave him the fountains of manliness, the strength of the arms, the health of the whole body, the sturdiness of the whole body, and the eye-sight of the male horse, that, in the dark of the night, in its first half 5 and through the rain, can perceive a horse's hair lying on the ground and knows whether it is from the head or from the tail 6. 1 Erezi, Pahl. gond (Old Zand-Pahlavi Dictionary, p. 11). ? See Vendidad XIX, 42. 3 Possibly, perceive. * Cf. Yt. XVI, 7, and Bundahis XVIII, 6 : 'those fish .... know the scratch of a needle's point (or better hole) by which the water shall increase, or by which it is diminishing '(tr. West). 6 Avakhshaityau, the night before hu-vakhsha (before the time when the light begins to grow; midnight). 6 Cf. Yt. XVI, 10, and Bundahis XIX, 32 : 'Regarding the Arab Digitized by Google

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240 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XIII. 32. We sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura, who makes virility, who makes death, who makes resurrection, who possesses peace, who has a free way. Unto him did the holy Zarathustra sacrifice, [asking] for victorious thinking, victorious speaking, victorious doing, victorious addressing, and victorious answering. 33. Verethraghna, made by Ahura, gave him the fountains of virility, the strength of the arms, the health of the whole body, the sturdiness of the whole body, and the eye-sight of the vulture with a golden collar?, that, from as far as nine districts, can perceive a piece of flesh not thicker than the fist, giving just as much light as a needle gives, as the point of a needle gives 2. For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XIV. 34. We sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura. Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda : Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! horse, they say that if, in a dark night, a single hair occurs on the ground, he sees it' (tr. West). 1 Possibly the Gypaetus, the vautour dore. * Even from his highest flight, he (the vulture) sees when flesh the size of a fist is on the ground' (Bund. XIX, 31; tr. West). Cf. Horapollo (I, 11). Digitized by Google

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BAHRAM YAST. 241 'If I have a curse thrown upon me, a spell told upon me by the many men who hate me, what is the remedy for it?' 35. Ahura Mazda answered : 'Take thou a feather of that bird with .... feathers, the Varengana, O Spitama Zarathustra ! With that feather thou shalt rub thy own body?, with that feather thou shalt curse back thy enemies. 36. 'If a man holds a bone of that strong bird, or a feather of that strong bird, no one can smite or turn to flight that fortunate man. The feather of that bird of birds brings him help; it brings unto him the homage of men, it maintains in him his glory. 37. "Then the sovereign, the lord of countries, will no longer kill hiss hundreds, though he is a killer of men; the ....4 will not kill at one stroke ; he alone smites and goes forwards. 38. 'All tremble before him who holds the feather, they tremble therefore before me; all my enemies tremble before me and fear my strength and victorious force and the fierceness established in my body. 39. 'He carries the chariot of the lords; he carries the chariots of the lordly ones, the chariots of the sovereigns. He carried the chariot of Kavi * Pesho-parena. The Varengana is the same bird as the Varaghna, the raven. 3 The feather of the Varengana plays here the same part as the Simurgh's feather in the Shah Namah. When Rudabah's flank was opened to bring forth Rustem, her wound was healed by rubbing it with a Simurgh's feather; Rustem, wounded to death by Isfendyar, was cured in the same manner. s Of him who holds that feather. 4? Vaesaepa. 6 That bird. [23] Digitized by Google

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242 YASTS AND STROZAHS. Usa?; upon his wings runs the male horse 2, runs the burden-bearing camel, runs the water of the river. 40. 'Him rode the gallant Thraetaona, who smote Azi Dahaka, the three-mouthed, the three-headed, the six-eyed, who had a thousand senses; that most powerful, fiendish Drug, that demon, baleful to the world, the strongest Drug that Angra Mainyu created against the material world, to destroy the world of the good principles. For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XV. 41. 'We sacrifice to Verethraghna, made by Ahura. Verethraghna confounds the glory of this house with its wealth in cattle. He is like that great bird, the Saena 4; he is like the big clouds, full of water, that beat the mountains. For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XVI. 42. "We sacrifice to Verethraghna, made by Ahura.' Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda : "Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! Where is it that we must invoke the name of Verethraghna, made by Ahura ? Where is it that * Kai Kaus; when he tried to ascend to heaven on a throne carried by eagles (Journal Asiatique, 1881, I, 513). ? A metaphor to express the swiftness of the wind, of the camel, and of the rivers. 8 Cf. Yt. V, 34. * The Simurgh; cf. p. 241, note 2. Digitized by Google

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BAHRAM YAST. 243 we must praise him? That we must humbly praise him?' 43. Ahura Mazda answered : 'When armies meet together in full array, O Spitama Zarathustra ! (asking) which of the two is the party that conquers1 and is not crushed, that smites and is not smitten; 44. 'Do thou throw four feathers in the way. Whichever of the two will first worship the wellshapen Strength, and Verethraghna, beautiful of form, made by Mazda, on his side will victory stand. 45. 'I will bless Strength and Victory, the two keepers, the two good keepers, the two maintainers; the two who ...., the two who . ..., the two who ....8; the two who forgive, the two who strike off, the two who forget*. 46. 'O Zarathustra ! let not that spell be shown to any one, except by the father to his son, or by the brother to his brother from the same womb, or by the Athravan to his pupil6. These are words that are awful and powerful, awful and assembly-ruling, awful and victorious, awful and healing; these are words that save the head that was lost and chant away the uplifted weapon.' XVII. 47. We sacrifice to Verethraghna, made by Ahura: who goes along the armies arrayed, and goes here 1 Doubtful. ? Or an arrow feathered with four Varengana's feathers. * A-dhwaozen, vi-dhwaozen, fra-dhwaozen. * Amarezen, cf. ls; oT; vim arezen, cf. Yt. I, 2; fra marezen, cf. cgg o Cf. Yt. IV, 10. R2 Digitized by Google

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244 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. and there asking, along with Mithra and Rashnu : * Who is it who lies unto Mithra ? Who is it who thrusts [his oath] against Rashnu?? To whom shall I, in my might, impart illness and death??' 488. Ahura Mazda said: 'If men sacrifice unto Verethraghna, made by Ahura, if the due sacrifice and prayer is offered unto him just as it ought to be performed in the perfection of holiness, never will a hostile horde enter the Aryan countries, nor any plague, nor leprosy, nor venomous plants, nor the chariot of a foe, nor the uplifted spear of a foe. 494. Zarathustra asked: "What is then, O Ahura Mazda! the sacrifice and invocation in honour of Verethraghna, made by Ahura, as it ought to be performed in the perfection of holiness?' 50. Ahura Mazda answered: 'Let the Aryan nations bring libations unto him; let the Aryan nations tie bundles of baresma for him; let the Aryan nations cook for him a head of cattle, either white, or black, or of any other colour, but all of one and the same colour. 51. 'Let not a murderer take of those offerings, nor a whore, nor a ...., who does not sing the Gathas, who spreads death in the world and withstands the law of Mazda, the law of Zarathustra. 52. 'If a murderer take of those offerings, or a whore, or a ...., who does not sing the Gathas, then Verethraghna, made by Ahura, takes back his healing virtues. Against truth. * SS 48 ; cf. Yt. VIII, 56. 9 Cf. Yt. X, 108 seq. $$ 49-53=Yt. VIII, 57-61. Digitized by Google

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BAHRAM YAST. 245 53. Plagues will ever pour upon the Aryan nations; hostile hordes will ever fall upon the Aryan nations; the Aryans will be smitten by their fifties and their hundreds, by their hundreds and their thousands, by their thousands and their tens of thousands, by their tens of thousands and their myriads of myriads.' 54. There Verethraghna, made by Ahura, proclaimed thus: "The Soul of the Bull", the wise creature, does not receive from man due sacrifice and prayer; for now the Daevas and the worshippers of the Daevas make blood flow and spill it like water; 55. 'For now the . . . . . Daevas and the worshippers of the Daevas bring to the fire the plant that is called Haperesi, the wood that is called Nemetka3 ; 56. (Therefore) when the ....? Daevas and the worshippers of the Daevas bow their backs, bend their waists, and arrange all their limbs, they think they will smite and smite not, they think they will kill and kill not; and then the ....2 Daevas and the worshippers of the Daevas have their minds confounded and their eyes made giddy.' For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... i Gosurun or Drvaspa; see Yt. IX. The destruction of any living being is an injury to Drvaspa. 2 ? Vy ambura. 3 The Haperesi and the Nemetka are probably some species of green wood; it is forbidden to put green wood in the fire as it kills it, and injures the Genius of Water at the same time. * In order to strike. 6 The general meaning of the last four clauses is that the impious are defeated. Digiized by Google

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246 YASTS AND SIROZahs. XVIII. 57. We sacrifice to Verethraghna, made by Ahura. I offer up Haoma, who saves one's head'; I offer up the victorious Haoma; I offer him up, the good protector; I offer up Haoma, who is a protector to my body, as a man who shall drinkof him shall win and prevails over his enemies in battle ; 58. That I may smite this army, that I may smite down this army, that I may cut in pieces this army that is coming behind me. For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XIX. 59. We sacrifice to Verethraghna, made by Ahura. The prince and his son and his sons who are chiefs of myriads* offer him up a bright ..... (saying]: He is strong, and Victorious is his name; he is victorious, and Strong is his name;' 60. That I may be as constantly victorious as any one of all the Aryanse ; that I may smite this army, that I may smite down this army, that I may cut in pieces this army that is coming behind me. For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... 1 ? Sairi-baoghem; cf. $ 46. 2 Nivazaiti; literally, swallow (? frot o bun burtan, Vend. V, 8 [26]). 3 Literally, overtake. + Cf. Yt. V, 85. 8? Asanem sigh Qire. . Cf. Yt. V, 69. Digitized by Google

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BAHRAM YAST. 247 XX. 61. We sacrifice to Verethraghna, made by Ahura. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... In the ox is our strength, in the ox is our need? ; in the ox is our speech, in the ox is our victory ; in the ox is our food, in the ox is our clothing; in the ox is tillage, that makes food grow for us. For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XXI. 62. We sacrifice to Verethraghna, made by Ahura; Who breaks the columns asunder, who cuts the columns to pieces, who wounds the columns, who makes the columns shake; who comes and breaks the columns asunder, who comes and cuts the columns to pieces, who comes and wounds the columns, who comes and makes the columns shake, both of Daevas and men, of the Yatus and Pairikas, of the oppressors, the blind, and the deaf. For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XXII. 63. We sacrifice to Verethraghna, made by Ahura. When Verethraghna, made by Ahura, binds the hands, confounds the eye-sight, takes the hearing 1 From Yasna X, 20 (62), where, instead of the words, 'in the ox is our strength (amem), in the ox is our need,' the text has, in the ox is his need, in the ox is our need,' meaning, 'when we give him his need (water and grass), he gives us our need (milk and calves),' (Pahl. tr.). Digitized by Google -

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248 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. from the ears of the Mithradruges! marching in columns, allied by cities, they can no longer move their feet, they can no longer withstand. For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... 64. Yatha aho vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of Verethraghna, made by Mazda; and of the crushing Ascendant. Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... [Give) unto that man brightness and glory, .... give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones. See p. 120, note 2. ? Who shall offer a sacrifice to Verethraghna. Digitized by Google

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RAM YAST. 249 XV. RAM YAST. This Yast bears the name of Rama Hvastra, the Genius who presides over the 21st day of the month (Sirozah, SS 21), and is devoted to his Hamkar, Vayu. Regarding Rama Hvastra, the Genius that gives good abodes and good pastures, and his connection with Vayu, see Vend. Introd. IV, and Etudes Iraniennes, II, 187. This Yast can be divided into two parts. The first part ($$ 1-140) contains an enumeration of worshippers who sacrificed to Vayu : Ahura Mazda ($ 2), Haoshyangha ($ 7), Takhma Urupa ( 11), Yima ($ 15), Asi Dahaka ($ 19), Thraetaona ($ 23), Keresaspa ($ 27), Aurvasara ($ 31), Hutaosa ($ 35), and Iranian maids ($ 39). The second part ($$ 42-58) contains a special enumeration and glorification of the many names of Vayu (&$ 42-50). 0. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced!.... Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas, and obeys the laws of Ahura ; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto [Havani), the holy and master of holiness .... Unto Rama Hvastra, unto Vayu who works highly and is more powerful to afflict than all other creatures 1, Be propitiation from me, for sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... 1. 1. I will sacrifice to the Waters and to Him who divides them? I will sacrifice to Peace, whose breath is friendly, and to Weal, both of them. 1 Cf. Sirozah I, 21. 2 Apam Napat (Yt. VIII, 34) or Tistrya (Yt. VIII, 1). Digitized by Google

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250 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. To this Vayu do we sacrifice," this Vayu do we invoke, for this house, for the master of this house, and for the man here who is offering libations and giving gifts. To this excellent God do we sacrifice, that he may accept our meat and our prayers, and grant us in return to crush our enemies at one stroke. 21. To him did the Maker, Ahura Mazda, offer up a sacrifice in the Airyana Vaegah', on a golden throne, under golden beams 2 and a golden canopy, with bundles of baresma and offerings of full-boiling (milk]. 3. He begged of him a boon, saying: 'Grant me this, O Vayu! who dost work highly", that I may smite the creation of Angra Mainyu, and that nobody may smite this creation of the Good Spirit ! 4. Vayu, who works highly, granted him that boon, as the Maker, Ahura Mazda, did pursue it. 5. We sacrifice to the holy Vayu: we sacrifice to Vayu, who works highly. To this part of thee do we sacrifice, O Vayu! that belongs to Spenta Mainyu". For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard, namely, unto the awful Vayu, who works highly. We offer up a sacrifice unto the awful Vayu, who works highly, with the libations, with the Haoma and meat, with the baresma, with the wisdom of the tongue, with the 1 Cf. Yt. V, 17. * Fraspat, Persian www. 8 Cf. p. 169, note 5. * See p. 10, note 4. o As Vayu, the atmosphere, is the place in which the conflict of the two principles takes place, one part of him belongs to the Evil Spirit (see Vend. Introd. IV, 17). Digitized by Google

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RAM YAST. 251 holy spells, the words, the deeds, the libations, and the well-spoken words. Yenhe hatam: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda .... II. 6. I will sacrifice to the Waters and to Him who divides them .... To this Vayu do we sacrifice, this Vayu do we invoke ....1 7. To him did Haoshyangha, the Paradhata, offer up a sacrifice on the Taera of the Hara, bound with irona, on a golden throne, under golden beams and a golden canopy, with bundles of baresma and offerings of full-boiling (milk]. 8. He begged of him a boon, saying : 'Grant me, O Vayu ! who dost work highly, that I may smite two-thirds of the Daevas of Mazana and of the fiends of Varena 3.' 9. Vayu, who works highly, granted him that boon, as the Maker, Ahura Mazda", did pursue it. We sacrifice to the holy Vayu .... For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... III. 10. I will sacrifice to the Waters and to Him who divides them .... To this Vayu do we sacrifice, this Vayu do we invoke .... 1 The rest as in clause 1. Cf. Yt. V, 21, p. 58, note 2. 8 Cf. Yt. V, 21-23. * Introduced from $ 4 into this and all similar clauses, except the one relating to Azi Dahaka ($ 21). his and all similef Slaw.ces, excep Digitized by Google

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252 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 11. To him did Takhma Urupa', the well-armed?, offer up a sacrifice on a golden throne, under golden beams and a golden canopy, with bundles of baresma and offerings of full-boiling (milk]. 12. He begged of him a boon, saying: 'Grant me this, O Vayu! who dost work highly, that I may conquer all Daevas and men, all the Yatus and Pairikas, and that I may ride Angra Mainyu, turned into the shape of a horse, all around the earth from one end to the other, for thirty years.' 13. Vayu, who works highly, granted him that boon, as the Maker, Ahura Mazda, did pursue it. We sacrifice to the holy Vayu .... For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... IV. 14. I will sacrifice to the Waters and to Him who divides them .... To this Vayu do we sacrifice, this Vayu do we invoke .... 15. Unto him did the bright Yima, the good shep 1 Takhma Urupa (in later legend Tahmuraf) was a brother to Yima. He reigned for thirty years and rode Ahriman, turned into a horse. But at last his wife, deceived by Ahriman, revealed to him the secret of her husband's power, and Tahmuraf was swallowed up by his horse. But Yima managed to take back his brother's body from the body of Ahriman and recovered thereby the arts and civilisation which had disappeared along with Tahmuraf (see Minokhired XXVII, 32; Ravaet apud Spiegel, Einleitung in die traditionelle Literatur, pp. 317 seq.; Ormazd et Ahriman, $ 137 seq.; cf. above, p. 60, note 1). ? Azinavant or zaenah vant: he kept that epithet in later tradition : Zinavend, quod cognomen virum significat armis probe instructum' (Hamza Ispahensis, p. 20, tr. Gottwaldt). 8 As told Yt. XIX, 29. Digitized by Google

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RAM YAST. 253 herd, sacrifice from the height Hukairya, the allshining and golden, on a golden throne, under golden beams and a golden canopy, with bundles of baresma and offerings of full-boiling smilk). 16. He begged of him a boon, saying: 'Grant me this, O Vayu! who dost work highly, that I may become the most glorious of the men born to behold the sun : that I may make in my reign both animals and men undying, waters and plants undrying, and the food for eating creatures never-failing?' In the reign of the valiant Yima there was neither cold wind nor hot wind, neither old age nor death, nor envy made by the Daevas? 17. Vayu, who works highly, granted him that boon, as the Maker, Ahura Mazda, did pursue it. We sacrifice to the holy Vayu .. For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... V. 18. I will sacrifice to the Waters and to Him who divides them ..... To this Vayu do we sacrifice, this Vayu do we invoke .... 19. Unto him did the three-mouthed Azi Dahaka offer up a sacrifice in his accursed palace of Kvirintas, 1 Cf. Yasna IX, 4-5 (11-20) and Yt. XIX, 31 seq. * This passage is interpolated from Yasna IX, 5 (17-19). * Or, his accursed palace of the Stork' (upa kvirintem duzitem). Azi Dahaka,' says Hamza (p. 32 in the text, p. 22 in the translation), 'used to live in Babylon (cf. Yt. V, 29), where he had built a palace in the form of a stork; he called it Kuleng Dis Cums O S, the fortress of the Stork; the inhabitants called it Dis Het (ws wuss).' Kuleng Dis was in Zend Kvirinta daeza and Dis Het is nothing else than Duzita. One may doubt Digitized by Google

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254 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. on a golden throne, under golden beams and a golden canopy, with bundles of baresma and offerings of full-boiling (milk]. 20. He begged of him a boon, saying: 'Grant me this, O Vayu! who dost work highly, that I may make all the seven Karshvares of the earth empty of men? 21. In vain did he sacrifice, in vain did he beg, in vain did he invoke, in vain did he give gifts, in vain did he bring libations; Vayu did not grant him that boon. For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... VI. 22. I will sacrifice to the Waters and to Him who divides them .... To this Vayu do we sacrifice, this Vayu do we invoke .... 23. Unto him did Thraetaona, the heir of the valiant Athwya clan, offer up a sacrifice in the four-cornered Varena, on a golden throne, under golden beams and a golden canopy, with bundles of baresma and offerings of full-boiling [Milk]. 24. He begged of him a boon, saying: 'Grant me this, O Vayu ! who dost work highly, that I may overcome Azi Dahaka, the three-mouthed, the three-headed, the six-eyed, who has a thousand senses, that most powerful, fiendish Drug, that whether Kvirinta is the name of a place or the Zend form of Kuleng, a stork : in any case it was a palace in Bawri (Babylon). In the Shah Namah it is called Disukht (duz-ukhta for duz-ita; see Etudes Iraniennes, II, 211). 1 Cf. Yt. V, 30 seq. Digitized by Google

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RAM YAST. 255 demon baleful to the world, the strongest Drug that Angra Mainyu created against the material world, to destroy the world of the good principle; and that I may deliver his two wives, Savanghavak and Erenavak, who are the fairest of body amongst women, and the most wonderful creatures in the world?' 25. Vayu, who works highly, granted him that boon, as the Maker, Ahura Mazda, did pursue it. We sacrifice to the holy Vayu .... For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... VII. 26. I will sacrifice to the Waters and to Him who divides them .... To this Vayu do we sacrifice, this Vayu do we invoke .... 27. To him did the manly-hearted Keresaspa? offer up a sacrifice by the Gudha, a channel of the Rangha, made by Mazda, upon a golden throne, under golden beams and a golden canopy, with bundles of baresma and offerings of full-boiling (milk]. 28. He begged of him a boon, saying: 'Grant me this, O Vayu! who dost work highly, that I may succeed in avenging my brother Urvakhshaya", that I may smite Hitaspa and yoke him to my chariot.' The Gandarewa, who lives beneath the waters, 1 Yt. V, 34; IX, 14; XVII, 34. 2 Cf. Yt. V, 37 seq. 8 An unknown affluent of the Rangha (Tigris). * Sama had two sons, Keresaspa, a warrior, and Urvakhshaya, a judge and law-giver (Yasna IX, 10 [29 seq.]). We have no further details about Urvakhshaya's legend than that he was killed by * Hitaspa, the golden-crowned' (cf. Yt. XIX, 41), and avenged by Keresaspa. Digitized by Google

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256 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. is the son of Ahura in the deep, he is the only master of the deep?. 29. Vayu, who works highly, granted him that boon, as the Maker, Ahura Mazda, did pursue it. We sacrifice to the holy Vayu .... For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... VIII. 30. I will sacrifice to the Waters and to Him who divides them ..... To this Vayu do we sacrifice, this Vayu do we invoke .... 31. To him did Aurvasara2, the lord of the country, offer up a sacrifice, towards the White Forest ), by the White Forest, on the border of the White Forest, on a golden throne, under golden beams and a golden canopy, with bundles of baresma and offerings of full-boiling (milk). 32. He begged of him a boon, saying: 'Grant me this, O Vayu! who dost work highly, that the gallant Husravah, he who unites the Aryan nations into one kingdom 4, may not smite us; that I may flee from king Husravah; .... 1 A disconnected allusion to the struggle of Keresaspa with the Gandarewa (Yt. V, 38, text and notes; XIX, 41). On the words the son of Ahura ....' cf. Ormazd et Ahriman, p. 215, note 1. 2 No other mention is made of Aurvasara in the Avesta, unless he is alluded to in Yt. V, 50. He does not appear to have been known to Firdausi. & Spaetinis razura is called the chief of forests' (Bund. XXIV, 16). According to the Bahman Yast (III, 9), it was the seat of the last and decisive battle between Argasp and Gastasp. - Cf. Yt. V, 49; IX, 21. . Cf. Yt. V, 50. Digitized by Google

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RAM YAST. 257 That king Husravah and all the Aryans in the Forest may smite him?' 33. Vayu, who works highly, granted him that boon, as the Maker, Ahura Mazda, did pursue it. We sacrifice to the holy Vayu .... For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... IX. 34. I will sacrifice to the Waters and to Him who divides them .... To this Vayu do we sacrifice, this Vayu do we invoke .... 35. To him did Hutaosa, she of the many brothers?, of the Naotara house, offer up a sacrifice, on a golden throne, under golden beams and a golden canopy, with bundles of baresma and offerings of boiling milk. 36. She begged of him a boon, saying: 'Grant me this, O Vayu! who dost work highly, that I may be dear and loved and well-received in the house of king Vistaspa.' 37. Vayu, who works highly, granted her that boon, as the Maker, Ahura Mazda, did pursue it. We sacrifice to the holy Vayu .... For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... 38. I will sacrifice to the Waters and to Him who divides them .... 1 This line looks as if it should belong to a counter-prayer by Husravah, which was heard by Vayu, as appears from Yt. V, 50. 3 See Yt. IX, 26. . See p. 77, note i. [23] Digiized by Google

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258 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. To this Vayu do we sacrifice, this Vayu do we invoke .... 39. To him didi the maids, whom no man had known, offer up a sacrifice on a golden throne, under golden beams and a golden canopy, with bundles of baresma and offerings of boiling milk. 40. They begged of him a boon, saying: 'Grant us this, O Vayu! who dost work highly, that we may find a husband, young and beautiful of body, who will treat us well, all life long, and give us offspring; a wise, learned, ready-tongued husband.' 41. Vayu, who works highly, granted them that boon, as the Maker, Ahura Mazda, did pursue it. We sacrifice to the holy Vayu .... For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard .... XI. 42. I will sacrifice to the Waters and to Him who divides them .... To this Vayu do we sacrifice, this Vayu do we invoke .... We sacrifice to that Vayu that belongs to the Good Spirit, the bright and glorious Vayu. 43. My name is Vayu, O holy Zarathustra ! My name is Vayu, because I go through (vyemi) the two worlds 3, the one which the Good Spirit has 1 It may be doubted whether the allusion here is to a legend of marriage en masse, following the marriage of Hutaosa with Vistaspa, or whether the aorist is used with an indicative meaning: "To him do the maids who have known no man.... They beg of him a boon, saying ....' Cf. Yt. XVI, 17. * Cf. SS 5, note 5. 8 An attempt to an etymological explanation of the name Vayu. Cf. $ 53. Digitized by Google

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RAM YAST. 259 made and the one which the Evil Spirit has made. My name is the Overtaker (apa eta), O holy Zarathustra ! My name is the Overtaker, because I can overtake the creatures of both worlds, the one that the Good Spirit has made and the one that the Evil Spirit has made. 44. My name is the All-smiting, O holy Zarathustra! My name is the All-smiting, because I can smite the creatures of both worlds, the one that the Good Spirit has made and the one that the Evil Spirit has made. My name is the Worker of Good, O holy Zarathustra ! My name is the Worker of Good, because I work the good of the Maker, Ahura Mazda, and of the Amesha-Spentas?. 45. My name is He that goes forwards. My name is He that goes backwards. My name is He that bends backwards. My name is He that hurls away. My name is He that hurls down. My name is He that destroys. My name is He that takes away. My name is He that finds out. My name is He that finds out the Glory(Hvareno). 46. My name is the Valiant; my name is the Most Valiant. My name is the Strong; my name is the Strongest. My name is the Firm; my name is the Firmest. My name is the Stout; my name is the Stoutest. My name is He that crosses over easily. My name is He that goes along hurling away. 1 He is their agent and instrument. S 2 Digitized by Google

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260 YASTS AND Sirozahs. My name is He that crushes at one stroke. My name is....? My name is He that works against the Daevas. My name is....2 47. My name is He that prevails over malice; my name is He that destroys malice. My name is He that unites; my name is He that re-unites; my name is He that separates. My name is the Burning; my name is the Quick of intelligence 3. My name is Deliverance; my name is Welfare 4. My name is the Burrows; my name is He who destroys the burrows); my name is He who spits upon the burrows. 48. My name is Sharpness of spear; my name is He of the sharp spear. My name is Length of spear; my name is He of the long spear. My name is Piercingness of spear; my name is He of the piercing spear. My name is the Glorious; my name is the Overglorious. 496. Invoke these names of mine, O holy Zarathustra! in the midst of the havocking hordes, in the midst of the columns moving forwards, in the strife of the conflicting nations. i Ainiva (?). 3 Keredharisa (?). : Doubtful; baoka, cf.;g? * Reading sudhis. 5 Geredha is the burrow of an Ahrimanian creature (see Vend. III, 10 [33]; VII, 24 [61]): Vayu, in that half of him that belongs to the Evil Spirit, is the seat (the burrow) of Ahriman; but with his better half, he struggles against the fiend and destroys him. 6 Cf. Yt. I, 11, 16. Digitized by Google

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RAM YAST. 261 50. Invoke these names of mine, O holy Zarathustra! when the all-powerful tyrant of a country falls upon thee, rushes upon thee, deals wounds upon thee, or hurls his chariot against thee, to rob theel of thy wealth, to rob thee of thy health. 51. Invoke these names of mine, O holy Zarathustra! when the unholy Ashemaogha falls upon thee, rushes upon thee, deals wounds upon thee, or hurls his chariot against thee, to rob thee of thy strength, to rob thee of thy wealth, to rob thee of thy health. 52. Invoke these names of mine, O holy Zarathustra! when a man stands in bonds, when a man is being thrown into bonds, or when a man is being dragged in bonds: thus the prisoners flee from the hands of those who carry them, they flee away out of the prison 53. O thou Vayu ! who strikest fear upon all men and horses, who in all creatures workest against the Daevas, both into the lowest places and into those a thousand times deep dost thou enter with equal power 3. 54. With what manner of sacrifice shall I worship thee? With what manner of sacrifice shall I forward and worship thee? With what manner of sacrifice will be achieved thy adoration, O great Vayu! thou who art high-up girded, firm, swift-moving, highfooted, wide-breasted, wide-thighed, with untrembling eyes, as powerful in sovereignty as any absolute sovereign in the world ?' 1 Literally, coveting. The translation of this clause is doubtful; the text is corrupt. 8 Cf. $ 42. Digitized by Google

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262 YASTS AND SiROZAHS. 55. "Take thou a baresma, O holy Zarathustra ! turn it upwards or downwards, according as it is full day or dawning; upwards during the day, downwards at the dawn?. 56. 'If thou makest me worshipped with a sacrifice, then I shall say unto thee with my own voice things of health, made by Mazda and full of glory, so that Angra Mainyu may never do harm unto thee, nor the Yatus, nor those addicted to the works of the Yatu, whether Daevas or men.' 57. We sacrifice unto thee, O great Vayu! we sacrifice unto thee, O strong Vayu! We sacrifice unto Vayu, the greatest of the great ; we sacrifice unto Vayu, the strongest of the strong. We sacrifice unto Vayu, of the golden helm. We sacrifice unto Vayu, of the golden crown. We sacrifice unto Vayu, of the golden necklace. We sacrifice unto Vayu, of the golden chariot. We sacrifice unto Vayu, of the golden wheel. We sacrifice unto Vayu, of the golden weapons. We sacrifice unto Vayu, of the golden garment. We sacrifice unto Vayu, of the golden shoe. We sacrifice unto Vayu, of the golden girdle. We sacrifice unto the holy Vayu; we sacrifice unto Vayu, who works highly. To this part of thee do we sacrifice, O Vayu! that belongs to the Good Spirit. For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard, namely, unto the awful Vayu, who works highly .... 58. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... I bless the sacrifice and invocation unto, and the * Etudes Iraniennes, II, 110. Digitized by Google

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RAM YAST. 263 strength and vigour of Rama Hvastra, and Vayu, who works highly, more powerful to afflict than all the other creatures : this part of thee that belongs to the Good Spirit. Ashem Voha: Holiness is the best of all good .... [Give] unto that man brightness and glory, .... give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones. Digitized by Google

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264 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. XVI. DIN YAST. Din (Daena) presides over the 24th day of the month (Sirozah 24) and gives it her name; she is invoked in company with Kista, and in fact this Yast, though it bears the name of Daena, is consecrated to Kista ($$ 2, 7). These two Genii are, however, very closely connected in their nature, as Daena is the impersonation of the Zoroastrian Law or Religion, and Kista is religious knowledge, the knowledge of what leads to bliss (farganak, nirvanagnana ; the same as Kisti). The description of Kista is rather pallid, and does not rise above abstractions (see, however, Mihir Yast, $ 126). She was not worshipped by the old epic heroes as Anahita was, but by Zarathustra and his wife, because she must have been, from her very name and nature, a goddess of Zoroastrian origin and growth. o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced ! ... Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto [Havani], the holy and master of holiness .... To the most right Kista, made by Mazda and holy, and to the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda, Be propitiation from me, for sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness.... 1. We sacrifice to the most right Kista, made by Mazda and holy: we sacrifice to the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda, the supplier of good Digitized by Google

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DIN VAST. 265 ; stores, who runs quickly to the goal and frees one best from dangers ?, who brings libations, who is holy, clever, and renowned, speedy to work and quick of work; who goes quickly and cleanses well; the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda; 2. To whom Zarathustra did sacrifice, saying: Rise up from thy seat, come forward from the Abode 2, thou most right Kista, made by Mazda and holy. If thou art before me, stay for me; if thou art behind me, overtake me. 3. 'Let everything be as friendly to us as anything can be : may we go smoothly along the roads, find good pathways in the mountains, run easily through the forests, and cross happily the rivers!' 4. For her brightness and glory, I will offer unto her a sacrifice worth being heard, namely, unto the most right Kista, made by Mazda and holy. I will offer up a sacrifice unto the most right Kista, made by Mazda and holy, with the libations, with the Haoma and meat, with the baresma, with the wisdom of the tongue, with the holy spells, with the words and deeds, with the libations, with the wellspoken words. Yenhe hatam: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda .... II. 5. We sacrifice to the most right Kista, made by Mazda and holy: we sacrifice to the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda . ...3 * Reading nimarezista; cf. vimarezistem, Yt. I, 2. 2 The heavenly abode, the Garothman. 3 The rest as in SS 1. Digitized by Google

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266 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 6. To whom Zarathustra did sacrifice for righteousness of thought, for righteousness of speech, for righteousness of deed, and for this boon, 7. That the most right Kista, made by Mazda and holy, would give him the swiftness of the feet, the quick hearing of the ears, the strength of the arms, the health of the whole body, the sturdiness of the whole body, and the eye-sight of the Kara fish, that lives beneath the waters, and can measure a rippling of the waters not thicker than a hair, in the Rangha, whose ends lie afar and whose depth is a thousand times the height of a man. For her brightness and glory, I will offer unto her a sacrifice worth being heard .... * III. 8. We sacrifice to the most right Kista, made by Mazda and holy: we sacrifice to the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda .... 9. To whom Zarathustra did sacrifice for righteousness of thought, for righteousness of speech, for righteousness of deed, and for this boon, 10. That the most right Kista, made by Mazda and holy, would give him the swiftness of the feet, the quick hearing of the ears, the strength of the arms, the health of the whole body, the sturdiness of the whole body, and the eye-sight of the male horse, that, in the dark of the night, through the rain, the snow, the hail, or the sleet, from as far as nine districts, can perceive a horse's hair, mingled with the earth, and knows whether it is from the head or from the tail 2 1 Cf. Yt. XIV, 29. * Cf. Yt. XIV, 31. Digitized by Google

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DIn Yast. 267 For her brightness and glory, I will offer unto her a sacrifice worth being heard .... IV. 11. We sacrifice to the most right Kista, made by Mazda and holy: we sacrifice to the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda .... 12. To whom Zarathustra did sacrifice for righteousness of thought, for righteousness of speech, for righteousness of deed, and for this boon, 13. That the most right Kista, made by Mazda and holy, would give him the swiftness of the feet, the quick hearing of the ears, the strength of the arms, the health of the whole body, the sturdiness of the whole body, and the eye-sight of the vulture with a golden collar, that, from as far as nine districts, can perceive a piece of flesh, not thicker than a fist, giving just as much light as a needle gives, as the point of a needle gives ?. For her brightness and glory, I will offer unto her a sacrifice worth being heard .... V. 14. We sacrifice to the most right Kista, made by Mazda and holy: we sacrifice to the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda .... 15. To whom the holy Hvovi 2 did sacrifice with full knowledge, wishing that the holy Zarathustra would give her his good narcotic 3, that she might * Cf. Yt. XIV, 33. 3 Zarathustra's wife. * Bangha; the so-called Bang of Zoroaster (Vend. XV, 14 [44]; Phl. tr.). What must have been its virtue may be gathered from the legends of Gustasp and Arda Viraf, who are said to have been transported in soul to the heavens, and to have had the higher Digitized by Google

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268 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. think according to the law, speak according to the law, and do according to the law. For her 'brightness and glory, I will offer unto her a sacrifice worth being heard .... VI. 16. We sacrifice to the most right Kista, made by Mazda and holy: we sacrifice to the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda .... 17. To whom the Athravans, sent afar?, did sacrifice 2, wishing a good memory to preach the law, and wishing strength for their own body. For her brightness and glory, I will offer unto her a sacrifice worth being heard .... VII. 18. We sacrifice to the most right Kista, made by Mazda and holy: we sacrifice to the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda .... 19. To whom the king of the country, the lord of the country does sacrifice, wishing peace for his country, wishing strength for his own body. For her brightness and glory, I will offer unto her a sacrifice worth being heard .... 20. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness ..... I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength mysteries revealed to them, on drinking from a cup prepared by the prophet (Zardust Namah), or from a cup of Gastasp-bang (Arda Viraf, I 1 The itinerant priests, the ancestors of the modern dervishes. 2 Or better, do sacrifice; cf. Yt. XIV, 39. Digitized by Google

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DIN YAST. 269 and vigour of the most right Kista, made by Mazda and holy, and of the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda. Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... [Give) unto that man brightness and glory, .... give him long, long life, give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones. Digitized by Google

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270 YASTS AND STROZAHS. XVII. ASHI YAST. Ashi Vanguhi or 'the good Ashi?' is a feminine impersonation of piety?, and she is, at the same time, the source of all the good and riches that are connected with piety. She is described, therefore, as a goddess of Fortune and Wealth, and is invoked in company with Parendi, the goddess of Treasures (Sirozah 25) She appears in the latter character in the first part of the Yast (S$ 1-14); she praises and loves Zarathustra (&$ 15-21). She is worshipped by Haosyangha ($ 26), Yima ($ 28), Thraetaona ($ 33), Haoma ($ 37), Husravah (8 41), Zarathustra ($ 45), and Vistaspa ($ 49)". She rejects the offerings of all sterile people (old men, courtezans, and children, $$ 53-61). 1. We sacrifice to Ashi Vanguhi, who is shining, high, tall-formed, well worthy of sacrifice, with a loud-sounding chariot, strong, welfare-giving, healing, with fulness of intellect(r), and powerful; 2. The daughter of Ahura Mazda, the sister of the Amesha-Spentas, who endows all the Sao * In Parsi Ardisvang or Ard (Ardis from Artis, the Persian form of Ashis); she presides over the 25th day of the month; cf. Sirozah 25. 9 Ashi is not the feminine adjective of Asha, as the i was originally short (genitive ashois, not ashyau); ashi is ar-ti, and means bhakti, piety (Neriosengh). 8 The so-called Ashi's remedies (ashois baeshaza; cf. Yt. XIII, 32). * This enumeration is the same as in the Gos Yast ($$ 3, 8, 14, 17, 21, 26, 29). Perethu-vira; see Etudes Iraniennes, II, 183. Digitized by Google

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ASHI YAST. 271 shyants ! with the enlivening intelligence; she also brings heavenly wisdom at her wish, and comes to help him who invokes her from near and him who invokes her from afar, and worships her with offerings of libations. 32. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice worth being heard; I will offer up unto Ashi Vanguhi a good sacrifice with an offering of libations. We sacrifice unto Ashi Vanguhi with the libations; with the Haoma and meat, with the baresma, with the wisdom of the tongue, with the holy spells, with the words, with the deeds, with the libations, and with the rightly-spoken words. Yenhe hatam: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda .... II. 4. We sacrifice to Ashi Vanguhi, who is shining, high, tallformed, well worthy of sacrifice, with a loud-sounding chariot, strong, welfare-giving, healing, with fulness of intellect, and powerful. 5. Homage unto Haoma, and unto the Mathra 3, and unto the holy Zarathustra! Homage unto Haoma, because all other drinks are attended with Aeshma 4, the fiend of the wounding spear : but the drinking of Haoma is attended with Asha and with Ashi Vanguhi herself 6. 6. Ashi is fair; Ashi is radiant with joy; she is far-piercing with her rays. Ashi gives good Glory 1 The allies of Saoshyant, who are to be active in the restoration of the world to eternal life (frasho-kereti). Cf. p. 165, note 1. Ashi gives them the 'intelligence of life' (frasha khratu), through which they will be enabled to perform their task. ? Cf. Yt. V, 10. 8 The Holy Word. + The Daeva of anger. o As drinking Haoma is an act of religion (cf. Yasna XI, 12 [31] seq.). Digized by Google

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272 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. unto those men whom thou dost follow, O Ashi! Full of perfumes is the house in which the good, powerful Ashi Vanguhi puts her .... feet, for long friendship. 7. Those men whom thou dost attend, O Ashi! are kings of kingdoms, that are rich in horses, with large tributes, with snorting horses, sounding chariots, flashing swords, rich in aliments and in stores of food?; well-scented where the beds are spread and full of all the other riches that may be wished for. Happy the man whom thou dost attend ! do thou attend me, thou rich in all sorts of desirable things and strong! 8. Those men whom thou dost attend, O Ashi Vanguhi! have houses that stand well laid up, rich in cattle, foremost in Asha, and long-supported. Happy the man whom thou dost attend ! Do thou attend me, thou rich in all sorts of desirable things and strong! 9. The men whom thou dost attend, O Ashi Vanguhi! have beds that stand well-spread, well-adorned, well-made, provided with cushions and with feet inlaid with gold. Happy the man whom thou dost attend! Do thou attend me, thou rich in all sorts of desirable things and strong! 10. The men whom thou dost attend, O Ashi Vanguhi ! have their ladies that sit on their beds, waiting for them: they lie on the cushions, adorning themselves, ....s, with square bored ear-rings and a necklace of gold: "When will our lord come ? when shall we enjoy in our bodies the joys of love?' 17 Agairimaitis. 8? Ankupasmanau. : Cf. Yt. V, 130. Digitized by Google

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ASHI YAST. 273 Happy the man whom thou dost attend ! Do thou attend me, thou rich in all sorts of desirable things and strong! 11. The men whom thou dost attend, O Ashi Vanguhi ! have daughters that sit .... 1; thin is their waist, beautiful is their body, long are their fingers; they are as fair of shape as those who look on can wish. Happy the man whom thou dost attend! Do thou attend me, thou rich in all sorts of desirable things and strong! 12. The men whom thou dost attend, O Ashi Vanguhi! have horses swift and loud-neighing ; they drive the chariot lightly, they take it to the battle", they bear a gallant praiser (of the gods), who has many horses, a solid chariot, a sharp spear, a long spear, and swift arrows, who hits his aim, pursuing after his enemies, and smiting his foes. Happy the man whom thou dost attend! Do thou attend me, thou rich in all sorts of desirable things and strong! 13. The men whom thou dost attend, O Ashi Vanguhi! have large-humped, burden-bearing camels, flying from the ground or fighting with holy fieriness 3. Happy the man whom thou dost attend ! Do thou attend me, thou rich in all sorts of desirable things and strong ! 14. The men whom thou dost attend, O Ashi Vanguhi ! have hoards of silver and gold brought together from far distant regions; and garments of splendid make. Happy the man whom thou dost attend! Do thou attend me, thou rich in all sorts of desirable things and strong! : Doubtful. .. Cf. Yt. XIV, 11. ??Agamo-paidhisa. [23] Digitized by Google

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274 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 15. Do not turn thy look from me! turn thy mercy towards me, O great Ashi! thou art wellmade and of a noble seed 1; thou art sovereign at thy wish; thou art Glory in a bodily form. 16. Thy father is Ahura Mazda, the greatest of all gods, the best of all gods; thy mother is Armaiti Spenta; thy brothers are Sraosha 2, a god of Asha, and Rashnu , tall and strong, and Mithra ", the lord of wide pastures, who has ten thousand spies and a thousand ears; thy sister is the Law of the worshippers of Mazda. 17. Praised of the gods, unoffended by the righteous", the great Ashi Vanguhi stood up on her chariot, thus speaking : Who art thou who dost invoke me, whose voice is to my ear the sweetest of all that invoked me most?' 18. And he said aloud: 'I am Spitama Zarathustra, who, first of mortals, recited the praise of the excellent Asha' and offered up sacrifice unto Ahura Mazda and the Amesha-Spentas; in whose birth and growth the waters and the plants rejoiced ; in whose birth and growth the waters and the plants grew; in whose birth and growth all the creatures of the good creation cried out, Hail ! 19. 'In whose birth and growth Angra Mainyu rushed away from this wide, round earth, whose ends lie afar, and he, the evil-doing Angra Mainyu, who is all death, said: "All the gods together 1 Born from the gods; cf. Yt. XXII, 9. ? See Yt. XI. & See Yt. XII. 4 See Yt. X. o Or, 'doing no harm to the righteous.' 6 Zarathustra. 7 The Ahuna Vairya. 8 Cf. Yt. XIII, 93. Digitized by Google

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ASHI YAST. 275 have not been able to smite me down in spite of myself, and Zarathustra alone can reach me in spite of myself. 20. ""He smites me with the Ahuna Vairya, as strong a weapon as a stone big as a house 1; he burns me with Asha-Vahista, as if it were melting brass? He makes it better for me that I should leave this earth, he, Spitama Zarathustra, the only one who can daunt me." 21. And the great Ashi Vanguhi exclaimed: Come nearer unto me, thou pure, holy Spitama! lean against my chariot !' Spitama Zarathustra came nearer unto her, he leant against her chariot. 22. And she caressed him with the left arm and the right, with the right arm and the left, thus speaking: 'Thou art beautiful, O Zarathustra ! thou art well-shapen, O Spitama! strong are thy legs and long are thy arms: Glory is given to thy body and long cheerfulness & to thy soul, as sure as I proclaim it unto thee.' III. 234. We sacrifice to Ashi Vanguhi, who is shining, high, tallformed, well worthy of sacrifice, with a loud-sounding chariot, strong, welfare-giving, healing, with fulness of intellect and powerful. 24%. To her did Haoshyangha, the Paradhata, offer up a sacrifice, upon the enclosure of the Hara, the beautiful height, made by Mazda. 25. He begged of her a boon, saying: 'Grant 3 Cf. Yt. III. * As $ 1. 1 Cf. Vend. XIX, 4 (13). * Bliss after death. o For $$ 24-26, cf. Yt. IX, 3-6. T2 Digiized by Google

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276 YASTS AND SiROZAHS. me this, O great Ashi Vanguhi! that I may overcome all the Daevas of Mazana; that I may never fear and bow through terror before the Daevas, but that all the Daevas may fear and bow in spite of themselves before me, that they may fear and flee down to darkness.' 26. The great Ashi Vanguhi ran and came to his side : Haoshyangha, the Paradhata, obtained that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... IV. 27. We sacrifice to Ashi Vanguhi, who is shining, high .... and powerful. 281. To her did Yima Khshaeta, the good shepherd, offer up a sacrifice from the height Hukairya. 29. He begged of her a boon, saying: 'Grant me this, O great Ashi Vanguhi! that I may bring fatness and flocks down to the world created by Mazda ; that I may bring immortality down to the world created by Mazda ; 30. 'That I may take away both hunger and thirst, from the world created by Mazda; that I may take away both old age and death, from the world created by Mazda; that I may take away both hot wind and cold wind, from the world created by Mazda, for a thousand years.' 31. The great Ashi Vanguhi ran and came to his side: Yima Khshaeta, the good shepherd, obtained that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... For s$ 28-31, cf. Yt. IX, 8-11. Digitized by Google

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ASHI YAST. 277 32. We sacrifice to Ashi Vanguhi, who is shining, high .... and powerful. 331. To her did Thraetaona, the heir of the valiant Athwya clan, offer up a sacrifice in the fourcornered Varena. 34. He begged of her a boon, saying: 'Grant me this, O great Ashi Vanguhi! that I may overcome Azi Dahaka, the three-mouthed, the three-headed, the six-eyed, who has a thousand senses, that most powerful, fiendish Drug, that demon, baleful to the world, the strongest Drug that Angra Mainyu created against the material world, to destroy the world of the good principle; and that I may deliver his two wives, Savanghavak and Erenavak, who are the fairest of body amongst women, and the most wonderful creatures in the world.' 35. The great Ashi Vanguhi ran and came to his side. Thraetaona, the heir of the valiant Athwya clan, obtained that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... VI. 36. We sacrifice to Ashi Vanguhi, who is shining, high .... and powerful. 372. To her did Haoma offer up a sacrifice, Haoma, the enlivening, the healing, the beautiful, the lordly, with golden eyes, upon the highest height of the Haraiti Bareza. 1 Cf. Yt. V, 34; IX, 14; XV, 24. * For $$ 37-39, cf. Yt. IX, 17-19. Digitized by Google

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278 YASTS AND SIROZAHS.. 38. He begged of her a boon, saying: 'Grant me this, O great Ashi Vanguhi! that I may bind the Turanian murderer, Franghrasyan, that I may drag him bound, that I may bring him bound unto king Husravah, that king Husravah may kill him, behind the Kaekasta lake, the deep lake of salt waters, to avenge the murder of his father Syavarshana, a man, and of Aghraeratha, a semi-man.' 39. The great Ashi Vanguhi ran and came to his side. Haoma, the enlivening, the healing, the beautiful, the lordly, with golden eyes, obtained that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice .... | ! VII. 40. We sacrifice to Ashi Vanguhi, who is shining, high .... and powerful. 41" To her did the gallant Husravah, he who united the Aryan nations into one kingdom, offer up a sacrifice, behind the Kaekasta lake, the deep lake of salt waters. 42. He begged of her a boon, saying: 'Grant me this, O great Ashi Vanguhi! that I may kill the Turanian murderer, Franghrasyan, behind the Kaekasta lake, the deep lake of salt waters, to avenge the murder of my father Syavarshana, a man, and of Aghraeratha, a semi-man.' 43. The great Ashi Vanguhi ran and came to his side. The gallant Husravah, he who united the Aryan nations into one kingdom, obtained that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice worth being heard .... 1 For $ 41-43, cf. Yt. IX, 21-23. Digitized by Google

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ASHI YAST. 279 VIII. 44. We sacrifice to Ashi Vanguhi, who is shining, high .... and powerful. 45' To her did the holy Zarathustra offer up a sacrifice in the Airyana Vaegah, by the good river Daitya, with the Haoma and meat, with the baresma, with the wisdom of the tongue, with the holy spells, with the speech, with the deeds, with the libations, and with the rightly-spoken words. 46. He begged of her a boon, saying: 'Grant me this, O great Ashi Vanguhi! that I may bring the good and noble Hutaosa to think according to the law, to speak according to the law, to do according to the law, that she may spread my law and make it known, that she may bestow beautiful praises upon my deeds.' 47. The great Ashi Vanguhi ran and came to his side: the holy Zarathustra obtained that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice worth being heard .... IX. 48. We sacrifice to Ashi Vanguhi, who is shining, high .... and powerful. 49. To her did the tall Kavi Vistaspa offer up a sacrifice behind the waters of the river Daitya. 50. He begged of her a boon, saying: 'Grant me this, O great Ashi Vanguhi! that I may put to flight Asta-aurvant, the son of Vispo-thaurvo-asti, the all-afflicting, of the brazen helmet, of the brazen armour, of the thick neck, behind whom seven 1 For $$ 45-47, cf. Yt. IX, 25-27. Digitized by Google

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280 YASTS AND STROZAHS. hundred camels . . . .; that I may put to flight the Hvyaona murderer, Aregat-aspa; that I may put to flight Darsinika, the worshipper of the Daevas; 51. 'And that I may smite Tathravant of the bad law; that I may smite Spingauruska, the worshipper of the Daevas; and that I may bring unto the good law the nations of the Varedhakas and of the Hvyaonas; and that I may smite of the Hoyaona nations their fifties and their hundreds, their hundreds and their thousands, their thousands and their tens of thousands, their tens of thousands and their myriads of myriads.' 52. The great Ashi Vanguhi ran and came to his side: the tall Kavi Vistaspa obtained that boon. For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice worth being heard .... 53. We sacrifice to Ashi Vanguhi, who is shining, high .... and powerful. 54. And the great Ashi Vanguhi said : 'None of those libations will be accepted by me, which are sent to me either by a man whose seed is dried out, or by the courtezan who produces untimely issues ?, or by young boys, or by girls who have known no man When the Turanians and the swift-horsed Naotaras 4, clapping their hands, ran after me, 1 See Vend. III, 20 [63], note. * By procuring abortion. * She refuses the offerings of all barren beings. 4 Cf. Yt. V, 98. The following clauses allude to some myth of Ashi Vanguhi connected with the conflict between the Turanians and the Naotaras (either Tusa and Vistauru ; cf. p. 71, note 7, or more likely Vistaspa himself, to whom the preceding chapter Digitized by Google

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ASHI YAST. 281 55. 'I hid myself under the foot of a bull walking under his burden; then young boys, and girls who had known no man, discovered me, even while the Turanians and the swift-horsed Naotaras, clapping their hands, were running after me. 56. 'Even I hid myself under the throat of a ram of hundredfold energy: then again young boys, and girls who had known no man, discovered me, even while the Turanians and the swift-horsed Naotaras, clapping their hands, were running after me.' 57. The first wailing of the great Ashi Vanguhi is her wailing about the courtezan who destroys her fruit: 'Stand thou not near her, sit thou not on her bed!'--'What shall I do? Shall I go back to the heavens ? Shall I sink into the earth ?' 58. The second wailing of the great Ashi Vanguhi is her wailing about the courtezan who brings forth a child conceived of a stranger and presents it to her husband : What shall I do? Shall I go back to the heavens ? Shall I sink into the earth ?' 59. This is the third wailing of the great Ashi Vanguhi: "This is the worst deed that men and tyrants do, namely, when they deprive maids, that have been barren for a long time, of marrying and bringing forth children. What shall I do? Shall I go back to the heavens ? Shall I sink into the earth ?' 60. Ahura Mazda answered : O fair and wise Ashi, go not back to the heavens, sink not into the [$$ 48-52) and the last but one clause of the Yast refer). She tried to flee in the way practised by Ulysses in the Cyclops' cavern; both parties were pursuing the animal that bore her, though they knew not what it bore, till children discovered her. Digiized by Google

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282 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. earth! Stay here and walk inside the fine kingly palace.' 61. I shall worship thee with such a sacrifice, I shall worship and forward thee with such a sacrifice as Vistaspa offered unto thee, behind the river Daitya? The Zoatar lifted up a loud voice, with baresma before him. With that sort of sacrifice shall I worship thee? With that sort of sacrifice shall I worship and forward thee, O fair and wise Ashi? For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice worth being heard ... 62. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of Ashi Vanguhi; of the good Kisti ; of the good Erethe; of the good Rasastat; of the Glory and Weal, made by Mazda ". Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... [Give) unto that man brightness and glory, give him health of body, .... give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones. Cf. $$ 49 seq. Cf. Sirozah, $ 25. Digitized by Google

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ASTAD YAST. 283 XVIII. ASTAD YAST. Arstal is Truthfulness: she is invoked in company with the Genius of Truth, Rashnu Razista (Sirozah, SS 18), on the day Rashn. On the day especially dedicated to her, the 26th day of the month, she is invoked in company with Mount Ushi-darena, which accounts for the singular fact that her Yast is wholly devoted to the Hvareno, and thus is hardly distinguishable from the Zamyad Yast, as Mount Ushi-darena is the actual seat of the Hvareno (Yt. I, 31, text and note; cf. Yt. XIX, 66). Whence comes this particular connection of Arstat with Mount Ushi-darena is uncertain, unless it alludes to the fact that the possession of the Hvareno can be secured only through truthfulness : as soon as Yima 'began to find delight in words of falsehood and untruth,' the Hvareno flew away from him (Yt. XIX, 34). o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced! .... Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto (Havani), the holy and master of holiness .... Unto the Glory of the Aryans, made by Mazda, Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... 1. Ahura Mazda spake unto Spitama Zarathustra, saying: 'I made the Aryan Glory, rich in food, rich in flocks, rich in wealth, rich in Glory; provided with full store of intelligence, with full store of money, to withstand Need, and to withstand enemies. 1 As it gives food, flocks, and wealth to those who get possessed of it. Digiized by Google

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284 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 2. It destroys Angra Mainyu, who is all death ; it destroys Aeshma, the fiend of the wounding spear]; it destroys the yellow Bashyasta 2; it destroys the contagion of Aekha*; it destroys the fiend of death. Apaosha; it destroys the non-Aryan nations. * 3. And I made the great Ashi Vanguhi; she comes in, amid the family; she comes in, inside the fine royal palace. 4. 'Let Ashi, with fulness of welfare, follow the man who gladdens the faithful with his gifts ?! she comes in, inside his family; she comes in, inside his fine royal palace. With all sorts of flocks, with all victory, with all intelligence, with all Glory, the great Ashi Vanguhi puts one foot 8 inside his family; she comes in, inside his fine royal palace. 5. Horses multiply a thousandfold, flocks multiply a thousandfold; and so does his virtuous offspring, (as) the bright, glorious star Tistrya moves on equally', and so does the strong wind made by Mazda, and so does the Glory of the Aryas. 6. 'And they bring increase on the tops of all mountains, down the depths of all vales; they bring increase to all the growing plants10, the fair, the golden-hued. And they bring (away) 11 the contagion 1 See Vendidad, Introd. IV, 22. ; Ibid. Introd. IV, 24. 8 Doubtful. * ? A daeva or a disease. See Yt. VIII, 22. * See Yt. XVII. ? Who gives alms to the poor Mazdayasnians. * Even one foot (?), when she stays not there for long friendship' (Yt. XVII, 6). * So that the rain falls in due time (Yt. VIII, 11). 10 Cf. Yt. VIII, 29. * 1 Cf. SS 2. Digitized by Google

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ASTAD YAST. 285 of Aekha, they bring (away) the fiend of death, Apaosha. 7. 'Hail to the bright and glorious star Tistrya! Hail to the strong wind, made by Mazda! Hail to the Glory of the Aryas! *Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... "Ashem Vohd: Holiness is the best of all good .... 8. "We worship the Ahuna Vairya. We worship Asha-Vahista, the fairest AmeshaSpenta. 'We worship the rightly-spoken Words", fiendsmiting and healing. We worship the healing, well-spoken Words, the fiend-smiting. We worship the Mathra Spenta and the Law of Mazda, and (piety) that delights in Haoma 2. We worship the Glory of the Aryas. "Yenhe hatam: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda .... 9. "Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... 'I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of the Glory of the Aryas, made by Mazda. Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... '[Give] unto that man o brightness and glory, . . . . give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones.' 1 Arshukhdha vako, the words conformable to the rites. * Haomakinem; see Etudes Iraniennes, II, 148. Who shall have sacrificed to the Aryan Glory. Digitized by Google

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286 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. XIX. ZAMYAD YAST. This Yast, inscribed to the Genius of the Earth, is devoted to a description of the mountains and the kingly Glory (kavaem Hvareno), which are invoked, together with the Earth, in the corresponding formula of the Sirozah ($ 28): there is no Yast devoted to the Earth itself. The mountains are simply enumerated ($$ 1-8). The rest of the Yast is devoted to the praise of the Hvareno, or, more precisely, to that of those who possessed it, whose powers or feats are described. The list begins with Ahura Mazda ($ 10), and closes with Saoshyant ($ 89); that is to say, it begins with the beginning of the world, and closes with its end. It includes the AmeshaSpentas ($ 15), Haoshyangha ($ 26), Takhma Urupa ($ 28), Yima ($ 31), Mithra ($ 35), Thraetaona ($ 36), Keresaspa ($ 38), the kings of the Kaianyan dynasty ($$ 66-72), Kavi Husravah ($ 74), Zarathustra ($ 79), Vistaspa ($ 84). The unsuccessful efforts of Franghrasyan to take possession of it are described at length (S$ 56-64). This Yast would serve as a short history of the Iranian monarchy, an abridged Shah Namah. o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoicedl.... Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura ; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto (Havani], the holy and master of holiness .... Unto Mount Ushi-darena, made by Mazda, the seat of holy happiness; unto the kingly Glory, made by Mazda; unto that Glory that cannot be forcibly seized, made by Mazda", 1 Sirozah I, 28. Digitized by Google

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ZAMYAD YAST. 287 Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yath a aho vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... 1. The first mountain that rose up out of the earth, O Spitama Zarathustra! was the Haraiti Barez? That mountain stretches all along the shores of the land washed by waters2 towards the east. The second mountain was Mount Zeredho, outsides Mount Manusha": this mountain too stretches all along the shores of the land washed by waters towards the east. 2. From there grew up Mount Ushi-dhau U shi-darena, Mount Erezifya, and Mount Fraorepa. The sixth was Mount Erezura? The seventh was Mount Bumya 8. The eighth was Mount Raoidhita'. 1 The same as the Hara Berezaiti, the later Alborz; see p. 58, note 3. The Caspian sea. 8 Doubtful: parentarem aredho; possibly beyond. * According to the Bundahis, Manusha is another name of Mount Zeredho (XII, 2). It is the mountain on which Manuskihar was born (ibid. 10). 0. The mountain that gives understanding, that preserves understanding,' the later Mount Osda star; see p. 33, note 1. 6 See p. 65, note 2. ? Mount Arzur 'is a summit at the gate of hell' (Bundahis XII, 8; cf. Vend. III, 7 (23); XIX, 140). 8 The Arzur Bam of Bundahis XII, 2, which is in the direction of Arum' (Asia Minor, Bundahis XII, 16). 9 The Royisn-Omand mountain of Bundahis XII, 27; its name Digitized by Google

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288 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. The ninth was Mount Mazisisvau. The tenth was Mount Antare-danghu. The eleventh was Mount Erezisha. The twelfth was Mount Vaiti-gaesal. 3. And Mount Adarana, Mount Bayana, Mount Iskata Upairi-saena?, with the ....s snows; the two Hamankuna mountains, the eight Vasna mountains, the eight powerful Fravanku, the four Vidhvana summits; 4. Mount Aezakha, Mount Maenakha, Mount Vakhedrakae, Mount Asaya, Mount Tudhaskae, Mount I savae, Mount Draoshisvau, Mount Sairivau, Mount Nanghusmau, Mount Kakahyu, Mount Antare-Kangha"; 5. Mount Sikidava, Mount Ahuna, Mount Raemana, Mount Asha-stem bana, Mount Urunyo-vaidhkae, Mount Asnavants, Mount Ushaoma, Mount Usta-hvarenah, Mount Syamaka?, Mount Vafrayau, Mount Vourusha; means "the mountain on which vegetation has grown' (ibid. tr. West). 1 The Badghes mountain near Herat, cacsl. ? Or Mount Iskata ("rugged"), belonging to the Upairi-saena ridge.' The Upairi-saena ridge or A parsen ridge is the mountain of Persia, and its beginning is in Seistan and its end in Susiana' (Bund. XII, 9). 8? Kaso-tafedhra; possibly the name of a mountain: Mount Ka so-tafedhra Vafra. * See p. 67, note 4. 0 Sikidav, a mountain among those which are in Kangdes' (Bund. XII, 2, tr. West). 6 See p. 7, note 5. ? The Mount Siyak-omand (the black mountain') and Mount Vafar-omand (the snowy mountain') of Bundahis XII, 22, which are said to have grown out of the Aparsen ridge and to extend towards China. Digitized by Google

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ZAMYAD YAST. 289 6. Amongst which stand Mount Gatara, Mount Adhutavau, Mount Spita varena, Mount Spentodata!, Mount Kadrva-aspa?, Mount Kaoirisa 3, Mount Taera", Mount Baro-srayana, Mount Barana, Mount Fra payau, Mount U drya, and Mount Raevants, and all those heights to which men have given the name of mount, 7. To the number of two thousand mountains, and two hundred and forty and four 8, O Spitama Zarathustra! 8. For its brightness and glory, I will offer it a sacrifice worth being heard, namely, unto the awful kingly Glory. Unto the awful kingly Glory we offer up the libations, the Haoma and meat, the baresma, the wisdom of the tongue, the holy spells, the speech, the deeds, the libations, and the rightly-spoken words? Yenhe hatam: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda? .... II. 9. We sacrifice unto the awful kingly Glory, made by Mazda; most conquering, highly working, that possesses health, wisdom, and happiness, and is more powerful to destroy than all other creatures; 1 The Spendyad mountain, near Mount Revand (Bundahis XII, 23). * The Kondrasp mountain, by the town of Tas (in Khorasan, Bund. XII, 24). 8 The Koiras mountain in fran-Veg (Bund. XII, 25). * Cf. Yt. XV, 7, and p. 58, note 2. * See p. 8, notes i and 2. * The other mountains have grown out of Albars, in number 2244 mountains' (Bund. XII, 2). ? See notes to Yt. III, 17 (p. 47). [23] Digiized by Google

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290 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 10. That belongs to Ahura Mazda, as (through it) Ahura Mazda made the creatures, many and good, many and fair, many and wonderful, many and prosperous, many and bright; 11?. So that they may restore the world, which will (thenceforth) never grow old and never die, never decaying and never rotting, ever living and ever increasing, and master of its wish, when the dead will rise, when life and immortality will come, and the world will be restored at its wish; 12. When the creation will grow deathless,-the prosperous creation of the Good Spirit,--and the Drug shall perish, though she may rush on every side to kill the holy beings; she and her hundredfold brood shall perish, as it is the will of the Lord 13. For its brightness and glory, I will offer it a sacrifice .... III. 14. We sacrifice unto the awful kingly Glory, made by Mazda.... 154 That belongs to the Amesha-Spentas, the bright ones, whose looks perform their wish, tall, quickly coming to do, strong, lordly, who are undecaying and holy; 16. Who are all seven of one thought, who are all seven of one speech, who are all seven of one deed; whose thought is the same, whose speech is the same, whose deed is the same, whose father and commander is the same, namely, the Maker, Ahura Mazda. * $$ 11-12=8$ 19-20, 23-24, 89-90. : Doubtful. * As above, $ 9. * $$ 15-17=Yt. XIII, 82-84. Digitized by Google

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ZAMYAD YAST. 291 17. Who see one another's soul thinking of good thoughts, thinking of good words, thinking of good deeds, thinking of Garo-nmana, and whose ways are shining as they go down to the libations; 18. Who are the makers and governors, the shapers and overseers, the keepers and preservers of these creations of Ahura Mazda. 191 It is they who shall restore the world, which will (thenceforth) never grow old and never die, never decaying and never rotting, ever living and ever increasing, and master of its wish, when the dead will rise, when life and immortality will come, and the world will be restored at its wish; 20. When the creation will grow deathless,--the prosperous creation of the Good Spirit, -and the Drug shall perish, though she may rush on every side to kill the holy beings; she and her hundredfold brood shall perish, as it is the will of the Lord. For its brightness and glory, I will offer it a sacrifice .... IV. 21. We sacrifice unto the awful kingly Glory, made by Mazda .... 22. That belongs to the gods in the heavens and to those in the material world, and to the blessed ones, born or not yet born, who are to perform the restoration of the world 2. 238. It is they who shall restore the world, which will (thenceforth) never grow old and never die, never decaying and never rotting, ever living and * $$ 19-20=$$ 11-12. The Saoshyants; see p. 165, note 1. $ $$ 23-24=$$ 19-20. U 2 Digitized by Google

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292 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. ever increasing, and master of its wish, when the dead will rise, when life and immortality will come, and the world will be restored at its wish; 24. When the creation will grow deathless,--the prosperous creation of the Good Spirit,--and the Drug shall perish, though she may rush on every side to kill the holy beings; she and her hundredfold brood shall perish, as it is the will of the Lord. For its brightness and glory, I will offer it a sacrifice .... 25. We sacrifice unto the awful kingly Glory, made by Mazda .... 26. That clave unto Haoshyangha, the Paradhata, for a long time, when he ruled over the seven Karshvares of the earth, over the Daevas and men, over the Yatus and the Pairikas, over the oppressors, the blind, and the deaf; he who smote two-thirds of the Daevas of Mazana and of the Varenya fiends. For its brightness and glory, I will offer it a sacrifice .... VI. 27. We sacrifice unto the awful kingly Glory, made by Mazda .... 28. That clave unto Takhma Urupa, the wellarmed, while he ruled over the seven Karshvares of the earth, over the Daevas and men, the Yatus and Pairikas, the oppressors, the blind, and the deaf; 29. When he conquered all Daevas and men, all the Yatus and Pairikas, and rode Angra Mainyu, 1 For forty years, according to the Bundahis (XXXIV, 4); for thirty years, according to Firdausi. 9 See Yt. V, 22. Digitized by Google

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ZAMYAD YAST. 293 turned into the shape of a horse, all around the earth from one end to the other, for thirty years'. For its brightness and glory, I will offer it a sacrifice .. VII. 30. We sacrifice unto the awful kingly Glory, made by Mazda .... 31. That clave unto the bright Yima, the good shepherd, for a long time ?, while he ruled over the seven Karshvares of the earth, over the Daevas and men, the Yatus and Pairikas, the oppressors, the blind, and the deaf; 32. He who took from the Daevas both riches and welfare, both fatness and flocks, both weal and Glory); In whose reign both aliments 4 were never failing for feeding creatures, flocks and men were undying, waters and plants were undrying; 33. In whose reign there was neither cold wind nor hot wind, neither old age nor death, nor envy made by the Daevaso, in the times before his lie, before he began to have delight in words of falsehood and untruth. 34. But when he began to find delight in words of falsehood and untruth", the Glory was seen to flee away from him in the shape of a bird. When his Glory had disappeared, then the great? Yima 1 Cf. Yt. XV, 12, and notes. 2 For six hundred and sixteen years and six months (Bundahis XXXIV, 4). See Yt. V, 26, text and note. * Food and drink. o Cf. Yt. XV, 16. * He pretended to be a god (Firdausi). 7 Doubtful : fraesta. Digitized by Google

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294 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. Khshaeta, the good shepherd, trembled and was in sorrow before his foes ; he was confounded, and laid him down on the ground. 35. The first time when the Glory departed from the bright Yima, the Glory went from Yima, the son of Vivanghant, in the shape of a Varaghna bird s. Then Mithra seized that Glory, Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, whose ear is quick to hear, who has a thousand senses. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of all countries, whom Ahura Mazda has created the most glorious of all the gods in the heavens. 36. The second time when the Glory departed from the bright Yima, the Glory went from Yima, the son of Vivanghant, in the shape of a Varaghna bird. Then Thraetaona seized that Glory, he, the heir of the valiant Athwya clan, who was the most victorious of all victorious men next to Zarathustra ; 37. Who smote Azi Dahaka, the three-mouthed, the three-headed, the six-eyed, who had a thousand senses, that most powerful, fiendish Drug, that demon baleful to the world, the strongest Drug that Angra Mainyu created against the material world, to destroy the world of the good principle 4. 1 Azi Dahaka and his followers. 2 The Glory is described as departing three times, because it is threefold, according as it belongs to the king considered as a priest, a warrior, or a husbandman. In that threefold character it is identical with Adar Froba, Adar Gushasp, and Adar Barzin Mihr (p. 7, notes). S A raven, one of the incarnations of the Genius of Victory (Yt. XIV, 18-21; cf. ibid. SS 35). * Cf. Yt. V, 34. Digitized by Google

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ZAMYAD YAST. 295 38. The third time when the Glory departed from the bright Yima, that Glory went from Yima, the son of Vivanghant, in the shape of a Varaghna bird. Then the manly-hearted Keresaspa 1 seized that Glory; he who was the sturdiest of the men of strength, next to Zarathustra, for his manly courage. -39. For Manly Courage clave unto him. We worship Manly Courage, firm of foot, unsleeping, quick to rise, and fully awake, that clave unto Keresaspa; 40. Who killed the snake Srvara, the horsedevouring, men-devouring, yellow, poisonous snake, over which yellow poison flowed a thumb's breadth thick. Upon him Keresaspa was cooking his food in a brass vessel : at the time of noon, the fiend felt the heat, and stood upon his feet: he rushed from under the brass vessel and upset the boiling water : the manly-hearted Keresaspa fell back affrighted 2; 41. Who killed the golden-heeled Gandarewa, that was rushing with open jaws, eager to destroy the living world of the good principle 3; Who killed the brood of Pathana, all the nine 4; 1 See V, 37 (pp. 62-63, and notes); XIII, 136; XV, 27. ? Cf. Yasna IX, 11 (34-39). This tale belongs to the widespread cyclus of the island-whale (a whale whose back is mistaken by sailors for an island; they land upon it, cook their food there, and the monster, awaked by the heat, flies off and carries them away: see Arabian Nights, Seventy-first Night; Baba Bathra, 5).' s See Yt. V, 38. * Known in the Minokhired (XXVII, 50) as 'the wolf Kapo d' (perhaps the blue wolf,' as Mr. West suggests), which they also call Pehan.' Those nine sons of Pathana were nine highwaymen (the very word Pathana seems to have that meaning): their defeat is told by Keresaspa in a Pahlavi Rivayat as follows: 'I have slain the highwaymen who were so big in body that, when they were Digitized by Google

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296 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. and the brood of Nivika, and the brood of Dastayana; Who killed the golden-crowned Hitaspa", and Vareshava, the son of Dana ?, and Pitaona, attended by many Pairikas 8; 42. Who killed Arezo-shamana, him of the manly courage, who was strong, well-beloved", hail, energetically rushing, fully awake, never falling back....5; 43. Who killed Snavidhaka, him who killed with his nails, the stone-handed : thus did he exclaim to all around: 'I am an infant still, I am not yet of age : if I ever grow of age, I shall make the earth a wheel, I shall make the heavens a chariot ; 44. 'I shall bring down the Good Spirit from the shining Garo-nmana; I shall make the Evil Spirit rush up from the dreary Hell. They will carry my walking, people considered in this way, that "below them are the stars and moon, and below them moves the sun at dawn, and the water of the sea reaches up to their knees." And I reached up to their legs, and they were smitten on the legs by me; they fell, and the hills on the earth were shattered by them' (West, Pahlavi Texts, II, 376). Keresaspa's Fravashi, accordingly, is invoked against thieves (Yt. XIII, 136). Perhaps the assimilation of the wolf Kapod with Pehan is merely a guess of the author of the Minokhired. 1 The murderer of Keresaspa's brother, Urvakhshaya (Yt. XV, 28). * Doubtful: danayana. Varesha is the Pahlavi name of a bird of prey (Bund. XIV, 30), which might induce us to identify Vareshava with the gigantic bird Kamak, which overshadowed the earth and kept off the rain till the rivers dried up' (West, 1.1. 378), and whose destruction was one of the feats of Keresaspa. * Like the Pairika Knathaiti, who clave to Keresaspa (Vend. I, 10 (361) * Doubtful: frazustem. 6 The rest of the sentence is obscure, and the text seems to be corrupt. Digitized by Google

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ZAMYAD YAST. 297 chariot, both the Good Spirit and the Evil One, unless the manly-hearted Keresaspa kill me.' The manly-hearted Keresaspa killed him, his life went away, his spirit vanished. For its brightness and glory, I will offer it a sacrifice .... VIII. 45. We sacrifice unto the awful Glory, that cannot be forcibly seized', made by Mazda .... 46. For which the Good Spirit and the Evil One did struggle with one another 3: for that Glory that cannot be forcibly seized they flung each of them their darts most swift. The Good Spirit flung a dart, and so did VohuMano, and Asha-Vahista and Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda. The Evil Spirit flung a dart, and so did AkemMano 4, and Aeshma of the wounding spear, and Azi Dahaka and Spityura, he who sawed Yima in twain 6. Snavidhaka reminds one vividly of the Titanic Otus and Ephialtes (Odyssea XI, 308): "Such were they youths! Had they to manhood grown, Almighty Jove had trembled on his throne : But ere the harvest of the beard began To bristle on the chin, and promise man, His shafts Apollo aim'd.' (Pope.) 3 The sacerdotal Glory; see p. 11, note 6, cf. & 53. * When it had departed from Yima. * Bad Thought, the demoniac counterpart of Vohu-Mano (Vend. Introd. IV, 34). Spityura was a brother of Vima's (Bund. XXXI, 3: 'Spitur was he who, with Dahak, cut up Yim,' ibid. 5, tr. West). Nothing more is known of him, though he appears to have played a great part in the original Yima legend, and to have stood to his brother in the same relation as Barmayun and Katayun to Feridun, or Digitized by Google

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298 YASTS AND STROZAHS. 47. Then forward came Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda, thinking thus in his heart: 'I want to seize that Glory that cannot be forcibly seized.' But Azi Dahaka, the three-mouthed, he of the evil law, rushed on his back, thinking of extinguishing it: 48. 'Here give it up to me?, O Atar, son of Ahura Mazda: if thou seizest that Glory that cannot be forcibly seized, I shall rush upon thee, so that thou mayest never more blaze on the earth made by Ahura and protect the world of the good principle.' And Atar took back his hands, as the instinct of life prevailed, so much had Azi affrighted him. 49. Then Azi, the three-mouthed, he of the evil law, rushed forward, thinking thus in his heart: 'I want to seize that Glory that cannot be forcibly seized.' But Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda, advanced behind him, speaking in these words: 50. "There give it up to me?, thou three-mouthed Azi Dahaka. If thou seizest that Glory that cannot be forcibly seized, then I will enter thy hinder part, I will blaze up in thy jaws, so that thou mayest never more rush upon the earth made by Mazda and destroy the world of the good principle. Then Azi took back his hands, as the instinct of life prevailed, so much had Atar affrighted him. 51. That Glory swells up and goes to the sea Shagad to Rustam. Firdausi does not mention him, and makes Dahak himself saw Gemshid. 1 Adar Froba (the Glory of the Priest) is meant here: when they sawed Yim, Adar Froba saved his Glory from the hand of Dahak' (Bund. XVII, 5; Etudes Iraniennes, II, 70, 84). 2 Doubtful. Digitized by Google

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ZAMYAD YAST. 299 Vouru-Kasha. The swift-horsed Son of the Waters 1 seizes it at once: this is the wish of the Son of the Waters, the swift-horsed: 'I want to seize that Glory that cannot be forcibly seized, down to the bottom of the sea Vouru-Kasha, in the bottom of the deep rivers. 52. We sacrifice unto the Son of the Waters, the swift-horsed, the tall and shining lord, the lord of females; the male god, who helps one at his appeal; who made man, who shaped man", a god who lives beneath waters, and whose ear is the quickest to hear when he is worshipped. 53. "And whosoever of you, O men,'--thus said Ahura Mazda,--'O holy Zarathustra ! shall seize that Glory that cannot be forcibly seized, he has the gifts 3 of an Athravan * ; whosoever shall long for the illumination of knowledge, he has the gifts of an Athravan; whosoever shall long for fulness of knowledge, he has the gifts of an Athravan; 54. 'And Riches will cleave unto him, giving him full welfare, holding a shield before him, powerful, rich of cattle and garments; and Victory will cleave unto him, day after day; and likewise Strength, that smites more than a year. Attended by that Victory, he will conquer the havocking hordes ; attended by that Victory, he will conquer all those who hate him.' For its brightness and glory, I will offer it a sacrifice .... * Apam Napat; see p. 6, note 1. ? An allusion to old myths on the igneous origin of life (Ormazd et Ahriman, $ 78). 8 Doubtful. * As that Glory is the one that belongs to the Athravan. Digitized by Google

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300 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. IX. 55. We sacrifice unto the awful Glory, that cannot be forcibly seized, made by Mazda .... 56. Which the Turanian ruffian Frangrasyan tried to seize in the sea Vouru-Kasha. He stripped himself naked, wishing to seize that Glory that belongs to the Aryan nations, born and unborn, and to the holy Zarathustra'. But the Glory escaped, the Glory fled away, the Glory changed its seat, and an arm of the sea Vouru-Kasha was produced, namely, that lake that is called Lake Husravah ? 573. Then the most crafty Turanian Frangrasyan rushed out of the sea Vouru-Kasha, 0 Spitama Zarathustra ! thinking evil thoughts :'....4 I have not been able to conquer the Glory that belongs to the Aryan nations, born and unborn, and to the holy Zarathustra. 58. "Then I will defile all corn and liquors", as to greatness, goodness, and fairness.' -Ahura Mazda will come against thee, ever eager to create new creatures 6. Then the most crafty Turanian Frangrasyan rushed down into the sea Vouru-Kasha, O Spitama Zarathustra! i See Etudes Iraniennes, II, 227; cf. SS 82. 2 Lake Husru is within fifty leagues (parasang) of Lake Kekast' (Lake Urumiah, Bund. XXII, 8, tr. West). s Cf. $$ 60, 63. * Itha itha yathana ahmai. Tarshuka khshudraka, translated dhanyani madhunika (Sansk. tr. to Afrigan Gahambar, $ 12). Afrasyab was charged with having laid Iran waste by filling up or conducting away rivers (Hamzah Ispahensis, p. 34; cf. Bund. XXI, 6). 6 This looks like an answer to Afrasyab's threats. Digitized by Google

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ZAMYAD YAST. 301 59. A second time he stripped himself naked, wishing to seize that Glory that belongs to the Aryan nations, born and unborn, and to the holy Zarathustra. But the Glory escaped, the Glory fled away, the Glory changed its seat, and an arm of the sea Vouru-Kasha was produced, namely, that lake that is called Lake Vanghazdau ?. 602. Then the most crafty Turanian Frangrasyan rushed out of the sea Vouru-Kasha, 0 Spitama Zarathustra ! thinking evil thoughts : ....? I have not been able to conquer the Glory that belongs to the Aryan nations, born and unborn, and to the holy Zarathustra. 61. 'Then I will defile all corn and liquors, as to greatness, goodness, and fairness.' -'Ahura Mazda will come against thee, ever eager to create new creatures.' Then the most crafty Turanian Frangrasyan rushed down into the sea Vouru-Kasha. 62. A third time he stripped himself naked, wishing to seize the Glory that belongs to the Aryan nations, born and unborn, and to the holy Zarathustra. But the Glory escaped, the Glory fled away, the Glory changed its seat, and an arm was produced in the sea Vouru-Kasha, namely, the water that is called Awa-danva. 634. Then the most crafty Turanian Frangrasyan rushed out of the sea Vouru-Kasha, 0 Spitama Zarathustra! thinking evil thoughts : '....6 I have 1 The situation of that lake is not stated. Cf. $$ 57, 63. * Itha itha yathana ahmai avatha itha yathana ahmai. + Cf. $$ 57, 60. * Itha itha yathana ahmai avatha itha yathana ahmai avoya itha yathana ahmai. Digitized by Google

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302 YASTS AND STROZAHS. not been able to conquer the Glory that belongs to the Aryan nations, born and unborn, and to the holy Zarathustra !' 64. He was not able to seize the Glory that belongs to the Aryan nations, born and unborn, and to the holy Zarathustra. For its brightness and glory, I will offer it a sacrifice .... X. 65. We sacrifice unto the awful Glory that cannot be forcibly seized, made by Mazda .... 66. That cleaves unto him who grows up there, where lies Lake Kasava, along with the Haetumants river; there where stands Mount Ushidhau 4, surrounded by waters, that run from the mountain. 67. Ito runs unto him, it flows and swells unto him, bringing good pastures and fine horses, bringing plenty, full of glory; with beauty and weal; powerful and friendly, rich of pastures, prolific and golden. It runs unto him, it flows and swells unto him, bright and glorious, making the white ....o grow, smiting away all plagues. 68. And there comes with him a horse's strength, there comes with him a camel's strength, there 1 That is to say, to any one who .... The Kavis or Kings of Iran are meant : Lake Kasava was supposed to be the home of the Kayan race' (Bund. XXI, 7). The Kavis are enumerated in the following clauses ($$ 71 seq.). 2 The present Zarah or Hamun sea in Seistan. 8 The Helmend ('Erupavopos ; cf. Vend. I, 14). * The seat of the Hvareno; see p. 33, note 1, p. 287, note 5, and Introduction to Yt. XVIII. The water of the rivers in which the Glory lies, and in the midst of which the Kavi has been nourished. . ? Varemis. Digitized by Google

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ZAMYAD YAST. 303 comes with him a man's strength, there comes with him the kingly Glory: and there is in him, O holy Zarathustra! so much of kingly Glory as might extinguish at once all the non-Aryan nations. 69. And then (through it) living creatures may keep away hunger and death, living creatures (may keep away) cold and heat? Such is the kingly Glory, the keeper of the Aryan nations and of the five kinds of animals 2, made to help the faithful and the Law of the worshippers of Mazda. . For its brightness and glory, I will offer it a sacrifice. XI. 90. We sacrifice unto the awful kingly Glory, made by Mazda .... 71. That clave unto Kavi Kavata, and unto Kavi Aipivohu, and unto Kavi Usadha, and unto Kavi Arshan, and unto Kavi Pisina, and unto Kavi Byarshan, and unto Kavi Syavarshan 3; 72. So that they were all of them brave, all of them strong, all of them healthful, all of them wise, all of them happy in their wishes, all of them powerful kings. For its brightness and glory, I will offer it a sacrifice ..., XII. 73. We sacrifice unto the awful kingly Glory, made by Mazda .... 744. That clave unto Kavi Husravah for the wellshapen Strength, for the Victory made by Ahura, for the crushing Ascendant; for the righteousness of the law, for the innocence of the law, for the 8 See Yt. XIII, SS 132. 1 Doubtful. See p. 182, note 2. * $$ 74-76=Yt. XIII, 133-135. Digitized by Google

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304 YASTS AND SiROZahs. unconquerable power of the law; for the extermination of the enemies at one stroke; 75. And for the vigour of health, for the Glory made by Mazda, for the health of the body, and for a good, virtuous offspring, wise, chief in assemblies, bright, and clear-eyed, that frees [their father] from the pangs (of hell], of good intellect; and for that part in the blessed world that falls to wisdom and to those who do not follow impiety; 76. And for a dominion full of splendour, for a long, long life, and for all boons and remedies; 77. So that king Husravah [had the lead] all along the long race, and he could not pass through the forest, hel, the murderer, who was fiercely striving against him on horseback; the lord Kavi Husravah prevailed over all; he put in bonds Frangrasyan and Keresavazda", to avenge the murder of his father Syavarshana, a man, and of Aghraeratha, a semi-man For its brightness and glory, I will offer it a sacrifice .... XIII. 78. We sacrifice unto the awful kingly Glory, made by Mazda .... 79. That clave unto the holy Zarathustra, so that he thought according to the Law, spake according Aurvasara; see Yt. XV, 32 ; cf. Yt. V, 50 (where the words all along the long race have been omitted in the translation). The words have the lead here have been supplied from Yt. V, 50: the text here has two words, tam keresem, of which both the reading and the meaning are doubtful. ? Keresavazda, the Karsivaz of Firdausi, the brother of Afrasyab and the murderer of Syavarshana : he was put to death by Husravah in company with his brother (Etudes Iraniennes, II, 227). * See p. 114, note 7. Digitized by Google

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ZAMYAD YAST. 305 to the Law, and did according to the Law; so that he was the holiest in holiness in all the living world, the best-ruling in exercising rule, the brightest in brightness, the most glorious in glory, the most victorious in victory. 80. At his sight the Daevas rushed away; at his sight the (demoniac) malices were extinguished; at his sight the Gainis drew back their ways from the mortals and, lamenting 2 and wailing, laid violent hands on the Daevas. 81. And that one prayer, the Ahuna Vairya, which the holy Zarathustra sang and repeated four times, with a song that waxed louder and louder, drove back all the Daevas beneath the earth, and took off from them sacrifice and prayers. 82. It was it, the Glory of Zarathustra, that the Turanian ruffian Frangrasyan tried to seize to rule over all the Karshvares; round about the seven Karshvares did that ruffian Frangrasyan rush, trying to seize the Glory of Zarathustra 4. But that Glory escaped to hidden inlets of the sea(r); and there those two 6 made my will' roll on 8; they entered my will, as it was my wish, Ahura Mazda's, and as it was the wish of the Law of Mazda. For its brightness and glory, I will offer it a sacrifice .... 1 See Vend. XX, 10. ? Doubtful. Perhaps : and lamenting and wailing the Daevas left off injuring. 8 Cf. Yt. XIII, 90. * See above, $$ 56-64. Cf. $$ 56, 59, 62. o Zarathustra and Vistaspa (?); cf. 8$ 84-87. ? Meaning my law. 8 Cf. Yt. XIII, 89, note 5. [23] Digitized by Google

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306 YASTS AND SiROZAHS. XIV. 83. We sacrifice unto the awful kingly Glory, made by Mazda .... 84. That clave unto king Vistaspa, so that he thought according to the Law, spake according to the Law, and did according to the Law; so that he professed that Law, destroying his foes and causing the Daevas to retire. 85?. Who, driving the Drug before him ?, sought wide room for the holy religion ; who, driving the Drug before him, made wide room for the holy religion ; who made himself the arm and support of this law of Ahura, of this law of Zarathustra ; 86. Who took her, standing bound, from the hands of the Hunus, and established her to sit in the middle [of the world], high ruling, never falling back, holy, nourished with plenty of cattle and pastures, blessed with plenty of cattle and pastures. 87. The valiant king Vistaspa conquered all enemies, Tathravant of the evil law, Peshana, the worshipper of the Daevas, and the fiendish wicked Aregat-aspa and the other wicked Hvyaonas 3. For its brightness and glory, I will offer it a sacrifice .... XV. 88. We sacrifice unto the awful kingly Glory, made by Mazda .... 894. That will cleave unto the victorious Saoshyant and his helpers 5, when he shall restore the 1 $$ 85-86=Yt. XIII, 99-100. 3 Or with his spear pushed forwards;' see p. 205, note 1. : Cf. Yt. V, 109. * $$ 89-90=S$ 11-12. * See p. 117, note 6. Digitized by Google

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ZAMYAD YAST. 307 world, which will (thenceforth) never grow old and never die, never decaying and never rotting, ever living and ever increasing, and master of its wish, when the dead will rise, when life and immortality will come, and the world will be restored at its wish; 90. When the creation will grow deathless,--the prosperous creation of the Good Spirit,--and the Drug shall perish, though she may rush on every side to kill the holy beings; she and her hundredfold brood shall perish, as it is the will of the Lord. For its brightness and glory, I will offer it a sacrifice .... XVI. 91. We sacrifice unto the awful kingly Glory, made by Mazda .... 92. When Astvat-ereta shall rise up from Lake Kasava ?, a friend of Ahura Mazda, a son of Vispataurvairi 3, knowing the victorious knowledge. It was that Glory that Thraetaona bore with him when Azi Dahaka was killed 4; 93. That Frangrasyan, the Turanian, bore when Drvau was killed, when the Bull was killed 6 ; That king Husravah bore when Frangrasyan, the Turanian, was killed?; Saoshyant; cf. Yt. XIII, 129. Cf. SS 66 and Vend. XIX, 5 (18). s See Yt. XIII, 142. Cf. $ 36. Or the demon.' 8 This line is in contradiction with what we know of the Frangrasyan legend, unless the text is corrupt and the name of Frangrasyan has been introduced here by mistake (for Keresaspa?). Yet it may allude to brighter sides, unknown to us, of the Turanian hero: the Bull (gaus) may be his brother Aghraeratha, the Bull-man (Gopatishah); see p. 114, note 7. ? See $ 77. X 2 Digitized by Google

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308 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. That king Vistaspa bore, when he victoriously maintained Holiness against the host of the fiends and took off the Drug from the world of the good principle 1. 94. He ?, with the eye of intelligence ", shall look down upon all the creatures of the Paesis 4, her of the evil seed: he shall look upon the whole living world with the eye of plenty, and his look shall deliver to immortality the whole of the living creatures. 95. And there shall his friends o come forward, the friends of Astvat-ereta, who are fiend-smiting, well-thinking, well-speaking, well-doing, following the good law, and whose tongues have never uttered a word of falsehood. Before them shall Aeshma of the wounding spear, who has no Glory, bow and flee; he shall smite the most wicked Drug, her of the evil seed, born of darkness. 96. Akem-Mano 6 smites, but Vohu-Mano shall smite him ; the Word of falsehood smites, but the Word of truth shall smite it. Haurvatat and Ameretat? shall smite both hunger and thirst : Haurvatat and Ameretat shall smite the evil hunger and the evil thirst. The evil-doing Angra Mainyu bows and flees, becoming powerless. For its brightness and glory, I will offer it a sacrifice .... 97. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... 1 Cf. $ 84. Saoshyant. Cf. Yt. I, 28. * A name of the Drug. * See p. 220, note 1. & See p. 297, note 4. ? The Genii of the waters and of the plants (cf. Vend. Introd. IV, 34). Digitized by Google

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ZAMYAD YAST. 309 I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of Mount Ushi-darena, made by Mazda, the seat of holy happiness; of the kingly Glory, made by Mazda; of the Glory that cannot be forcibly seized, made by Mazda". Ashem Voha: Holiness is the best of all good .... [Give) unto that man brightness and glory,.... give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones. 1 Cf. SS 0. 3 Who sacrifices to the kingly Glory. Digitized by Google

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310 YASTS AND STROZAHS. XX. VANANT YAST. This Yast ought to follow immediately after the Tir Yast, as it is derived from the same Sirozah formula; the one in which Tistrya is invoked along with Vanant and Haptoiringa (Sirozah, $ 13). It is a mere supplement to that Yast. On Vanant, see p. 97, note 6. o. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced! .... Ashem Voh 0 : Holiness is the best of all good .... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra, one who hates the Daevas and obeys the laws of Ahura; For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification unto [Havani], the holy and master of holiness .... Unto the star Vanant, made by Mazda, Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... 1. We sacrifice unto the star Vanant, made by Mazda, the holy and master of holiness. I will sacrifice unto Vanant, strong, invoked by his own name", healing, in order to withstand the accursed and most foul Khrafstras? of the most abominable Angra Mainyu. 2. Yath a ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness . . . . I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of the star Vanant, made by Mazda. Ashem Vohd : Holiness is the best of all good .... [Give) unto that man brightness and glory, . . . . give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones. 1 See p. 13, note 2. 2 The reptiles and other Ahrimanian creatures (Vendidad, Introd. V, 11) which are destroyed by the rain (Bund. VII, 7). s Who sacrifices to Vanant. Digitized by Google

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ir OFT UkiY YAST FRAGMENT. 311 XXI AND XXII. YAST FRAGMENTS. These two Yasts or Yast fragments are known among the Parsis as the Hadhokht Nask, though their context does not correspond to any part of the description of that Nask as given in the Dinkart (West, Pahlavi Texts, I, 224, note 8). A Pahlavi translation of these Yasts has been edited by Haug and West (The Book of Arda Viraf, p. 269 seq.). XXI. YAST FRAGMENT. Yast XXI is a eulogy of the Ashem Voh u prayer, the value of which rises higher and higher, according as the circumstances under which it is being recited are of greater importance. 1. Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda : 'O Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! * What is the only word in which is contained the glorification of all good things, of all the things that are the offspring of the good principle ?' 2. Ahura Mazda answered: 'It is the praise of Holiness, O Spitama Zarathustra ! 3. "He who recites the praise of Holiness', in the fulness of faith and with a devoted heart, praises me, Ahura Mazda ; he praises the waters, he praises the earth, he praises the cattle, he praises the plants, he praises all good things made by Mazda, all the things that are the offspring of the good principle. 4. "For the reciting of that word of truth, O Zarathustra! the pronouncing of that formula, the Ahuna Vairya, increases strength and victory in one's soul and piety. 1 Asha: the Ashem Voha. Digitized by Google

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312 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 5. 'For that only recital of the praise of Holiness is worth a hundred khshnaothras of the beings of Holiness 1, when delivered while going to sleep, a thousand when delivered after eating, ten thousand when delivered during cohabitation, or any number when delivered in departing this life.' 6. What is the one recital of the praise of Holiness that is worth ten others in greatness, goodness, and fairness ?' 7. Ahura Mazda answered: 'It is that one, O holy Zarathustra ! that a man delivers when eating the gifts of Haurvatat and Ameretat?, at the same time professing good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, and rejecting evil thoughts, evil words, and evil deeds.' 8. What is the one recital of the praise of Holiness that is worth a hundred others in greatness, goodness, and fairness ?' 9. Ahura Mazda answered: 'It is that one, O holy Zarathustra ! that a man delivers while drinking of the Haoma strained for the sacrifice, at the same time professing good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, and rejecting evil thoughts, evil words, and evil deeds.' 10. What is the one recital of the praise of Holiness that is worth a thousand others in greatness, goodness, and fairness ?' II. Ahura Mazda answered: 'It is that one, O holy Zarathustra ! that a man delivers when starting 1 A hundred times the formula : 'Be propitiation (khshnaothra) unto N. ..., the holy and master of holiness' (cf. p. I, note 2). * Eating or drinking (see Vendidad, Introd. IV, 33). Digitized by Google

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YAST FRAGMENT. 313 up from his bed or going to sleep again, at the same time professing good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, and rejecting evil thoughts, evil words, and evil deeds.' 12. What is the one recital of the praise of Holiness that is worth ten thousand others in greatness, goodness, and fairness ?' 13. Ahura Mazda answered : It is that one, O holy Zarathustra ! that a man delivers when waking up and rising from sleep, at the same time professing good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, and rejecting evil thoughts, evil words, and evil deeds.' 14. What is the one recital of the praise of Holiness that is worth this Karshvare of ours, Hvaniratha !, with its cattle and its chariots, without its men, in greatness, goodness, and fairness ?' 15. Ahura Mazda answered: 'It is that one, O holy Zarathustra ! that a man delivers in the last moments of his life, at the same time professing good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, and rejecting evil thoughts, evil words, and evil deeds.' 16. What is the one recital of the praise of Holiness that is worth all that is between the earth and the heavens, and this earth, and that luminous space, and all the good things made by Mazda, that are the offspring of the good principle in greatness, goodness, and fairness ?' 17. Ahura Mazda answered: 'It is that one, O holy Zarathustra ! that a man delivers to renounce evil thoughts, evil words, and evil deeds a.' i See p. 123, note 5. . In a conversion, or in the recital of the penitential prayers. Digitized by Google

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314 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. YAST XXII. This Yast is a description of the fate that attends the soul of the righteous (SSSS 1-18) and the soul of the wicked ($19-37) after death. They spend the first three nights (the sadis or sidos; cf. Commentaire du Vendidad, XIII, 55) amongst the highest enjoyments or pains; they are then met by their own conscience in the shape of a beautiful heavenly maiden (or a fiendish old woman), and are brought in four steps up to heaven or down to hell, through the three paradises of Good-Thought, Good-Word, and GoodDeed, or the three hells of Evil-Thought, Evil-Word, and EvilDeed: there they are praised and glorified by Ahura, or rebuked and insulted by Angra Mainyu, and fed with ambrosia or poison. Similar developments are to be found in Yast XXIV, 53-65; Arda Viraf XVII; Minokhired II, 123-194. I. 1. Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda: 'O Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! When one of the faithful departs this life, where does his soul abide on that night ?' Ahura Mazda answered : 2. "It takes its seat near the head, singing the Ustavaiti Gatha and proclaiming happiness : "Happy is he, happy the man, whoever he be, to whom Ahura Mazda gives the full accomplishment of his wishes !" On that night his soul tastes 3 as much of pleasure as the whole of the living world can taste.' 1 See p. 319, note I. 3 The name of the second Gatha, which begins with the word usta: the words in the text, 'Happy the man ....,'are its opening line (Yasna XLII, 1). 3 Literally, sees, perceives. Digitized by Google

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YAST XXII. 315 3. --'On the second night where does his soul abide ?' 4. Ahura Mazda answered: 'It takes its seat near the head, singing the Usta vaiti Gatha and proclaiming happiness : "Happy is he, happy the man, whoever he be, to whom Ahura Mazda gives the full accomplishment of his wishes !" On that night his soul tastes as much of pleasure as the whole of the living world can taste.' 5. --'On the third night where does his soul abide ?' 6. Ahura Mazda answered: 'It takes its seat near the head, singing the Ustavaiti Gatha and proclaiming happiness : "Happy is he, happy the man, whoever he be, to whom Ahura Mazda gives the full accomplishment of his wishes !" On that night his soul tastes as much of pleasure as the whole of the living world can taste.' 7. At the end of the third night, when the dawn appears, it seems to the soul of the faithful one as if it were brought amidst plants and scents : it seems as if a wind were blowing from the region of the south, from the regions of the south, a sweetscented wind, sweeter-scented than any other wind in the world. 8. And it seems to the soul of the faithful one as if he were inhaling that wind with the nostrils, and he thinks: Whence does that wind blow, the sweetestscented wind I ever inhaled with my nostrils ?' 9. And it seems to him as if his own conscience were advancing to him in that wind, in the shape of a maiden fair, bright, white-armed, strong, tall ? Thraosta: in Pahlavi roisman. Digitized by Google

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.316 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. formed, high-standing, thick-breasted, beautiful of body, noble, of a glorious seed", of the size of a maid in her fifteenth year, as fair as the fairest things in the world. 10. And the soul of the faithful one addressed her, asking: What maid art thou, who art the fairest maid I have ever seen ?' 11. And she, being his own conscience, answers him : 'O thou youth of good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, of good religion, I am thy own conscience! 'Everybody did love thee for that greatness, goodness, fairness, sweet-scentedness, victorious strength and freedom from sorrow, in which thou dost appear to me; 12. 'And so thou, O youth of good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, of good religion ! didst love me for that greatness, goodness, fairness, sweetscentedness, victorious strength, and freedom from sorrow, in which I appear to thee. 13. When thou wouldst see a man making derision" and deeds of idolatry, or rejecting' (the poor) and shutting his door 4, then thou wouldst sit singing the Gathas and worshipping the good waters and Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda, and rejoicing the faithful that would come from near or from afar. 1 .That is to say, from the gods' (Pahl. Comm.). ? Of holy things. s Doubtful. The Pahlavi commentary has the following gloss: He would not give his friends what they begged for.' To the poor :- Urvaro-straya: urvar babaik kart (Pahl. Comm.): aighsan baba bara asrunast (star, to tie, as in frastaretem baresma). Cf. Yt. XXIV, 37, 59. 6 With alms to the poor Mazdayasnians (asho dad). Digitized by Google

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YAST XXII. 317 14. 'I was lovely and thou madest me still lovelier; I was fair and thou madest me still fairer ; I was desirable and thou madest me still more desirable; I was sitting in a forward place and thou madest me sit in the foremost place, through this good thought, through this good speech, through this good deed of thine; and so henceforth men worship me for my having long sacrificed unto and conversed with Ahura Mazda. x15. The first step that the soul of the faithful man made, placed him in the Good-Thought1 Paradise ; * The second step that the soul of the faithful man made, placed him in the Good Word? Paradise ; 'The third step that the soul of the faithful man made, placed him in the Good-Deeds Paradise ; "The fourth step that the soul of the faithful man made, placed him in the Endless Lights 4.' 16. Then one of the faithful, who had departed before him, asked him, saying: 'How didst thou depart this life, thou holy man? How didst thou come, thou holy man! from the abodes full of cattle and full of the wishes and enjoyments of love ? From the material world into the world of the spirit? From the decaying world into the undecaying one? How long did thy felicity last ?' 17. And Ahura Mazda answered : 'Ask him not what thou askest him, who has just gone the dreary 1 The so-called Hamat Paradise (cf. Yt. III, 3). 2 The so-called Hakht Paradise. 8 The so-called Hvarsht Paradise. * The seat of the Garothman. Digitized by Google

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318 YASTS AND SiROZAHS. way, full of fear and distress, where the body and the soul part from one another. 18. '[Let him eat] of the food brought to him, of the oil of Zaremaya': this is the food for the youth of good thoughts, of good words, of good deeds, of good religion, after he has departed this life ; this is the food for the holy woman, rich in good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, well-principled and obedient to her husband, after she has departed this life.' II. 19. Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda : 'O Ahura Mazda, most beneficent Spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! When one of the wicked perishes, where does his soul abide on that night ?' 20. Ahura Mazda answered: 'It rushes and sits near the skull, singing the Kima? Gatha, O holy Zarathustra ! ""To what land shall I turn, O :Ahura Mazda ? To whom shall I go with praying ?" On that night his soul tastes as much of suffering as the whole of the living world can taste. 21. --'On the second night, where does his soul abide ?' 22. Ahura Mazda answered: 'It rushes and sits near the skull, singing the Kima Gatha, O holy 1 Zaremaya is the spring: the word translated oil (raoghna, Persian .,) might perhaps be better translated butter;' the milk made in the middle of spring was said to be the best (Visperad I, 2; Pahl. Comm.; cf. Dadistan XXXI, 14). 9 The Gatha of lamenting, beginning with the word Kam(Kam neme zam: 'To what land shall I turn?'); Yasna XLVI (XLV). Digitized by Google

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YAST XXII. 319 Zarathustra! "To what land shall I turn, O Ahura Mazda ? To whom shall I go with praying ?" 'On that night his soul tastes as much of suffering as the whole of the living world can taste.' 23. _'On the third night, where does his soul abide ?' 24. Ahura Mazda answered: 'It rushes and sits near the skull, singing the Kima Gatha, O holy Zarathustra! "To what land shall I turn, O Ahura Mazda ? To whom shall I go with praying ?" 'On that night his soul tastes as much of suffering as the whole of the living world can taste.' 25. At the end of the third night, O holy Zarathustra! when the dawn appears, it seems to the soul of the faithful one as if it were brought amidst snow and stench, and as if a wind were blowing from the region of the north, from the regions of the north, a foul-scented wind, the foulest-scented of all the winds in the world. 26-32. And it seems to the soul of the wicked man as if he were inhaling that wind with the nostrils, and he thinks: "Whence does that wind blow, the foulestscented wind that I ever inhaled with my nostrils??' 1 A development similar to that in $$ 9-14 is to be supplied here: in the Arda Viraf and the Minokhired the soul of the wicked is met by a horrid old woman, who is his own conscience : 'And in that wind he saw his own religion and deeds, as a profligate woman, naked, decayed, gaping, bandy-legged, lean-hipped, and unlimitedly spotted, so that spot was joined to spot, like the most hideous noxious creatures (khrafstar), most filthy and most stinking' (cf. $ 9). Then that wicked soul spoke thus: "Who art thou? than whom I never saw any one of the creatures of Allharmazd and Akharman uglier, or filthier or more stinking' (cf. $ 10). To him she spoke thus : 'I am thy bad actions, O youth of evil thoughts, of evil words, of evil deeds, of evil religion! It Digitized by Google

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320 YASTS AND SIROZahs. 33. The first step that the soul of the wicked man made laid him in the Evil-Thought Hell ; The second step that the soul of the wicked man made laid him in the Evil-Word Hell; The third step that the soul of the wicked man made laid him in the Evil-Deed Hell; The fourth step that the soul of the wicked man made laid him in the Endless Darkness. 34. Then one of the wicked who departed before him addressed him, saying: 'How didst thou perish, O wicked man? How didst thou come, O fiend! from the abodes full of cattle and full of the wishes and enjoyments of love? From the material world into the world of the Spirit ? From the decaying is on account of thy will and actions that I am hideous and vile, iniquitous and diseased, rotten and foul-smelling, unfortunate and distressed, as appears to thee (cf. $$ 11-12). When thou sawest any one who performed the Yazishn and Dron ceremonies, and praise and prayer and the service of God, and preserved and protected water and fire, cattle and trees, and other good creations, thou practisedst the will of Akharman and the demons, and improper actions. And when thou sawest one who provided hospitable reception, and gave something deservedly in gifts and charity, for the advantage of the good and worthy who came from far, and who were from near, thou wast avaricious, and shuttedst up thy door (cf. SS 13). And though I have been unholy (that is, I have been considered bad), I am made more unholy through thee; and though I have been frightful, I am made more frightful through thee; though I have been tremulous, I am made more tremulous through thee; though I am settled in the northern region of the demons, I am settled further north through thee; through these evil thoughts, through these evil words, and through these evil deeds, which thou practisedst. They curse me, a long time, in the long execration and evil communion of the Evil Spirit (cf. SS 14). Afterwards that soul of the wicked advanced the first footstep on Dash-humat (the place of evil thoughts), &c.' (The Book of Arda Viraf, XVII, 12-27, as translated by Haug). Digitized by Google

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YAST XXII. 321 world into the undecaying one? How long did thy suffering last ?' 35. Angra Mainyu, the lying one, said: 'Ask him not what thou askest him, who has just gone the dreary way, full of fear and distress, where the body and the soul part from one another. 36. Let him eat of the food brought unto him, of poison and poisonous stench 1: this is the food, after he has perished, for the youth of evil thoughts, evil words, evil deeds, evil religion after he has perished; this is the food for the fiendish woman, rich in evil thoughts, evil words, and evil deeds, evil religion, ill-principled, and disobedient to her husband. 37%. "We worship the Fravashi of the holy man, whose name is Asmo-hvanvant3; then I will worship the Fravashis of the other holy Ones who were strong of faith 4. 382. We worship the memory of Ahura Mazda, to keep the Holy Word. We worship the understanding of Ahura Mazda, to study the Holy Word. We worship the tongue of Ahura Mazda, to speak forth the Holy Word. We worship the mountain that gives understanding, that preserves understanding; [we worship 1 Cf. Yasna XXXI, 20: "He who would deceive the holy One, to him afterwards (will be) a long weeping in the dark place, bad food and words of insult. O wicked! this is the place down which your own conscience will bring you through your own deeds.' ? $$ 37-38, 39-40, 41-42 are separate fragments. s One of the first disciples of Zoroaster; cf. Yt. XIII, 96. * Cf. p. 33, note 2. [23] Digitized by Google

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322 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. it] by day and by night, with offerings of libations well-accepted 392 'O Maker ! how do the souls of the dead, the Fravashis of the holy Ones, manifests themselves * ?' 40. Ahura Mazda answered: They manifest themselves from goodness of spirit and excellence of mind.' 418. Then towards the dawning of the dawn", that bird Parodars, that bird Kareto-dasuo hears the voice of the Fire. *$ 38=Yt. I, 31. : A Pahlavi translation of the following two fragments is found in MS. 33, Paris, Supplement Persan (edited in Etudes Iraniennes, II). s Kithra (Paris MS. p. 255). 4 "How do they manifest their assistance ?' (Pahl. tr. ibid.); that is to say, when do they assist their relations and countrymen? (see Yt. XIII, 49 seq.) o When men are instinct with good spirit and good thought. o The Pahlavi translation of this fragment has here $$ 14-16 of the Atash Nyayis, then $$ 18-19 of Vendidad XVIII. Therefore the whole passage is to be restored as follows: Atar looks at the hands of all those who pass by: What does the friend bring to his friend ....?' (Atash N. 14.) And if that passer-by brings him wood holily brought, or bundles of baresma holily tied up . . . . , then Atar .... will bless him thus: May herds of oxen grow for thee .... (Atash N. 15-16). In the first part of the night, Fire, the son of Ahura Mazda, calls the master of the house for help, saying: Upl arise, thou master of the house .... (Vend. XVIII, 18-19). "Then towards the dawning of the dawn ....' (see the text). 7 Cf. Vend. XVIII, 23. 8 "He who has knowledge made,' or 'He who has the knowledge of what is made' (kartak danishn); his other name Parodars is 'He who foresees.' * Here again a large passage is omitted : it can only partly be Digitized by Google

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YAST XXII. 323 42. Here the fiendish Bashyasta, the long-handed, rushes from the region of the north, from the regions of the north, speaking thus, lying thus: 'Sleep on, O men! Sleep on, O sinners! Sleep on and live in sin.' supplied from the Pahlavi translation; the words in brackets refer to Zend texts lost to us : *Then he flaps his wings and lifts up his voice, saying: "Arise, O menl [and also women, grown-up people, and children, &c. .... Put on well your girdle and shirt, wash your hands, put your girdle around your body, go and give food to the cattle and recite aloud the five holy Gathas of Spitama Zarathustra."] Here the fiendish Bushyasta ... :' (see the text). Then the Pahlavi translation has : Never care for the three excellent things, good thoughts, good words, good deeds' (cf. Vend. XVIII, 25). Y 2 Digitized by Google

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324 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. XXIII-XXIV. AFRIN PAIGHAMBAR ZAR TUST AND VISTASP YAST. God taught the Zendavasta to Zartusht--a sublime work .... God said to Zartusht, "Go and before Shah Gushtasp read this book, that he may come into the faith .... keep all my counsel and repeat it word by word to Shah Gushtasp 1.'. Zartusht, in obedience to God, went to the court of Gushtasp: 'He came forward and called down a blessing on the Shah?' Then he read to him the Zandavasta and said : Learn its statutes and walk therein. If your desire is towards its laws, your abode shall be in the paradise of heaven. But if you turn away from its commandments, you shall bring down your crowned head to the dust. Your God will be displeased with you, and will overthrow your prosperous condition. At the last you shall descend into hell, if you hear not the counsel of the Almightys.? These lines of the Zartusht-Namah are a summary of the following two Yasts. The first, entitled. The blessing of the prophet Zartust, contains the words of blessing addressed by Zarathustra when appearing before the king. These words seem to have followed a similar blessing pronounced by Gamaspa ", the prime minister of Vistaspa". Yast XXIV contains the exhortations of the prophet to the king to follow and closely adhere to the Law of Mazda. It is a counterpart to the XIXth Fargard of the Vendidad, as Zarathustra plays here the same part to Vistaspa as Ahura does there to Zarathustra. It is, therefore, a summary of the Law, of the duties it 1 The Zartusht-Namah, translated by E. B. Eastwick, in Wilson's Parsi Religion, p. 495. 2 Ibid. p. 499. 3 Ibid. p. 501. - See Yt. XXIII, 2; whether Anquetil's statement to that effect (Zend-Avesta II, 623) rests on independent tradition or only on the text of our Yast is not clear. 6 See above, p. 70, note i. i Digitized by Google

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AFRIN PAIGHAMBAR ZARTUST. 325 enforces and of the rewards it promises. This accounts for the strange disconnection apparent in it, which makes it a crux interpretum, as, besides the very corrupt state of the text, the chief difficulty of this Yast arises from the fact that many passages in it are incomplete quotations from the Vendidad, or allusions to statements therein", which, when supplied, help a good deal to relieve this Yast from its apparent state of utter incoherence. For this translation I was able to avail myself of a Pahlavi translation, of which a copy was kindly lent to me by Mr. West. That translation is apparently of late date and often manifestly wrong; yet it was very useful to me in several passages, besides its giving a Zend text generally more correct and more correctly divided than the text in Westergaard's edition ? Yast XXIII was originally no independent Yast, being nothing more than the beginning of Yast XXIV, detached from it, with some slight alterations and inversions. XXIII. AFRIN PAIGHAMBAR ZARTUST. 1. 'I am a pious man, who speaks words of blessing. -Thou appearest unto me full of Glory.' And Zarathustra spake unto king Vistaspa, saying: 'I bless thee, O man! O lord of the country! with the living of a good life, of an exalted life, of a long life. May thy men live long! May thy women live long! May sons be born unto thee of thy own body! 2. "Mayest thou have a son like Gamaspa, and may he bless thee as (Gamaspa blessed) Vistaspa (the lord) of the country 3! 1 For instance, $$ 28, 30, 31, 39, &c. 2 The various readings in Mr. West's manuscript are indicated by the letter W. in the notes. See the introduction to this Yast and Yt. XXIV, 3, text and note. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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326 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. Mayest thou be most beneficent, like Mazda ! Mayest thou be fiend-smiting, like Thraetaona !! Mayest thou be strong, like Gamaspa ?! Mayest thou be well-armed, like TakhmaUrupa 8! 3. "Mayest thou be glorious, like Yima Khshaeta, the good shepherd! "Mayest thou be instructed with a thousand senses, like Azi Dahaka, of the evil law + ! Mayest thou be awful and most strong, like Keresaspa ! Mayest thou be a wise chief of assemblies, like Urvakhshaya ! "Mayest thou be beautiful of body and without fault, like Syavarshana?! 4. 'Mayest thou be rich in cattle, like an Athwyanide 8! Mayest thou be rich in horses, like Pourus-aspao! Mayest thou be holy, like Zarathustra Spitama! Mayest thou be able to reach the Rangha, whose shores lie afar, as Vafra Navaza was 10! Mayest thou be beloved by the gods and reverenced by men 11! 1 Cf. Yt. V, 33 Cf. Yt. V, 68. : Cf. Yt. XV, 11. Cf. Yt. V, 29. Cf. Yt. V, 37. See Yt. XV, 28. ? See p. 64, note I. 8 One belonging to the Athwya family, of which Thraetaona was a member. All of them bore names that show them to have been rich in cattle: Pur-tora, Sok-tora, Bor-tora, &c. ('one with abundant oxen, with useful oxen, with the brown ox, &c.,' Bundahis, tr. West, XXXI, 7, note 8). Pourus-aspa was the father of Zarathustra. His name means, 'He who possesses many horses,' Trolo-LTTOS. 10 Cf. Yt. V, 61. 11 Cf. Yt. XXIV, 4. Digitized by Google

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AFRIN PAIGHAMBAR ZARTUST. 327 5. "May ten sons be born of you?! In three of them mayest thou be an Athravan! In three of them mayest thou be a warrior! In three of them mayest thou be a tiller of the ground 2! And may one be like thyself, O Vistaspa ! 6. 'Mayest thou be swift-horsed, like the Sun 3! "Mayest thou be resplendent, like the moon ! "Mayest thou be hot-burning, like fire! Mayest thou have piercing rays, like Mithra ! Mayest thou be tall-formed and victorious, like the devout Sraosha 4 ! 7. 'Mayest thou follow a law of truth, like Rashnu 6! "Mayest thou be a conqueror of thy foes, like Verethraghna 9, made by Ahura! Mayest thou have fulness of welfare, like Rama Hvastra ?! Mayest thou be freed from sickness and death, like king Husravah 8! 8. "Then the blessing goes for the bright, allhappy, blissful abode of the holy Ones 9. May it happen unto thee according to my blessing! 610 Let us embrace and propagate the good thoughts, good words, and good deeds that have been done and that will be done here and elsewhere, that we may be in the number of the good. i Of Vistaspa and his wife Hutaosa. 3 Cf. Yt. XXIV, 4. 3 Cf. Sirozah, $ 11. 4 Cf. Yt. XI. Cf. Yt. XII, Introduction. 6 Cf. Yt. XIV. ? Cf. Yt. XV. 8 Kai Khosrav went alive to Paradise (Firdausi). * He closes his blessing by wishing him bliss in heaven. 10 Yasna XXXV, 2 (4-5). Digitized by Google

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328 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. . Yatha ah u vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... 'Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... [Give) unto that man brightness and glory, .... give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones.' XXIV. VISTASP YAST. 1. 'I am a pious man, who speaks words of blessing,' thus said Zarathustra to the young king Vistaspa 1.--'She? appears to me full of Glory, O Zarathustra !'--'O young king Vistaspa! [I bless thee 3) with the living of a good life, of an exalted life, of a long life. May thy men live long! May thy women live long! May sons be born unto thee of thy own body 4! 2. 'Mayest thou thyself be holy, like Zarathustra! 'Mayest thou be rich in cattle, like an Athwyanide 6! "Mayest thou be rich in horses, like Pourus-aspa?! Mayest thou have a good share of bliss , like king Husravah ! Mayest thou have strength to reach the Rangha, whose way lies afar, as Vafra Navaza dido. 1 Literally, O young king Vistaspa! (or, O my son, king Vistaspa !) 2 The law of Mazda (Pahl.). : Understood in afri-vakau (who speaks blessing). + Cf. Yt. XXIII, 1. * Khayeus (=nafsman) belongs to SS 2 (W.). 6 See p. 326, note 8. 7 See p. 326, note 9. 8 Immortality (cf. Yt. XXIII, 7). W. has ashem merezo= ahlayih patmanik, amargig (Pahl.). 9 Cf. Yt. XXIII, 4. Digitized by Google

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VISTASP YAST. 329 3. May ten sons be born of thy own body?! three as Athravans 2, three as warriors 3, three as tillers of the ground 4! May one of them be like Gamaspa 5, that he may bless thee with great and ever greater happiness ! 4. "Mayest thou be freed from sickness and death, like Pesho-tanu? Mayest thou have piercing rays, like Mithra! Mayest thou be warm, like the moon ! Mayest thou be 8 resplendent, like fire ! Mayest thou be long-lived, as long-lived as an old man can be o ! 5. 'And when thou hast fulfilled a duration of a thousand years, [mayest thou obtain the bright, allhappy, blissful abode of the holy Ones ! "Ashem Voha: Holiness is the best of all good .... 1 Cf. Yt. XXIII, 5. 2 Like Aturpat, the son of Mahraspand' (Pahl. Comm.). 3 Like Spenddat (Isfendyar), the son of Gastasp' (ibid.). + Like Zav' (Uzava; * Zav .... urbes et castella, quae Afrassiab deleverat, refici jussis, aperuit fluvios, quos ille operuerat, .... agros denuo coluit, qui in optimam, qua antehac floruerant, conditionem redierunt,' Hamzah Ispahensis, p. 24 of the Gottwaldt translation). 6 Cf. Yt. XXIII, 2. 8 W. has the same text as Yt. XXIII, 2: yatha dangheus Vistaspai, which is interpreted afrin patas obdanat kigun Gamasp kart madam matapat Gustasp. ? Peshotanu was a son of Vistaspa: Zarathustra made him drink of a certain sort of milk, and he forgot death.' He is one of the seven immortals, and reigns in Kangdez (Zartusht-Namah and Bundahis XXIX, 5). 8 Bavahi (W.). 9 Doubtful. The Pahlavi translation follows Yt. XXIII, 4, though the text is the same as in Westergaard (only bavai and zarnumato instead of bavahi, zara numato). Digitized by Google

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330 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. II. 61. 'Give 2 him strength and victory! Give him welfare in cattle and bread !' thus said Zarathustra to the young king Vistaspa! 'Give him a great number 4 of male children, praisers 5 [of God] and chiefs in assemblies, who smite and are not smitten, who smite at one stroke their enemies, who smite at one stroke their foes, ever in joy and ready to help. 7. Ye gods of full Glory, ye gods of full healing, let your greatness become manifest!' 8. Zarathustra addressed him, saying: 'O young king Vistaspa! May their greatness become manifest as it is called for! 'Ye Waters, impart and give your Glory to the man who offers you a sacrifice! This is the boon we beg (for thee) of Ashi Vanguhie, of Rata ?, with eyes of love.' 9. Parendi , of the light chariot, follows: 'Mayest thou o become manifest unto him, the young king Vistaspa! May plenty dwell in this house, standing upon high columns and rich in food 10! Thou wilt never * For $$ 6-7, cf. Mah Nyayis, 10-11. 2 The prayer is addressed to Waters. 3 Hvathro-na him: asanih lah mak. 4 Paourvatatem: kebad farzand. 5 Stahyanam: kebad stayitar. 6 See Yt. XVI. ? See Vend. Introd. IV, 30. 8 See p. II, note 5. Parendi. 10 Plenty will reign in thy house, if thou wilt be liberal to the priest. Digitized by Google

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VisTASP YAST. 331 offer and give bad food to a priest: for a priest must be to thee like the brightest offspring of thy own blood.' 10. Zarathustra spake unto him: 'O young king Vistaspa ! He who supports the Law of the worshippers of Mazda, as a brother or as a friend, he who treats her friendly in any way, looks to keep off want of food from her?' 11. The holy Zarathustra preached that law to Frashaostra 3 and Gamaspa : 'May ye practise holiness and thrive, O young Frashaostra (and Gamaspa)!' 12. Thus said Ahura Mazda unto the holy Zarathustra, and thus again did Zarathustra say unto the young king Vistaspa : 'Have no bad priests or unfriendly priests; for bad priests or unfriendly priests will bring about much harm, and, though thou wish to sacrifice, it will be to the AmeshaSpentas as if no sacrifice had been offered 4. *Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... III. 13. When I teach thee, that thou mayest do the same to thy son", O Vistaspa! receive thou well that teaching; that will make thee rich in children and rich in milk; rich in seed, in fat, in milk 6. Raevata m ka (not rashvatam ka) belongs to $ 9 (W.). 2 W. has, hanaire vaem aiwi vainat (vaem=Sansk.vayas?). 3 See Yt. XIII, 103. Frashaostra and Gamaspa were brothers. * Cf. Vend. XVIII, 1-13. Perhaps, Be not bad to the priests! Be not unfriendly to the priest! For he who is bad to the priest, he who is unfriendly to the priest ....' 6 Doubtful. 6 Cf. Vend. XXI, 6-7. Digitized by Google

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332 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. 14. 'Thus do we announce unto thee, Ahura Mazda, and Sraosha, and Ashi, and the Law of the worshippers of Mazda, with the whole of all her hymns, with the whole of all her deeds, with the whole of her performances; the Law of Mazda, who obtains her wishes, who makes the world grow, who listens to the songs and rejoices the faithful man at his wish; who protects the faithful man, who maintains the faithful man; 15. 'From whom come the knowledge of holiness and the increase in holiness of the world of the holy Principle, and without whom no faithful man 2 can know holiness. "To thee 3 come every Havanan, every Atarevakhsha, every Frabaretar, every Aberet, every Asnatar, every Rathwiskar, every Sraosha-varez * ; 16. Every priest, every warrior, every husbandman; every master of a house, every lord of a borough, every lord of a town, every lord of a province; 17. 'Every youth of good thoughts, good words, good deeds, and good religion; every youth who speaks the right words; every one who performs the next-of-kin marriage 6; every itinerant priest ; every mistress of a house; every wandering priest, obedient to the Law. 18. "To thee come all the performers 6 (of holiness), all the masters of holiness, who, to the 1 Doubtful. 2 Saoshyantem. W. has srashyantem. To the Law. * The seven priests engaged in the sacrifice (Vendidad, p. 64, note 1). * The hvaet vodatha (Vend. Introd. p. xlv, note 7; see West, Pahlavi Texts, II, 389 seq.). o Thatus: kar kartar (Pahl.). Digitized by Google

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vistASP YAST. 333 number of three and thirty !, stand next to Havani, being masters of holiness. 19. May they be fully protected 2 in thee, O young king Vistaspa! While thou smitest thy adversaries, thy foes, those who hate thee, a hundred times a hundred for a hundred , a thousand times a thousand for a thousand, ten thousand times ten thousand for ten thousand, myriads of myriads for a myriad. 20. 'Proclaim thou that word, as we did proclaim it unto thee! O Maker of the good world! Ahura Mazda, I worship thee with a sacrifice, I worship and forward thee with a sacrifice, I worship this creation of Ahura Mazda.' 214. The young king Vistaspa asked Zarathustra : With what manner of sacrifice shall I worship, with what manner of sacrifice shall I worship and forward this creation of Ahura Mazda ?' 22. Zarathustra answered: "We will make it known unto thee, O young king Vistaspa ! 'Go towards that tree that is beautiful, highgrowing, and mighty amongst the high-growing trees, and say thou these words: "Hail to thee! O good, holy tree, made by Mazda! Ashem Vohu !" 23. 'Let the faithful man cut off twigs of baresma, either one, or two, or three : let him bind them and See Yasna I, 10 (33). 9 Thratotemo belongs to $ 19 (W.). * He kills a hundred times a hundred of them, while they kill a hundred of his people. * For this clause and the following two, cf. Vend. XIX, 17 seq., text and notes. Digitized by Google

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334 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. tie them up according to the rites, being bound and unbound according to the rites. 'The smallest twig of Haoma, pounded according to the rules, the smallest twig prepared for sacrifice, gives royalty to the man (who does it).' Ashem Voho: Holiness is the best of all good .... IV. 24? Zarathustra said: 'O young king Vistaspa ! Invoke Ahura Mazda, who is full of Glory, Ahura Mazda, and the sovereign Heaven, the boundless Time, and Vayu who works highly. 25. 'Invoke the powerful Wind, made by Mazda, and Fate. Repeat thou those words, that the god invoked may give thee the boon wished for; that thou, strong, and belonging to the creation of the good Spirit, mayest smite and take away the Drug and watch with full success those who hate thee; smite down thy foes, and destroy at one stroke thy adversaries, thy enemies, and those who hate thee 2. 26. ' Proclaim thou those prayers : they will cleanse thy body from deeds of lusts, O young king Vistaspa ! 'I will worship thee, O Fire, son of Ahura Mazda, who art a valiant warrior. He falls upon the fiend Kunda ", who is drunken without drinking, upon the men of the Drug, the slothful ones, the wicked Daeva-worshippers, who live in sin. 1 Cf. Vend. XIX, 13. 2 Cf. Yt. V, 53. 8 Paourvo vasta saota: read skya othna (cf. SS 40), as in Vend. XVI, 14 (paourvo-vasna skynothna). . Cf. Vend. XI, 9 and Bundahis XXVIII, 42. 5 Cf. Vend. XIX, 41; better : 'on the Drugaskan' (the sons of the Drug ? see Bund. XXXI, 6). Digitized by Google

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vistASP YAST. 335 27. 'He' trembles at the way? made by Time and open both to the wicked and to the righteous. They 3 tremble at the perfume of his soul", as a sheep does on which a wolf is falling. 28. "Reciting the whole collection of the Staota Yesnya prayers brings one up all the way to the blessed Gard-nmana, the palace beautifully made. That indeed is the way. 29. 'That man does not follow the way of the Law, O Zarathustra ! who commits the Baodho-(varsta) crime? with a damsel and an old woman,' said Zarathustra to the young king Vistaspa. * "Let him praise the Law, O Spitama Zarathustra ! and long for it and embrace the whole of the Law, as an excellent horse turns back from the wrong way and goes along the right one, smiting the many Druges 10. 30. Go forward with praises, go forward the way of the good Mazdean law and of all those who walk in her ways, men and women. 1 The dead man. : The Kinvat-bridge (Vend. XIX, 29). * The fiends (Vend. XIX, 33). The soul of the righteous. See page 152, note 1. * The Pahlavi has, 'the way of Zarathustra' (la Zartuhstig ras yakhsunit). ? Wilful murder (Vend. p. 84, note 1). 8 To procure miscarriage (see Vend. XV, 12-14). 9 The sinner. 10 *As a horseman on the back of a good horse, when he has gone the wrong way, perceiving that he has lost his way, turns back his horse from that direction and makes him go the right way; so thou, turn back thy horse to the right way; that is to say, turn him to the way of the Law of Mazda ; that is to say, receive the Law' (Pahl. Comm.). Digitized by Google

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336 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. "He who wishes to seize the heavenly reward?, will seize it by giving gifts to him who holds up (the Law) to us 2 in this world here below 3 .... 31. 'Let him 4 give (the Law) to him who is unfriendly to her, that he may become friendly. Wash thy hands with water, not with gomez", and let thy son, who will be born of thy wife , do the same. 'Thus thy thought will be powerful to smite him?, who is not so 8 ; thy speech will be powerful to smite him, who is not so; thy deed will be powerful to smite him. 32. ""Hear me! Forgive me!!"-We, the Amesha-Spentas, will come and show thee, O Zarathustra ! the way to that world 10, to long glory in the spiritual world, to long happiness of the soul in Paradise ; 33. "To bliss and Paradise, to the Garo-nmana of Ahura Mazda, beautifully made and fully adorned, 1 Bliss, eternal life. ~ Yo no .... nidaro anghe: lanman dan baru dashtar (Pahl.). * Naedhka vanghe paiti usta vangho buyat; saoshyas dis verethraga. I cannot make anything of these words, nor reconcile them with the Pahlavi translation : It is not fair when he wishes weal for his own person; that is to say, when, being satisfied himself, he does not satisfy other people and wishes comfort for himself. (Make the Law of Mazda current, till the time when) the victorious Soshyosh will make it current.' The last three Zend words appear to be abridged from a longer passage. * The faithful man. $ This is an allusion to the Baresh num purification (Vend. VIII, 39). The unclean man washes himself with gomez first and with water last. 6 Doubtful. The sinner. & Friendly to the Law. * He recites the prayer Sraota me, merezdata me (Yasna XXXIII, 11). 10 The world above. Digitized by Google

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VISTASP YAST. 337 when his soul goes out of his body through the will of fate, when I, Ahura Mazda, when I, Ahura Mazda, gently show him his way as he asks for it. 'Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... 34. 'They will impart to thee full brightness and Glory. *They will give him a quick and swift horses, and good sons. "He wishes to go to the Law, the young king Vistaspa.' Zarathustra said: 'Let him who is unfriendly to her become a follower of the Law of Mazda, such as we proclaim it. 35. Proclaim thou ever (unto the poor): "Ever mayest thou wait here for the refuse that is brought unto thee, brought by those who have profusion of wealth 4 !" Thus the Drug will not fall upon thee and throw thee away; thou wilt wield kingly power there 5. 36. "The Law of Mazda will not deliver thee unto pain. Thou art entreated (for charity) by the whole of the living world, and she? is ever standing at thy door in the person of thy brethren in the faith : beggars are ever standing at the door of the stranger, amongst those who beg for bread. 1 The Amesha-Spentas (see 46). 2 To Vistaspa. 8 Hathwadh ka : Pahl. tizki. - Cf. Vend. III, 29. * If he practises charity he will be a king even in Garothman. 8 Aspahe, from a-spa (no comfort, anasanih tangih, Pahl. Comm.). ? The Law. [23] Digitized by Google

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338 YASTS AND Sirozahs. Ever will that bread be burning coal upon thy head 1. The good, holy Rata ?, made by Mazda, goes and nurses thy bright offspring $' 37. Zarathustra addressed Vistaspa, saying: 'O young king Vistaspa! The Law of Mazda, O my son! will give thy offspring the victorious strength that destroys the fiends. Let no thought of Angra Mainyu ever infect thee, so that thou shouldst indulge in evil lusts, make derision and idolatry, and shut (to the poor) the door of thy house 4. 386. Atar thus blesses the man who brings incense to him, being pleased with him and not angry, and fed as he required: "May herds of oxen grow for thee, and increase of sons! May fate and its decrees bring thee the boons thou wishest for! Therefore do thou invoke and praise (me) excellently in this glorious world! That I may have unceasing food, full of the glory of Mazda 6 and with which I am well pleased." 39. 'O Mazda! take for thyself the words of our praise : of these words I speak and speak again, the strength and victorious vigour, the power of health and healing, the fulness, increase, and growth. * Bring it together with the words of hymns up to the Garo-nmana of Ahura Mazda. He will? first 1 Hvarishni dagh pun roismani lak yahvunat (Pahl. Comm.). 2 Charity. s If thou art charitable, thy children will thrive. See Yt. XXII, 13. Cf. Vend. XVIII, 27. 6 Hvarnamazdau (W.). ? He who will pronounce all prayers and hymns: the full formula is found in the aban Nyayis, $ 8. Digitized by Google

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VISTASP YAST. 339 enter there. Therefore do thou pronounce these prayers. Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... VI. 40. 'Converse ye with the Amesha-Spentas,' said Zarathustra unto the young king Vistaspa, 'and with the devout Sraosha, and Nairyo-sangha, the tall-formed, and Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda, and the well-desired kingly Glory. 41. 'Men with lustful deeds address the body i; but thou, all the night long, address the heavenly Wisdom?; but thou, all night long, call for the Wisdom that will keep thee awake. * Three times a day raise thyself up and go to take care of the beneficent cattle. 42. 'Of these men may the lordships belong to the wisest of all beings, O Zarathustra! May their lord belong to the wisest, O Zarathustra! Let him show them the way of holiness, let him show them at once the way thereto, which the Law of the worshippers of Mazda enters victoriously. Thus the soul of man, in the joy of perfect holiness, walks over the bridge, known afar, the powerful Kinvat-bridge 4, the well-kept, and kept by virtue. 43. How the worlds were arranged was said to thee first, O Zarathustra! Zarathustra said it again to the young king Vistaspa; therefore do thou 5 praise him who keeps and maintains the moon and the sun. 1 Cf. SS 26. Cf. Vend. IV, 45; XVIII, 6. $ The supervision and care. * See SS 27. 5 Thou Vistaspa. 6 Ahura Mazda. 22 Digitized by Google

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340 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. He who has little friendship for the Law, I have placed him down below to suffer.' 44. Thus said Angra Mainyu, he who has no Glory in him, who is full of death : 'This is an unbeliever, let us throw him down below; this is a liar, or a traitor to his relatives, and like a mad dog who wounds cattle and men ; but the dog who inAlicts wounds pays for it as for wilful murder 'The first time he shall smite a faithful man, the first time he shall wound a faithful man, he shall pay for it as for wilful murder. Ashem Vohd: Holiness is the best of all good .... VII. 45. Mayest thou receive ?, O holy young king Vistaspa ! (a house) with a hundred ....), ten thousand large windows, ten thousand small windows, all the year long 4, O holy Vistaspa! never growing old, never dying, never decaying, never rotting, giving plenty of meat, plenty of food, plenty of clothes to the other worshippers of Mazda. 46. May all boons be bestowed upon thee, as I proclaim it unto thee! May the Amesha-Spentas impart to thee their brightness and glory and plenty 5! May they give him quick and swift horses and good sons, strong, great in all things, powerful to sing the hymns. The Vend. i See Vend. XIII, 31. 2 In Paradise ; see Vend. XVIII, 28, text and note. 3 Satayare: that stands a hundred years (?). XVIII, 28 has with a hundred columns.' * Uninjured by the changes of temperature. * Cf. SS 34. Digitized by Google

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VISTASP YAST. 341 47. He wields his power according to the wish of Ahura Mazda, the Good Spirit, and for the destruction of the Evil Spirit, whichever of two men goes quicker to perform a sacrifice (to Ahura); but if he chooses to perform the sacrifice and prayer to us not in the right way, he does not wield the right power, he will not reign'. 48. 'He will receive bad treatment in the next world, though he has been the sovereign of a country, with good horses to ride and good chariots to drive. Give royalty to that man, O Zarathustra! who gives royalty unto thee with good will ?. 49*Thou shalt keep away the evil by this holy spell : "Of thee [O child !) I will cleanse the birth and growth; of thee [O woman!] I will make the body and the strength pure; I make thee a woman rich in children and rich in milk; a woman rich in seed, in milk, and in offspring. For thee I shall make springs run and flow towards the pastures that will give food to the child." 50. 'Do not deliver me 4 into the hands of the fiend 5; if the fiend take hold of me, then fever with loss of all joy will dry up the milk of the good Spenta-Armaiti 6. The fiend is powerful to distress, and to dry up the milk of the woman who indulges in lust and of all females. 51. 'The perfume of fire, pleasant to the Maker, * In Paradise (Pahl. Comm.). 2 Doubtful. 3 Cf. Vend. XXI, 6-7. 4 The Law. * That is to say, let not impiety prevail. * If impiety prevails, the earth will grow barren (cf. Vend. XVIII, 64). Digitized by Google

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342 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. Ahura Mazda, takes them away from afar;....2; and all those that harm the creation of the Good Spirit are destroyed 3 ; 52. Whom Mithra, and Rashnu Razista, and the Law of the worshippers of Mazda wish to be taken far away, longing for a man who is eager to perform and does perform the ceremonies he has been taught;...4 *Ashem Vohd: Holiness is the best of all good .... VIII. 53. 'The words of the Vahistoisti e Gatha are to be sung: "Happy is he, O holy Vistaspa ! happy the man, whoever he be, to whom Ahura Mazda gives the full accomplishment of his wishes." 'Where does his soul abide on that night??' 54. Ahura Mazda answered : O my son, Frashaostra! It takes its seat near the head, singing the Ustavaiti Gatha and proclaiming happiness : "Happy is he, happy the man whoever he be!" 'On the first night, his soul sits in Good Words 8 ; 1 The demons (see Vend. VIII, 80). Noit tat paiti vohu mano katha sisraya ayaka. The Pahlavi Commentary has: 'That is to say, good will happen to thee through the good will of Atar (fire).' s Te kinashanya (W.;-read taeka nashanya?); aigh harvaspin beshitaran min spinak minoi daman lvit apetak avin yahvanit (Pahl. Comm.). * Yatha yat te fravaokami (fravao kama, W.) puthro berethyat sairimananam (sairi mananam, W.) bakhedhrai (translated as hak hedhrai: dostih, friendship). 5 This chapter is borrowed, though slightly altered, from Yt. XXII. & Read ustavaiti (? cf. $ 54 and Yt. XXII, 2): the Vahistoisti Gatha is the fifth and last Gatha. ? On the night of his departing. & Not in the Good-Word Paradise, to which he will go later Digitized by Google

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VISTASP YAST. 343 on the second night, it sits in Good Deeds; on the third night, it goes along the ways (to Garo-nmana). 55. "At the end of the third night, O my son, Frashaostra ! when the dawn appears, it seems to the soul of the faithful one as if it were brought amidst plants (and scents: it seems as if a wind were blowing from the region of the south, from the regions of the south]', a sweet-scented wind, sweeter-scented than any other wind in the world, and it seems to his soul as if he were inhaling that wind with the nose, and it asks, saying: "Whence does that wind blow, the sweetest-scented wind I ever inhaled with my nose?" 56. 'And it seems to him as if his own conscience were advancing to him in that wind, in the shape of a maiden fair, bright, white-armed, strong, tallformed, high-standing, thick-breasted, beautiful of body, noble, of a glorious seed, of the size of a maid in her fifteenth year, as fair as the fairest things in the world. 57. And the soul of the faithful one addressed her, asking :"What maid art thou, who art the fairest maid I have ever seen ?" 58. 'And she, being his own conscience, answers him: "O thou youth, of good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, of good religion! I am thy own conscience. ""Everybody did love thee for that greatness, goodness, fairness, sweet-scentedness, victorious strength, and freedom from sorrow, in which thou ($ 61), but in the thought and delightful remembrance of his good words (cf. Yt. XXII, 2). 1 Supplied from Yt. XXII, 7. Digitized by Google

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344 YASTS AND SIROZAHS. dost appear to me; [and so thou, O youth of good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, of good religion ! didst love me for that greatness, goodness, fairness, sweet-scentedness, victorious strength, and freedom from sorrow, in which I appear to thee. 59. "When thou wouldst see a man 1] making derision and deeds of idolatry, or rejecting (the poor) and shutting (his door), then, thou wouldst sit, singing the Gathas, and worshipping the good waters, and Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda, and rejoicing the faithful that would come from near or from afar. 60. ""I was lovely, and thou madest me still lovelier; I was fair, and thou madest me still fairer ; I was desirable, and thou madest me still more desirable; I was sitting in a forward place, and thou madest me sit in the foremost place, through this good thought, through this good speech, through this good deed of thine; and so henceforth men worship me for my having long sacrificed unto and conversed with Ahura Mazda." 61. The first step that the soul of the faithful man made, placed him in the Good-Thought Paradise; the second step that the soul of the faithful man made, placed him in the Good-Word Paradise; the third step that the soul of the faithful man made, placed him in the Good-Deed Paradise ; the fourth step that the soul of the faithful man made, placed him in the Endless Light. 62. "Then one of the faithful, who had departed before him, asked, saying: "How didst thou depart this life, thou holy man? How didst thou come, 1 From Yt. XXII, 12-13. Digitized by Google

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vistASP VAST. 345 thou holy man! from the abodes full of cattle and full of the wishes and enjoyments of love ? from the material world into the world of the spirit ? from the decaying world into the undecaying one ?' How long did thy felicity last ?"' 63. And Ahura Mazda answered: Ask him not what thou askest him, who has just gone the dreary way, full of fear and distress, when the body and the soul part from one another. 64. '[Let him eat] of the food brought to him, of the oil of Zaremaya : this is the food for the youth of good thoughts, of good words, of good deeds, of good religion, after he has departed this life; this is the food for the holy woman, rich in good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, well-principled, and obedient to her husband, after she has departed this life.' 65. Spitama Zarathustra said to the young king Vistaspa : 'To what land shall I turn, O Ahura Mazda ? To whom shall I go with praying ??' Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... 1 This clause, taken from Yt. XXII, 20, shows that the second part of Yt. XXII (88 19-36), describing the fate of the wicked, should be inserted here. Digitized by Google

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NYAYIS. A Nyayis is properly a begging prayer, as opposed to Sitayis, a prayer of praise. It is a term particularly applied to five prayers addressed to the Sun, to Mithra, to the Moon, to Waters, and to Fire. Every layman over eight years old is bound to recite the Nyayis: he recites it standing and girded with his Kosti. The Sun Nyayis is recited three times a day, at the rising of the sun (Gah Havan), at noon (Gah Rapitvin), and at three o'clock in the afternoon (Gah Uziren). The Mithra Nyayis is recited with the Sun Nyayis, as Mithra follows the sun in its course (see Yt. X, 13). The Moon Nyayis is recited three times a month : first, at the time when it begins to be seen; second, when it is at the full; third, when it is on the wane. The Waters Nyayis and the Fire Nyayis are recited every day, when one finds oneself in the proximity of those elements. The Fire Nyayis is recited with the Penom on (see Vend. p. 168, 7). The first four Nyayis must be recited especially on the days over which the Izads invoked preside ; that is to say, on the Khorshed, Mihir, Mah, and aban days (the eleventh, sixteenth, twelfth, and tenth days of the month). I. KHORSHED NYAYIS. 1. [Hail unto the Sun, the swift-horsed! May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced ?!] , 1 Anquetil, Zend-Avesta II, pp. 6, 22, 565-566. 2 This clause is wanting in most manuscripts. Digitized by Google

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350 NYAYIS. Hail unto thee, O Ahura Mazda, in the threefold way 1! [Hail unto thee] before all other creatures! Hail unto you, O Amesha-Spentas, who are all of you of one accord with the Sun ! May this prayer come unto Ahura Mazda! May it come unto the Amesha-Spentas ! May it come unto the Fravashis of the holy Ones! May it come unto the Sovereign Vayu of the long Period?! 2. [Hail unto the Sun, the swift-horsed !] May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced! May Angra Mainyu be destroyed! by those who do truly what is the foremost wish (of God). I recite the * Praise of Holiness' 3. I praise well-thought, well-spoken, and well-done thoughts, words, and deeds. I embrace all good thoughts, good words, and good deeds; I reject all evil thoughts, evil words, and evil deeds. 4. I give sacrifice and prayer unto you, O AmeshaSpentas ! even with the fulness of my thoughts, of my words, of my deeds, and of my heart: I give unto you even my own life. I recite the 'Praise of Holiness 8 :' 'Ashem Vohd: Holiness is the best of all good. Well is it for it, well is it for that holiness which is perfection of holiness *!' 56. Hail to Ahura Mazda ! Hail to the Amesha-Spentas ! * Hail to Mithra, the lord of wide pastures! Hail to the Sun, the swift-horsed ! Hail to the two eyes of Ahura Mazda ! Hail to the Bull ! Hail to Gaya! 1 In thought, speech, and deed (Pers. and Sansk. transl.). Vayu, as being the same with Fate (Vend. Introd. IV, 17), became identified with Time. 3 The Ashem Vohu. See p. 22. 5 $5=Yasna LXVIII (22-23 [LXVII, 58-67]). o Gaya Maretan, the first man. Digitized by Google

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KHORSHED NYAYIs. 351 Hail to the Fravashi of the holy Spitama Zarathustra ! Hail to the whole of the holy creation that was, is, or will be! May I grow in health of body through Vohu-Mano, Khshathra, and Asha, and come to that luminous space, to that highest of all high things!, when the world, O Spenta Mainyu! has come to an end! Ashem Vohd: Holiness is the best of all good .... 6. We sacrifice unto the bright, undying, shining, swift-horsed Sun. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, who is truth-speaking, a chief in assemblies, with a thousand ears, well-shapen, with ten thousand eyes, high, with full knowledge, strong, sleepless, and ever awake? 7. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of all countries, whom Ahura Mazda made the most glorious of all the gods in the world unseen 3. So may Mithra and Ahura, the two great gods, come to us for help! We sacrifice unto the bright, undying, shining, swift-horsed Sun. 8. We sacrifice unto Tistrya, whose sight is sound 4 We sacrifice unto Tistrya; we sacrifice unto the rains of Tistrya 6. We sacrifice unto Tistrya, bright and glorious. We sacrifice unto the star Vanante, made by Mazda. 1 The sun: "May my soul arrive at the sun-regionl' (Pahl. transl.) * Yt. X, 7. s In heaven. See Yt. VIII, 12, note 7. o See Yt. VIII, 12, note 2. 6 See Yt. XX. Digitized by Google

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352 NYAYIS. We sacrifice unto Tistrya, the bright and glorious star. We sacrifice unto the sovereign sky. We sacrifice unto the boundless Time. We sacrifice unto the sovereign Time of the long Period. We sacrifice unto the beneficent, well-doing Wind. We sacrifice unto the most upright Kista ', made by Mazda and holy. We sacrifice unto the good Law of the worshippers of Mazda. We sacrifice unto the way of contenta. We sacrifice unto the golden instrument3. We sacrifice unto Mount Saokanta, made by Mazda 9. We sacrifice unto all the holy gods of the world unseen. We sacrifice unto all the holy gods of the material world. We sacrifice unto our own soul. We sacrifice unto our own Fravashi. We sacrifice unto the good, strong, beneficent Fravashis of the holy Ones. We sacrifice unto the bright, undying, shining, swift-horsed Sun. 10. I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra .... 1 See Yt. XVI. 2 Or, of pleasure. s.On Mount Saokanta there is a golden tube coming from the root of the earth; the water that is on the surface of the earth goes up through the hole of that tube to the heavens, and being driven by the wind, spreads everywhere, and thus the dew is produced' (Sansk. transl.). Digitized by Google

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MIHIR NYAYIS. 353 Unto the bright, undying, shining, swift-horsed Sun; Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification .... Ashem V ohu: Holiness is the best of all good.... [We sacrifice] unto the Ahurian waters, the waters of Ahura, with excellent libations, with finest libations, with libations piously strained Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... [Give) unto that man brightness and glory, give him health of body, .... give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones. II. MIHIR NYAYIS. 14. Hail unto thee, O Ahura Mazda, in the threefold way! [Hail unto thee) before all other creatures ! Hail unto you, O Amesha-Spentas, who are all of you of one accord with the Sun! May this prayer come unto Ahura Mazda | May it come unto the Amesha-Spentas ! May it come unto the Fravashis of the holy Ones! May it come unto the sovereign Vayu of the long Period! 2. May Ahura Mazda be rejoicedl.... 3. I praise well-thought, well-spoken, and well-done thoughts, words, and deeds .... 4. I give sacrifice and prayer unto you, O Amesha-Spentas..... 5. Hail to Ahura Mazdal.... May I grow in health of body through Vohu-Mano, Khshathra, and Asha, and come to that luminous space, to that highest of all high things, when the world, O Spenta Mainyu, has come to an end! 66. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, who is truth-speaking, a chief in assemblies, with a thousand ears, well-shapen, with ten thousand 1 The whole of the Khorshed Yast is inserted here. ? Rivers considered as Ahura's wives (cf. Ormazd et Ahriman, $ 32). * From Yasna LXVIII, 10 (LXVII, 30); cf. p. 34. * 88 I-5=Khorshed Nyayis, $$ I-5. $ $$ 6-7=Khorshed Nyayis, 88 6-7. [23] Aa Digitized by Google

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354 NYAYIS. eyes, high, with full knowledge, strong, sleepless, and ever awake. 7. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of all countries, whom Ahura Mazda made the most glorious of all the heavenly gods. So may Mithra and Ahura, the two great gods, come to us for help! We sacrifice unto the undying, shining, swifthorsed Sun. 81 We sacrifice unto Tistrya, whose sight is sound .... 9. We sacrifice unto all the holy gods of the world unseen .... 10. I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda, a follower of Zarathustra .... 113. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of wide pastures, who is truth-speaking, a chief in assemblies, with a thousand ears, well-shapen, with a thousand eyes, high, with full knowledge, strong, sleepless, and ever awake. We sacrifice unto the Mithra around countries ; We sacrifice unto the Mithra within countries; We sacrifice unto the Mithra in this country; We sacrifice unto the Mithra above countries ; We sacrifice unto the Mithra under countries; We sacrifice unto the Mithra before countries; We sacrifice unto the Mithra behind countries. 12. We sacrifice unto Mithra and Ahura, the two great, imperishable, holy gods; and unto the stars, and the moon, and the sun, with the trees that yield baresma. We sacrifice unto Mithra, the lord of all countries. 13. For his brightness and glory, I will offer unto him a sacrifice worth being heard ...., $$ 8-9=Khorshed Nyayis, $$ 8-9. 3 $$ 11-12=Yt. X, 144-145. 3 Yt. 3, Q. S$ 13-15=Yt. X, 4-6. Digitized by Google

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MAH NYAYLS. 355 We offer up libations unto Mithra ... 14. May he come to us for help! May he come to us for ease!.... 15. I will offer up libations unto him, the strong Yazata, the powerful Mithra .... Yenhe hatam: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda .... 16! Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness. ... I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of Mithra .... Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .... [Give) unto that man brightness and glory,.... give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones. III. MAH NYAYIS. 1?. Hail to Ahura Mazda! Hail to the Amesha-Spentas ! Hail to the Moon that keeps in it the seed of the Bull Hail to thee when we look at thee! Hail to thee when thou lookest at us ! 2. Unto the Moon that keeps in it the seed of the Bull; unto the only-created Bull and unto the Bull of many species; Be propitiation .... 3. Hail to Ahura Mazda l.. 4. How does the moon wax? How does the moon wane?.... 5. We sacrifice unto the Moon that keeps in it the seed of the Bull.... 6. And when the light of the moon waxes warmer .... 7. I will sacrifice unto the Moon .... 8. For its brightness and glory .... 9. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... 104. Give us strength and victory! Give us welfare in cattle and in bread! Give us a great number of male children, praisers (of God] and chiefs in assemblies, who smite and are not smitten, who smite at one stroke their enemies, who smite at one stroke their foes, ever in joy and ready to help. $$SS 2-9=Mah Yast. 1 Yt. X, 146. ?SS 1=Mah Yast, $1. * $$ 10-11; cf. Yt. XXIV, 6-8. Aa2 Digitized by Google

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356 NYAYIS. 11. Ye gods of full Glory, ye gods of full healing, let your greatness become manifest! let your assistance become manifest as soon as you are called for! and ye, Waters, manifest your Glory, and impart it to the man who offers you a sacrifice. Ashem Voha: Holiness is the best of all good .... [Give) unto that man brightness and glory, .... give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones. ! IV. ABAN NYAYIS. 1. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced! .... Unto the good Waters, made by Mazda; unto the holy water-spring Ardvi AnaHITA; unto all waters, made by Mazda ; unto all plants, made by Mazda, Be propitiation .... 2. Ahura Mazda spake unto Spitama Zarathustra, saying: 'Offer up a sacrifice, O Spitama Zarathustral unto this spring of mine, Ardvi Sura Anahita ..... 3. Who makes the seed of all males pure, who makes the womb of all females pure for bringing forth .... 4. "The large river, known afar, that is as large as the whole of the waters that run along the earth ... 5. All the shores of the sea Vouru-Kasha are boiling over, all the middle of it is boiling over, when she runs down there .... 6. 'From this river of mine alone flow all the waters that spread all over the seven Karshvares; 7. 'I, Ahura Mazda, brought it down with mighty vigour, for the increase of the house, of the borough, of the town, of the country3. 8. 'He from whom she will hear the staota yesnya*; he from whom she will hear the Ahuna 1 As aban Yast, o. * $$ 2-6=Aban Yast, $$ 1-5s Cf. aban Yast, $ 6. * See above, p. 152, note 1. Digitized by Google

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ATAS NYAYIS. 357 vairyal; he from whom she will hear the Ashavahista?; he by whom the good waters will be made pure; with the words of the holy hymns 3, he will enter first the Garo-nmana of Ahura Mazda : she will give him the boons asked for 4. 96. 'For her brightness and glory, I will offer her a sacrifice worth being heard; I will offer her a sacrifice well-performed. Thus mayest thou advise us when thou art appealed to! Mayest thou be most fully worshipped. We sacrifice unto the holy Ardvi Sara Anahita with libations. We sacrifice unto Ardvi Sura Anahita, the holy and master of holiness, with the Haoma and meat, with the baresma, with the wisdom of the tongue, with the holy spells, with the words, with the deeds, with the libations, and with the rightly-spoken words. Yenhe hatam: All those beings of whom Ahura Mazda .... 10. "Yatha a hu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... 'I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of the holy water-spring Anahita. '[Give] unto that man brightness and glory, .... give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones.' V. ATAS NYAYIS. 1deg. Take me out?, O Ahura ! give me perfect piety and strength .... 48. May Ahura Mazda be rejoiced 1.... 1 The Yatha ahu vairyo prayer. : The Ashem Vohu prayer. 3 Cf. Yt. XXII, 2, and Yt. XXIV, 39. * Cf. aban Yast, $$ 19, 23, 27, 35, 39, 47, &c. BCf. aban Yast, $ 9. $$ 1-3=Yasna XXXIII, 12-14. Deliver me from Ahriman' (Pahl. Comm.). 8 As in Ormazd Yast, o. Digitized by Google

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358 NYAYIS. Hail unto thee, O Fire, son of Ahura Mazda, thou beneficent and most great Yazata ! *Ashem Voha : Holiness is the best of all good .... I confess myself a worshipper of Mazda ..... For sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification .... Unto Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda; unto thee Atar, son of Ahura Mazda! 5? Unto Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda; unto the Glory and the Weal, made by Mazda; unto the Glory of the Aryas, made by Mazda ; unto the Glory of the Kavis, made by Mazda. Unto Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda ; unto king Husravah ; unto the lake of Husravah; unto Mount Asnavant, made by Mazda; unto Lake Kaekasta, made by Mazda; unto the Glory of the Kavis, made by Mazda. 6. Unto Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda; unto Mount Raevant, made by Mazda; unto the Glory of the Kavis, made by Mazda. Unto Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda. Unto Atar, the beneficent, the warrior; the God who is a full source of Glory, the God who is a full source of healing. Unto Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda, with all Atars; unto the God Nairyo-sangha, who dwells in the navel of kings; Be propitiation, with sacrifice, prayer, propitiation, and glorification. Yatha aho vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... 73. I bless the sacrifice and invocation, and the As in Ormazd Yast, o. 2 Cf. Sirozah, $ 9. 8 $$ 7-16=Yasna LXII, 1-10 (LXI). See the Sanskrit translation in Etudes Iraniennes, II. Digitized by Google

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ATAS NYAYIS. 359 good offering, the beneficent offering, the offering of assistance offered unto thee, O Atar, son of Ahura Mazda! Thou art worthy of sacrifice and invocation ; mayest thou receive the sacrifice and the invocation in the houses of men. Well may it be unto the man who ever worships thee with a sacrifice, holding the sacred wood in his hand, the baresma in his hand, the meat in his hand, the mortar 1 in his hand... 8. Mayest thou have the right 2 wood! Mayest thou have the right incense! Mayest thou have the right food! Mayest thou have the right fuel3! Mayest thou be full-grown for protecting (this house)! Mayest thou grow excellent for protecting! 9. Mayest thou burn in this house! Mayest thou ever burn in this house! Mayest thou blaze in this house! Mayest thou increase in this house! Even for a long time, till the powerful restoration of the world, till the time of the good, powerful restoration of the world! 10. Give me, O Atar, son of Ahura Mazda ! lively welfare, lively maintenance, lively living; fulness of welfare, fulness of maintenance, fulness of life ; Knowledge, sagacity ; quickness of tongue; (holiness of) soul; a good memory; and then the understanding that goes on growing and the one that is not acquired through learning *; 1 The mortar for pounding the Haoma. ? In quality and quantity. 3 Upasayeni: what is added to keep up the fire when lighted (Pers. transl.). * The gaosho-sruta khratu and the a sna khratu (see p. 7, note 1). Digitized by Google

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360 NYAYIS. And then the manly courage, 11. Firm-footed, unsleeping, (sleeping only) for a third part of the day. and of the night, quick to rise up from bed, ever awake; And a protecting, virtuous offspring, able to rule countries and assemblies of men, well growing up, good, freeing us from the pangs (of hell), endowed with a good intellect, that may increase my house, my borough, my town, my country, my empire. 12. Give me, O Atar, son of Ahura Mazda! however unworthy I am', now and for ever, a seat in the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy Ones. May I obtain the good reward, a good renown?, and long cheerfulness for my souls! 13. Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda, lifts up his voice to all those for whom he cooks their evening meal and their morning meal4. From all those he wishes a good offering, a beneficent offering, an offering of assistance, O Spitama ! 14. Atar looks at the hands of all those who pass by: 'What does the friend bring to his friend ? What does he who comes and goes bring to him 5 who stays motionless ?'. We sacrifice unto Atar, the valiant warrior 8. 15. And if the passer-by brings him wood holily brought, or bundles of baresma holily tied up, or 1 Ya me afrasaunghau anghat: ya me abhut ayogyata (Sansk. transl.). ? Here. 8 Above. * Khshafnim, suirim (Etudes Iraniennes, II, 161). 5 Atar. * Bodily he is infirm (armest, motionless); spiritually he is a warrior' (Pahl. Comm.). Digitized by Google

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ATAS NYAYIS. 361 twigs of Hadhanaepata, then Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda, well pleased with him and not angry, and fed as required, will thus bless him : 16. May herds of oxen grow for thee, and increase of sons; may thy mind be master of its vow, may thy soul be master of its vow, and mayest thou live on in the joy of the soul all the nights of thy life. This is the blessing which Atar speaks unto him who brings him dry wood, well-examined by the light of the day, well-cleansed with godly intenta. 17. Yatha ahu vairyo: The will of the Lord is the law of holiness .... I bless the sacrifice and prayer, and the strength and vigour of Atar, the son of Ahura Mazda .... Ashem Vohu: Holiness is the best of all good .. 188. We gladden by our virtue thy mighty Fire, O Ahura! thy most quick and powerful Fire, who shows his assistance4 to him who has ever comforted him, but delights in taking vengeance with his hands on the man who has harmed him. * See Vend. p. 94, note i. * Cf. Vend. XVIII, 26-27. s From Yasna XXXIV, 4. * In the var nirang' (Pahl. Comm.), that is to say, in the fire ordeal; see above, p. 170, note 3. B.SE OF T: UNir Digitized by Google

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INDEX TO THE VENDIDAD, VOLUME IV; AND TO THE SIROZAHS, YASTS, AND NYAYIS, VOLUME XXIII. Digitized by Google

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INDEX TO VOLS. IV AND XXIII. The references in small Roman numerals are to the Introduction to the Vendidad ; those preceded by II are to this volume; the others are to the Vendidad. una Valin, 17, 28, 203. Aal, fairy, page xciii. n 4. Aban Nyayis, II, 356-357. Aban Yast, II, 52-84. Abasta, xxx. n 1. Aberet, priest, 63, 64. n 1, 78, 79; II, 332. Abortion, 175. Adar, god, 11, 7, 15. See Atar. Adarana, II, 288. Adarapra, fire, II, 7. n 2. See Adar Froba. Adarbad Mahraspandan, man, xxxiii, xxxvii. Adarbigan, land, 1. n 2; II, 123. n 3. Adar Burzin Mihr, fire, II, 8. n 2, 294. n 2. Adar Farnbag, fire, II, 7. n 2. Adar Froba, fire, II, 294. n 2, 298. ni. See Adarapra. Adar Gushasp, fire, II, 294. n 2. See Gushasp. Adhutavau, mount, II, 289. Adityas, Is. Adukani, month, II, 101.ni. Aekha, demon, II, 284, 285. Aeshma, demon, lxvii, 136, 141. n 3, 142, 143, 218; II, 33, 143, 154, 164, 224, 271, 284, 297, 308. Aeta, man, II, 217. Aethrapaiti, 45. Aevo-saredha-fyaesta, man, II, 218. Aezakha, mount, II, 288. Afrasyab, man, I1, 64. n 2, 67. n 4, 95. n 2, 114. n 2, 300. n 5, 304. n 2. See Frangrasyan. Afrigan, xxx. Afrin Paighambar, II, 324-328. Agastya, man, II, 224, n 2. Agerepta, 39, 40, 41. Aghraeratha, man, lxxvi; II, 114, 115, 222, 278, 304, 307. n 6. Agriculture, 28. Ahriman, demon, xliv, lxx, lxxi, lxxvi, xcii, 59.n 4, 99.nr; II, 26. n 2, 135. n 2, 176. n 2, 252. n 1, 260. n 5. See Angra Mainyu. Aham-stut, man, II, 203. Ahuna, man, II, 288. Ahuna Vairya, prayer, lxix, lxxviii, 98, , 139, 206. n 5; II, 3; serves as a weapon, II, 275. Ahura Mazda, god, lviii, lxi; 4 (his creations), 207; 208 (his Fravashi); II, 3, 6, 9, 10, 13, 15; 21-34 (Ormazd Yast); 57 (sacrifices to Ardvi Sura Anahita); 86, 116, 119, 138, 142, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 162, 164, 169, 180, 199, 201, 227, 228, 230, 231, 232 seq.; 250 (sacrifices to Vayu), 274, 317, 351, &c. Ahuranis, 140. n 2. Ainyava, II, 217, 218. Aipivanghu, II, 222, 303. See Apiveh. Aipivohu, II, 303. Airiz-rasp Allsposinan, II, 216. n 6. Airyaman, 140, 222, 228, 229, 230 235; II, 4, 13, 35, 37, 41, 42, 43-45, 48. Airyanem vaegah, 2, 5, 13, 15, 20. n 2, 30, 57, 78, 116, 279. See Iran Veg. Airyu, II, 62, n 2, 222, 226. n 6. Aiwibvarenah, man, II, 214. Akatasha, demon, 136, 218. Akayadha, man, II, 219. Akem Mano, demon, lxxii; II, 297, 308. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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366 INDEX TO VOLS. IV AND XXIII. Akhnangha, man, II, 217. Akhrura, man, II, 223. . Akhsti, genius, II, 4, 13, 35, 37, 39, &c. See Peace. Akht, sorcerer, II, 72. n 5. Akhtya, sorcerer, II, 73. Alborz, mount, 225; II, 97. n 6, 122. n 3, 287. n 1, 289. n 6. See Hara Berezaiti. Alexander, man, xxxii. Alexander eschata, land, II, 123. 04. Ambrosia, II, 153. n 5. Ameretat, god, lx, lxxi; II, 5, 31, 36, 37, 40, 49, 143, 308, 312. Amesha-Spentas, gods, lix, lxxi, 207, 309; II, 3, 6, 9, 10, 13, 15, 34, 35-40 (Haftan Yast), 43, 49, 86, 90, 103, 132, 142, 143. n 1, 156, 163, 164, 166, 193, 194, 199, 202, 230, 290, 291, 336, 339, 340, 350. Amru, bird, II, 210. Amuyamna, genius, II, 164. n 2. Anahata, goddess, II, 53. Anahid, goddess, II, 195. n 2. Anahita, goddess, lv. See Ardvi Sura. 'Avairis, goddess, II, 53. Anaperetha, c. Anashavan, lxxiv. Anastareta, genius, II, 164. n 2. Aneran, genius, II, 12, 20, 85. Anghuyu, II, 215. Angra Mainyu, demon, lvi, lxii, 4 (his counter-creations), 24, 142- 143 (expelled), 204-207 (tempts Zarathustra), 217-218 (in despair), 228, 229, 230 (creates diseases); II, 29, 33, 44, 105, 113, 144, 150, 154, 198, 342; 250 (a part of Vayu belongs to him); 252, 292 (turned to a horse) 255; 274 (dismayed by the birth of Zarathustra), 284, 308, 310; 317 (mocks the souls of the wicked in hell), 338, 340. Animals, lxxiii; five classes of, 11, 182. Ankata, mount, II, 218. Anquetil Duperron, xiv. Antare-danghu, mount, II, 288. Antare-kangha, mount, II, 67. n 5, 288. Anthesterion, month, II, 192. n I. Ants, 167. Aodhas, II, 173. Aoighimatastira, man, II, 218. Aoshnara, man, II, 221. Apagadha, 224. Apakhshira, land, II, 219. Apam Napat, god, II, 6, 12, 14, 20, 36, 38, 39, 71, 94, 102, 202. Apaosha, demon, lxiii; II, 92, 99, 100, 284, 285. Aparavidya, II, 4. n 5. Aparsin, land, II, 288. n 2, n 7. Apiveh, king, II, 222. n 4. See Aipi. vanghu. Apollo, II, 236, n 2. Ara, man, II, 211. Arabian sea, II, 146. n 4. 'Apaxwros, 7. n 10. Aras, river, xlix, 3. Arasti, man, II, 203. ni. Aravaostra, man, II, 218. Araxes, river, 3. Ard, goddess, 11, 270. n 1. See Ashi Vanguhi. Ardashir, king, xxxv; II, 237. n 3. Ardavan, king, xxxv; II, 237. n 3. Arda Viraf, man, 166. n2; II, 267. n 3. Ardibebist, god. See Asha Vahista. Ardisvang, goddess, II, 270. n 1. See Ashi Vangubi. Ardvi Sura Anahita, goddess, 78; II, 8, 16, 30, 52-84, 106. n2, 174, 181, 182, 356. Aredus, 39, 41. Aredvi, measure, 16. Areganghant, man, II, 212. Aregaona, man, II, 214. Aregat-aspa, man, II, 79, 80, 117, 289. See Argasp. Arezahi, region, 216; II, 123, 136, 154, 171. See Arzah. Arezo-shamana, man, II, 296. Arezura, demon, 24. Arezva, man, II, 213. Argasp, man, II, 206. n 2, 256. n 3. Aris, king, II, 222. n 5. See Arshan. Aris shivatir, man, II, 95. n 2. Armesht, 64. n 3. Armesht-gah, xciv, 27. n 1, 62. n 1, 64. n 4, 128. Armin, king, II, 322. n 5. Arnavaz, woman, II, 62. n 3. Arsacides, xxxiii. Arshan, king, II, 222, 303. Arshya, man, II, 209. Arstat, genius, II, 6, 9, 15, 17, 19, 36, 38, 156, 166, 168, 178, 184, 283 285 (Astad Yast). See Astad. Arsti, genius, II, 166. Arsvant, man, II, 210. IS Digitized by Google

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INDEX TO VOLS. IV AND XXIII. 367 Artaxerxes, xliv, lv; II, 53. Arum, country, II, 287. n 8. See Rum. Arvastani Rum, land, 3, 9. n 7, n 8. Aryaman, 229. - Aryans, II, 68, 70, 81, 108, 109, 120, 123, 182, 190, 191, 201, 226, 244, 257. Arzah, region, II, 210. n 2, 220. n I. Arzur, mount, II, 287. n 7. Arzur bum, mount, II, 287. n 8. Asabana, man. See Kara Asabana, Vara Asabana. Asabani, woman, II, 225. Asan bvanvant, man, II, 203. Asaya, man, II, 288. Ascendant (Uparatat), genius, II, 6, 15, 36, 38,128,133,188, 189, &c. Asha, lxx. Ashahura, man, II, 212. n 2. Ashanemah, man, II, 219. Ashasairyas, man, II, 213. Ashasaredha, man, II, 213. Ashasavah, man, II, 214. Ashashagahad-e Hvandakan, II, 210. n 2. Ashaskyaothna, man, II, 212. Asha-stembana, mount, II, 288. Ashastu, man, II, 209. Asha Vahista, god, lx, lxxii, 207; II, 4, 5, 13, 14, 30, 31, 33. n 1, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41-48 (Ardi- behist Yast), 49, 128, 133, 142, 275, 285, 297, 351. Ashavanghu, man, II, 210. Ashavazdah, son of Pourudhakhsti, II, 70, 71. n 1, 212. Ashavazdah, son of Sayuzdri, II, 71, 212. Ashemaogha, xl. n 2, lxxiv, 47, 60, 192, 224; II, 26, 45, 46, 184. n 2, 261. Ashem-yahmai-usta, man, II, 216. Ashem-yenhe-raokau, man, II, 215. Ashi Vanguhi, goddess, lxx; II, 11, 18, 104, 136, 157. n 2, 162, 164, 188, 209, 230, 270-282 (Ashi Yast), 284, 330. Asho-paoirya, man, II, 214. Asho-raokah, man, II, 204. Asho-urvatha, man, II, 214. Asho-zusta, bird, 188. n 2. Asklepios, 85. n 5, 219. n 6. Asman, I1, 85. Asmo-bvanvant, man, I1, 33. n 2, 203, 320. Asnatar, priest, 63, 64. D 1, 78, 79; II, 332. Asnavant, mount, II, 7, 15, 288, 358. Aspahe astra, xcvi. n 3. Aspendyarji's translation, ci. Aspo-padho-makhsti, man, II, 214. Assaults, xcvi, 39-44. Assyrian Sirozah, II, 3. Asta-aurvant, man, il, 279. Astad Yast, II, 283-285. Asti, measure, 159. Asto-vidotu, demon, lxviii, 46, 51, 87. n 4. Astra, 168. n 5. Astra mairya, 190. Astvat-ereta, man, II, 211, 215, 220, 307, 308. Asura, lviii, lxxv. Atare, god, lxii, lxv, 180; II, 5, 8, 15, 16, 36, 38, 153, 198, 297, 339, 344, 357-361 (Atas Nyayis). Atare-danghu, man, II, 207. Atare-data, man, II, 206. Atare-hvarenah, man, II, 207. Atare-kithra, man, II, 206. Atare-pata, man, II, 206. Atare-savah, man, II, 207. Atare-vakhsha, priest, 63, 64. 11, 78, 79; II, 332. Atare-vanu, man, II, 206. Atare-zantu, man, II, 207. Athenians, xcviii; II, 192.ni. Athravan, priest, li, 98; II, 74, 228, 268, 299. Athwya family, II, 61, 113, 221, 254, 326, 328. Atropatene, land, xlviii. See Adar bigan. Aturpat, man, II, 329. n 2. See Adarbad. Aurvasara, man, II, 256. Aurvatad-nar, man, II, 204.01. See Urvatat-nara. Aurvat-aspa, king, II, 78, 205. n 5. See Lohrasp. Ausindom, river, II, 101. n 5, 104. n 3. See Us-hindu. Avahya, man, II, 217. Avaoirista, 39, 40, Avaraostri, man, II, 208. Avaregau, man, II, 218. Avarethrabah, man, II, 209. Avesta, lii. n 2. Meaning of the word, xxx. See Abasta and Zand Avasta. Awz-danva, lake, II, 301. Asho-Pagokah, 1 man, in 2.. Digitized by Google

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368 INDEX TO VOLS. IV AND XXIII. Ayehi, demon, 228. Ayoasti, man, II, 211, Ayuta, man, II, 215. Azata, man, II, 209. Azerekhsh, xlix. Azi, demon, lxv, 194. Azi Dahaka, demon, lxii, lxv, 2, 9, 206, n 4; II, 60, 61, 68. n 3, 75. n 2, 113, 195. n 1, 242, 251. n 4, 253, 254, 294, 297, 307, 326. See Dahak. Bohlen (P. de), xxii. Borg, genius, II, 94. n 2, 102. 05. Borrowing, 34. n. 2. Bor-tora, man, II, 326. n 8. Brisson, xiii. Buddhists, II, 184. n 2. Bagi, demon, II, 49, 50. Bugi-sravah, man, II, 205. Bagra, man, II, 209. Buidhi, demon, 141, 142. Buidhiza, demon, 141, 142. Buiti, demon, 204, 218. Bull, 224; II, 8, 16, 89, 245. Burial, xlv. Burnouf, xxiji. Bashyasta, demon, lxvii, 141, 142, 193; II, 154, 284, 287, 323. Byarshan, prince, II, 223. n 5, 303. Babylon, land, II, 60, n 3, 253. n 3. Bactra, land, 2, 6. n4; II, 204. n 3. Bactria (Zoroaster in), xlvii. Bad, woman, II, 226,8 1, Bad, day, II, 92. Badghes, land, II, 288. n 1. Baeshatastira, man, II, 218. Bahman, day, II, 88. Bahman, god. See Vohu-mang. Bahman Yast, II, 22, 31-34. Bahram fire, lxxxix, 60. n 2, 62. n 2, 113-116. Bahram, god. See Verethraghna. Bahram Yast, II, 231-248. Bakhdhi, land, 2, 6. Bamian, land, II, 95. 1 3. Bang of Zoroaster and Gustasp, II, 267. n 3. Banga, 175. Baodho-varsta, 84. n 1, 154, 175.n1; II, 335. Barana, mount, II, 289. Barashnum, xciv, n 7, 26. n 1, 63. ni, 119-129, 183. n 1, 210. n 4; II, 336. Barda, land, 11, 64. n 2. Baremna, man, II, 217. Baresma, 22. n 2, 191.0 1, 209. Barmayun, man, II, 297. n 5. Baro-srayana, mount, II, 289. Bastavairi, man, II, 207. Basi, demon, II, 49. Bathing forbidden, xc. Baungha, man, II, 218. Bawri, land, II, 60, 68. n 3. Bayana, mount, II, 288. Berezisnu, man, il, 211. Berezvant, man, II, 215, 218. Berezy-arsti, man, II, 206. Bidirafsh, man, II, 80, n 6. Bitch (killing a), 173; how treated, 175-180. Bivandangha, man, II, 210, Bodily punishments, xcix. Caboul, land, II, 62. n 5. Carrier alone, 26. Caspian sea, II, 117, n 6. Cerdo, man, xli. n 5. Ceylon, land, II, 59.0 2. Chanmrosh, bird, II, 173. ni. China, land, II, 227. n 1, 288. n 7. Chinon (G. Du), xiii, 167. 1 1-3. Chionitae, people, II, 117. n 6. Christianity, xli. Christians, II, 161. Cleanser, false, 131. Cleanser's fees, 129. Clothes of the unclean woman, 63-64; thrown on the dead, 65; defiled by the dead, 77; how cleansed, 78-79. Clouds destroy diseases, 224. Cock. See Parodats. Commodianus quoted, II, 141. 1 3. Contracts, xcv, 35-39, 45. Corpse, eating, 79, 80. Corpses exposed, xci, 52. n 5, 74. Courage, genius, II, 10, 18. Cow, formula to cleanse the, 140. Croesus, li. Curse, II, 12. n 13, 153. Cyclops, II, 280, n 4. Cyrus dream, 13. n 1; introduces Magism to Persia, li. Daeno-vazah, man, II, 214. Daevas, lxxx, 30, 102, 205; II, 32, 110, 126, 153, 154, 161, 163, 188, 194, 201, 245, 262, 292. Daevo-tbis, man, II, 204. Dahae, people, II, 227. n 2. Digitized by Google

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INDEX TO VOLS. IV AND XXIII. 369 Dahak, demon, II, 298. n 1. See Azi 59, 141, 160, 163, 183, 197, 205, Dahaka. 221, 290, 291, 292, 306, 307, Dahi countries, II, 227. 335. Dai, II, 6. n . Drugaskan, demon, II, 334. n 5. Daitik river, 5. n 2, n 3. Drvant, demon, lxvii, lxxii, lxxiv. Daitya river, 15, 204; II, 30, 57, 78, Drvaspa, genius, II, 9, 17, 110-118, 80, 116, 117, 279, 282. 245. n. Daityo-gatu, xc, 113-116. Drvau, II, 307. Daiwi, demon, 218. Dualism, xliii, xliv. n 1, lvi, lxxi. Dakhmas, xc, 24, 26,52,73-74,86-88, Duraekaeta, man, II, 71. 94. n 3. Dush-humat Hell, II, 317. n I. Damavand, mount, 2;11,59,61,95.n 2. Duzaka, animal, 152. Dana, man, II, 296. Duzyairya, II, 107, 108. Danghu-fradhah, man, II, 214. Dvarants, lxvii, 205. Danghu-sruta, man, II, 214. Dvazdah homast, II, 165. n 2. Danus, men, II, 71, 189. Darayat-ratha, man, II, 210. Earth, worship of the, xci.n 3; genius Darega river, xlix, 205, 207. of the, 11, 11, 19; what pleases Darius, II, 107. and what grieves her, 21-33; Darsinika, man, II, 117, 280. formulas to purify her, 140; how Dashtanistan, xciv, n 3, 180-183. long unclean from the dead, Dastaghni, man, II, 218. 66-67; Yast to the, II, 286. Dastayana, man, II, 296. Elements (worship of), liv. Datem, lxxviii. n 3. Elisaeus on the Fire-worship, 50. n 3. Daungha, man, II, 204. Ephialtes, II, 297. n 1. Dawramaeshi, man, II, 217. Epic (the Persian), lv. Dazgaragau, man, II, 219. Eredat-fedhri,woman,II,195.n2,226. Dazgaraspa, man, II, 209. Eredhwa, man, II, 215. Dead matter, c, 49, 50. Erekhsha, man, 11, 95, 103. Deva, lxxx. Erenavak,woman, 11,62,113,255,277. Din Yast, II, 264-269. Erethe, genius, II, 11, 18, 282. Dinkart, xxxii; II, 159. n 3,170. n 3. Erezifya, mount, II, 65, 287. Diseases created by Ahriman, xciii, Erezisha, mount, II, 288. 230; cured by Thrita, 219-223; Erezraspa, man, II, 216. by Airyaman, 233-235. See Erezura, mount, II, 287. Medicine, Thraetaona. Erezvant-danghu, man, II, 218. Dis Het, place, II, 253. n 3. Erskine, xxii. Disti, measure, 187. 'ETupavopos, 8. n 2. Dizukht, II, 254. Eudemos, liv. Dog, 58, 180; described, 151-172, Evil eye of Ahriman, 230. n 4. 161-163 ; praised, 163; how Evil-Thought Hell, II, 320. fed, 173; offences to, 153-155; - Word Hell, II, 320. mad, 159-160; yellow-eared, - Deed Hell, II, 320. lxxxviii. See Sagdid, Vanghapara, Vohunazga, Zairimyan- Farhangi Jehangiri, xxii. gura. Farsistan, II, 123. n 3. Drafsa, II, 26. n 5. Farvardin Yast, II, 179. Draona, 56. See Dron. Feridan, II, 297. n 5. Draoshisvau, mount, II, 288. Fimbul winter, II. Dratha, man, II, 210. Firdausi quoted, 167. n 3; II, 58. n 1, Dregvant, demon, lxvii. 60. n 2, 62, n 2, n 4, 63. n 1, Dried corpse, 103. 64. 2, 66. n 2, n 11, 67. n 4, Driwi, demon, 218. n 5, n 6, 68. n 3, 71, n 7, 8o. ni, Dron ceremony, II, 319. n 1. n6, n 7, 81. n 2, 114. n 2, 207. Drug, demon, lxxxvi, 24; her para- n 3, 208. n 2, 222. n 5, 223. n 5, mours, 196-200, 217; 11, 29, 47, 224. n 6, 237. n 3, 241, 02, [23] v ' ed on Digitized by Google

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370 INDEX TO VOLS. IV AND XXIII. Frogs, Ahrimanian creatures, 59. n 4, 167. Frohakafra, man, II, 219. Frya, man, II, 211, 215. Fryana, family, II, 71, 216. Fsusa-mathra, II, 27. Funerals, 26, 94-97. Furrows for purification, 122; II, 50, 51. 253. n 3, 292, 01, 293. n 6, 297. n 5, 327. n 8. Fire, its purity, xx, lxxxix; how de- filed, 9, 80, 110, 168. n 7; how purified, 135; its innocuity, 51; son of Ahura Mazda, II, 322. n 5. Fire Nyayis, II, 349, 356-361. Forest of the holy questions, 234. Formulas to cleanse a house, fire, water, &c., 133-138, 139-140. Frabaretar, priest, 63, 64. n 1, 78, 62. n 1. 78, 79, 332. Fradad-gadman, man, II, 220. ni. Fradadhafshu, region, 216; II, 123, 154, 171, 216, n 5, 220, ni. Fradat-buarenah, man, II, 219. Fradat-nara, man, II, 217. Fradhakhsti, the son of the jar, II, 224. Fradhidhaya, II, 203. Frakithra, II, 218. Frakya, II, 213. Franghadh, woman, II, 225. Frangrasyan, man, II, 64, 114, 115, 223. n 1, 278, 300-302, 304, 305, 307. See Afrasyab. Franya, man, II, 204. Fraoraostra, II, 217. Fraorepa, mount, II, 287. Frapayau, mount, II, 289. Frarazi, man, II, 217. Fraser, xiv. Fras-ham-vareta, man, II, 206. Frashaostra, man, II, 77. n 1, 207, 208, 224. n 3, 331, 342, 343. Frashavakhsha, man, II, 210. Frashidvard, man, 11, 206, n 2. Frashokareta, man, II, 206. Fraspata, 175. Frasrutara, man, II, 276. Frata, man, II, 203. Fratira, man, II, 218. Frava, man, II, 214. Fravanku, mount, II, 288. Fravashis, lxxiv. n 1, 215; II, 6, 10, 13, 14, 17, 20, 26, 33. n 2, 36, 38, 102, 120, 136, 145, 322, 350, 352. Frayaodha, man, II, 209. Frayat-ratha, man, II, 210. Frayazanta, man, I1, 212, 225. Frazdanava, lake, II, 79. Fren, woman, II, 204. ni. See Freni, Frenah, man, II, 212. Freni, woman, 1deg 11, 224;--2011, 225. Frinaspa, man, I1, 217. Gadha, 224. Gaevani, man, II, 213. Gah, xxx. Gabambar, II, 192.nr. Gandarewa, demon, II, 63, 217, 255, 256. n 1, 293. Gaokerena, plant, lxix, 219, 221; II, 5, 14, 32, 36, 37. Gaomant, man, II, 218. Gaopi-vanghu, man, 11, 211. Gaotema, man, II, 184. Garo-demana, II, I77. See Gard nmana and Garothman. Garo-nmana, 214, 215, 225; II, 43, 127,133,152, 200, 291, 335, 336, 356. Garothman, II, 317. n 4, 337. n 5. Garshah, II, 33. n i. Garsta, man, II, 218. Gasi, demon, II, 50. Gathas, liii, 215. Gaumata, man, lv, nl. Gauri, man, II, 215. Gavayan, man, II, 203. Gayadhasti, man, II, 212, 225. Gaya, man, II, 350. See Gaya Mare tan and Gayomard. Gaya Maretan, man, lxxviii; II, 98. n 3, 200, 227. Gayomard, man, 20. n 4; II, 33. n 1, 58.01. Ghilan, land, II, 61. n 3, 117. n 6. Ghnana, 175. Ghosel, xcv. Girami, man, II, 208. n 2. Glory (kingly), II, 7, 8, 11, 15, 18, 136, 153, 156, 170, 232 ; praised, 280-309. - (Aryan), 216. Gogosasp, man, II, 226, n 5. Gomez, lxxxvi, lxxxviii. Good-Thought Paradise, II, 317. -- Word Paradise, II, 317, 342. n8. - Deed Paradise, II, 317. Gopatishah, man, 20. n 2; II, 114. n 7, 307. n 6. Digitized by Google

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INDEX TO VOLS. IV AND XXIII. 371 19, 59. Gos, genius, II, 9, 17, 88, 110-118 Hapta Hindu, 2. (Gos Yast). Haptoiringa, II, 9, 16, 97, 175, 194. Gosti Fryan, II, 72, n 5. See Haftoiring. Gosurun, genius, II, 245. ni. Hara Berezaiti, mount, 213, 225, 226, Gotama, man, II, 184. n 2. 227, 228; II, 58, 122, 132, 150, Gravaratu, man, II, 217. 174, 251, 275. Greeks on Magism, xii. Harahvaiti, river, 2. Gudha, river (?), II, 255. Haraiti Bareza, mount, II, 114, 132, Gurezm, man, II, 207. n 3. See 141, 174, 175, 277, 287. Kavarazem. Haredhaspa, man, II, 214. Gushasp (fire), II, 7.0 5. Harerud, river, II, 123. n 4. Gushnasp (fire), II, 7. n 5. Haroyu, river, 2,7; II, 123. Gustahm, II, 71. n 7, 206. ni. Harut, river, 7. n1o. Gustasp, man, II, 8. n 2, 70. ni, Harvispotokhm tree, 54. n 2. 207. n 3, 256. n 3, 267. n 3. See Hasi, demon, II, 49, 50. Vistaspa. Hathra, measure, 156. Haurvatat, genius, Ixx, lxxi; II, 5, 14, Gad besh, II, 173. ni. 31, 37,40,48-52 (Khordad Yast), Gaghrudh, woman, II, 225. 92, 143, 308, 312. Gahi, demon, lxvii, 200, 224, 228; Havanan, priest, 63, 64. n 1, 78, 79; II, 45, 47, 226. II, 332. Gaini, demon, 222, 223, 224, 228. 222. 221. 228. Havani, 23. n 2. Gamasp, man, xxxviii; II, 70. ni, Hawk, lxxiii. 77. n 1, 329. n6. Head, people without a, 9. n 8. Gamaspa, man, II, 70, 207, 208, 219, Heaven, 207, 208; II, 11, 19. 325, 326, 328, 331. Hell, 24. n 1, 75. n 2, 204. n 2, 218; Gamshed, man, 10. See Yima. II, 320. Ganara, man, II, 213. Hell's dog, lxxxvii. Garo-danghu, man, II, 210. Helmend, river, 8. n 2; II, 302. n 3. Garo-vanghu, II, 212: See Haetumant. Gatara, mount, II, 289. Herat, land, 11, 123. n 4, 288. Gihun, river, II, 95. n 2. Heresy, 172. Gisti, man, I1, 212. Heretics. See Ashemaogha. Hermippus, xlii. Habaspa, man, II, 206. Herodotus, xliv, lix, 169. Hadhanaepata, 94. n 1, 166; 11, 361. Highwaymen, 11. n 1. Hadhokht evak homast, II, 165. n 2. Hitaspa, man, II, 255, 296. Hadhokht Nask, xxxi; II, 159, 311. Hoazarodathhri-e Parestyaro, man, Haetumant, river, 2,8, 216; II, 302. II, 210. n 2. Haftoiring, II, 89. n 5. See Haptoi- Holy word, 208. See Mathra Spenta. ringa. Hom, 59. n 4. See Haoma. Hair, how disposed of, 186. Honover, lxix, 98. n 2. See Ahuna Hamankuna, mount, II, 288. Vairya. Hamaspatmaedha, II, 192. Horapollo, II, 240, n 2. Ham-beretar vanghvam, man, II, House, formula to purify a, 139. 211. Hufravakhs, man, II, 219. Hamun, sea, II, 302. n 2. Hugau, man, II, 215. Hana, 27. Hukairya, mount, II, 52, 54, 76, 81, Hanghaurvaungh, man, II, 208. 112, 174, 181, 253. Haoma, lii. n 1, Ixix, 23. n 1, 72; II, Hukht Paradise, II, 317. 12, 20, 47, 102, 114, 141, 146, n 2, Hukithra, 11, 225. 246, 271, 277, 312. Huma, woman, II, 224. Haomo-bvarenah, man, II, 214. Humai, woman, II, 224. n 6. Haoshyangha, king, II, 58, 224,251, Humat Paradise, II, 317. 275, 292. Humayaka, people, II, 80. Haperesi wood, II, 245. Hunni, II, 205. n 4. B b 2 an, II, 206..66:11, 361. Digitized by Google

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372 INDEX TO VOLS. IV AND XXIII. Isavae, mount, II, 288, Iskata, land, II, 123, 288. Ithyego, demon, lxviii. Joint responsibility, 36. ni. Jones (William), xv. Hunus, people, II, 205. Husravah, king, 11, 65, 114, 115, 222, 223, 256, 257, 278, 303, 307, 327, 328, 338. See Khosrav. - lake, II, 7, 15, 300. ni, 358. See Husru. Husru, lake, II, 300. n 2. Huskyaothna, man, II, 207, 208. Hutaosa, woman, II, 77. n 1, 116, 224, 257, 258. n I, 279, 327. n. Huvasp, man, I1, 217. n 1. Huyairya, II, 107. Huyazata, man, II, 214. Hvadhata, man, II, 215. Hvaetvadatha, xlv. Hvairizem, land, I1, 123. Hvakhshathra, man, 214. Hvaniratha, lix. n 4, 123, 136, 154, 171, 216, n 1, 313. Hvanvant, man, II, 214. - mount, II, 95, 103, 104. n 3. Hvaredhi, woman, I1, 225. Hvare-kaesman, man, II, 218, 219. Hvare-kithra, man, 21. n2; II, 201. n1, 204. Hvareno, lxii, lxiii. ni; II, 283, 286-309. See Glory. Hvareza, man, II, 218. Hvarsht Paradise, II, 317. Hvaspa, II, 217. Hvembya, man, II, 224. n 2. Hvogvi, woman, lxxix. Hvov, woman, II, 195. n 2. Hvova, family, 11, 77, 207. Hvovi, woman, II, 207, 224, 267. Hvyaona, people, II, 79. n 1, 117, 205. n 4, 280. Hyde, xiv. Kadrva-aspa, mount, II, 289. Kaeva, man, Il, 217. Kahrkana family, I1, 219. Kahrkatas, bird, 193. Kabvaredha, demon, lxix; II, 45.ni. Kabvuzi, demon, 228. Kakahyu, mount, II, 288. Kalasyak, lii. ni. See Krasiak. Kamak, bird, II, 296, n 2. Kamak-sud, man, 220. n I. Kamak-vakhshisn, man, II, 220. nr. Kang dez, land, II, 67, 68, 204. n 1, 288. n 5, 329. n 7. Kanuka, woman, II, 225. Kaoirisa, mount, II, 289. Kapasti, 141. Kapot, wolf, II, 295. n 4. Kapul, land, 2. Kara, fish, 217; II, 239, 266. See Kar mahi. Kara Asabana, man, II, 71. Karapan, II, 26. n 2. Kardun. See Cerdo. Karen, man, II, 209. Karesna, man, II, 209. Kareto-dasu, II, 322. Kar mahi, 59. n 4. See Kara. Karshiptan, bird, lxxviii, 21; II, 203. n 4, 217. n 2. Karshvares, lix. n 4, 207, 216; II, 123, 134, 141, 142, 154, 163, 181. n 2, 182, 254, 292, 293. Karsivaz, man, II, 64. n I, 305. n 2. See Keresavazda. Kasava, lake, lxxix, 206; 11, 195. n 2, 226. n 1, 302, 307. Kasupatu, man, II, 211. Kasvi, 218. Kata, II, 218. Katayun, II, 297, n 5. Katu, man, II, 213. Kaus, king, II, 222, n 5, 242. n 1. See Usa, Usadha. Kavanda, demon, 141. Kavarazem, man, II, 207. See Gu rezm. Kavata, king, II, 65. n 1, 222, 303. See Qobad. Kavis, heretics, II, 26, n 2. Iaxartes, river, II, 123. n 4. Indo-Iranian elements in Mazdeism, lvii. Indra, a demon, lxxii, lxxx, 135, 218; II, 141, n 3. Indus, river, 3. Inexpiable crimes, c. Infanticide, II, 335. Iran, land, II, 123. n 2. Iran veg, land, xlix, 5. n4; II, 289.n 3. Isad vastar, man, 21. n 2; 11, 204.ni, 224. n 4. I sat-vastra, man, II, 201. n 1, 204. Isfendyar, 220. n 2; II, 79. n 4, 81, 206. n 2, 241. n 2, 329. n 3. Ishus hvathakhto, lxviii. Isvat, man, II, 203. Digitized by Google

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INDEX TO VOLS. IV AND XXIII. 373 Kavis, kings, II, 213, 215, 218. See Aipivohu, Apiveh, Aris, Armin, Arshan, Byarshan, Husravah, Kavata, Kaus, Khosrav, Pashin, Qobad, Syavakhsh, Syavar shana, Usa, Usadha. Kayadha, lxix. Kayan race, II, 302. n. Keresani, man, lii. n 1. Keresaokhshan, man, II, 205. Keresaspa, man, lxv, lxxvi, 2, 7, 61. n 1, 62, 195, 223, 255, 256, n 1, 295-297, 307. Keresavazda, man, II, 304. See Karsivaz. Khashm, demon, II, 224. n 2. See Aeshma. Khnathaiti, demon, lxvi, 7, 205; 11, 296, n 3. Khnenta, land, 7. Khorda Avasta, xxx. Khordad. See Haurvatat. Khordad Yast, II, 48-52. Khorshed Yast, II, 87. Khosrav, king, II, 64. ni, 67. n 6, 114. n 2, 222. n 6, 223. n 5, 327. n 8. See Husravah. Khosrav Anoshirvan, king, xxxiii. Khrafstra, lxxiii, 5. n 3,75,76;11,310. Khrafstraghna, 168. Khratu asna, gaosho-sruta, II, 4, 13, 35, 37. Khru, demon, 141, 142. Khruighni, demon, 141, 142. Khshaotha, mount, II, 95, 103. Khshathra vairya, genius, lx, lxxii, 207, 220; II, 5, 14, 34, 36, 37, 40, 49, 95, 103, 142, 351. Khshathro-kinah, man, II, 212. Khshathro-saoka, II, 67, 68. Khshvoiwraspa, man, il, 211, 212. n 2, 225. Khstavaenya, man, II, 211. Khumbya, man, lxxvi; II, 224. n 2. See Hvembya. Khur-kashm, II, 220. n 1. Khurshed-kihar, II, 204. ni. Khvaniras, region, II, 220. n 1. See Hvaniratha. Khvarizem, land, II, 123. n 4. Kima Gatha, II, 318. Kirman, land, 2. Kissahi Sangah, xxxvii. Kleuker, xvii. Koiras, river, II, 289. n 3. Kondrasp, mountain, II, 289. n 2. Kosti, 189. n 3, 191. n 4; 11, 349. Krasiak, II, 161. n 6. Krisanu, man, lii. ni. Kuleng Dis, place, II, 253. n 3. Kunda, demon, 217; II, 334. Kundi, demon, 141, 142. Kundiza, demon, 141, 142. Kvirinta, place, II, 253. Kaekasta, lake, II, 7, 15, 66, 114, 115, 278, 300. n 2. Kakhra, land, 2, 9. Kakhravak, bird, 11, 217. n 2. Kakhshni, man, II, 213. Kamru, bird, II, 210. Kathrusamruta, 134. Kathwaraspa, man, II, 217. Kinvat-bridge, lxxxviii, 152, 190, 212 213, 215; II, 12, 20, 121. ni, 335. n 2, 339. Kista, genius, 11, 10, 18, 153, 164, 166, 216, 264-269, 352. Kisti, genius, 216; II, 11, 18, 164, 166, 282. Law of Mazda, II, 10, 12, 18, 19, 39, 153, 160, 164, 274, 352. Libations unclean, 93 Light (endless), lxxxii; Il, 177, 317, 344. Lohrasp, man, II, 78. n 3, 223. n 5. See Aurvat-aspa. Maenakha, mount, II, 288. Magi as a Median tribe, xlvi, xlvii. Magism, xxxiv, n 3, liv. Magophonia, 1. Magus, II, 4. n 5. Mahabadian, 102, n 2. Mah Yast, 11, 88-91. Mahraspand, man, 11, 329.n 2;genius: see Mathra Spenta. Maid, at the Kinvat-bridge, 213. Maidhyo-maungha, man, 1deg I 1, 203, 209; -2deg II, 219. Malkosan, rain, 16. n 1. Man, formulas to purify, 140. Manes, II, 179. Mani's heresy, xxxviii. Manichees, xxxix, xl. Manusha, mount, 11, 287. Manus-kihar, man, II, 287. n 4. Manus-kithra, man, I1, 222. Marcellinus, xlvi. Marcion, xli. n 5. Maretan, man. See Gaya. Margiana, land, II, 123. n 4. 59 2019, 95, man, 68 , 12 Digitized by Google

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374 INDEX TO VOLS. IV AND XXIII. Margus, river, II, 123. n 4. Maruts, lxxvii. Marv, land, II, 123. n 4. Masan, land, 2. Masmoghan, xlviii. Maternus, 11, 141. n 3. Mathra Spenta, lxxviii, n6, 230, 231; 11, 12, 19,160, 164, 166, 200, 285. Mathravaka, man, 11, 208, 213. Maubedan Maubed, 11, 149. n 4. Maubeds, xlvii. Mayava, man, II, 217. Mazana, Daevas of, lxvii.n 2,137,188; 11, 33, 110, 163, 224, 251, 276. Mazda. See Ahura Mazda. Mazdak, man, xxxvi, xli. n 2. Mazdeism, evolution of, lxxxi. Mazdravangha, man, II, 215. Mazisisvau, mount, II, 288. Measures. See Aredvi, Asti, Disti, Hathra, Vibazu, Vitara, Vitasti, Yuggesti. Media, seat of Magism, xlvi. Medicine, 83-86. Meiners, xvi. Melek Taus, lxxiii. n 4. Menstruation, xciii; caused by Dae vas, 183. See Menstruous woman. Menstruous woman, treatment of a, 181-183; intercourse with, 173, 184, 185, 202. Merezishmya, man, II, 219. Merezu, man, 217. Microcosm, 187. n 2. Mihir Nyayis, II, 349, 353-355. Mihir Yast, II, 119-158. Minokibr, man, xlvii; II, 95. n 2, 114. n 7. Mithra, genius, created by Ahura, Ixi; his attributes, lxi. n1; coequal to Ahura, lx; praised, II, 119-158 (Mihir Yast), 23, 87. n 4, 208; II, 5, 9, 14, 17, 36, 38, 39, 86, 87, 95, 166, 181, 184, 191, 200, 202, 244, 274,327,329, 342, 350, 351; seizes the glory of Yima, 11, 294; God of contracts, 48; Mihir Nyayis, II, 353-355. Mithra and Ahura, 11, 148, 158, 351, 353. Mithradruges, 48. n 2; II, 120. n 2, 129, 138. n 1, 248. Mithriac mysteries, II, 151n 3. Mitra - Varuna, lx. Miza, land, II, 218. Moghu-tbis, lii. Moon, 226-227; II, 8, 16, 176, 88-91 (Mah Yast), 355 (Mah Ngayis). Mountain of the holy questions, 234. Mountains, II, 11, 19; enumerated, 287-289. Mouru, land, 2, 6; II, 123. Muidhi, demon, 141, 142. Murghab, river, II, 123. n 4. Myazda, lxix. Nabanazdista, 36. n 3. Naglfar, 186, n 3. Nails, xcii, 187. Nairyo-sangha, god, lxx, 214, 231 233; II, 8, 16, 132, 162, 339, 358. See Neryosengh. Naivtak, river, II, 216. n 1. Nanarasti, man, I1, 213. Nanghusmau, mount, II, 288. Naotara, family, II, 66. n11, 71, 77, 206; Naotaras, II, 257; pursue Ashi, II, 280-281. See Nodar. Naptya, man, Il, 206. Narasansa, god, 1xx, 231. n 2. Nasa-burner, 11. Nasatyas, lxxxi. Nastur, man, II, 207. n 2. Nasu, demon, 26; contagion of, 75, 76-77, 57-60, 70, 71, 72, 80, 103-110, 205; expelled, 122 129, 143; II, 49, 50, 51. Naungbaitya, demon, lxxii, 135, 218. Nemetka wood, II, 245. Nemovanghu, man, II, 210. Neo-Platonicians, xiii: Neremyazdana, man, II, 211. Neryosengh, 11, 195.n 2. See Nairyo sangha. Nikolaus, li. Nirang, 63. Nuoaia, 6. n 6. Nisaya, land, 2, 6. Nivika, man, II, 296. Nodar Nodar, man, II, 206, n 1, 221. n 9. See Nan Nosks, xxxii; II, 159. See Hadhokht. Nu zedi, 119. Nyayis, xxx ; II, 349-361. Oath, formula of, 48, nr; false, 46. Oedipus, II, 72. n 5. Ormazd, II, 177. n 1. See Ahura Mazda. Oshdashtar, mount, II, 33. n 1, 287. n 5. See Ushi-darena. Oshedar Bami, man, II, 79. n 3, 164. n 1, 220, n 3, 226, n 1. :353 Mith'man 11 Digitized by Google

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INDEX TO VOLS. IV AND XXIII. 375 O shedar Mah, II, 164.0 1, 220. n 2. Otus, II, 297.ni. Oxus, river, 3; II, 123. n 4, 227. n 2. Padashkhvargar mountains, 2; II, 114. n 7. Paesanghanu, man, II, 225. Paeshata, man, II, 203. Paeshatah, man, II, 213. Paeshatah Paitisrira, man, II, 216. Paesis, demon, II, 309. Pairikas, demons, Ixvi, 112, 142, 222, 223, 228; II, 26, 43, 50, 57, 59, 66, 86, 95, 97, 104, 105, 128, 134, 161, 223, 232, 247, 252, 296. See Khnathaiti, Duzyairya. Pairista-khshudra, 27. Pairistira, man, I1, 210. Paitidratha, man, II, 210. Paitisa, demon, 218. Paitivangha, man, II, 210. Paityarsvant, man, 11, 210. Paoiryo-tkaesha, 11, 68. n 2, 180, n. Paradhata, man, 220, n3; 11, 7. n 2, 58, 251. Paradise, 213; II, 317, 344. Paravidya, II, 4. n 5. Parendi, genius, lxx; II, 11, 18, 104, 136, 330. Paretacene, land, II, 123. n 4. Pari. See Pairikas. Parodars, bird, 193, 194; II, 322. Parodasma, man, II, 218. Parshanta, man, II, 217. Parshat-gaus, man, II, 203, 219. Parsis, xi. Pashin (Kai), prince, II, 222. n 5. Patet, c, 32, n 3, 56. n 2. Pathana, man, II, 293. Pat-Khosrav, man, ii, 205. n 6. Paulo de St. Barthelemy, xxi. Pausanias, xlii. Payanghro-makhsti, man, II, 214. Pazinah, man, II, 214. Peace, II, 164, 249. See Akhsti. Peacock, lxxxiii. n 4. Pedvaepa, II, 73. Pehan, man, II, 293. n 4. Penalties, in the Vendidad, xcviii; for a woman unclean drinking water, 91; for breach of contract, 37; for burning dead matter, III; for burying a corpse, 31; for defiling fire or water, 80-81; a river or trees, 118; the ground, 67-69; for eating of a corpse, 8o; for giving bad food to a dog, 156-158; for a false oath, 47-48; for a false cleanser, 131; for intercourse with a menstruous woman, 184-185, 202; for killing a Vanghapara dog, 153;-any dog, 165-169; for smiting a dog, 153-155;-a bitch pregnant, 180; for sodomy, 111.n1; for sowing or watering the ground unclean, 67; for throwing clothes on the dead, 99-100. Penitence, C, 32. See Patet. Penom, xciii, 168. n 7. Perethu-afzem, man, II, 219. Perethu-arsti, man, II, 206. Persian inscriptions, xxv. - religion, liv. Peshana, man, II, 79. Peshdadians, men, II, 58. n 1. See Paradhata. Pesho-kangha, man, II, 80. Peshotanu, lxxvi, xcvi, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50, 61, 67, 68, 74, 91, 103, 144, 154, 157, 160, 172-174. - prince, II, 329. Peshyansai, land, 2; II, 195. n 1, 224. n 2. Peshyotanu, prince, II, 204. nr. Physicians, 83-86. Pidha family, II, 219. Piran Visah, man, 11, 67. n 4. Pisanah, lake, II, 62. - prince, II, 222, 303. Pisin, valley, II, 62. n 5. Piskyaothna, man, II, 207. Pitaona, man, II, 296. Pitris, lxxiv. nr; II, 179. Planets, II, 92, 176. n 2. Pliny, 9. n 8; II, 227. n 1. Plutarchus, xlvii; 11, 92. Pollution, 100-101, 198. Poseidon, II, 152. n 5. Pouru-bangha, man, II, 218. Pourudhakhsti, II, 70, 211, 212, 225. Pouru-gira, man, II, 221. Pouru-kista, man, II, 204. n 1, 224. Pourushaspa, man, 205, 206, 218; II, 58, 203. n 1, 325, 328. Pourusti, man, II, 213. Pouruta, land, II, 123. Priest, wandering, 157. n1, 162: nu; unworthy, 189. Priesthood, xlvii. Digitized by Google

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376 INDEX TO VOLS. IV AND XXIII. Proclus, xiii. Prodicus, xiii, xlii. ni. PQitika sea, 53, 54. Puramdhi, goddess, lxx. Purification, of clothes, 77-79, 209. n 8; corpse-bearers, 96; cow, 92; earth, 86; Haoma, 72; house, 93-94 ; fire, 110-112; man, 103-110, 119-129; sacri- ficial implements, 60; water, 69-72; ways, 97-99; woman delivered of a child, 61, 89-91; wood, 81-83; in the wilderness, 116-119. See Barashnum, Ghosel, Si-shu. Purity, lxxxv, 55. Pur-tora, man, II, 326. n 8. Purusha, 11, 88. n 4. Revand, mount, 289. ni. Richardson, xvi. Rivers, Seven, 9. Romans on Manes, II, 192. Romer, xxv, n. Roshano-kasm, man, II, 220.01. Royishnomand, mount, II, 287. n 9. Rudabah, woman, II, 241. n 2. Rum, country, II, 226. n 6. See Arum. Rustam, man, II, 241. n 2, 297. n 5. Qobad, king, II, 222. n 3. Kavata. See Raemana, mount, II, 288. Raevant, mount, II, 8, 15, 289, 356. Ragha, land, 2, 8. See Rai. Rai, land, xlvii. Rama Hvastra, genius, lxiv, 23; II, 5, 9, 14, 17, 18, 34, 36, 38, 119, 158, 249, 263, 327. Ram day, II, 88. Ram Yast, II, 249. Rangha, river, 3 ; 11, 69, 73, 146, 173, 255, 326, 328. Raoidhita, mount, II, 287. Raokas-kaesman, man, II, 216, 219. Raozdya, country, II, 218. Rapitvin, 11, 159. Rasa, 3. Rasastat, genius, II, 11, 18, 282. Rashidaddin, xliii. Rashn Yast, II, 168-178. Rashnu, genius, Ixi, xcix, 48, 87. n 4; II, 6, 9, 15, 17, 36, 38, 40, 129, 139, 145, 152, 156, 164, 166, 168-178, 181, 191, 200, 244, 274, 283, 327, 342. Rask, xxii. Raspi. See Rathwiskare. Rastare-vaghant, man, II, 209. Rata, genius, lxx, 209; II, 5, 14, 36, 37, 40, 330, 338. Rathwiskare,priest,64,78,79;11,332, Ratu, priest, 56, 91. Ravant, man, II, 217. Raven, an incarnation of Victory, II, 236; of Glory, 294. n 3. Sacrifice, Mazdean, lxviii; to Ahura Mazda, 209; to Ashi Vanguhi, II, 275-280; its rules, 280-282; to Ardvi Sura Anabita. Sacrificial implements, how cleansed, 6o. Sacy (S. de), xix. Sadhanah, man, II, 214. Sadis, 87. n 4; II, 314. See Sidos. Saena, bird, 11, 203, 219, 242. Saeni, demon, Il, 49, 50. Sagdid, lxxxvi, 26, n 2, 75, 97, 117. n2, n 3. Saini countries, II, 227. Sairima, II, 62. n 2, 226. n 6. Sairimyan countries, II, 226, 227. Sairivau, mount, II, 288. Saka, II, 161, n 4. Sama, man, II, 195, 223, 255. n 4. Sanaka, II, 146, 173. Saoka, genius, 215, 230, 231; II, 4, 13, 30, 35, 37, 48, 160. Saokanta, mount, II, 352. Saoshyant, man, lxvii, lxxix, 205; 11, 165, 167, 184, 189, 195. n 2, 197, 211. n 1, 220, 224. n 3, 226. n 3, 227, 270, 306. See Sosh yos. Sarana, 221, n 1. Sardar, 166. n 5. Sariphi, II, 65. n 2. Satavaesa, star, II, 9, 16, 92, 96, 190. Satves, star, II, 89. n 5. Saukavastan, land, II, 114. Saungha, man, I1, 218. Sauru, demon, lxviii, lxxii, lxxxi, 135, 218; II, 123, 136, 154, 171. Savahi, region, II, 210. n 2, 216. Savanghavak, woman, II, 62, 113, 255, 277. Sayuzdri, man, II, 71, 212. Scythes, 11, 161. n 4. Scythian theory of Magism, lvi. Seistan, land, II, 123. n 3, 288. n 2. Selm, man. See Sairima. Digitized by Google

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INDEX TO VOLS. IV AND XXIII. 377 Seoses, man, xlv. Shadow, xlij. n 2. Shaeta, 175. Shagad, man, II, 297. n 5. Shahrinaz, 11, 62, n 2. Shahrivar, II, 85. See Khshathra vairya. Shapur II, xxxiii, xxxvii. Shiz, land, xlvii, xlix. Sidos, II, 314. See Sadis. Sikidava, 11, 288. Sikidav, 11, 288. n 5. Simaezi, II, 208. Simurgh, II, 173. n 1, 203. n 4, 241. n2. See Sinamru and Saena. Sinamru, 54.n 2; 11, 173.n 1,210.ni. Sind, II, 146, n 2. Singular dyandva, II, 81. n 1. Sirius, II, 82. Sirozah, xxx; II, 1-20. Si-shu, 117, n 2. Skarayat-ratha, II, 210. Slavonian fire-worship, 168. n 7. Smerdis, xlvi. Snaoya, man, II, 203. Snavidhaka, man, II, 296-297. Sodomy, 101-102. Sok-tora, 11, 326. n 8. Solomon, 18. n 3. Soma, 221. n 2. Soshyos, II, 164. n 1, 220, nr. Soul's fate after death, 212; II, 314-321, 342-345. Sozomenos, xlvi. n 1. Space, luminous, lxxxii; II, 12, 20. Spells, 226; II, 51, 241, 341. Spendarmad, genius, II, 192. ni. Spend-dat, man, II, 329. n 3. Spengaghra, demon, lxiii, 217. Spengauruska, man, II, 117, 280. Spenta, man, I1, 217. Spenta Armaiti, genius, lx, lxix, lxxii, 13, 15, 20. n 4, 31, 110, 207, 208; 11, 5, 14; 31, 32, 33. n 1, 36, 37, 40, 49, 142, 181, 274, 340. Spenta Mainyu, II, 10, 18, 34, 157, 183, 187, 297, 351. Spento-data, man, 11, 207, 289. Spento-khratu, man, II, 213. Sphinx, 205. n 2. Spiritual weapons, 206. Spitama, man, Il, 204. Spitavarena, mount, II, 289. Spiti, man, 11, 216. Spitoid-i Allsposinan, II, 216, n 5. Spitur, man, II, 297, n 5. Spityura, man, II, 297. Sraosha, genius, lxx, 87. n 4, 194, 208, 216, 217; II, 6, 15, 25, 30, 38, 40, 129, 132, 145, 159-167 (Srosh Yast), 200, 227, 274, 327, 332, 339. Sraosha-varez, 56, 64, 78, 79, 91, 192; II, 332. Sraosho-karana, xliv. n 3, 56. n 2, 151. n 3, 169. Sravah, 217. Sriraokhshan, man, II, 205. Sriravanghu, man, Il, 215. Srit, woman, II, 204. ni. Srosh, 20. n2; II, 9, 17. See Sraosha. Srosh Yast Hadhokht, II, 159-167. Srutat-fedhri,woman, 11,195.n 2,2 26. Srutat-spadha, man, I1, 213. Srvara, II, 293. Staotar vahistahe ashyehe, II, 211, 225. Staota yesnya, II, 335. Star region, 11, 73. n 2. Stars, Ixxiv, 227; II, 9, 16, 89. n 5, 92, 176. Stipi, man, II, 217. Stivant, man, I1, 216. Strabo, xlvi, 22. n 2; II, 227. n 2. Strength, genius, 11, 6, 15, 36, 38, &c. Sugdha, land, 2, 5; II, 123. Suidas, 11, 151, n 3. Sun, 225; II, 8, 16, 85-87 (Sun Yast), 177, 349 (Sun Nyayis). Suroyazata, man, II, 215. Susiana, land, II, 288. n 2. Sutud Yest, 11, 152. n I. Syak-omand, mount, II, 288. n 7. Syamak, man, II, 58. n 1. Syamaka, mount, II, 288. Syavakhsh, prince, II, 64. n 1, 222, n6. See Syavarshana. Syavarshana, prince, II, 67. n 5,114, 115, 222, 278, 303-304, 326. See Syavakhsh. Syavaspi, man, I1, 213. Sabdabrahma, II, 4. n 5. Taera, mount, II, 58, 175, 251, 289. Ta-hia, people, II, 227. n 2. Tahmuraf, prince, II, 252, n 1. Tahmurath, prince, lxxxii. Takhma-Urupa, prince, II, 60. n 1, 204, 252, 292, 326. Tanafuhr, xcvi. Digitized by Google

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378 INDEX TO VOLS. IV AND XXIII. Tanuperetha, xcvi. Tanya, land, II, 218. Tathravant, man, II, 79, 117, 280. Tauru, demon, lxxii, 135,218;11, 213. Theopomp, xliii. Thraetaona, kills Azi, xxiv, lxiii, 2, 9; 11, 61, 63, 113, 221, 222. n 2, 226. n 6, 242, 254, 277, 294, 307, 326; as a physician, 219. Thrimithvant, man, II, 204. Thrisamruta, 134. Thrit, man, II, 218. Thrita, man, 219-223; 11, 212. See Ashavazdah. Thriti, woman, II, 224. Tigris, river, 3; II, 146. n 2, 173. n 2, n 3. Time, as the first principle, lxxxii; sovereign, II, 10, 18, 34, 352; boundless, 207, 208. Timotheus, xli. n 6. Tiridates, prince, xxxiv. Tiro-nakathwa, man, II, 219. Tir Yast, II, 92-109. Tistrya, star, lxiii, lxviii, lxxiv, 54. n 2, 215; 11, 9, 16, 34, 89. n 5, 92-109 (Tir Yast), 157, 173. n 1, 175, 284, 285, 351, 354. Tizyarsti, man, II, 206. Tortoise, to be killed, 167. Traditional teaching, II, 12, 19, 165, 166. Traitana, man, lxiii. Tree of the eagle, II, 173. Trita Aptya, man, lxiii, 219. Tudhaskae, mount, II, 288. Tumaspa, man, II, 221. Tura, man, 11, 62. n 2, 212. n 4, 217, 226. n 6. Turanians, II, 67, 71, 189, 226; and Naotaras, II, 280-281. Tus, a city, 7. n 6. - man, II, 66. n 11, 71. n 7. See Tusa. Tusa,man, 11,66,68, 206.n 1,280.n 4. Tusnamaiti, woman, II, 225. Tychsen, xviii. Unlawful unions, 174-175. Upaman, duration of the, 145-151. Urudhayant, woman, II, 225. Urudhu, man, II, 212. Urumiah, lake, II, 66. n 2, 300, n 2. Urunyo-vaidhkae, mount, II, 288. Urva, land, 2. Urvakhshaya, man, II, 255, 326. Urvaran, 190. ni. Urvasni, 94. ni. Urvatat-nara, man, 21; II, 201, 204, 219. Usa, king, II, 65, 242, n 1. Usadhan, king, II, 216, 222, 303. See Kaus. Usenemah, man, II, 212, 225. Ushaoma, mount, II, 288. Ushi-darena, mount, II, 11, 19, 33. 01, 283, 285, 287, 309. Ushi-dhau, mount, II, 287, 302. Us-hindu, mount, II, 101. See All sindom. Usmanara, man, II, 203, 215. Usnaka, man, II, 214. Uspaesta-saena family, II, 219. Uspasnu, man, II, 216. Usta-bvarenah, man, II, 288. Ustavaiti, II, 225, 314. Ustazanta, man, II, 214. Ustra, man, II, 214. Ustunavand, land, xlviii. Utayuti-Virkavi, man, II, 219. Uzava, king, II, 221, 222.n 3, 329.04. Uzya, man, II, 215. Vadhut, woman, II, 225. Vaedhayangha, II, 210. Vaekereta, land, 2, 7. Vaesaka, man, II, 67, 68. Vafra Navaza, man, 11, 68, 78. n 2, 326, 328. Vafrayau, mount, II, 288. Vafromand, mount, II, 288. n 7. Vagereza, man, II, 213. Vah Bad, woman, il, 226. n 2. See Vanghu-fedhri. Vahmaedata, man, II, 213. Vai, the two, Ixv. Vaiti-gaesa, mount, II, 288. Vakhedhrakae, mount, 11, 288. Valkash, man, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxv. Vanand, star, 11,89. n 5. See Vanant. Vanant, star, II, 9, 16, 97. n 6, 175, 310, 351. Vanara, man, II, 205. Vandaremaini, man, I1, 80. vakhegaesano, Ixv.", II, a Udrya, mount, II, 289. Ukhshan, man, II, 215. Ukhshyat-ereta, man, II, 79,195.n 2, 220, 226,ni. Ukhshyat-nemah, man, II, 195. n 2, 220, 226. n 2. Ukhshyenti, woman, I1, 225. Ulysses, II, 280.n 4. 95.92, Digitized by Google

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INDEX TO VOLS. IV AND XXIII. 379 Vanghapara, 152. Vanghazdau, II, 301. Vanghu-dhata, man, II, 215. Vanghu-fedhri, woman, II, 195. n 2, 994-fedhri, man, II. Vanguhi Daitya, river,xlix,93.n 3, n 5. Var Nirang, II, 169, 170. n 3. Vara (Yima's), 16-21. Vara Asabana, man, II, 71. Varakasa, man, II, 212. Varasio, 210. n 2. Varaza, man, II, 203, 205. Varedad-gadman, II, 220, n. Varedat-buarenah, man, II, 220. Varedhakas, people, II, 117, 205. n 4, 280. Varena, land, lviii, lxiii, 2, 9, 113; II, 254. See Varenya. Varengana, bird, II, 241. Varenya Daevas, lxvii, 136; II, 29, 33, 59, 136, 144, 154, 197, 224, 251. Varesha, bird, II, 296. n 2. Vareshava, II, 296. Vareshnu, II, 208. Varesmapa, man, II, 213. Varesmo-raokah, man, II, 204, 219. Vargemkard, 16. n 4. Varsni, man, II, 213. Varuna, god, xxix, lviii. Vasishtba, II, 224. n 2. Vasna, man, 11, 188. Vaya, 51. Vayu, genius, lxiv, 87. n 4, 207, 208; II, 10, 18, 34, 334; his names, II, 258-260; his Yast, II, 249- 263. See Vai. Vayu, god, lxiv. Vazaspa, man, II, 206. Vazista (fire), Ixiii, 216. Veh, river, 3. Vehrkana, land, 2, 7. Vendidad, contents, Ixxxiii. Verethraghna, genius, Ixiv, 215; II, 6, 10, 15, 17, 32, 36, 38, 137, 139, 327; Yt. XIV (231-248); his incarnations, 232-238. Vertae, people, II, 117. n 6. Vibazu, measure, 120. Vidadafsh, region, II, 220. n. Vidadhafshu, region, II, 123, 154, 171, 216. Vidat-gau, man, II, 219. Vidhvana, mount, I1, 288. Vidi-sravah, man, I1, 215. Vidotu, demon, II, 143, 183. Viraspa, man, II, 209. Visadha, man, II, 210. Visah, man, II, 67. n 4. Vishaptatha, II, 90. Vispa-taurvairi,woman, II, 225, 226, - 307. Vispa-taurvashi, woman, II, 225. Visperad, xxx; II, 165. n 2. Vispo-daeva, 102, n 1. Vispo-thaurvo-asti, man, II, 279. Visruta, man, 217. Visrutara, man, II, 218. Vistaspa, man, II, 70. n 1, 77, 78, 79, 81, 117, 204, 205. n 5, 224. n 5, n 6, 257, 258. n 1, 28o. n 4, 306, 308; sacrifices to Ashi, II, 279; to Ahura, II, 282. Vistasp Yast, II, 328-345. Vistauru, man, II, 71, 206. Visve deva, 102. n 1. Vitanguhaiti, river, II, 72. Vitara, measure (?), 171. Vitasti, measure, 187. Vivanghat, man, 10, 11, 13; II, 217, 221, 293, 294, 295. Vizaresa, demon,lxviii.n7,87.n4, 212. Vizyarsti, man, II, 206. Vohu-mano, god, lx, lxxii, 46, 207, 209; II, 4, 13, 30, 31, 35, 37, 39, 49, 88, 102, n 2, 142, 198, 218, 297, 308, 351; door-keeper of Paradise, 213; his riches, 204; righteous man, 209; clothes, 210. Vohunazga, dog, 153, 156, 157, 161. Vohu-nemah, man, II, 208, 213. Vohu-peresa, man, II, 218. Vohu-raokah, man, II, 204, 212. Vohu-ustra, man, I1, 217. Vohu-vazdah, I1, 213. Vohv-asti, man, II, 203, 211. Vologeses, king. See Valkash. Vouru-baresti, region, 216; II, 123, 154, 171, 217. n 1, 220, ni. Vouru-garesti, region, 216; II, 123, 154, 171, 217. n 1, 220. n 1. Vouru-Kasha, sea, lxiii, 53, 54, 59.n 4, 214, 225, 226, 227; 11, 54, 63, 64, 81, 94, 96, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106,172, 173, 181, 194, 196. Vouru-nemah, man, II, 220. Vouru-savah, man, II, 220. Vourusha, man, II, 288. Vritra, demon, Il, 141, n 3. Vritrahan, lxiv. Vyambura, demon, II, 245. n 2. Vyarsvant, man, II, 210. Vyatana, man, II, 218, Digitized by Google

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380 INDEX TO VOLS. IV AND XXIII. Walking without Kosti, 199. War implements, 169. Wartburg battle, II, 72. n 5. Water, 50, 53; II, 8, 16. See Aban and Ardvi Sura. - formula to cleanse, 140. - Nyayis, II, 349, 356-357. Weasel, 59. ni. White Forest, II, 256, Wind, II, 18, 19, 352. Winter, disposal of the dead in, 52. Wisdom, heavenly or acquired, II, 12, 20. Wolf, born of dogs, 161. Woman, delivered, xcii, 89-91. - menstruous, xcii. Xanthus, on the Avesta, xii. Yadkar i Zariran, II, 205, 206, n 2, 208. Yaetus-gau, man, II, 218. Yagata, Ixxx. Yama, man, xxiv, lxxv, 12. n 1. Yaqut, xlviii. Yasna, II, 165. n 2. Yasts, II, 21-345. Yatha ahu vairyo, 128; II, 23, 30, 39, &c. Yatus, demons, Ixvi, 8, 112, 199, 200, 222, 223, 228; II, 26, 38, 43, 50, 57, 59, 66, 86, 97, 105, 128, 134, 161, 223, 232, 247, 252, 262. Yazata, lxxii, lxxx, 86, 96, 100. Yazdgard's edict, xli; 11, 26, 2. Yazishn, II, 319. ni. Yim's var, II, 204. ni. Yima, man, lxxv,7; legends of, 12-21, 216; II, 59, 60, n 2,112, 221, 252, 253, 276, 283; his Glory, 293; lost, 297; his lie, 297; sawed in twain, 297. See Gamshed. Yoista, man, II, 72, 216. Yugyesti, measure, 156. Yukhtaspa, man, II, 212. Yukhtavairi, man, II, 205. Yusta, man, II, 215. Zab, king, II, 221, n 9. See Uzava. Zadmarg, 52, 95. ni. Zairi, demon, lxxii, 135, 218. Zairiki, woman, II, 224. Zairim yangura, animal, 153. Zairita, man, II, 204. Zairivairi, prince, II, 80, 81, 205. Zairyas, man, II, 213. Zamyad Yast, II, 286-309. Zand Avasta, its authenticity, xv; interpretation, xxv; contents, xxx; age, xxxviii; revealed to Zarathustra, 204-218;-to Vis taspa, II, 324. - language, xxxvi. - meaning of the word, xxx. n 1. Zanda, demon, Ixix, 199, 200, Zanda ravan, 132. n 4, 165. n 1. Zaosha, man, II, 218. Zaotar, priest, 63, 64. n 1, 78, 79. Zaothra, Ixix. Zarah sea, II, 302, n 2. Zarathustra's birth, xlix, 218; he destroys the Daevas, II, 304-305; founds the Law, II, 201; his sacrifices, II, 74, 78, 265-267, 279 (see Zartusht and Zoroastrian); reveals the Law, II, 324; his Glory, 205; II, 11, 19, 300; Fravashi, II, 351; his sons, 21. n 2; II, 204 ; his seed, II, 195; tempted, 204-207; leader of men, II, 105; ratu in the Yima Var, 21; his narcotic, II, 267; converses with Ashi, 11,274-275; with Ahura Mazda, II, 31, 32, 38, 58, 119, 151, 155, 162, 207. n 4, 224. n 3, n 4, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232 seq., 328. Zarathustrotema, Il, 149, 185. Zarazdata, man, II, 213. Zaremaya, month, II, 318. n 1. Zarir, prince, II, 80. n 1, 205. n 1. See Zairivairi. Zartusht's sacrifice in Iran Veg, xlix. Zarvandad, man, xli, n 3. Zaurura, 27. Zaurva, man, 218. Zav, king, II, 329. n 4. See Zab and Uzava. Zavan, man, II, 218. Zbaurvant, man, II, 209. Zeredho, mount, I1, 287. Zervan, lxxxii. ni. Zighri, man, II, 219. Zohak, demon, lxv. Zoroaster's Aoyla, li; apocrypha, xiii, xlij.ni; legend, lxxvi. Zoroastrian sacrifice, II, 57. n 5,68. n 2, 78. Zrayah, II, 213. 1 Digitized by Google

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TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS ADOPTED FOR THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. MISSIONARY ALPHABET. CONSONANTS. Sanskrit. Zend. Pehlevi. Persian Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese. I Class. II Class. III Class. k kh kh Gutturales. 1 Tenuis ........ 2 , aspirata .... 3 Media .... 4 aspirata . . 5 Gutturo-labialis .......1 recall ng mar : :) ::::: AnanNEZIRE: : -- www - www: 6 Nasalis ............ TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS. h, hs 7 Spiritus asper........! , lenis ......... >> asper faucalis .... 10 lenis faucalis .... >> , asper fricatus ... 12 , lenis fricatus ... 11 Digitized by Google Gutturales modificatae (palatales, &c.) 13 Tenuis............ . 14 ,, aspirata ....... 15 Media ........... 16 , aspirata ........ 17 , Nasalis ........1 ni wa :: ww: 381 .. gh .. i. . .

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MISSIONARY ALPHABET. Sanskrit. CONSONANTS (continued). Zend. Pehlevi, Persian Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese. I Class. II Class. III Class. 282 lol c c ' 18 Semivocalis ......... y init. 3? u ::? :: ::*39 04:41: : 88 avna S-10:12 oci :) 19 Spiritus asper ........ 20 , lenis ........ asper assibilatus.. lenis assibilatus.. Dentales. 23 Tenuis .......... 24 , aspirata ...... 25 , assibilata .. 26 Media ........ 27 , aspirata . ... 28 , assibilata .. 29 Nasalis ..... 30 Semivocalis ........ 31 , mollis 1 .. 32 , mollis 2... 33 Spiritus asper 1 ..... 34 , asper 2 ..... , lenis ........ 36 , asperrimus 1 .... ... 37 ,, Asperrimus 2 .......! TH ::: cewIuBE : -06: vuitvis TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS ... DH H 31 2: : 17 Digitized by Google d d th) s 8 (S) 1515; (5) ::$ions : z (3) ...!? (3) ....... Dentales modificatao 1

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... N , b b to no lo Dentales modificatae (linguales, &c.) 38 Tenuis ........ 39 aspirata ... 40 Media ........ 41 , aspirata .... 42 Nasalis ........ 43 Semivocalis ......... 44 ,, fricata ..... 45 , diacritica.... 46 Spiritus asper ........ 47 , lenis......... ::: 14:31:17 :::: Labiales. 48 Tenuis............1 49 , aspirata ....... 50 Media ...........: 51 , aspirata ..... 52 Tenuissima....... 53 Nasalis ..... 54 Semivocalis ...... 55 , aspirata ..... 56 Spiritus asper ........ 57 , lenis . ........ 58 Anusvara ........... reria i ::2::::?07::07:30: 0:7 ::-: :: 0 wwuu :::::: 6 FOR THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. oc:-::: ::14::: Digitized by Google re:& 383 59 Visarga ............

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MISSIONARY ALPHABET. Sanskrit. Zend. VOWELS. Pehlevi. Persian Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese. I Class. II Class. III Class. * * * 384 * * * ::::6.1113 * 1:lolib : :m/04 ::::: :::yylib: : : :11 04 :35:::: * OF THE ELIS. * * 1 Neutralis ........... 2 Laryngo-palatalis ...... 3 . labialis ....... 4 Gutturalis brevis .... longa .... 6 Palatalis brevis ....... 7 , longa ..... 8 Dentalis brevis ... 9 longa .... 10 Lingualis brevis ... 11 , longa ....... 12 Labialis brevis ..... 13 >> longa ........ 14 Gutturo-palatalis brevis ... 15 ,, longa ... e ai 16 Diphthongus gutturo-palatalis 17 ei (ei) 18 oi (ou) 19 Gutturo-labialis brevis .... longa . ... (au) 21 Diphthongus gutturo-labialis eu (eu) ou (ou) 24 Gutturalis fracta ... 25 Palatalis fracta ... 26 Labialis fracta ........ 27 Gutturo-labialis fracta .... * TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS. :::: ei, ei 99 20 Digitized by Google w (au) :: ::::

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SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST TRANSLATED BY VARIOUS ORIENTAL SCHOLARS AND EDITED BY * THE RIGHT HON. F. MAX MULLER. *** This Series is published with the sanction and co-operation of the Secretary of State for India in Council. REPORT prosented to the ACADEMIE DES INSCRIPTIONS, May 11, 1883, by X. ERNEST REMAN. M. Renan presente trois nouveaux une seconde, dont l'interet historique et volumes de la grande collection des religieux ne sera pas moindre. M. Max "Livres sacres de l'Orient" (Sacred Muller a su se procurer la collaboration Books of the East), que dirige a Oxford, des savans les plus eminens d'Europe et avec une si vaste erudition et une critique d'Asie. L'Universite d'Oxford, que cette si sure, le savant associe de l'Academie grande publication honore au plus haut des Inscriptions, M. Max Muller.... La degre, doit tenir a continuer dans les plus premiere serie de ce beau recueil, com- larges proportions une oeuvre aussi philoposee de 24 volumes, est presque achevee. sophiquement concue que savamment M. Max Muller se propose d'en publier executee.' EXTRACT from the QUARTERLY REVIEW. We rejoice to notice that a second great edition of the Rig Veda, can comseries of these translations has been an- pare in importance or in usefulness with nounced and has actually begun to appear. this English translation of the Sacred The stones, at least, out of which a stately Books of the East, which has been devised edifice may hereafter arise, are here being by his foresight, successfully brought so brought together. Prof. Max Muller has far by his persuasive and organising deserved well of scientific history. Not power, and will, we trust, by the assist few minds owe to his enticing words ance of the distinguished scholars he has their first attraction to this branch of gathered round him, be carried in due study. But no work of his, not even the time to a happy completion.' Professor E. HARDY, Inaugural Lecture in the University of Freiburg, 1887. Die allgemeine vergleichende Reli- internationalen Orientalistencongress in gionswissenschaft datirt von jenem gross. London der Grundstein gelegt worden artigen, in seiner Art einzig dastehenden war, die Ubersetzung der heiligen Bucher Unternehmen, zu welchem auf Anregung des Ostens' (the Sacred Books of the Max Mullers im Jahre 1874 auf dem East). The Hon. ALBERT 8. G. CANXING, 'Words on Endsting Religions.' <Page #400
SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST: FIRST SERIES. VOL. I. The Upanishads. Translated by F. Max MULLER. Part I. The KhandogyaUpanishad, The Talavakara-upanishad, The Aitareya-aranyaka, The Kaushitaki-brahmana-upanishad, and The Vagasaneyisamhita-upanishad. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, ros. 6d. The Upanishads contain the philosophy of the Veda. They have become the foundalion of the later Vedanta doctrines, and indirectly of Buddhism. Schopenhauer, speaking of the Upanishads, says: 'In the whole world there is no study so beneficial and so elevating as that of the Upanishads. It has been the solace of my life, it will be the solace of my death.' [See also Vol. XV.) VOL. II. The Sacred Laws of the Aryas, As taught in the Schools of Apastamba, Gautama, Vasishtha, and Baudhayana. Translated by GEORG BUHLER. Part I. Apastamba and Gautama. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, 1os. 6d. The Sacred Laws of the Aryas contain the original treatises on which the Laws of Manu and other lawgivers were founded. [See also Vol. XIV.] VOL. III. The Sacred Books of China. The Texts of Confucianism. Translated by JAMES LEGGE. Part I. The Shu King, The Religious Portions of the Shih King, and The Hsiao King. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, 12s.6d. Confucius was a collector of ancient traditions, not the founder of a new religion. As he lived in the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. his works are of unique interest for the study of Ethology. [See also Vols. XVI, XXVII, XXVIII, XXXIX, and XL.] VOL. IV. The Zend-Avesta. Translated by JAMES DARMESTETER. Part I. The Vendidad. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, 145. The Zend-Avesta contains the relics of what was the religion of Cyrus, Darius, and Xerxes, and, but for the battle of Marathon, Digitized by Google

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EDITED BY F. MAX MULLER. might have become the religion of Europe. Il forms to the present day the sacred book of the Parsis, the so-called fire-worshippers. [See also Vols. XXIII and XXXI.] VOL. V. Pahlavi Texts. Translated by E. W. West. Part 1. The Bundahis, Bahman Yast, and Shayast la-shayast. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. The Pahlavi Texts comprise the theological literature of the revival of Zoroaster's religion, beginning with the Sassanian dynasty. They are important for a study of Gnosticism. [See also Vols. XVIII, XXIV, XXXVII, and XLVII.] VOLS. VI AND IX. The Qur'an. Parts I and II. Translated by E. H. PALMER. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, 215. This translation, carried out according to his own peculiar views of the origin of the Qur'an, was the last greal work of E. H. Falmer, before he was murdered in Egypi. VOL. VII. The Institutes of Vishnu. Translated by JULIUS JOLLY. 8vo, cloth, ros. 6d. A collection of legal aphorisms, closely connecled with one of the oldest Vedic schools, the Kathas, but considerably added to in later time. Of imporlance for a critical study of the Laws of Manu. VOL. VIII. The Bhagavadgita, with The Sanatsugatiya, and The Anugita. Translated by Kashinath TRIMBAK TELANG. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, ros. 6d. The earliest philosophical and religious poem of India. It has been paraphrased in Arnold's Song Celestial.' VOL. X. The Dhammapada, Translated from Pali by F. Max MULLER; and The Sutta-Nipata, Translated from Pali by V. FAUSBOLL; being Canonical Books of the Buddhists. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, 1os. 6d. The Dhammapada contains the quintessence of Buddhist morality. The Sutta-Nipata gives the authentic teaching of Buddha on some of the fundamental principles of religion. Digitized by Google

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SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST: VOL. XI. Buddhist Suttas. Translated from Pali by T. W. Rhys Davids. 1. The Mahaparinibbana Suttanta; 2. The Dhamma-kakka-ppavattana Sutta. 3. The Tevigga Suttanta; 4. The Akankheyya Sutta ; 5. The Ketokhila Sutta; 6. The Maha-sudassana Suttanta; 7. The Sabbasava Sutta. 8vo, cloth, ros. 6d. A collection of the most imporlant religious, moral, and philosophical discourses taken from the sacred canon of the Buddhists. VOL. XII. The Satapatha-Brahmana, according to the Text of the Madhyandina School. Translated by Julius EGGELING. Part I. Books I and II. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. A minute account of the sacrificial ceremonies of the Vedic age. It contains the earliest account of the Deluge in India, [See also Vols. XXVI, XLI, XLIII, and XLIV.] VOL. XIII. Vinaya Texts. Translated from the Pali by T. W. RHYS DAVIDS and HERMANN OLDENBERG. Part I. The Patimokkha. The Mahavagga, I-IV. 8vo, cloth, ios. 6d. The Vinaya Texts give for the first time a translation of the moral code of the Buddhist religion as settled in the third century B.C. [See also Vols. XVII and XX.] VOL. XIV. The Sacred Laws of the Aryas, As taught in the Schools of Apastamba, Gautama, Vasishtha, and Baudhayana. Translated by GEORG BUHLER, Part II. Vasishtha and Baudhayana. 8vo, cloth, 1os. 6d. VOL. XV. The Upanishads. Translated by F. Max MULLER. Part II. The Katha-upanishad, The Mundaka-upanishad, The Taittiriyaka-upanishad, The Brihadaranyaka-upanishad, The Svetasvatara-upanishad, The Prasna-upanishad, and The Maitrayana-brahmana-upanishad. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, 1os. 6d. VOL. XVI. The Sacred Books of China. The Texts of Confucianism. Translated by JAMES LEGGE. Part II. The Yi King. 8vo, cloth, 1os. 6d. [See also Vols. XXVII, XXVIII.] VOL. XVII. Vinaya Texts. Translated from the Pali by T. W. RHYS DAVIDS and HERMANN OLDENBERG. Part II. The Mahavagga, V-X. The Kullavagga, I-III. 8vo, cloth, ros. 6d. Digitized by Google

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EDITED BY F. MAX MULLER. VOL. XVIII. Pahlavi Texts. Translated by E. W. WEST. Part II. The Dadistan-i Dinik and The Epistles of Manuskihar. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. VOL. XIX. The Fo-sho-hing-tsan-king. A Life of Buddha by Asvaghosha Bodhisattva, translated from Sanskrit into Chinese by Dharmaraksha, A.D. 420, and from Chinese into English by SAMUEL BEAL. 8vo, cloth, 1os. 6d. This life of Buddha was translated from Sanskrit into Chinese, A.D. 420. It contains many legends, some of which show a certain similarity to the Evangelium infantiae, &c. VOL. XX. Vinaya Texts. Translated from the Pali by T. W. Rhys Davids and HERMANN OLDENBERG. Part III. The Kullavagga, IV-XII. 8vo, cloth, 1os. 6d. VOL. XXI. The Saddharma-pundarika; or, The Lotus of the True Law. Translated by H. KERN. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. The Lotus of the True Law,' a canonical book of the Northern Buddhists, translated from Sanskrit. There is a Chinese Translation of this book which was finished as early as the year 286 A.D. VOL. XXII. Gaina-Satras. Translated from Prakrit by HERMANN JACOBI. Part I. The Akaranga-Satra and The Kalpa-Saetra. 8vo, cloth, 1os. 6d. The religion of the Gainas was founded by a contemporary of Buddha. It still counts numerous adherents in India, while there are no Buddhists left in India proper. [See Vol. XLV.) VOL. XXIII. The Zend-Avesta. Translated by JAMES DARMESTETER. Part II. The Sirozahs, Yasts, and Nyayis. 8vo, cloth, ios. 6d. VOL. XXIV. Pahlavi Texts. Translated by E. W. West. Part III. Dina-i MainogKhirad, Sikand-gamanik Vigar, and Sad Dar. 8vo, cloth, ros. 6d. Digitized by Google

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SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST : SECOND SERIES. VOL. XXV. Manu. Translated by GEORG BUHLER. 8vo, cloth, 215. This translation is founded on that of Sir William Jones, which has been carefully revised and corrected with the help of seven native Commentaries. An Appendix contains all the quotations from Manu which are found in the Hindu Law-books, translated for the use of the Law Courts in India. Another Appendix gives a synopsis of parallel passages from the six Dharma-sutras, the other Smritis, the Upanishads, the Mahabharata, gic. VOL. XXVI. The Satapatha-Brahmana. Translated by JULIUS EGGELING. Part II. Books III and IV. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. VOLS. XXVII AND XXVIII. The Sacred Books of China. The Texts of Confucianism. Translated by JAMES LEGGE. Parts III and IV. The Li Ki, or Collection of Treatises on the Rules of Propriety, or Ceremonial Usages. 8vo, cloth, 255. VOL. XXIX. The Grihya-Sutras, Rules of Vedic Domestic Ceremonies. Part I. Sankhayana, Asvalayana, Paraskara, Khadira. Trans lated by HERMANN OLDENBERG. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. VOL. XXX. The Grihya-Sutras, Rules of Vedic Domestic Ceremonies. Part II. Gobhila, Hiranyakesin, Apastamba. Translated by HERMANN OLDENBERG. Apastamba, Yagna-paribhasha-satras. Translated by F. Max MULLER. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. These rules of Domestic Ceremonies describe the home life of the ancient Aryas with a completeness and accuracy unmatched in any other literature. Some of these rules have been incorporated in the ancient Law-books. VOL. XXXI. The Zend-Avesta. Part III. The Yasna, Visparad, Afrinagan, Gahs, and Miscellaneous Fragments. Translated by L. H. Mills. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. VOL. XXXII. Vedic Hymns. Translated by F. Max MULLER. Part I. 8vo, cloth, 18s. 6d. [See also Vol. XLVI.) VOL. XXXIII. The Minor Law-books. Translated by Julius JOLLY. Part I. Narada, Brihaspati. .: 8vo, cloth, 1os. 6d. Digitized by Google

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EDITED BY F. MAX MULLER. VOL. VOL. XXXIV. The Vedanta-Satras, with the Commentary by Sankarakarya. Part I. Translated by G. THIBAUT. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d... . [See also Vol. XXXVIII.) VOLS. XXXV AND XXXVI. The Questions of King | Milinda. Translated from the Pali by T. W. Rhys DAVIDS. Part I. 8vo, cloth, ros. 6d. Part II. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. VOL. XXXVII. Pahlavi Texts. Translated by E. W. WEST. Part IV. The Contents of the Nasks, as stated in the Eighth and Ninth Books of the Dinkard. 155. XXXVIII. The Vedanta-Sutras. Part II. 8vo, cloth, with full Index to both Parts, 125. 6d. VOLS. XXXIX AND XL. The Sacred Books of China. The Texts of Taoism. Translated by James LEGGE. 8vo, cloth, 215. VOL. XLI. The Satapatha - Brahmana. Part III. Translated by JULIUS EGGELING. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. VOL. XLII. Hymns of the Atharva-veda. Translated by M. BLOOMFIELD. 8vo, cloth, 2IS. VOL. XLIII. The Satapatha-Brahmana. Translated by Julius EGGELING. Part IV. Books VIII, IX, and X. 125. 60. VOL. XLIV. The Satapatha-Brahmana. . Translated by Julius EGGELING. Part V. Books XI, XII, XIII, and XIV. 18s. 6d. VOL. XLV. The Gaina-Satras. Translated from Prakrit, by HERMANN JACOBI. Part II. The Uttaradhyayana Saetra, The Sutrakritanga Saetra. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. VOL. XLVI. Vedic Hymns. Part II. 8vo, cloth, 145. VOL. XLVII. Pahlavi Texts. Translated by E. W. West. Part V. Marvels of Zoroas trianism. 8s. 6d. VOL. XLVIII. The Vedanta-Sutras, with Ramanuga's Sribhashya. Translated by G. THIBAUT. [In the Press.] VOL. XLIX. Buddhist Mahayana Texts. Buddha karita, translated by E. B. CoWELL. Sukhavati-vyaha, Vagrakkhedika, &c., translated by F. Max: MULLER. Amitayur-DhyanaSaetra, translated by J. TAKAKUSU. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. Digitized by Google

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RECENT ORIENTAL WORKS. Anecdota Oxoniensia. ARYAN SERIES. Buddhist Texts from Japan. I. Vagrakkhedika ; The Diamond-Cutter. Edited by F. Max Muller, M.A. Small 4to, 38. 6d. One of the most famous metaphysical treatises of the Mahayana Buddhists. Buddhist Texts from Yapan. II. Sukhavati-Vyuha : ; Description of Sukhavate, the Land of Bliss. Edited by F. Max MULLER, M.A., and Bunyuu Nanjio. With two Appendices: (1) Text and Translation of Sanghavarman's Chinese Version of the Poetical Portions of the SukhavatiVyuha ; (2) Sanskrit Text of the Smaller Sukhavati-Vyuha. Small 4to, 75. 6d. The editio princeps of the Sacred Book of one of the largest and most influential sects of Buddhism, numbering more than ten millions of followers in Japan alone. Buddhist Texts from Hapan. III. The Ancient Palm Leaves containing the Pragna-Paramita-HridayaSutra and the Ushnisha-Vigaya-Dharani. Edited by F. Max Muller, M.A., and Bunyiu Nanjio, M.A. With an Appendix by G. BUHLER, C.I.E. With many Plates. Small 4to, ros. Contains facsimiles of the oldest Sanskrit MS, at present known. Dharma-Samgraha, an Ancient Collection of Buddhist Technical Terms. Prepared for publication by KENJIU KASAWARA, a Buddhist Priest from Japan, and, after his death, edited by F. Max MULLER and H. WENZEL. Small 4to, 75. 6d. Katyayana's Sarvanukramani of the Rigveda. With Extracts from Shadgurusishya's Commentary entitled Vedarthadipika. Edited by A. A. MACDONELL, M.A., Ph.D. 16s. The Buddha-Karita of Asvaghosha. Edited, from three MSS., by E. B. Cowell, M.A. 125. 6d. The Mantrapatha, or the Prayer Book of the Apastambins. Edited, together with the Commentary of Haradatta, and translated by M. WINTERNITZ, Ph.D. First Part. Introduction, Sanskrit Text, Varietas Lectionis, and Appendices. Small quarto, ros. 6d. Oxford AT THE CLARENDON PRESS LONDON: HENRY FROWDE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AMEN CORNER, E.C. 13 549 1 Digitized by Google

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HOME USE CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT MAIN LIBRARY This book is due on the last date stamped below. 1-month loans may be renewed by calling 642-3405. 6-month loans may be recharged by bringing books to Circulation Desk. Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date. ALL BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO RECALL 7 DAYS AFTER DATE CHECKED OUT. DEC 22 1974 17 SD CUC DE NOV 2274 JAN 11 1989 AUTO DISC DEC 20 '88 MAY 06 1990 AUTO DISC MAY 0 1 1990 LD21-A-40m-5,74 (R8191L) General Library University of California Berkeley Digitized by G Digitized by Google

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YC 54575 g LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY RSITY OF CAN U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES F CALIFORNIA CO06741438 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA VERSITY OF CALIFORNI NIR URARY OF THE UNIT 20 ANS 14 * LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Vc 54595 ERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BER LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORGJA OF THE UNIVERSE LIBRARY OF THE UARUESITY LISAKE OF THE UNIESITY OF CALIFORNIA BRY OF THE URIYERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - LIBRARY OF OF CALIFORNI LIBRARY DE TREE zed by Google

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UC-NRLF B 3 021 325

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C. REESE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Received some , 1886 Accessions No. 30150 Shelf No. 685 M946 V.24 STREETSEN FEE

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THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST EESE LIBRARY (UNIVERSITY CALIFORNIA * [24] a Digitized by Google

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London HENRY FROWDE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE AMEN CORNER, E.C. Digitized by Google

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THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST TRANSLATED BY VARIOUS ORIENTAL SCHOLARS AND EDITED BY F. MAX MULLER VOL. XXIV UNIVERSITY CALFLA Oxford AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1885 [ All rights reserved ] Digitized by Google

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PAHLAVI TEXTS. TRANSLATED BY E. W. WEST PART III DIN A-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR SAD DAR FEESE LINE (UNIVERSITY) CALLE VIA Orford AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1885 [ All rights reserved ] Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. CHAP. PAGB 1. The Dina-i Maindg-i Khirad 2. The Sikand-gumanik Vigar 3. The Sad Dar . . . Abbreviations used in this volume . . . . . . . . XXV . xxxvi . xlvii TRANSLATIONS. Dina-i MainoG-I KHIRAD. . . . . 1 1. Introducing the sage and the spirit of wisdom . . 3 2. How to preserve both body and soul, including the fate of the soul after death, whether righteous or wicked. 9 3. What liberality and truth, gratitude and wisdom, mindful ness and contentment are good for .. . .. 26 4. The nine chief good works, divided into seven classes . 5. The ten happiest lands . . . . . . . 27 6. The ten unhappiest lands . . . . . . 28 7. The four grades of heaven and hell, with the neutral region between them, and the fate of the souls in each . . 29 8. How Adharmazd created the universe, and Aharman cor rupted it for gooo years. The evil influence of the seven planets, the good influence of the twelve signs of the zodiac, and how far the good and evil can counteract each other . . . . . . 32 9. The impossibility of going from region to region, the substance of the sky, and the mingling of the water in the earth. . . . . . . . . 35 10. The impossibility of peace and affection between Aharman and Adharmasd . . . . . . . 36 II. Wisdom without goodness and skill without wisdom are useless . . . . . . . . . 37 Digitized by Google Sites

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viji CONTENTS. PAGE CHAP. 12. Worldly treasure is not allotted so truly as spiritual, on account of Aharman's chieftains, the seven planets; but, after death, every one is judged according to his own deeds . . . . . . . . 37 13. Though animals' knowledge is instinctive, men obtain theirs only by toil, because Aharman has concealed the results of good and evil, and formed many false religions; but the only true one is that taught by Zaratust . . . . . . . 39 14. The best protection, friend, supporter of fame, helper of enjoyment, wealth, and pleasure 15. The poverty and opulence which are good, and the charac teristics of good and bad government .. 16. The best food, grain, and fruit. The effects of wine on different tempers, and when drunk in moderation and in excess. Also why silk clothing is better for the body, and cotton for the soul . . . . . 45 17. The pleasure that is worse than unhappiness. . 18. Why people disregard the changeableness of worldly things, death, the account of the soul, and hell. . 49 19. Living in fear and falsehood is worse than death . . 20. The best and worst conversation for kings . . 21. The fate of men who are worldly, scoffing, idle, malicious, lazy, false-hearted, and arrogant . . . . 22. How far worldly wealth can be acquired through exertion : 54 23. The impossibility of contending with destiny . . . 54 24. Providence can over-rule destiny ; but rarely does so, because of Aharman's evil doings . . . . 55 25. The poorest of the rich, and the richest of the poor . 55 26. A blind mind is worse than a blind eye, and an ill-informed is worse than an ill-tempered man . . . : 56 27. The several advantages resulting from the actions of Gayomard, Hoshang, Takhmorup, Yimshed, Az-i Dahak, Frasiyak, Fredun, Manuskihar, Kai-Kavad, Sahm, KaiUs, Siyavakhsh, Kai-Khusroi, Kai-Loharasp, and KaiVistasp . . . . 57 28. The most forgiving, strongest, swiftest, happiest, and most miserable . . . . . . . . 29. What must be most regarded and protected. . . 30. The worst life and most unforeseeing man . . 31. The business of the three classes-priests, warriors, and husbandmen . . . . . . . .07 Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS CHAP. 32. The business of the fourth class, the artizans. 33. The worst ruler, chieftain, friend, kinsman, wife, child, and country . . . . . . . 34. Aharman can hardly disturb a wise and contented man. 70 35. The seven kinds of men who are rich, and the seven who are poor . . . . . . . . . 70 36. The thirty sins . . . . . 71 37. The thirty-three good works . . . . . . 73 38. Why worldly happiness is not allotted to the worthy who are accepted in heaven . . . . . 75 39. Whose power is most seemly, wisdom most complete, dis position most faithful, speech most proper, goodness least, friendship worst, mental pleasure least, heart most seemly, endurance most approvable, and who is not faithful. What should be kept by every one and no one, and also in conversation. Who cannot give evidence, to whom obedience is due, who must be minded and praised, what must not be unrespected, who is like Adharmazd, and who like Aharman . . 76 40. What is coldest, warmest, brightest, darkest, fullest, emptiest, most fruitless, without superfluity, incapable of deprival, cannot be bought, satisfies every one, and satisfies no one. What Adharmagd desires from men, and what Aharman does; and what is the end in the worldly and spiritual existences . . . . 41. The mightiest man, most dreadful road, most perplexing account, pleasantest tie, most regretable work, and most unprofitable gift . . . . . 81 42. The three kinds of man . 43. The spiritual armour and weapons requisite for attaining to heaven and escaping from hell . . 83 44. The arrangement of the sky and earth, flow of the water, and resting-place of the clouds; where the winter demon is most predominant, and the most undisturbed country. . . . . . . 45. How Aharman deceives, whence is his pleasure, where he has a foundation, whom he haunts, and whence is his food . . . . . . . . . 87 46. Aharman considers no injury complete, unless he seizes the soul . . . . . . . 88 47. What is better than all wealth, predominant over every thing, and from which no one can escape . . . 89 Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. SAGE CHAP. 48. The dwelling of the understanding, intellect, seed, and wisdom in the body . . . . . . . 89 49. The duties and motions of the stars, Tistar, Vanand, Haptok-ring, the twelve signs of the zodiac, and the rest, the sun and the moon . . . . . 90 50. The opulent person who is fortunate, and the reverse 93 51. Why a bad man sometimes succeeds, and a good one fails 52. How the ceremonies and religion should be considered, and what is requisite for the renunciation of sin!. 94 53. How the homage and glorifying of the sacred beings are to be performed . . . . . . . 95 54. Why an ignorant man will not learn . . . 06 55. Why an ill-natured man is no friend of the good, nor an untalented man of the talented . . 56. The uses of mountains and rivers 57. The many advantages and uses of wisdom . . : 98 58. Though an ignorant king is esteemed by man, a wise poor man is more esteemed by the angels 59. The vices of the four classes--priests, warriors, husband men, and artizans. . . . . . . 105 60. The man most conversant with good and evil . . 106 61. The chiefs of men, women, horses, flying creatures, oxen, wild animals, and grains. animals, and grains . . . . . . . . 107 62. Regarding Kangdes, the enclosure formed by Yim, the body of Sahm, the abode of Srosh, the three-legged ass, the Hom tree, Gopaitoshah, the Kar fish, the griffon bird, and Kinamros . . . . . 108 63. The best good work, which requires no trouble . . 113 . 9deg SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR . . . . . 1. Introducing the subject and the author. . 2. Why Aharman advanced towards the light, though of a different nature . . . . . . . 122 3. Why Adharmazd did not use his omnipotence to repel Aharman 4. How the stars came to be distributors both of the good produced by Adharmazd, and of the evil produced by Aharman . . . 5. Proof of the existence of a creator derived from the evident design in the creation. * * * * 139 Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. CHMP. 6. Further proofs of a similar description. . . 146 7. Proof of the existence of an injurer from the provision made against him. . . .. . 8. Proofs of the same from the existence of evil 9. Proof of the existence of the opponent before the creation, and of his appearance afterwards . . . . . 162 10. Those who believe in the unity of creation, also believe in a corrupting influence which is really another being. 166 II. The inconsistency of those who trace both good and evil to a sacred being whose attributes are incompatible with the latter ; with references to various scriptures. 173 12. Other inconsistencies in the assertions of various sects regarding the sacred being . . . . . 202 13. Criticism of the Jewish account of the creation of the universe and the fall of man, as given in the Old Testament . , . . . . . 208 14. Other statements of the Old Testament and Jewish tradi tion, regarding the sacred being, that are inconsistent with his attributes . . . . . . . 221 16. Criticism of many statements of the Christian scriptures, showing their inconsistency, and that some of them also admit the existence of a separate originator of evil . 229 16. Criticism of some of the doctrines of the Manichaeans. 243 record 262 SAD DAR. . . . . . . 253 Introduction . . . . . . . 255 1. Necessity of unwavering faith in the religion. * 257 2. Sin not to be committed . . . . * 258 3. Advantage of perseverance in industry. . 259 4. No one should despair of the mercy of Hormazd.. . 260 5. Advantage of Navazud and Geti-kharid 6. The six indispensable good works . 264 7. Why we should recite certain formulas after sneezing265 8. Why high-priests must be obeyed * * * 9. The sin of unnatural intercourse to be punished, by any one, by death on the spot . . 10. Reasons for wearing the sacred thread-girdle and tying it with four knots. . . . . 268 11. Why a household fire should be properly maintained . 270 IR. Why the clothing of a corpse should be scanty and ald, though many people must follow the bier . . . 272 * . 267 Digitized by Google

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xii CONTENTS. CHAP. PAGE 13. Why ceremonies in honour of the souls of the departed should be properly celebrated . . . . . 273 14. How nail-parings should be treated, and why . . 275 15. How we should salute anything agreeable, and why : 276 16. A pregnant woman and new-born infant require the pro tection of a fire or burning lamp, with other precautions 277 17. Why a toothpick must be cut free from bark . . 278 18. People should marry early, to benefit by children's good works; and a childless man must have an adopted son 278 19. Advantage of attending to agriculture. .. 20. Advantage of feeding the worthy . . 21. How grace must be said before and after eating, and why 282 22. Advantage of performing Gadangoi * 285 23. Tethered animals must be restrained . . . 286 24. Why and how Hom-juice must be given to a new-born child 286 25. Why promises must not be broken . . 26. Every man of fifteen years must select a patron spirit and a priestly guide whom he must obey . . . 288 27. When it is doubtful whether an action be right or wrong a high-priest must be consulted . . . . 290 28. Why the Avesta must be properly learnt and remembered 290 29. Why liberality must extend only to the worthy . . 30. Water must not be poured away, or drunk, in the dark. 292 31. Dogs must be fed and well-treated . . . . 292 32. Why a hen or cock must not be killed for crowing . 293 33. Why search must be made where a corpse is supposed to be buried . . . . . . . . 294 Animals must not be often killed, and some never; also certain parts should be consecrated . . . . 295 35. Prayers to be used when washing the face . . . 296 36. Necessity of the Bareshnum for both men and women. 296 37. Why the ten days of the guardian spirits must be celebrated 298 38. We must not drink from the same cup as those of a dif ferent religion, until it is purified . . . . 300 39. The sacred fire and its attendant must be properly main tained (see Chap. 92) . . . . . . 301 40. Parents and priests must be obeyed and not vexed . 41. The care and prayers necessary for menstruous women. 302 42. Why slander and seduction, sins producing accusers, are specially injurious . . . 305 43. Noxious creatures must be killed, especially five kinds. 306 44. Walking barefoot is a sin, and why * * * * 307 291 . 301 Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. xiii CHAP. PAGE 45. How repentance must be accomplished for every sin : 308 46. The proper age for tying on the sacred thread-girdle - 309 47. Ceremonies must be celebrated after the death of a child of seven, to liberate its soul from those of its parents. 310 48. A cooking-pot must not be more than two-thirds full, for fear of boiling over . . . . . . . 311 49. A fire must be cold before the ashes are removed . 311 50. How the morning ablutions must be performed . . 312 51. Why it is necessary to send a child to school . . 313 52. Why a sacred cake must be consecrated every year on the day Khurdad of the month Fravardin . . . 314 53. Any one travelling twelve leagues must have a sacred cake consecrated before he goes and every Bahiram day during his absence . . . . . . 315 54. If a man's serving wife has a son, he may adopt it; but if only a daughter, he must adopt a relation's son : 316 55. When a sacred cake cannot be consecrated at a Navazad, bread must be eaten with the Hormazd vag . . 316 56. Precautions and prayers necessary when evacuating water 317 57. A hedgehog must not be injured, and why . . . 318 58. Advantages of a ceremony for the living soul . 318 59. The only Nyayis for women is obedience to their husbands 320 60. Steadfastness in the religion leads to heaven, and helping others to be steadfast is the best good work 61. Evils of falsehood . 322 62. Advantages of truth in word and action : 323 63. Regarding the sin of adultery . . . . : 324 64. Penalties for theft with and without violence . .226 65. Duties of thanksgiving and doing good . . . 328 66. All women must have the Dvazdah-homast celebrated. 330 67. Why women must abstain from adultery . . . 331 68. Precautions to be taken by menstruous women . . 332 69. Allowing the sun to shine on a fire, even through holes, is sinful . . . . . 334 70. Precautions to be observed in carrying the dead. . . . 335 71. Punishment eating dead matter as medicine . . 336 72. Bringing dead matter to water or fire is a deadly sin * 336 73. Any cow, goat, or fowl that eats dead matter is impure, and its produce cannot be used, for a year . . 337 74. Morning ablutions . . . . . . . 337 75. Cultivators must be careful that irrigation water is not defiled with dead matter. . . . . . 338 321 We, Digitized by Google

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xiv CONTENTS 339 CHAP. PAGE 76. Period of purification after childbirth. 77. Purification and precautions after still-birth. . . 340 78. Why meat must not be eaten for three days after a death in the house. the nouse . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 79. Advantages of liberality . . . . . 342 8o. Different values of Ashem-vohu on different occasions. 343 81. Hormazd admonishes Zaratust not to postpone to-day's duties and good works till to-morrow i . . 344 82. The sacred thread-girdle must be re-tied when dressing, before moving from the spot. . . . . 347 83. Proper fasting is from sin, not from food . . . 348 84. Prayers before sleeping and when restless . . . 348 85. Advice must always be asked of the wise and relations. 349 86. Beavers must not be killed . . . . . 350 87. Ceremonies to be celebrated after a death. . . 350 88. Polluted wood must not be used or burnt . . . 353 89. Any one eating dead matter, or polluting another with it, must be purified . . . . . . . 353 90. Nothing is to be given to a sinner . . . : 354 91. How to purify articles of various materials when polluted by dead matter . . . . . . . 364 92. The sacred fire must be properly maintained, and an attendant provided (see Chap. 39) : . 365 93. Slander a sin, and how to atone for it . . : 356 94. Benefits must be reciprocated . . . : 357 95. The merit of performing the Nyayises, and the sin of neg lecting them. . . . . . . . 357 06. Mourning for the dead is improper , 97. Priests' instructions must be treated with respect . . 98. Priests must' teach the Avesta to laymen correctly . 359 99. Pahlavi must be taught to priests only . . . 360 100. Any one molesting a harmless person in this world will be delayed on his way to the other world * * 361 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . 363 358 Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the Trans lations of the Sacred Books of the East . . . 373 Diglized by Google

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(UNITFISIIT INTRODUCTION. 1. The Dina-i MainOG-I KHIRAD. The Pahlavi phrase Dina- Mainog-i Khirad, 'Opinions of the Spirit of Wisdom,' is a name applied to sixty-two enquiries, or series of enquiries, on subjects connected with the religion of the Mazda-worshippers, made by an anonymous wise man and answered by the Spirit of Wisdom. But, as this name is only found prefixed to a manuscript, written in A. D. 1569, in which the first part of the work is missing?, it is doubtful whether it be the original name of the book, or not, although it is very suitable to the general character of the work. Regarding the reading of this name, here adopted, it must * be observed that the correct pronunciation of the Pahlavi word mainog, 'spirit,' is uncertain; the traditional reading is madonad, which is a possible pronunciation of its letters, but is otherwise inexplicable; Haug proposed to read mainivad or minavad, but, in that case, the word ought to end with d=t, or with nd; some of the present Dastars read minoe, but this would be written m inoek in Pahlavi; the Pazand writers have mainyo, but this is evidently an imitation of Av. mainyavo, and does not correspond with the Pahlavi letters. As the word is manu or mino in the Sasanian inscriptions, and mind in Persian, to which words a final k would be added in Pahlavi, it seems probable that the final letter of the Pahlavi word is not d or e, but g, a corruption of k, and that we ought to read minog or ma inog. At the same time it should be noticed that a very old copy of the Pahlavi Farhang, in the library of Dastur Jamaspji Minochiharji in Bombay, has the word written with an extra medial stroke, so that it might be See p. 3, note 1. Digitized by Google

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xvi PAHLAVI TEXTS. brunt PUI read minavand, as required by Haug's hypothesis, although this copy of the Farhang gives madonend as the traditional reading. The subjects discussed by the Spirit of Wisdom are of a very miscellaneous character, and their discussion is evidently intended to furnish an outline of the tenets, legends, and morality of the religion with which they deal; but it forms by no means a complete, or systematic, treatise on these subjects, and it is remarkably silent with regard to all details of religious rites and ceremonies, which are only occasionally mentioned. This silence may, perhaps, be due to the fact that the author was a layman, as seems clear from the account he gives of his doubts and enquiries in Chap. I, 14-56. Any incompleteness of the treatise may also be explained by the apparent loss of the latter end of the work, as the sixty-second reply (Chap. LXIII) terminates the extant text of the treatise ab and without any trace of peroration. By the Spirit of Wisdom the author means the innate wisdom of Allharmazd (Chap. LVII, 4), the asna khratu of Yas. XXII, 29, XXV, 18, through which the spiritual and worldly creations were produced (Chaps. I, 49, 51, LVII, 5). It was originally created by Adharmazd (Chap. VIII, 3, 8), and is superior to the archangels (Chap. I, 53); it can appear in a personal form, and undertake to be an instructor (Chap. I, 57, 60, 61); and it can likewise be used as a defence (Chap. XLIII, 6). With regard to the author of this treatise, and the age in which he lived, we have no further information than can be gathered from the contents of the book itself. The author was evidently a devoted Mazda-worshipper, and probably a layman, as has been already remarked, but he has given us no further hints about himself. Whether he wrote before or after the Arab conquest of Persia is doubtful. There are only two passages that might be strained into allusions to Muhammadanism: one in Chap. I, 18, which alludes to some heterodox religion injuring the property of the orthodox faith, but the author has just been talking of many sects, and the grievance here mentioned is much too Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xvii common to be considered as applicable only to the Arabs; the other passage is Chap. XVI, 37-48, which describes the advantages of the moderate drinking of wine,' and might be supposed to be written in indirect opposition to the Muhammadan prohibition of such indulgence. In either case the allusion is certainly far too obscure to form a fair basis for argument. On the other hand, Chap. XIII, 13, 14, speaks of the sovereignty of Vistasp existing in connection with the most powerful sect or form of devotion, which statement might be strained to imply that the government was still orthodox; and the definitions of good and bad government in Chap. XV, 12-39 could hardly have been written after the Arab conquest. The allusion to the continued conflict of the Ardmans and Turanians with the Iranians, in Chap. XXI, 23-26, may possibly refer to some troublesome wars carried on by the Greeks and Turks against the Persians in the time of the author, and the late Dr. A. D. Mordtmann has suggested A. D. 580-590 as a probable period for such remarks, but, here again, the allusion is too obscure to be relied on. Very few of the author's quotations can be identified, but this is no argument for a greater age than eight or ten centuries, as we know, from passages quoted in the Shayast La-shayast, Dadistan-i Dinik, and other works, that some of the lost Nasks must have been still extant as recently as that. The Avesta is quoted only twice by name, in Chaps. I, 27, XVI, 15; the former passage has not been identified, but the latter may perhaps be from the Pazag Nask. Several quotations, however, are made from the dino or revelation,' a term which, when it refers to writings, is often applied by Pahlavi writers to the Avesta only. Of these passages Chap. XLIV, 18-23 is from the Vendidad, Chap. XXI, 24-26 may be from the Kidrast Nask, and six other quotations have not been identified. In other cases the quotations are merely prefaced by the phrase "it is declared.' And of these the passage in Chap. LVII, 24-28 appears to be derived from the Vendidad, and that in Chap. II, 155, 156 from the so-called Hadokht Nask, while eight other passages are unidentified. In this last class the quota [24] Digitized by Google

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xviii PAHLAVI TEXTS. tions seem to be rather paraphrases than accurate translations of the original texts. Of the original Pahlavi text of the Dina-i Mainog-i Khirad only two manuscripts are yet known to exist; one of these (K43) is contained in No. 43 of the Iranian manuscripts in the University Library at Kopenhagen, and the other (TD2) belongs to Mr. Tehmuras Dinshawji Anklesaria of Bombay. The manuscript K43 is a small quarto volume of 178 folios, of which the Dina occupies fols. 2-37, written fifteen lines to the page. The first and second folios also contain the conclusion of the larger Bundahis, of which the first 129 folios are missing from this codex, as described in SBE, vol. v, introd. pp. xxxix-xli. And the latter part of the codex contains about one-fifth of the Dinkard, in several detached fragments, and four-fifths of the Bahman Yast. This manuscript was brought from Persia by the late Professor Westergaard in 18431, and the Pahlavi text of the Dina, which it contains, was published in facsimile by Andreas in 1882 ? In this codex the text of the Dina-i Mainog-i Khirad begins in the middle of Chap. I, 28; but, as the copyist has prefixed an introductory heading to this imperfect text; it is evident that he, or some predecessor of his, must have copied the work, in this imperfect state, from some manuscript whose first folio had been lost. Besides this deficiency, ten folios of the text have been lost from this particular codex; nine of these were occupied by Chaps. XIV, 1XXVII, 49, and the tenth contained Chaps. XXXIX, 31XL, 17. At the end of the work, Chap. LXIII is followed by a colophon to the following effect :- Completed in peace and pleasure and joy on the day Shatvairo of the month Avan of the year 938 of Yazdakard, king of kings, [26th May 1569]. I, Mitroapan Anoshak-ruban Rustam Shatro-iyar, wrote it for my own possession. From the copy i See Zend-Avesta, or the Religious Books of the Zoroastrians, edited by N. L. Westergaard (Kopenhagen, 1852-54), vol. i, introd. p. 8, note 3. The Book of the Mainyo-i-Khard, also an old fragment of the Bundehesh, edited by F. C. Andreas (Kiel, 1882). Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xix of Dastur Gadman-pirug Aspendiyar Gadman-pirug, and that from the copy of Dastur Shatro-aiyyar Vegan Khusroishah, and that, as regards these several sayings, was written from the copy of the heavenly-destined Mah-vindad Naremahan with the righteous soul, and comes unto us from the realm of the Hindus. May even our writing be in accordance with the will of the sacred beings.' In addition to the date, the chief matter of interest in this colophon is its acknowledg. ment of the fact that the work had come from India, where the original Pahlavi text appears to have since become extinct. We have, therefore, in this text, merely so much of the work as had reached India, on which the PazandSanskrit version of Nerydsang, described below, was undoubtedly based; and the possibility of hereafter finding the latter part of the work in Persia should not be overlooked. It is, however, upon the text contained in K43, so far as it is preserved, that the translation of the Dina-i Mainog-i Khirad in this volume is founded. Of the other Pahlavi manuscript, TD2, nothing further is known to the translator than a copy of the passages corresponding to those contained in the ten folios lost from K43, upon which copy the translation of those passages has been based. Besides these manuscripts of the original Pahlavi text, there exist other copies, in which the text has been merely reproduced from the Pazand version described below; and, of these copies, K22 (No. 22 in the University Library at Kopenhagen) may be cited as a typical example. This manuscript is a large octavo volume of 56 folios of glazed Indian paper, probably about a century old, but without a date. The first 48 folios contain a corrupt Pahlavi text of the Dina-i Mainog-i Khirad, alternating with the usual Sanskrit version described below, written nineteen lines to the page, and extending as far as Chap. XXVII, 41. The corruptions in the text consist of misuse of Huzvaris equivalents, and errors in orthography which no old writer of Pahlavi would be likely to commit, such as writing kolavist for harvist, nafsmanidarik for kh vesinidarih, baraguman for a viguman, hame for hamai, avas for a u bas, b 2 Digitized by Google

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xx PAHLAVI TEXTS. la and ma for al, denman instead of hana for Paz. e, the constant use of the adjective suffix - i k for the abstract suffix - ih, and the frequent omission of the final k in such words as danak, a vistak. It can be seen at once, by any one really acquainted with Pahlavi, that a text of this description is merely a modern transliteration of the Pazand version by some one whose knowledge of Pahlavi was rather limited and artificial. Most of the Indian manuscripts of this work contain only the Pazand version written in short sentences, alternating with a word-for-word Sanskrit translation of each sentence; the Sanskrit being written upside down, for the sake of forming a continuous line with the reversely-written Avesta characters of the Pazand. This Pazand-Sanskrit version of the Mainyo-i Khard (as it is called in Pazand) was compiled by Neryosang, son of Dhaval, a Parsi priest who is supposed to have lived some time in the fifteenth century, and evidently possessed a very good knowledge of Pahlavi, though not sufficient to avoid some few mistakes, especially in reading foreign names. His authorship is attested by a Sanskrit introduction, prefixed to most manuscripts of this version, to the following effect :- Through the name and almighty power and assistance of the lord Aliura-mazda, the greatly wise, may the achievement be auspicious, and be the progress and success of the good Mazda-worshipping religion, and energy in body and long life for all the good and right-minded. This Pahlavi heavenly wisdom, called the Mainyo-i Khard, is translated by me, Neryosang son of Dhaval, from the Pahlavi language into the Sanskrit language, and written from the difficult Parsi letters with the Avesta letters, for the joyful understanding of the good listeners to instruction, the true-minded. Salutation to the good, the pure-thinking, the true-speaking, the just-acting.' Of this Pazand-Sanskrit version the oldest manuscript that has been examined is L19, No. 19 of the Avesta and Pahlavi manuscripts in the India Office Library in London, one of the manuscripts brought from India by Dr. Samuel 1 That is, from the ambiguous Pahlavi characters, used in all Persian writings before the Arab conquest. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxi Guise who was head surgeon of the general hospital at Surat from 1788 to 1795, and obtained several manuscripts from the widow of Dastur Darabji, the instructor of Anquetil Duperron. It is a small octavo volume, containing 148 folios of old Indian paper, of which the first 132 are occupied by the Pazand-Sanskrit Mainyo-i Khard, written fifteen lines to the page. At the beginning of the text the folio containing Neryosang's Sanskrit introduction (described above) has been lost, but the text itself is complete. At the end of the work is a Pazand-Sanskrit postscript which may be reasonably attributed to Neryosang himself, and can be translated as follows:- Completed for the peace and pleasure, happiness and dominion of all the good who are virtuous. To him for whom it is written may it be well-resulting and well-omened, and, after a hundred and fifty years, may he be a transmitter of it to his own religious children's children, through the will of the sacred beings. Of whomsoever the best ability is not wisdom, that best ability of his is even then owing to it. Wisdom which is without learning is poor, and learning which is without wisdom is helpless. After this postscript a Pahlavi colophon has been copied from some older manuscript to the following effect:- Completed in peace, pleasure, and joy, and ended; written by me, a servant of the religion, the priest Shatroaiyyar, contemporary (?) of Neryosang. And this is followed by a colophon in very corrupt Sanskrit, which states that this manuscript was completed, in the district of Nagamandala, at a date corresponding to Friday, the 19th October 1520, by the teacher Mihrvan, son of Mahyar and grandson of Padama, for the priest Bahram, son of Palhan. This manuscript of the Pazand text is, therefore, nearly 49 years older than that of the original Pahlavi text (K43) upon which the present translation is based. It corresponds very closely with that Pahlavi text, and where it differs the variation is nearly always due to some mistake, or attempt at improvement, on the part of Neryosang. It must, however, be acknowledged that very few translators adhere so ? Probably an old name of Nausari. Digitized by Google

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xxii PAHLAVI TEXTS. closely to their original texts as this learned Parsi priest has done to his. Other manuscripts of the Pazand-Sanskrit version are PA10 and PB6. The former is No. 10 of the Anquetil Collection in the National Library at Paris, and was brought from Surat by Anquetil Duperron in 1761. It is an octavo volume, in which the Mainyo-i Khard occupies the first 211 folios, and commences with Neryosang's Sanskrit introduction, translated above, but does not contain the postscript. The date of its colophon appears to correspond to the 7th December 1649, new style. The latter manuscript, PB6, is No. 6 of the Burnouf Collection in the same library, and is probably about a century old.. The Pazand version also occurs alternating with a Gugarati translation in K23, No. 23 of the Iranian manuscripts in the University Library at Kopenhagen. It is an octavo volume of 168 folios of glazed Indian paper, of which the first 162 contain the Pazand-Gugarati text, written fifteen lines to the page, and the remaining six folios contain an index stating the contents of each chapter. A colophon, at the end of the text, has a date corresponding to the 25th August 1663, new style; and another, at the end of the index, states that the manuscript was written by the priest Yazad-yar, son of Vikaji, of Sangan, and finished at a date corresponding to the 17th October of the same year. In another class of Pazand manuscripts of the Mainyo-i Khard the Pazand text is written in the Perso-Arabic character, and accompanied by a Persian translation, forming what may be conveniently termed a Parsi-Persian version. One example of this version is contained in MH7, No. 7 of the Haug Collection in the State Library at Munich, of which it occupies the first 70 folios, written fifteen lines to the page. Most of the Persian translation is written in sentences alternating with those of the Parsi text, in which case the translation is merely a paraphrase of the Parsi; but some of the translation is interlined, and this is much more literal, each Parsi word having its Persian equivalent written below it. This manuscript contains several other texts, and from two colophons, one near the middle, and the other near Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxiii the end of the volume, it appears that it was written by Darashah, son of Mihrbanji, and the first half of the volume was completed at a date corresponding to Wednesday the 9th August 1809. Another example of the Parsi-Persian version is found in No. 2769 of the Persian manuscripts in the India Office Library in London, in which manuscript it occupies 75 folios, written eleven lines to the page, and is not dated, though probably written early this century. In this copy the Parsi text is tolerably complete, but long passages of the Persian translation are omitted; when given, the Persian is usually identical with that in MH7, though some instances of independent translation occur. In addition to the Pahlavi, Pazand, Sanskrit, Gugarati, Parsi, and Persian texts of the prose Dina- Mainog-i Khirad, the popularity of the work is further evinced by the existence of two versions in Persian verse. One of these was described by Professor Sachau in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, new series, vol. iv, pp. 229-283, from a manuscript in the library of that Society in London, written probably near the end of last century. The author of this metrical Persian paraphrase appears to have been a native of Ravar in Sindh, named Marzuban, who composed it from a Parsi version of the original text, bequeathed to him by his teacher while he was studying the old traditions at Yazd; and the date of his composition seems to have been A. D. 1612. His verses contain only fifty-four questions and answers, but these contain the substance of the greater part of the Minokhirad, as the work is called in Persian, with some few additions from other sources. A copy of the other metrical Persian Minokhirad occupied fols. 527-550 in the second volume of B29, a two-volume quarto Rivayat, No. 29 in the Bombay University Library. It is doubtful whether the original number of folios were twenty-four or twenty-six, but only twenty-two now remain. These contain 497 couplets of introductory matter, 1060 representing the text of the work, and 190 of epilogue; and from 160 to 330 further couplets of the text are missing. According to statements in the introduction and Digitized by Google

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xxiv PAHLAVI TEXTS. epilogue the verses appear to have been composed, from Neryosang's Pazand-Sanskrit text, by the priest Hormazyar and his son Darab, the latter being the actual writer, and the former being a son of Faramruz', son of Qavamu-ddin, son of Kai-Qubad, son of Hamkarapadam of Sangan, of the family of the priest Neryosang Dhaval. The work was commenced on the 7th November 1676, new style, and completed in thirty-five days; and the copy in B29 was finished on the 21st November 1679, new style. The order of the subjects discussed in this metrical version differs, in some respects, from that followed in the prose texts, and the 1060 couplets of extant text represent only forty chapters of the work, though several of the others were, no doubt, represented in the missing couplets. Another copy of this later metrical version appears to exist in pp. 231-248 of No. 12 of Anquetil's Collection in the National Library at Paris. Of the Pazand text of the Mainyo-i Khard, Chaps. LVII, XXVII, LXII, I, 51-61, VII, 9-12 have been published, with German translations, by Professor Spiegel, in his 'Grammatik der parsi Sprache,' pp. 128-155, 161-173, 185, 186, 188, 189. He has also published German translations of Chaps. II, 110-193, VIII, XXXVII, XLII in his 'Traditionelle Literatur der Parsen,' pp. 138-144, 147-150. And the complete Pazand-Sanskrit texts, with an English translation, Pazand glossary and grammar, were published by the present translator in 1871. Since that date the original Pahlavi text of the Dina-i Mainog-i Khirad has been discovered, from which the present translation has been made. In connection with this account of the various versions of the 'Opinions of the Spirit of Wisdom,' it should be noticed that an abridgement of the work also exists in Persian prose, and is called the 'Other Minokhirad.' A copy of this abridgement is contained in fols. 71-78 of MH7 (described above), and consists of a very free Persian translation of the Pazand texts of Chaps. I, 14-II, 64, III-VII, XIV, XV, * A variation of this pedigree is quoted in p. xlii. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. XXV XXI, XXV, followed by a variety of short statements about thankfulness towards the sacred beings, the supreme heaven, male and female angels and demons, wealth and poverty, &c., and concluding with the names of the first sovereigns of the world, the descent of mankind from Gayomard, and of the 292 species of animals from the primeval ox. Another copy of this abridgement appears to be contained in fols. 80-84 of No. 15 of Anquetil's Collection in the National Library at Paris. 2. THE SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. The term Sikand-gamanik Vigar,' doubt-dispelling explanation,' is the Pahlavi name applied to a controversial work by its author. The chief object of the work is to prove the correctness of the fundamental doctrine of the Mazda-worshipping religion, that good and evil do not proceed from the same source, and to show that other religions, while professing to believe in the unity of creation, can only account for the origin of evil, either by degrading the character of the sacred being, or by attributing evil to a corrupting influence which is really a second being. In other words, the author's object is to show that all people, who believe in an all-good and omnipotent creator, must logically admit the existence of an independent origin of evil, whatever they may say to the contrary. In the course of his arguments, he naturally finds it easier to attack the inconsistencies of other beliefs than to defend his own, and much of his attention is, therefore, given to pointing out apparent inconsistencies and seemingly delusive statements in the scriptures of the Muhammadans, Jews, Christians, and Manichaeans. The author's name was Mardan-farukh, son of Allharmazd-dad (Chap. I, 35), and his account of his enquiries (58 36, 37) bears much resemblance to what is said of the wise man's proceedings in Mkh. I, 34-36. He determines to 1 Bd. X, 3, XIV, 13 mention 282 (or 272 in some copies). Digized by Google

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xxvi PAHLAVI TEXTS. write a treatise for removing religious doubt, and calls it the Sikand-gamanik Vigar (Chap. I, 38). He is also.careful in stating that he has selected many of his facts and arguments from older writings, such as those of Atur-padiyavand", which he had found in the Dinkarda compiled by Atur-frobag, son of Farukh-zad. In this statement he must be referring to the first two books of the Dinkard, which have not yet been discovered, as the other seven books, which are extant, do not contain the matters to which he alludes. He also mentions the Roshan manuscript compiled by Roshan, son of Atur-frobag, a writer who is often quoted in the Pahlavi commentaries on the Avesta 4. And he begins his religious discussion by replying to some difficulties that had been suggested to him, in a friendly manner, for solution by Mitro-aiyyar, son of Mahmad, of Ispahan. His allusions to Muhammadanism are of a very guarded character, though sufficiently clear to leave no doubt as to the religion he means. Like all Pahlavi writers, he never mentions that religion by name, but when, in the position of a Zoroastrian in Persia, he states that he did not admire the religion that was then in supremacy, there can be little doubt that he refers to Muhammadanism. And any such doubt would be dispelled, not only by such vague references to passages in the Qur'an as occur in Chap. XI, 4, 5, 269-271, but also by the distinct quotation of a striking legend, from the same source, regarding the fallen angel in 88 52-60, 248 of the same chapter, and by the use of the term Matazalik (Ar. mu'hta zil) with reference to a certain sect in 280. With regard, therefore, to the age of the Sikand-gumanik Vigar, we may be quite certain that it was written long after the Arab conquest of Persia; and from the names mentioned by the author, as stated above, it is evident that he lived after the time of Roshan, son of Atar-frobag, son of 1 See Chaps. I, 38, IV, 106, IX, 2, X, 52. * See Chaps. IV, 107, IX, 1, 4, X, 57. See Chap. X, 53, 54. * See Sls. I, 4n. See Chap. II, 1, 2. See Chap. X, 45. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxvii Farukh-zad. Now, according to a Pahlavi tale', the accursed Abalis , the Zandik, had a religious disputation with Aturfrobag, son of Farukh-zad, in the presence of the Khalifah Al-Mamun who reigned A.D. 813-833; it is, therefore, hardly possible that Roshan, son of Atur-frobag, could have written his commentary before the middle of the ninth century. We also know, from the last chapter of the third book of the Dinkard, that Atar-frobag was not the last editor of that work, but was succeeded by his son Zaratast, and, later still, by Aturpad, son of Hemid, who appears to have given the book its final revision. Of Atarpad's work the author of the Sikandgumanik Vigar does not speak, and it is, therefore, reasonable to suppose that it had not been completed in his time. But, according to Bd. XXXIII, 10, 11, this Aturpad was a contemporary of Zad-sparam who was living in A.D. 881), and his revision of the Dinkard was, therefore, probably in progress by the end of the ninth century. From these facts we may conclude that the Sikand-gamanik Vigar was written after the middle, but before the end, of the ninth century; unless we were to suppose that, although its author consulted only the first two books of the Dinkard (as mentioned above), the remaining seven books may have existed as a separate work unknown to him. Considering, however, that Aturpad, son of Hemid, was so important a personage as the leader of those of the good religion of his time, this supposition would not be very probable. There is probably nothing new to defenders of Christianity in Mardan-farukh's attacks upon the apparent inconsistencies of their scriptures, with regard to the origin of evil and the existence of unity in trinity, subjects that are more usually admitted without investigation than seriously discussed. This is not, however, the mode in which such subjects are likely to be treated by outsiders, and missionaries will no doubt find among Mardan-farukh's arguments many that they must become accustomed to hear from educated * A copy of which is contained in the very old codex No. 20 in the University Library at Kopenhagen, fols. 148-152. * The reading of this name is uncertain, but this is the Pazand form. * See Ep. III, 2, 17, 21. Digitized by Google

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xxviii PAHLAVI TEXTS. men of other faiths. And, if they engage in controversy, as they ought to do, they must expect to hear them stated in less considerate language than this author uses. An interesting question, for any one who possesses special information on the subject, would be to ascertain from what version of the Old and New Testaments Mardan-farukh drew his quotations. There seems every probability that his translation of the passages, though it may not be altogether literal, is yet sufficiently so to admit of the particular version being identified, if its peculiarities of wording were carefully considered. The peculiar Pahlavi spelling of the name Isaac in Chap. XIV, 42, as deduced from its corruption in Pazand, points to a Syriac version of one of the legendary works consulted by the author. In his discussion of the tenets of the Manichaeans Mardanfarukh is dealing with a subject that is far less known than the other faiths he attacks, and the information he gives may be valuable. Unfortunately the latter part of this discussion is missing, although the loss of text is probably not very extensive. The original Pahlavi text of the Sikand-gumanik Vigar has not yet been discovered, although there are several existing copies of a Pahlavi version of the earlier part of the work, which are evidently reproductions from the Pazand text. These pseudo-Pahlavi manuscripts usually end with the fifth chapter, and are certainly superior to the similiar reproductions of the Dina-i Mainog-i Khirad, represented by K22 (see p. xix). Yet they generally use the adjective suffix -ik for the abstract suffix -ih, because both these suffixes become -i in Pazand; they often have kabed, 'much,' for afas, and by him,' when the Pazand has vas by mistake for vas; they also substitute the Pazand misreading aina for the true Pahlavi a dinas; besides adopting other occasional miswritings for which the Pazand version alone is responsible. Such manuscripts could be of no critical value, unless they had descended from some family of Pazand manuscripts which had left no surviving representatives in Pazand, and this does not appear to be the case. A specimen of these Pahlavi reproductions is contained Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. SU T I Wylist in the last 36 folios of L15, No. 15 of the Avesta and Pahlavi manuscripts in the India Office Library in London. It commences with the words 'all the angels' in Chap. I, 4, and ends with Chap. V, 71; the handwriting being the same as that in L26, a manuscript that contains a date corresponding to A. D. 1737. In fols. 9-16 of BM. No. 22,378 of the Additional Oriental manuscripts in the British Museum Library, there is a modern fragment of this reproduced Pahlavi text, interlined with a transliteration in the Persian character, and alternating with a Persian paraphrase. This fragment contains only Chap. I, 1-31. The reproduced Pahlavi text also occurs, in parallel columns with the usual Pazand and Sanskrit versions and a Persian paraphrase, in R, an imperfect polyglot manuscript given to the late Mr. J. Romer by a Dastur in Surat. Of this foolscap-folio manuscript Mr. Romer sent pp. 16-31 (with the first fifteen pages of a Pahlavi-Persian Bundahis) to the late Professor M. J. Muller, through Mr. Poley; he also sent pp. 32-63, 82-93 to the late Professor H. H. Wilson on 3rd December 1836, who afterwards transferred them to Professor Max Muller; and he gave pp. 64-81, 99-143 to the late Mr. Norris. The first of these fragments, together with that of the Bundahis now constitute No. 10 of the Muller Collection in the State Library at Munich ; the next two fragments were presented to the India Office Library, and the two last mentioned were acquired by it, in 1876. It is most probable that the first fifteen pages of this polyglot manuscript were not given to Mr. Romer, but the first fifteen pages of the Bundahis were substituted for them. The portion extant (pp. 16-143) contains all four versions of Chaps. I, 28-V, 57, with the Sanskrit and Persian versions of Chap. I, 25-27, and the Pahlavi and Pazand versions of Chap. V, 58-62; and the latter two versions are everywhere interlined with a transliteration in Persian characters. This manuscript is modern and of no particular critical value ; but, as the combination of the four versions is rare, if not unique, it would be very desirable to discover the rest of the manuscript. Digitized by Google

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XXX PAHLAVI TEXTS. In another manuscript, No. 18 of the Anquetil Collection in the National Library at Paris, the reproduced Pahlavi text has the usual Pazand version written above it. This manuscript, which is in the form of a roll, begins at the same point as L15 (see p. xxix) and ends with Chap. V, 95, which is said to be the usual extent of other manuscripts of this class in India. A copy of this manuscript is No. 23 of the Muller Collection in the State Library at Munich. An extension of the same reproduced Pahlavi text, with the Pazand version written above it, and alternating with the Sanskrit version, is contained in K28, No. 28 of the Iranian manuscripts in the University Library at Kopenhagen. It is an imperfect octavo manuscript, of which only 66 folios remain, written eleven lines to the page, and, in its present state, it is undated, but seems to be fully 150 years old. The portions of the text that it still contains are only Chaps. I, 1-II, 8; III, 1-25; III, 36-IV, 106; VIII, 103IX, 16; IX, 30-X, 13; X, 71-XI, 28; XI, 55-61; so that more than half the text that ought to be included within its extreme limits is missing ; but its original extent, within the same limits, was more than double the usual length of the reproduced Pahlavi text, as stated above. In this particular, of unusual length, only one other manuscript of that text seems to be known in India that resembles it, in addition to the imperfect copy next described. K28 contains Neryosang's usual Sanskrit introduction (see p. xxxiii), and differs from the oldest Pazand manuscript AK in only two or three instances, and these variations can be explained as corrections made on the authority of the Sanskrit version. An imperfect and modern copy of the Pahlavi-PazandSanskrit texts is also contained in twenty-two folios prefixed to AK (described below). This copy commences with Neryosang's Sanskrit introduction, and includes only Chaps. I, 1-IV, 100 and X, 71-XI, 47. Its writer has intended to give the three versions in successive sentences, but, after Chap. I, 23, the Pazand and Sanskrit sentences are less and less frequently written, till they cease altogether after I, 43, with the exception of one or two isolated sections. In Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxxi several cases he has also substituted the correct abstract suffix -ih for the usual incorrect -ik, but this correction is generally confined to abstract nouns in common use. As none of these Pahlavi manuscripts can be considered otherwise than as reproductions from the Pazand, it is to the Pazand-Sanskrit version of Nerydsang that we must still look for the nearest approach to the original text of the work. It is in this version, too, that we find the greatest extent of text still extant, although the Sikand-gumanik Vigar seems to possess the peculiarity of wearying out all its copyists at some point or other, so that not only is there no complete copy of the work known, but also nearly every copyist has stopped his work at a different place. The oldest known manuscript of the Pazand-Sanskrit version belongs to Dastar Hoshangji Jamaspji of Poona, and is called AK, because it is supposed to have been written by Asadin, son of Kaka. In its present state this manuscript consists of seventy-seven small quarto folios of very old, discoloured, Indian paper, written sixteen lines to the page, and containing the Pazand version in short sentences, alternating with a word-for-word Sanskrit translation of each sentence; the Sanskrit being written upside down, for the sake of forming a continuous line with the reversely-written Avesta characters of the Pazand. From other manuscripts it is known that this Pazand-Sanskrit version was compiled by Neryosang, son of Dhaval, but in this manuscript his usual Sanskrit introduction is lost with the first three folios of the text, and the existing seventyseven folios contain only Chaps. I, 16-XI, 145. As this extends only one folio beyond the middle of the whole of the text that is extant, it is supposed that this old manuscript was divided into two nearly equal moieties on the occasion of some division of property, of which the earlier moiety has been preserved, and the later one either lost, or destroyed, or buried in some inaccessible library. In consequence of the imperfect state of this manuscript it bears no date, but an old Sanskrit colophon has been copied by the writer of JE (one of the more modern manuscripts that are evidently derived from AK through one or Digitized by Google

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xxxii PAHLAVI TEXTS. more intermediate copies), and this may be fairly assumed to be the colophon of AK. This colophon may be translated as follows:-'In the Samvat year 1625, in the current Saka year 1490, on the present day (?), the fourth day Shahrivar of the eleventh month Bahman, in the district of Naga-mandala', in the royal reign of king Sultan Muthaffar-shah, the book named Sikand-gumanik Vigar is written, for the use of Amalshah Kangashah", by the priest Asadin 3, son of the priest Kaka. May it become auspicious! may it be beneficial !' The date indicated by this colophon seems to correspond to the 23rd September 15684, but it may, of course, be doubted whether it originally belonged to AK, because the text to which it is appended in JE is incomplete. If it were attached to AK, the text in that manuscript must either have been originally incomplete, or some of the later folios must have been lost, while the last one, containing the colophon, was still preserved. If it did not belong to AK, it must have belonged to some later manuscript, because there is no doubt that JE has descended from AK, and could not, therefore, contain the colophon of an older manuscript than AK, unless it had been written in AK itself, or obtained in an irregular manner from some unrecorded source. For these reasons there seems little doubt that AK was written either in 1568, or earlier; and the general appearance of its folios favours this assumption. So far as it extends this is the best manuscript of the Sikand-gamanik Vigar that is known to exist, and the present translation has, therefore, been based upon its texts, 1 Probably an old name of Nausari. This Kangashah was probably a grandson of the Kangashah at whose instigation the Parsis in India carried on a correspondence with those in Persia in A.D. 1478-81, which is still preserved in the Persian Rivayats. And his father may have been the Manekshab Kangashah who was the head of the Parsi lay. men in Nausari in 1531, when he was 70 years old, as appears from the Hadesa Namu (Bombay, 1831). * In a Gugarati memorandum, recently appended to JE, it is stated that the colophon of a Yasna Sadah, written in A.D. 1572 or 1576, gives the pedigree of this copyist as follows:- Asadin, son of Kaka, son of Dharpal, son of Lakhmidar, son of Mobad Kamdin, son of Zaratast, son of Mobad Hormazdyar, son of Ramyar. Or it may be 1569, as the Saka date has been altered from 1491 into 1490. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxxiii which are, no doubt, very nearly in the same state as when edited by Neryosang ; the Sanskrit version, especially, is far more correct than in the later copies. Many of the Pazand sections in Chaps. V-VIII are written in Pahlavi only, or in Pahlavi with the Pazand written above it; but, in all cases, this Pahlavi is as corrupt as that of the reproduced Pahlavi manuscripts. The most complete manuscripts of the Pazand-Sanskrit version are JJ and JE, of which JJ is the oldest and best, but it has not yet been thoroughly examined. It is a small quarto volume of 182 folios of Indian paper, written fifteen to seventeen lines to the page, and belongs to Dastur Khurshedji Jamshedji of Nausari. From certain blunders and peculiarities, which its writer has copied, it is certain that this manuscript has descended from AK, and, also, that it has derived a few variations from some other source. Its Sanskrit text is not written inverted, as it is in AK, and it commences with Neryosang's usual Sanskrit introduction, as translated in p. xx, but with the clause containing the names altered to the following effect :- This book, named Sikand-gumanik Vigar, is translated by me, Nerydsang son of Dhaval, from the Pahlavi language into the Sanskrit language, and written from the difficult Parsi letters with the Avesta letters, for the joyful understanding of the good listeners to instruction, the true-minded.' The texts in JJ are of the same extent as the translation in this volume, and are followed by a colophon in Persian, Sanskrit, and imperfect Pahlavi, which states that the manuscript was written by Dastur Jamshed, son of Jamasp, son of Asa, son of Fredun, inhabitants of Nausari, and completed on the day Srdsh of the month Vohuman, A.Y. 1137 (corresponding to the 28th August 1768). The other manuscript, JE, which is as complete as the 'translation in this volume, is a foolscap-folio volume of 132 folios, written eighteen lines to the page, and belongs to Dastur Hoshangji Jamaspji of Poona. It corresponds very closely with JJ, but its Sanskrit (which is not written inverted) is rather more corrupt; and it contains the same indications of descent from AK as that manuscript does, [24] Digitized by Google

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xxxiv PAHLAVI TEXTS. with the same variations derived from some other source. It commences with Neryosang's usual Sanskrit introduction, and at the end of the text it has the old Sanskrit colophon translated above, and supposed to belong to AK. And this is followed by a Persian colophon, written on the day Hormazd of the month Bahman, A. Y. 1211 (corresponding to the 26th July 1842), and stating that this manuscript was copied from that of Asadin, son of Kaka, in Bombay, by Jamshed, son of Edalji, son of Bahmanji, son of the writer of JJ. From this it might be too hastily assumed that the old manuscript AK was still complete as recently as 1842 ; but, if such were the case, it would be difficult to understand why Dastur Hoshangji could learn nothing about its missing moiety some twenty-five years afterwards, when he made searching enquiries on the subject; and it would be still more difficult to explain the variations in JE, already mentioned as derived from some other source than AK. It is more probable that the writer of JE found the old colophon of AK copied at the end of a more recent manuscript, which led him to believe that the latter was written by Asadin, son of Kaka. That the first folio of AK had already been lost, considerably more than a century ago, appears from PB3, No. 3 of the Burnouf Collection in the National Library at Paris, which was evidently copied from a copy of AK, and is certainly more than a century old, judging from the general appearance of the paper on which it is written. This manuscript, which was given to Burnouf by Mr. Manekji Khurshedji of Bombay, is a small octavo volume of 125 folios of Indian paper, written twelve to sixteen lines to the page, and contains the Pazand-Sanskrit text of Chaps. I, 5-53, and II, 5-X, 66: the Sanskrit being written upside down, as in AK. The loss of Neryosang's Sanskrit introduction and Chap. I, 1-4 of the text indicates that the first folio of AK was already missing when the original of PB3 was copied, and several lacunae in the earlier folios, which have been filled up in red ink from some other source, indicate the torn condition of the earlier folios of AK. The loss of Chaps. I, 54-II, 4 is due to two folios Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. XXXV being absent between folios 11 and 12 of PB3 ; and after Chap. X, 66 all further folios have been lost. In some sections in Chaps. VI and VIII, where the Pazand text is written above its Pahlavi equivalent in AK, much confusion has been occasioned in PB3 by reading the Pazand and Pahlavi versions as two successive lines of text; and it is evident that this confusion originated in some manuscript intermediate between AK and PB3, though it has been increased by further blundering on the part of the writer of PB3 itself. The Pazand version of Neryosang also occurs in short sentences alternating with a Gugarati translation in MH19, No. 19 of the Haug Collection in the State Library at Munich. This manuscript, which was given to Haug by Dastur Kai-Khusrd at Surat in 1864, is a small quarto of 124 folios of old Indian paper, of which the first 110 folios contain the Pazand-Gugarati version of Chaps. I, 1-XI, 201, written thirteen to nineteen lines to the page. Towards the latter end of the manuscript blank spaces are left for the Gugarati version of many of the sections; and several of the passages that are written only in Pahlavi in AK are similarly written in MH19. From this and other peculiarities it is evident that MH19 has descended from AK, but probably through some intermediate manuscript that must have been written when AK was more complete than it is now. Judging from the appearance of the paper of MH19 it can hardly be less than 150 years old, but it contains no date or colophon of any description. Another manuscript, which contains a large portion of the Pazand version of Nerydsang, without his Sanskrit translation, is L23, No. 23 in the India Office Library in London. It is an octavo volume of eighty folios of Indian paper,written ten to twelve lines to the page, in the same handwriting as L15 and L 26 (see p. xxix), which last manuscript contains a date corresponding to A. D. 1737. L23 contains the Pazand text of Chaps. I, 34-VIII, 23, and many of the passages written in Pahlavi in AK are similarly written in L23, which indicates the descent of the latter manuscript C 2 Digitized by Google

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xxxvi PAHLAVI TEXTS. from the former; an indication which is confirmed by the repetition of other peculiarities. From this account of all the manuscripts of the Sikandgumanik Vigar, that have been examined by the translator, it appears probable that no manuscript independent of AK has yet been discovered. The few variations which indicate another source can easily be explained as emendations by some later copyist, who had noticed, or imagined, some deficiencies in the text of that manuscript. The Sikand-gumanik Vigar has not been hitherto translated into any European language, but an edition of its Pazand and Pahlavi texts was prepared by Dastur Hoshangji about fifteen years ago, and arrangements have been made for the publication of these texts, with the Sanskrit version, at an early date. 3. The Sad DAR. As its name implies the Sad Dar is a treatise on 'a hundred subjects' connected with the Zoroastrian religion. The word dar, literally 'door, or gate,' being also applied to the chapters' of a book, and to the matters, or subjects,' of which it treats. This work is not a Pahlavi text, being written in Persian with an admixture of about four per cent. of Arabic words; it is, however, more quoted than any other work by the Parsi compilers of the Persian Rivayats, or religious 'traditions,' in the seventeenth century. In one of its recensions it is also found written in Avesta characters, and the Avesta-Persian sentences alternate with an old Gugarati translation, in imitation of the PazandSanskrit versions of Pahlavi texts compiled by Nerydsang. In consideration of the existence of this pseudo-Pazand recension, together with the general acceptance of the work as an important authority, and its being a convenient summary of many of the religious customs handed down by Pahlavi writers, this work may be offered as a suitable appendix to the true Pahlavi texts, connecting them with Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxxvii the Persian writings that are too modern to be accepted as authorities in religious matters. The Sad Dar Natur, or prose Sad Dar, which is here translated, appears to be first mentioned in the introduction to the Sad Dar-i Ba'hr-i Tavil 1, or long-metre Sad Dar, in which the versifier states that the prose Sad Dar was compiled by three celebrated high-priests, named Medyomah, Vardast, and Siyavakhsh, near the time of the Arab con- quest of Persia. This, however, really means little more than that the prose Sad Dar was considered a very old work at the time when the long-metre Sad Dar was composed from it. It appears, from Dastur Jamaspji's preface to his Gugarati translation of the long-metre Sad Dar, that this metrical version was composed in A.D. 1531 by Mulla Rustam Isfendiyar of Khurasan and Mulla Behzad Rustam. It may, therefore, be concluded that the prose Sad Dar had the reputation of being a very old work in the early part of the sixteenth century. Another version of the work, called the Sad Dar Nathm, or metrical Sad Dar, had already been composed in Kirman by Iran-shah, son of Malik-shah, as early as the 14th October, A. D. 1495. In his introduction he does not mention the source whence he drew his information, though he speaks of renovating the old mysteries,' but whether this phrase refers to the old prose Sad Dar, which he must undoubtedly have used, or to the original Pahlavi sources of that work, is uncertain. A Latin translation of this metrical Sad Dar was published by Hyde, in his History of the Religion of the Ancient Persians 4 The contents of the Sad Dar are of a very miscellaneous character, and are not very systematically arranged. They treat of a great variety of duties and customs, but all from a strictly religious point of view, though the work is evidently 1 See Sad-dare Behere Tavil, translated into Gugarati by Dastur Jamaspji Minochiharji Jamasp-Asa-na; 2nd edition; Bombay, 1881. * Possibly a son of the preceding Mulla. In the preface to his second edition Dastur Jamaspji calls him Rustam Behzad. : So stated in his introduction, but in his postscript (as printed by Hyde) he calls himself Mard-shah. * Historia religionis veterum Persarum (Oxon. 1700), p. 433. Digitized by Google

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xxxviii PAHLAVI TEXTS. intended rather for the guidance of the laity than for the information of the priesthood. The almost total absence of any reference to government or national life, other than complete submission to priestly control, seems to indicate a period of subjection to men of another faith, too dangerous, or too odious, to be mentioned, unless it were to forbid all voluntary social intercourse with them, as in Chap. XXXVIII. The allusions to the existing scarcity of priests in Chap. LVIII, 12, and to a rigorous levying of poll-tax in Chap. LX, 7, might also give some clue to the period when the work was compiled, if we were better acquainted with the minute details of Parsi history. Where temporal penalties for crimes are prescribed (as in Chaps. IX, LXIV) they were, no doubt, such as were recognised by the government of the time; and, in such matters, change of government has altered the law. Some other customs have also probably changed to some extent, but by far the greater part of the rules and duties prescribed in this work are still in force, though they may not be always very strictly attended to. Of the numerous quotations from the sacred books, which the Sad Dar contains, only a few can be identified, and nearly all of these are in the form of translations which are merely paraphrases of the original texts. Avesta passages are quoted from the Vendidad and Yasna in Chap. XIV, 3. and from an unknown section of the Hadokht Nask in XL, 4. The commentary of the Vendidad is six times quoted by name, but only four of the passages have been identified; and an unknown passage is quoted from the commentary of the Hadokht in Chap. XXII, 3, 4, and three others from the commentary of the Avesta. Four statements are said to be declared in the good religion,' but have not been identified; and out of thirty quotations from 'revelation' only five have been identified, of which those in Chaps. LXXII, 2, 3, LXXXII, 2 belong to the Vendidad, and those in IV, 3-11, XVI, 3, XVIII, 3 belong to the Spend Nask, which is no longer extant. The large * Chaps. XII, 3-5, LXVII, 3-6, LXXI, 2, 3, LXXXVI, a. . Chaps. XXVIII, 4, XCIV, 3, 4, XCVII, 3. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxxix proportion of quotations that cannot be now identified, or are no longer extant, is a strong argument in favour of the work being several centuries older than the oldest manuscripts in which it is now found. The translation of the prose Sad Dar, published in this volume, is based upon the text of La, the oldest manuscript of the work with which the translator is acquainted. This is No. 3043 of the Persian manuscripts in the India Office Library in London, which was presented to the East India Company's Library, on the 31st August 1837, by Mr. J. Romer, who had brought it from India, most probably from Surat. This manuscript is an octavo volume, containing 144 folios of light-brown Indian paper which may be as much as three centuries old. The volume was last bound and repaired some time subsequent to 1818, as several English foolscap fly-leaves bear that date as a water-mark. Its Persian text has the peculiarity of being written in Avesta characters, in short sentences alternating with an old Gugarati translation in Devanagari characters which, for the sake of running in a continuous line with the reversely-written Avesta-Persian, is written upside down ; each page containing generally thirteen lines. This AvestaPersian is not Pazand, either in verbal forms or syntactical arrangement, but its orthography is as irregular and uncertain as in most Pazand texts written in Avesta characters. The text commences with a Sanskrit introduction, copied verbatim from that used by Neryosang as a preface to all his Pazand-Sanskrit texts (see p. xx), with the clause containing the names altered as follows :--'This book, named Sad Dar, is brought together by me, the priest Rama, son of Kanhaksha, and translated from the Parsi language into the Gugar language, and written from the difficult Parsi letters with the Avesta letters by his son, the priest Padama.' And this preface is followed by the Pazand invocation that commences the Persian introduction, as translated on p. 255; which introduction contains a passage (SS 6) probably interpolated in the prose Sad Dar after the composition of the metrical version. The last chapter of the text in La is followed by two Digized by Google

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PAHLAVI TEXTS. Persian couplets in Avesta characters, with their translation in Gugarati; and, after a few more verses in Sanskrit, the colophon concludes with Sanskrit to the following effect :'In the Samvat year 1631, the ninth day in the light half of the month Gyaishtha, on Wednesday, the Uttara (Ashadha ?] lunar mansion; in the Parsi Samvat year 944, the 27th day Asman, the sixth month Shahrivar (18th May 1575]", the Uzayeirina period (the afternoon), the book Sad Dar is completely written by an inhabitant of Bhrigu-kakkha ?. Brought together by the priest Rama, son of Kanhaksha, and written in the handwriting of the priest Padama, his son, the book Sad Dar is completed. Written, by another, for the purpose of reading and for the purpose of reciting by Hiraka of the good religion, son of ... 3 of the good religion, and also by Adaraka of the good religion, son of Gaya of the good religion ; may it become auspicious and beneficiall' Followed by 'may it be healthful! may it be excellent ! so may it be! and more so may it bel'in Pazand. It is possible that this colophon may have been copied from an older manuscript, but there are certainly some reasons for supposing that La is the original manuscript completed in 1575. In the first place, the appearance of the paper, on which it is written, favours such a supposition, and enquiries, made in Bombay, have not succeeded in discovering the existence of any other copy of this recension. Again, there are a few defects and inconsistencies in the Gugarati translation which are best explained by supposing that the translation was made at the time this manuscript was written. Thus, the greater part of Chap. LXXIII, after having been written on one side of a folio, is repeated by mistake on the other side of the same folio with several variations, most of which are alterations in the Gugarati translation, as if the writer were making the trans 1 As the manuscript was written in India, the calendar used would be the Rasmi one. 2 The old name of Bhrok. 3 This name, with one or two epithets, has to be extracted from the corrupt Sanskrit compound gnativyavyagihild a. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. lation at the time when he wrote it. Also, in Chap. LXXVII, a blank having been left for some illegible word in the Avesta-Persian text, a similar blank has been left in the Gugarati translation, although it is hardly possible that any mere copyist would have found the same word illegible in both versions. With regard to the source whence the Avesta-Persian text of La was derived, there can be little doubt that it was originally transliterated from a manuscript written in the Perso-Arabic character, as there are several blunders in La which can be best explained as owing to the mutual resemblance of certain letters in that character. Thus, the fact that the modern Persian letters b, n, t, y differ only in the number and position of certain dots, which are sometimes omitted or misplaced, accounts for such blunders as ba and ya for ta, khana for 'hayah. While, owing to similar resemblances, the transliterator has written kusti for geti, muluk for balkih, guza for gosh, and having been doubtful, in one place, whether to read roz or zor, he has written both words, one above the other. Somewhat more recent than this Avesta-Persian manuscript is Lp, No. 2506 of the Persian manuscripts in the India Office Library in London, which was presented to the Library by Mr. J. Romer at the same time as La. This manuscript is a small octavo volume, in which the prose Sad Dar occupies the first forty-six folios of Indian paper, written generally fifteen lines to the page in the Perso-Arabic character. In its present state it contains no date, the last folio of the colophon being lost, but the paper is not much newer than that of La. The colophon is written in the Avesta character, and is to the following effect :- This book is the book Sad Dar, a Nask of the religion of Zarathustra, the good religion of the Mazdaworshippers. These hundred questions of the proper and improper are extracted from this good religion of the Mazda-worshippers, and fran-shah, son of Yazad-yar, ...;' the rest being lost. Another important copy of the Persian text of the prose Sad Dar is contained in B29, a two-volume, quarto Rivayat, Digitized by Google

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xlii PAHLAVI TEXTS. No. 29 in the Bombay University Library. In this Rivayat, or miscellany of traditional lore, the prose Sad Dar occupies fourteen folios (17-30) in the first volume, each page containing twenty-one closely-written lines. The Persian colophon at the end of the last chapter is to the following effect :- This book of the prose Sad Dar is completed on the day Astad of the auspicious month Dai of the year 1048 of Yazdagard, the king of kings of happy Iran, of the race of Sasan. And the writer of the lines am I, the servant of the good religion of the Mazda-worshippers, the priestlyborn priest Darab, son of the priest Hormazyar, son of Qavamu-d-din, son of Kal-Qubad, son of Hormazyari of the surname Sangana, of the family of the priest Neryosang Dhaval.' The date mentioned in this colophon corresponds to the 28th September 1679, new style. A third copy of the Persian text is contained in J15, a small quarto volume, No. 15 in the library of Dastar Jamaspji Minochiharji in Bombay. In this volume the prose Sad Dar occupies the last thirty-six folios, and is written thirteen lines to the page, but is not dated. This manuscript has been consulted in only a few passages, and usually where the other copies differ considerably. Regarding the variations in the text of these manuscripts it will be noticed, on reference to the foot-notes to the translation, that there is usually considerable agreement among the three Persian manuscripts (Lp, B29, J152) when they differ from the Avesta-Persian text of La. In a few cases the text of La is undoubtedly defective, and then Lp or B29 may perhaps supply the original reading which has come down to them through some collateral line of descent. But, in the great majority of instances, their variations (especially those of B29) seem to be intended either to make the text more intelligible, or to correct some statement that the copyist thought doubtful. That none of these three manuscripts is derived from La is proved by the fact that they all contain a passage (Chap. XIX, 4-6) which 1 A variation of this pedigree has already been quoted in p. xxiv. ? Allowing for the fact that this last has been only occasionally used. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xliii the writer of La has omitted by mistake. There is, however, more agreement with La to be found in Lp than in the other two manuscripts. . The arrangement of the chapters in La is confused by the accidental combination of a portion of Chap. XLVIII with a portion of Chap. L, while Chap. XLIX, omitted in its proper place, has been subsequently added at the end of the work. In Lp Chap. XLIX follows Chap. LIII, and, Chaps. L and LV being omitted, the full number of a hundred chapters is obtained by repeating Chaps. XLIX and C at the end of the work. As this confusion in Lp occurs in the same portion of the work as that in La, though it differs somewhat in its details, and as it has been shown above that Lp cannot have been derived from La, it is reasonable to suppose that La and Lp were both derived from some older manuscript, in which some portion of the middle of the work had been omitted or lost, and that the writers of La and Lp adopted different modes of supplying the deficiency from other manuscripts. This confusion does not occur in B29 and J15, which two manuscripts agree in arranging the chapters as they are placed in this volume; they must, therefore, be derived from the original prose Sad Dar through some collateral line of descent, independent of the manuscript in which the confusion originated. In the metrical Sad Dar nine of the later chapters are scattered about among the earlier ones, thus the 82nd chapter occurs next after the 16th, the 83rd after the 23rd, the 84th after the 24th, the 85th after the 27th, the 86th after the 57th, the 87th after the 58th, the 88th after the 70th, the 85th after the 72nd, and the goth after the 73rd. And, besides this variation, a chapter about the advantage of daily ceremonies in honour of the guardian spirits follows the 65th chapter, a very long chapter about the season festivals is substituted for the 93rd chapter, and the 100th chapter is omitted. So far as five of the scattered chapters (85-89) are concerned, the reason for their change of position was probably to bring them into closer connection with other chapters treating of similar subjects; but this explanation will not Digitized by Google

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xliv PAHLAVI TEXTS. apply to the remaining four chapters (82-84, 90). It might be argued that the more methodical arrangement of the five chapters (85-89) favours the supposition that the metrical Sad Dar may be older than the prose one, but, independent of the fact that this argument does not apply to the four other chapters, it is quite as reasonable to suppose that the later editor would endeavour to improve the arrangement of his text, and to remedy whatever he thought defective. The pre-existence of the prose Sad Dar may be fairly assumed on the positive evidence afforded by the statement of the long-metre Sad Dar, mentioned in p. xxxvii, in default of any clear statement by the author of the metrical Sad Dar as to the originality of his work. Since the above was written, the translator has had an opportunity of examining a Persian text of the prose Sad Dar, written in Persia by Rustam Gustasp Ardashir, and completed on the 19th July 1706. In this manuscript, the introductory chapter is practically the same as in La, with a few variations. Thus, the invocation in SS 1 is as follows:"In the name of the sacred being, administering justice. The beginning of the book Sad Dar; may it be a good gift!' And SS 6 runs as follows:- On this occasion I, Bahman, a servant of the religion, am confirmed by the book of the mobad of mobads Iran-shah, son of Yazad-yar, son of Tistar-yar, son of Adar-bad, so that every one who reads it and orders duty to be done brings a reward to the souls of those persons. The arrangement of the chapters is the same as in the metrical Sad Dar, and the text differs from La in many more small details than in B29; it often inserts additional sentences, and is generally more diffuse, without giving more information to the reader. The Avesta of the passage quoted in Chapter XL, 4 is omitted, and only the first three words of that quoted in Chapter XIV, 3 are given. Notwithstanding their numerous variations, the resemblance of Bahman's text to that of La is too great 1 As far as the long chapter about the season festivals (see p. xliii), but this is subdivided into six chapters (one for each festival) which conclude the work. The same arrangement also occurs in the Gugarati translation of the longmetre Sad Dar. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xlv to permit the assumption that they are two different prose versions of fran-shah's metrical Sad Dar. It seems more probable that Bahman merely collated the prose Sad Dar with the metrical version, and made many alterations in the former to bring it into closer correspondence with the latter. This manuscript, therefore, throws no fresh light upon the origin of the prose version in La, but, as it confirms the fact that the fran-shah whose name occurs in the introductory chapter was a son of Yazad-yar, it raises a doubt whether this was the same person as the fran-shah, son of Malikshah (or Mard-shah), who composed the metrical version. In conclusion, it is desirable to notice that another Persian work exists, similar in form and character to the Sad Dar, but entirely distinct in its details, which is usually called the Sad Dar Bundahis. A complete copy of it is contained in Anquetil's Old Rivayat in the National Library in Paris, and it is frequently quoted in the Bombay Rivayat (B29) mentioned in p. xli. In this latter manuscript its name twenty-five times Sd dr bnd hsh is written Sd dr bnd hwsh , eighteen times, and we su to thrice. And the only plausible reading applicable to all these three forms is Sad Darband-i Hush (or Hash), the hundred door-bolts of the understanding,' a very possible name for a book. The Sad Dar Bundahis is, therefore, most probably a misnomer. E. W. WEST. April, 1885. . Digitized by Google

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ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS VOLUME. Acc. for accusative case; A.D. for Anno Domini; Af. for Afringan; AK for Asadin Kaka's MS. of Sg.; Aog. for Aogemadaeka, ed. Geiger ; app. for appendix; Ar. for Arabic ; AV. for the Book of Arda-Viraf, ed. Hoshangji and Haug ; Av. for Avesta ; A.Y. for Anno Yazdagardi ; B29 for Persian Rivayat MS. No. 29 of the Bombay University Library; Bd. and Byt. for Bundahis and Bahman Yast, as translated in vol. v of this series; BM. for No. 22,378 additional Oriental MS. in the British Museum; Chap. for chapter; Dan. for Daniel; Dd. for Dadistan-i Dinik, as translated in vol. xviii of this series; Deut. for Deuteronomy; ed. for edition or edited by ; Ep. for Epistles of Manuskihar, as translated in vol. xviii of this series; Ex. for Exodus; Eze. for Ezekiel ; fol. for folio: Gen. for Genesis; Gesch. Pers. Sas. for Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden; Got. gel. Anz. for Gottingische gelehrte Anzeigen; Haug's Essays for Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings, and Religion of the Parsis, by M. Haug, 2nd ed.; Heb. for Hebrew; Hn. for Hadokht Nask, as published with AV.; Huz. for Huzvaris; introd. for introduction; Is. for Isaiah; J15 for Dastur Jamaspji Minochiharji's MS. No. 15 of Sd.; JE for Jamshedji Edalji's MS. of Sg.; JJ for Jamshedji Jamaspji's MS. of Sg.; Jos. for Joshua; J.R. A. S. for Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society; K22, K23, K28, K43 for Iranian MSS. Nos. 22, 23, 28, 43 in the University Library at Kopenhagen; L15, L19, L23, L26 for Avesta and Pahlavi MSS. Nos. 15, 19, 23, 26 in the India Office Library in London; La, Lp for Persian MSS. Nos. 3043 and 2506 in the same library; Mat. for Matthew; MH7, MH10, MH19 for MSS. Nos. 7, 10, 19 of the Haug Collection in the State Library in Munich; Mkh. for Mainog-i Khirad, as translated in this volume; MS. for manuscript; n. for foot-note; Na. for Nahum; Ner. for Neryosang ; Num. for Numbers; Ost. Kul. for Ostiranische Kultur im Altertum, von W. Geiger ; p. for page; PA10 for MS. No. 10 of the Anquetil Collection in the National Library in Paris; Pahl, for Pahlavi; Paz. for Pazand; PB3, PB6 for MSS. Nos. 3, 6 of the Burnouf Collection in the National Library at Paris; Pers. for Persian; Ps. for Psalms; R. for Mr. Romer's polyglot MS. of Sg. (see p. 116); Rev. for Revela Digitized by Google

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xlviii ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS VOLUME. tion; Rom. for Romans; Sam. for Samuel ; Sans. for Sanskrit ; Sd. for Sad Dar, as translated in this volume ; Sg. for Sikandgumanik Vigar, as translated in this volume; Sir. for Sirozah; Sls. for Shayast-la-shayast, as translated in vol. v of this series ; Syr. for Syriac; TD2 for Mobad Tehmuras Dinshawji's MS. of Pahl. Mkh.; Vend. for Vendidad; vol for volume; Yas. for Yasna; Yt. for Yast; Zarat. for Zaratust; Zor. Stud. for Zoroastrische Studien, von Windischmann. Digitized by Google

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DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD, OR OPINIONS OF THE SPIRIT OF WISDOM. [24] Digitized by Google

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OBSERVATIONS. 1. The division into chapters corresponds with the beginnings of the questions, and the sections are divided according to the alternating Pazand-Sanskrit text of Neryosang. 2. Italics are used for any English words that are not expressed, or fully understood, in the original text, but are added to complete the sense of the translation. 3. Italics occurring in Oriental words, or names, represent certain peculiar Oriental letters (see the Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets' at the end of this volume). The italic d, l, n, r, v may be pronounced as in English; but & should be sounded like i, hv like wh, k like ch in 'church's like sh, and , like French j. 4. In Pahlavi words the only vowels expressed in the original text are those circumflexed, initial a, and the letter o; italic d is written like t, r and I like n or the Avesta o, v and 2 like g, and &d like a in the Pahlavi character. 5. In the translation, words in parentheses are merely explanatory of those which precede them. 6. For the meanings of the abbreviations used in the notes, see the end of the Introduction. 7. The manuscripts mentioned are : K43 (written A. D. 1569) Pahlavi, No. 43 in the University Library at Kopenhagen; upon the text of which, so far as it extends, this translation is based. L19 (written A. D. 1520) Paz.-Sans., No. 19 in the India Office Library at London. MH7 (written A. D. 1809) Parsi-Pers., No. 7 of the Haug Collection in the State Library at Munich. MH10, a Persian Rivayat, No. 10 of the same Collection. PA10 (written A. D. 1649) Paz.-Sans., No. 1o of the Anquetil Collection in the National Library at Paris. PB6, Paz.-Sans., No. 6 of the Burnouf Collection in the same library. TD2, Pahlavi, belonging to Mobad Tehmuras Dinshawji Anklesaria at Bombay; upon a copy of which this translation chiefly relies in the passages (XIV, 1-XXVII, 49 and XXXIX, 31-XL, 17) missing from K43. Digitized by Google

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FREESE LIGTAAN UNIVERSITY CALEA DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. Through the name and power and assistance of the creator Adharmazd, the archangels who are good rulers and good performers, and all the angels of the spiritual and the angels of the worldly existences, by a happy dispensation (dahisn) and wellomened we write the Opinions of the Spirit of Wisdom through the will of the sacred beings? CHAPTER 12 [1. In the name and for the propitiation of the allbenefiting creator Adharmazd, (2) of all the angels of the spiritual and worldly creations, (3) and of the learning of learnings, the Mazda-worshipping 1 This heading is prefixed to the original Pahlavi text in K 43, a facsimile of which was published by Andreas in 1882; as, however, the text which follows it, in that codex, begins in the middle of Chap. I, 28, this heading must have been composed by some copyist, after the first folio of the text had been lost from some previous copy. It is, therefore, doubtful whether the name he gives to the work, 'Opinions (or decisions) of the Spirit of Wisdom,' be the original title, or not; but it is, at any rate, preferable to the modern appellation, the Spirit of Wisdom. In Pazand this title is Mainyo-i Khard; but regarding the Pahlavi word mainog, see the Introduction. The beginning of this chapter, enclosed in brackets, as far as $ 28 (being lost from the Pahlavi text of K 43, and no copy of it from TD2 being available) is here taken from the Pazand version contained in L19. The division into sections, adopted throughout, is that of the alternating Paz.-Sans. text of Neryosang. B 2 Digitized by Google

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DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. religion, (4) forth from which this, which is such a source of wisdom, is a selector? 5. Through the glory and will of the creator Allharmazd--who is promoting the prosperity of the two existences - (6) and of all the greatly powerful angels, (7) and through the completely calm repose of the sacred beings, the princelys, purpose-fulfilling sages, (8) presentations of various novelties for the appropriation of wisdom, (9) through largely acquiring reasoning thought", are most wholesome for the body and soul in the two existences. 10. As in the pure marvel of marvels, the unquestionable and well-betokened good religion of the Mazda-worshippers, by the words of the creator, Allharmazd, and Zaratust the Spitaman", it is in 1 That is, this work is a selection of wisdom from the religion. The Paz. vas is a misreading of Pahl. agas,' from it,' which is identical in form with Pahl. afas, the correct equivalent of Paz. vas. 2 This world and the next. 3 The angels are here compared to the vaspaharakan, the highest class of Sasanian nobles, called barbetan, sons of the house,' in Huzvaris see Noldeke's Gesch. Pers. Sas. pp. 71, 501). As these nobles ranked next to the royal house, so do the archangels and angels rank next to Adharmazd. The title vaspuhar is evidently connected with the ancient Pers. equivalent of Av. viso puthra, son of the village or town,' which, as Darmesteter points out (Etudes Iraniennes, II, p. 140), is used in Vend. VII, 114 as the title of a person who has to pay the same medical fees as the zantu-paiti, 'tribe-ruler,' mentioned in the earlier $ 108, and who must, therefore, have been a man of equal rank. * Reading virmat, both here and in $ 13, instead of the Paz. nirmad, which is a misreading of the same letters. 5 Av. Zarathustra Spitama, the great apostle of the Masdaworshippers, whose conversations with Ahura Mazda (Pahl. Allharmazd) constitute a considerable portion of the Avesta, or scripture of the Mazda-worshippers. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER I, 4-26. many places decided, (11) that he, who is the all-good creator, created these creatures through wisdom, (12) and his maintenance of the invisible revolutions' is through wisdom; (13) and the imperishable and undisturbed state, in that which is immortality for ever and everlasting, he reserves for himself by means of the most deliberative means of wisdom. 14. For the same reason it is declared, (15) that there was a sage who said, (16) that if this be known, that the religion of the sacred beings (yazdan) is truth, and its law is virtue, and it is desirous of welfare and compassionate as regards the creatures, (17) wherefore are there mostly many sects, many beliefs, and many original evolutions 3 of mankind ? 18. And, especially, that which is a sect, law, and belief, causing harm to the property (khel) of the sacred beings", and is not good ? 19, 20%. And this, too, one has to consider, that, in order to become a chooser in this matter, trouble is to be undergone; (21) and it is necessary to become acquainted with this matter, (22) because, in the end, the body is mingled with the dust, and reliance is on the soul. 23. And every one is to undergo trouble for the soul, (24) and is to become acquainted with duty and good works; (25) because that good work which a man does unwittingly is little of a good work, (26) and that sin which a man 1 Of the spheres, or firmaments, which are supposed to carry along the heavenly bodies. ? Reading virmat-homandtum. * Reading bun gast (see Sg. IV, 73 n). * It may be questioned whether this allusion to a heterodox religion injuring the property of the orthodox faith is sufficient to identify the former with Muhammadanism. These two sections are improperly separated by Neryosang. Digitized by Google

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DINA-T MAINOG-I KHIRAD. commits unwittingly amounts to a sin in its origin?, 27. And it is declared by the Avesta (28) thus :) 8" Nothing was taken by him by whom the soul was not taken (29) hitherto, and he takes nothing who does not take the soul (30) henceforward likewise*; (31) because the spiritual and worldly existences are such-like as two strongholds, (32) one it is declared certain that they shall capture, and one it is not possible to capture." 33. After being replete with those good actions of which it is declared certain that it is not possible to capture, (34) and when he? surveyed the incitement for this, (35) he started forth (fra vafto), in search of wisdom, into the various countries and various districts of this world; (36) and of the many8 religions and beliefs of those people who are superior in their wisdom he thought and enquired, and he investigated and came upon their origin'. 37. And when he saw that they are so mutually afflicting (hanbeshin) and inimical among 1 The original text was, no doubt, vinas pavan bun val yehevuned, which would be gunah pa bun o bahod in Pazand; but L19 has omitted the p in pa, and Ner. has mistaken the preposition val for the pronoun valman, which blunders have misled the writers of later MSS. into a variety of inconsistent readings. 3 The sacred literature of the Parsis in its original language. The extant Pahlavi text of K43 commences at this point. 4 By this division of $8 28-30 Ner. found himself compelled to add another Sanskrit clause in explanation, which would have been unnecessary if he had separated them as here pointed. * K43 omits 'as.' L19 has after those good actions of a store.' ? The sage mentioned in $ 15. 8 L19 has 'every L19 omits origin,' having merely vagost, 'investigated,' instead of bun gusto, investigated the origin.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER I, 27-49. one another, (38) he then knew that these religions and beliefs and diverse customs, which are so mutually afflicting among one another in this world, are not worthy to be from the appointment of the sacred beings; (39) because the religion of the sacred beings is truth, and its law is virtue. 40. And through this he became without doubt that, as to whatever is not in this pure religion, there is then doubtfulness for them in everything, (41) and in every cause they see distraction. 42. After that he became more diligent in the enquiry and practice of religion ; (43) and he enquired of the high-priests who have become wiser in 2 this religion and more acquainted with the religion, (44) thus : 'For the maintenance of the body and preservation of the soul what thing 3 is good and more perfect ?' 45. And they (spoke 4], through the statement [from revelation, (46) thus : 'Of the benefit which happens to men] wisdom is good; (47) because it is possible to manage the worldly existence through wisdom(r), (48) and it is possible to provide also the spiritual existence for oneself through the power of wisdom. 49. And this, too, is declared, that Adharmazd has produced these creatures and creation, which are in the worldly existence, through innate 1 L19 has 'every one who, having read kola mun instead of kola maman. The meaning, however, is that all details of foreign faiths that are not found in the Mazda-worshipping religion are doubtful. 2 K43 has of,' by omitting pavan,'in.' 3 L19 has 'what one thing.' * K43 omits the words in brackets, by mistake. * Sans. has 'this.' * L19 has 'through the power of wisdom.' Digitized by Google .

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DINA-MAINOG-I KHIRAD wisdom?; (50) and the management of the worldly and spiritual existences is also through wisdom.' 51. And when, in that manner, he saw the great advantage and preciousness of wisdom, he became more thankful unto Adharmazd, the lord, and the archangels of the spirit of wisdom; (52) and he took : the spirit of wisdom as a protection. 53. For the spirit of wisdom one is to perform more homage and service than for the remaining archangels. 54. And this, too, he knew, that it is possible to do for oneself every duty and good work and proper action through the power of wisdom; (55) and it is necessary to be diligent for the satisfaction of the spirit of wisdom. 56. And, thenceforward, he became more diligent in performing the ceremonial of the spirit of wisdom. 57. After that the spirit of wisdom, on account of the thoughts and wishes of that sage, displayed his person unto him. 58. And he spoke to him (59) thus : 'O friend and glorifier ! good from perfect righteousness! (60) seek advancement from me, the spirit of wisdom, (61) that I may become thy guide to the satisfaction of the sacred beings and The asno khirado (Av. asnd khratus) is the durable or innate wisdom' supposed to be implanted in one's nature, as distinguished from the Av. gaosho-sruto khratus, 'the ear-heard or acquired wisdom,' obtained by experience. ? That is, 'produced by' this spirit, as mentioned in $ 49 regarding the world, and here extended to the archangels. L19 omits the particle i, so as to convert this spirit into the wisdom of Adharmand and the archangels. It is very probable, however, that we ought to read and the spirit of wisdom.' 3 L19 has 'made ;' these two verbs being written alike in Huzvaris. * L19 has 'to perform,' by omitting in.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER I, 50-II, 14. the good", and to the maintenance of the body in the worldly existence and the preservation of the soul in the spiritual one.' CHAPTER II. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : How is it possible to seek the maintenance and prosperity of the body [without injury of the soul, and the preservation of the soul without injury of the body?]?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'Him who is less than thee consider as an equal, and an equal as a superior, (5) and a greater than him as a chieftain, and a chieftain as a ruler. 6. And among rulers one is to be acquiescent, obedient, and true-speaking ; (7) and among accusers 4 be submissive, mild, and kindly regardful. 8. Commit no slander; (9) so that infamy and wickedness may not happen unto thee. 10. For it is said (11) that slander is more grievous than witchcraft; (12) and in hell the rush of every fiend 5 is to the front, but the rush of the fiend of slander, on account of the grievous sinfulness, is to the rear. 13. Form no covetous desire; (14) so that the 1 Meaning, specially, the priests. : The passage in brackets is omitted by K43, and is here supplied from L19. 3 In L19 the text is corrupt, but has nearly the same meaning. - L19 has 'associates,' which seems equally appropriate; the two words are much alike in Pahlavi writing. * The word drug, 'fiend,' is usually supposed to mean a female demon, and is often understood so in the Avesta, perhaps because it is a feminine noun. It is usually an impersonation of some evil passion (see Chap. XLI, 11). Digitized by Google

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IO DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. demon of greediness may not deceive thee, (15) and the treasure of the world may not be tasteless to thee, and that of the spirit unperceived. 16. 'Indulge in no wrathfulness; (17) for a man, when he indulges in wrath, becomes then forgetful of his duty and good works, of prayer and the service of the sacred beings, (18) and sin and crime of every kind occur unto his mind, and until the subsiding of the wrath (19) he? is said to be just like Aharman? 20. 'Suffer no anxiety; (21) for he who is a sufferer of anxiety becomes regardless of enjoyment of the world and the spirit, (22) and contraction happens to his body and soul. 23. Commit no lustfulness; (24) so that harm and regret may not reach thee from thine own actions. 25. 'Bear no improper envy; (26) so that thy life may not become tasteless. 27. Commit no sin on account of (disgrace]" ; (28) because happiness and adornments, celebrity (khanidih) and dominion, skill and suitability are not through the will and action of men, but through the appointment, destiny, and will of the sacred beings. 29. Practise no sloth ; (30) so that the duty and good work, which it is necessary for thee to do, may not remain undone. 31. Choose a wife who is of character ; (32) * L19 omits and.' ? L19 has wrath ;' making SS 19 a separate sentence. 3 The evil spirit, Av, angra mainyu. * K43 omits disgrace,' by mistake. * L19 omits adornment.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER II, 15-38. II because that one is good who in the end is more respected. 33. 'Commit no unseasonable chatter?; (34) so that grievous distress may not happen unto Horvadad and Amerodad, the archangels, through thee. 35. Commit no running about uncovered 3 ; (36) so that harm may not come upon thy bipeds and quadrupeds, and ruin upon thy children. 37. Walk not with one boot4; (38) so that grievous distress may not happen to thy soul. 1 A free translation of the name of the sin which is usually called drayan-guyisnih, eagerness for chattering;' here, however, K43 omits the latter y, so that the name may be read drayangalisnih, chatteringly devouring,' and a similar phrase is used in AV. XXIII, 6. The sin consists in talking while eating, praying, or at any other time when a murmured prayer (vag) has been taken inwardly and is not yet spoken out; the protective spell of the prayer being broken by such talking. If the prayer be not taken inwardly when it ought to be, the same sin is incurred (see Sls. V, 2, Dd. LXXIX, 8). ? Instead of amahraspend, the archangel,' L19 has Marspend, the angel of the righteous liturgy;' but this is probably a misreading, due to the fact that, when the chattering interrupts prayer, the angel of the liturgy would be as much distressed as the archangels Horvadad and Amerodad, who protect water and vegetation (see Sls. XV, 25-29), would be when it interrupts eating and drinking. These archangels are personifications of Av. haurvatad, 'completeness or health,' and ameretad, immortality' $ That is, moving about without being girded with the Kusti or sacred thread-girdle, which must not be separated from the skin by more than one thin garment, the sacred shirt (see Sls. IV, 7, 8). * We should probably read without a boot,' as ae-muko and a muko are much alike in Pahlavi; otherwise we must suppose that walking with only a single covering for the feet, and without outer boots, is meant. At any rate, walking or standing on unconsecrated ground with bare feet is a serious sin for a Parsi, on account of the risk of pollution (see Sls. IV, 12, X, 12). Digitized by Google

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I 2 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. 39. 'Perform no discharge of urine (pesar-var) standing on foot"; (40) so that thou mayst not become a captive by a habit of the demons, (41) and the demons may not drag thee to hell on account of that sin. 42. "Thou shouldst be (yehevunes) diligent and moderate, (43) and eat of thine own regular industry, (44) and provide the share of the sacred beings and the good; (45) and, thus, the practice of this, in thy occupation, is the greatest good work. 46. 'Do not extort from the wealth of others; (47) so that thine own regular industry may not become unheeded. 48. For it is said (49) that : "He who eats anything, not from his own regular industry, but from another, is such-like as one who holds a human head in his hand, and eats human brains." 50. 'Thou shouldst be an abstainer from the wives of others; (51) because all these three would become disregarded by thee, alike wealth, alike? body, and alike? soul. 52. With enemies fight with equity. 53. With a friend proceed with the approval of friends. 54. With a malicious mamarry on no conflict, (55) and do not molest him in ..y way whatever. 56. With a greedy man thou ? ouldst not be a partner, (57) and do not trust him with the leadership. 58. With 1 Whereby an unnecessary space of ground is polluted; hence the sin. 9 K43 has homanam, 'I am, the Huzvaris of am, used by mistake for ham, alike,' which is written exactly like am in Pahlavi. SK43 has kik var, instead of kenvar, but this is doubtless a miswriting Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER II, 39-75. 13 a slanderous man do not go to the door of kings. 59. With an ill-famed man form no connection. 60. With an ignorant man thou shouldst not become a confederate and associate. 61. With a foolish man make no dispute. 62. With a drunken man do not walk on the road. 63. From an ill-natured man take no loan. 64. 'In thanksgiving unto the sacred beings, and worship, praise, ceremonies, invocation, and performing the learning of knowledge thou shouldst be energetic and life-expending. 65. For it is said (66) that: "In aid of the contingencies (gahisno)' among men wisdom is good; (67) in seeking renown and preserving the soul liberality is good; (68) in the advancement of business and justice complete mindfulness is good; (69) and in the statements of those who confess (khustivan), with a bearing on the custom of the laws, truth is good. 70. In the progress of business energy is good, (71) for every one to become confident therein steadfastness is good, (72) and for the coming of benefit thereto thankfulness is good. 73. In keeping oneself untroubled (anairang), the discreet speaking which is in the path of truth is good; (74) and in keeping away the disturbance of the destroyer? from oneself employment is good. 75. 1 L19 has zahisn, 'issue, proceedings.' 9 L19 has read allstikan, the steadfast,' by mistake. s Reading dado-khuk-barisnoiha. L19 has conveying intercession (gadango=dado-gok);' this small difference in reading may be a clerical error in K43. The Sans. version omits the phrase altogether. * L19 omits pavan, for.' * Ner. has 'unblemished.' * L19 omits 'path of;' and it may possibly be superfluous. ? Or it may be the destroyer and adversary,' as in L19; the last word being defective in K43. Digitized by Google

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14 DINA- MAINNG- KHIRAD. Before rulers and kings discreet speaking is good, and in an assembly good recital; (76) among friends repose and rational friends ? are good; (77) and with an associate to one's own deeds the giving of advantage (suko) is good. 78. Among those greater than one (agas masan) mildness and humility are good, (79) and among those less than one flatterys and civility are good. 80. Among doers of deeds speaking of thanks and performance of generosity are good; (81) and among those of the same race the formation of friendship (humanoih)* is good.82. For bodily health moderate eating and keeping the body in action are good; (83) and among the skilled in thanksgiving performance is good. 84. Among chieftains unanimity and seeking advantage are good; (85) among those in unison and servants good behaviour and an exhibition of awe are good; (86) and for having little trouble in oneself contentment is good. 87. In chieftainship to understand thoroughly the good in their goodness and the vile in their vileness is good; and to make the vile unseen, through retribution", is good. 88. In every place and time to restrain oneself from sin and to be diligent in meritorious work are good; (89) and every day to consider and keep in remembrance Adharmazd, as regards creativeness, and Aharman, as regards destructiveness, is good. 90. And for dishonour not to come unto one a knowledge of oneself is good." 91. All these are proper 1 L19 omits pavan, 'in.' ? L19 has friendship.' 8 Or 'adaptation.' * L19 has humati, good intention.' 5 L19 has to cause the reward of the good and the punishment of the vile.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER II, 76-96.. and true and of the same description, (92) but occupation and guarding the tongue (pad-huzvanih)' above everything. 93. 'Abstain far from the service of idols 2 and demon-worship. 94. Because it is declared (95) that: "If Kal-Khasrois should not have extirpated the idol-temples (augdes-kar) which were on the lake of Kekast*, then in these three millenniums of Hashedar, Hushedar-mah, and Soshans --of whom one of them comes separately at the end of each millennium, who arranges again all the affairs of the world, and utterly destroys the breakers of promises and servers of idols who are in the realm--the adversary? would have become so much more violent, that it would not have been possible to produce the resurrection and future existence." 96. 'In forming a store 8 of good works thou 1 L19 has preserving pure language.' . More correctly temple-worship,' as auzdes means 'an erection.' Av. Kavi Husravangh, the third of the Kayan kings, who reigned sixty years, and was the grandson of his predecessor, KaiUs, and son of Siyavakhsh (see Bd. XXXI, 25, XXXIV, 7). * The present Lake Urumiyah according to Bd. XXII, 2. This feat of Kai-Khusroi is also mentioned in Bd. XVII, 7, and his exploits in the same neighbourhood are stated in Aban Yt. 49, 50, Gos Yt. 18, 21, 22, Ashi Yt. 38, 41, 42; but it is possible that the Avesta name, Kaekasta, may have been transferred to Lake Urumiyah in later times. The three future apostles who are supposed to be sons of Zaratust, whose births have been deferred till later times (see Bd. XXXII, 8). Their Avesta names are Ukhshyad-ereta, Ukhshyad-nemangh, and Saoshyas. * L19 omits all.' ? The evil spirit. 8 L19 has 'in always doing;' having read hamvar, always,' instead of ambar, 'a store.' Digitized by Google

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16 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. shouldst be diligent, (97) so that it may come to thyl assistance among the spirits. 98. "Thou shouldst not become presumptuous through any happiness of the world; (99) for the happiness of the world is such-like as a cloud that comes on a rainy day, which one does not ward off by any hill. 100. "Thou shouldst not be too much arranging the world; (101) for the world-arranging man becomes spirit-destroying. 102. 'Thou shouldst not become presumptuous through much treasure and wealth ; (103) for in the end it is necessary for thee to leave all. 104. "Thou shouldst not become presumptuous through predominance; (105) for in the end it is necessary for thee to become non-predominant. 106. "Thou shouldst not become presumptuous through respect and reverence; (107) for respectfulness does not assist in the spiritual existence. 108. 'Thou shouldst not become presumptuous through great connections and race; (109) for in the end thy 2 trust is on thine own deeds. 110. 'Thou shouldst not become presumptuous through life; (111) for death comes upon thee 8 at last, (112) the dog and the bird lacerate the corpse, (113) and the perishable part (seginako) * falls to the ground. 114. During three days and nights 1 K43 omits 'thy.' L19 omits 'thy.' 8 L19 omits thee.' * Referring to the mode of disposing of the dead adopted by the Parsis (see Sls. II, 6n, Dd. XV, 5, XVII, 17, XVIII, 2-4). L19 has a st, "bone.' 6 Including the day of death. The fate of the soul after death, as detailed in $$ 114-194, is also described in Vend. XIX, 90112, Hn. II, III, Aog. 8-19, AV. IV-XI, XVII. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER II, 97-115. 17 the soul sits at the crown of the head of the body. 115. And the fourth day, in the light of dawn-with the co-operation of Srosh the righteous, Vae the good, and Vahram the strong?, the opposition of Asto-vidad 3, Vae the bad 4, Frazisto the demon, and Nizisto the demon", and the evil-designing action of Aeshm(r), the evil-doer, the impetuous assailant Reciting a passage from the Gathas or sacred hymns (see Hn. II, 4, 5, III, 3, 4, AV. IV, 9-11, XVII, 6, 7). 2 These three angels are personifications of Av. sraosha, listening, obedience,' vaya or vayu, the upper air (uncontaminated by the evil spirit),' and verethraghna, .victorious, triumphant;' the last is more literally demon-smiting,' that is, 'smiting Verethra (the demon),' Sans. vritrahan. s Av. Asto-vidhotu, the bone-dislocator,' or demon of death who binds the parting soul (see Vend. V, 25, 31); in later writings, such as the Book of Dadar bin Dad-dukht, he is said to throw a noose over the neck of the soul to drag it to hell, but if its good works have exceeded its sins, it throws off the noose and goes to heaven; and this noose is also mentioned in Bd. III, 22, Dd. XXIII, 3. In Bd. XXVIII, 35 this demon is said to be the same as the bad Vae, but all other authorities consider them as distinct beings. It may be noted that a different demon of death is usually mentioned when the soul is wicked (see $ 161). * Av. vaya or vayu, the lower air (vitiated by the evil spirit).' + Just as the wind (vad) may be either an angel or a demon, accord ing as its strength makes it a refreshing breeze or a violent hurricane, so may the air be a good or evil being, according as it retains its original purity or has been vitiated by the evil spirit. That the angel Vae is the upper air appears from its epithet uparo-kairya, working aloft,' in the Ram Yt.; and that it is only the lower air that is vitiated by the evil spirit is in accordance with the division of the sky into three thirds, of which the uppermost is inaccessible to the evil spirit (see Dd. XXXVII, 24-31). But this distinction between a good and bad Vae is not made in Vend. V, 25, 31, where we are told that Vayo conveys the soul when bound by Astovidhotu. o These two demons have not been recognised elsewhere. 6 The demon of wrath, Av. Aeshmo daeva, appears to be the Asmodeus of the Book of Tobit. A [24] s s Digitized by Google

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18 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. [it goes]' up to the awful, lofty Kindvar 2 bridge, to which every one, righteous and wicked, is coming : 116. And many opponents have watched there, (117) with the desire of evil of Aeshm, the impetuous assailant, and of Asto-vidad who devours, creatures of every kind and knows no satiety, (118) and the mediation of Mitro 4 and Srosh and Rashnu, (119) and the weighing of Rashnu, the just, (120) with the balance 6 of the spirits, which renders no favour (hQ-girai) on any side (r), neither for the righteous nor yet the wicked, neither for the lords nor yet the monarchs. 121. As much as a hair's breadth it will not turn, and has no partiality; (122) and he who is a lord and monarch? it considers equally, in its decision, with him who is the least of mankind. 123. And when a soul of the righteous passes upon that bridge, the width of the bridge becomes as it were a league (parasang) $, (124) and the 1 K43 omits this verb. ? Or, perhaps, Kingvar, a partial translation of Av. Kinvad (gv being a mispronunciation of v or w, as in gvad for vad,' wind;' and Pers. var translating Av. vad). The Pazand writers have Kandor. It is the bridge of ever-varying breadth which leads to heaven (see Vend. XIX, 100, 101, AV. III, 1, IV, 7, V, 1, 2, XVII, 1, Bd. XII, 7, Dd. XX, XXI), but it is not mentioned in Hn. 8 Literally, is a comer.' * The angel of the sun's light; being a personification of friendship and good faith he is specially concerned in calling the soul to account (see Dd. XIV, 3). 5 In which the actions of men are weighed by Rashnu, the angel of justice, to ascertain whether the good or the evil preponderate. o L19 has who makes no unjust balance of the spirits on either side.' K43 adds rad, 'master,' but this is evidently an abortive beginning of the next word, levatman, which has been left unerased. 8 Nine spears (about 126 English feet) in AV. V, 1, Dd. XXI, 5. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER II, 116-135. 19 righteous soul passes over with the co-operation of Srosh the righteous. 125. And his own deeds of a virtuous kind ? come to meet him in the form of a maiden, (126) who is handsomer and better than every maiden in the world. 127. And the righteous soul speaks (128) thus : "Who mayst thou be?, that a maiden who is handsomer and better than thee was never seen by me in the worldly existence ?" 129. 'In reply that maiden form responds (130) thus: "I am no maiden, but I am thy virtuous deeds, thou youth who art well-thinking, well-speaking, welldoing, and of good religion! 131. For when thou sawest in the world him who performed demonworship, then thou hast sat down, and thy performance was the worship of the sacred beings. 132. And when it was seen by thee that there was any one who caused oppression and plunder, and distressed or scorned a good person, and acquired wealth by crime, then thou keptest back from the creatures their own risk of oppression and plunder ; (133) the good person was also thought of by thee, and lodging and entertainment provided; and alms were given by thee to him (134) who came forth from near and him, too, who was from afar; and wealth which was due to honesty was acquired by thee. 135. And when thou sawest him who practised The parasang is probably used here as an equivalent for Av. hathra, 'a mile.' 1 LI9 has his own virtuous deeds. The conscience of the soul meets it in the form of a damsel, beautiful in proportion to the goodness of its deeds. In AV. IV, 18-36, Dd. XXIV, 5, XXV, 5 the conscience meets the soul before it attempts the bridge. * More literally, what may be thou?' as the verb is in the third person here, though not so in the similar phrase in g 169. C2 Digitized by Google

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20 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. false justice and taking of bribes, and false evidence was given by him, then thou hast sat down, and the recitation of truth and virtuel was uttered by thee. 136. I am this of thine, the good thoughts, the good words, and the good deeds which were thought and spoken and done by thee. 137. For when I have become commendable, I am then made altogether more commendable by thee; (138) when I have become precious, I am then made altogether still more precious by thee; (139) and when I have become glorious, I am then made altogether? still more glorious by thee." 140. 'And when he walks onwards from there, a sweet-scented breeze comes then to meet him, which is more fragrant than all perfume. 141. The soul of the righteous enquires of Srosh (142) thus: "What breeze is this, that never in the world so fragrant a breeze came into contact with me?" 143. 'Then Srosh, the righteous, replies to that righteous soul (144) thus: "This breeze is from heaven, which is so fragrant." 145. 'Afterwards, on his march, the first step is set 3 on the place of good thoughts, the second on that of good words, the third on that of good deeds", (146) and the fourth step reaches up unto the endless light which is all-radiant. 147. And angels 1 Meaning probably the recitation of the Avesta texts. ? K43 omits bara,'quite, altogether,' in this third clause. 8 L19 has afterwards, he rests the first step ;' but awar aramed, he rests,' is a misreading of madam kharam dad, on the march is set.' * These are the three lowermost grades of heaven, humat, hakht, and huvarst (see Chap. VII, 12). * The highest grade of heaven, where Adharmazd and the angels are supposed to dwell (see Chap. VII, 11). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER II, 136-156. 21 and archangels of every description come to meet him, (148) and ask tidings from him (149) thus : "How hast thou come, from that which is a perishable, fearful, and very miserable existence, to this which is an imperishable existence that is undisturbed, thou youth who art well-thinking, well-speaking, well-doing, and of good religion ?" 150. "Then Adharmazd, the lord, speaks (151) thus: "Ask ye from him no tidings; for he has parted from that which was a precious body, and has come by that which is a fearful road. 152. And bring ye unto him the most agreeable of eatables, that which is the midspring butter 1, (153) so that he may rest his soul from that bridge of the three nights, unto which he came from Asto-vidad and the remaining demons 2; (154) and seat him upon an all-embellished throne." 155. 'As it is declared (156) that: "Unto 3 the righteous man and woman, after passing away 5, they bring food 6 of the most agreeable of eatables 1 The Maidhyo-zarm rog han, which is explained in Dd. XXXI, 14 as the spiritual representative of butter made during the Maidhy o-zaremaya, 'mid-verdure,' festival, which was considered the best of the year. This festival is held on the forty-fifth day of the Parsi year, which was about 4th May when the year was fixed to begin at the vernal equinox as described in Bd. XXV, 3-7, 20. The heavenly food which goes by this name is not to be confounded with the Hash which is expected to be prepared at the resurrection, from the fat of the ox Hadhayos and the white Hom, for the purpose of making mankind immortal (see Bd. XXX, 25); although some such confusion appears to exist in AV. X, 5. K43 has ruban, soul,' instead of roghan, butter.' ? See $$ 114-123. S K43 omits 'unto.' * Literally, 'male.' * L19 adds from the body and consciousness.' * Reading kazag, instead of kazad, both here and in the next clause of the sentence. L19 has the angels of the spiritual exist Digitized by Google i

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22 22 DINA-I MAINOG-KHIRAD. the food of the angels of the spiritual existences-- that which is the midspring butter?; and they seat them down on an all-embellished throne. 157. For ever and everlasting they remain in all glory with the angels of the spiritual existences everlastingly." 158. 'And when he who is wicked dies, his soul then rushes about for three days and nights in the vicinity of the head of that wicked one, and sobs 2 (159) thus : "Whither do I go, and now what do I makes as a refuge ?" 160. And the sin and crime of every kind, that were committed by him in the worldly existence, he sees with his eyes in those three days and nights. 161. The fourth day Vizaresh 4, the demon, comes and binds the soul of the wicked with the very evil noose 5; (162) and with the opposition of Srosh, the righteous, he leads it up to the Kindvar bridge &. 163. Then Rashna ?, the just, detects that soul of the wicked through its wickedness. 164. 'Afterwards, Vizaresh, the demon, takes that ences bring the most agreeable of eatables,' by omitting the first kazag, and misreading the second one. K43 has raban again, as in SS 152, for roghan. Although this sentence resembles Hn. II, 38, 39, it is evidently quoted from some other source, as its difference is more striking than its resemblance. This verb is Huz. bekhuned=Paz. giryed, but Ner. has read bangined,'laments,' and has written vagined. s Or it may be 'take,' as these two verbs are written alike in Huzvaris. This exclamation is a quotation from the Gathas or sacred hymns, being the first line of Yas. XLV, 1. 4 The Av. Vizaresha of Vend. XIX, 94, who carries off the souls of the wicked; he is also mentioned in Bd. XXVIII, 18, Dd. XXXII, 4, 7, XXXVII, 44. 6 Reading saryatar sulan. Lig has vad band, an evil tie.' See $ 115 7 See $S 119, 120. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER II, 157-174. soul of the wicked, and mercilessly and maliciously beats and maltreats it. 165. And that soul of the wicked weeps with a loud voice, is fundamentally horrified, implores with many supplicating ? entreaties, and makes many struggles for life disconnectedly 3. 166. Whom *- when his struggling and supplication are of no avail whatever, and no one comes to his assistance from the divinities (bagan)', nor yet from the demons--moreover, Vizaresh, the demon, drags miserably to the inevitable? hell. 167. 'And then a maiden who is not like unto maidens comes to meet him. 168. And that soul of the wicked speaks to that evil maiden (169) thus: "Who mayst thou be, that never in the worldly existence was an evil maiden seen by me, who was viler and more hideous than thee?" 170. 'And she 8 speaks in reply to him (171) thus: " I am not a maiden, but I am thy deeds ", thou monster who art evil-thinking, evil-speaking, evildoing, and of evil religion! 172. For even when thou sawest 10 him who performed the worship of the sacred beings, still then thou hast sat down, and demon-worship was performed by thee, (173) and the demons and fiends were served. 174. And also when thou sawest him who provided lodging and 1 Instead of burs-vangiha bekh uned, bun ramed, L19 has burzavandiha va gined u varamed, loudly shrieks and weeps.' * Reading lapako-karih a. 3 Instead of apadvandiha, L19 has apatuih a, fruitlessly.' * L19 has 'and.' * L19 has veha,' the good.' . Instead of ak-homandiha, L19 has anaomediha, 'hopelessly.' ? Reading nagirz, but this is uncertain ; L19 has azer, 'lower.' 8 L19 has that evil maiden.' 9L19 has evil deeds.' 10 L19 adds in the world.' Digitized by Google

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24 DINA-I MAINOG-T KHIRAD. entertainment, and gave alms, for a good person who came forth from near and him, too, who was from afar 1, (175) then thou actedst scornfully and disrespectfully to the good person, and gave no alms, and even shut up the door. 176. And when thou sawest him who practised true justice, took no bribe, gave true evidence, and uttered virtuous recitation, (177) even then thou hast sat down, and false justice was practised by thee, evidence was given by thee with falsehood, and vicious recitation was uttered by thee. 178. I am this of thine, the evil thoughts, the evil words, and the evil deeds which were thought and spoken and done by thee. 179. For when I have become uncommendable, I am then made altogether still more uncommendable by thee; (180) when I have become unrespected, I am then made altogether still more unrespected by thee; (181) and when I have sat in an eye-offending a position, I am then made altogether still more really eye-offending (kashm-kah-iktar-ik) by thee." 182. 'Afterwards he enters 3, the first step on the place of evil thoughts, the second on that of evil words, the third step on that of evil deeds 4, (183) and the fourth step rushes into the presence of the 1 In Lrg the words near' and 'afar' change places. 2 Literally, 'eye-consuming,' the reading adopted by Ner., but, though it gives a satisfactory meaning, it is not quite certain that it represents the Pahlavi text correctly. For den vazluned, he goes in,' L19 has andar zroved, indicating that the first letter, va, of vazluned had been omitted in the Pahl. MS. used by Ner., which misled him into reading the remaining letters as a new Paz. verb zroved, as already remarked by Noldeke in Got. gel. Anz. 1882, p. 975. These are the three uppermost grades of hell, dus-humat, dus-hukht, and dus-huvarst (see Chap. VII, 20). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER II, 175-197. 25. wicked evil spirit and the other demons! 184. And the demons make ridicule and mockery of him (185) thus: "What was thy trouble and complaint, as regards Adharmazd, the lord, and the archangels, and the fragrant and joyful heaven, when thou approachedst for a sight of Aharman and the demons and gloomy hell, (186) although we cause thee misery therein and do not pity, and thou shalt see misery of long duration ?". 187. 'And the evil spirit shouts to the demons (188) thus : "Ask ye no tidings from him (189) who is parted from 2 that which was a precious body, and has come on by that which is a very bad road. 190. But bring ye unto him the foulest and vilest of eatables, the food which is nurtured in hell." 191. 'They bring the poison and venom of the snake and scorpion and other noxious creatures that are in hell, (192) and give him to eat. 193. And until the resurrection and future existence he must be in hell, in much misery and punishment of various kinds 4. 194. Especially that it is possible to eat food there only as though by similitude 5.' 195. The spirit of innate wisdom spoke to the sage (196) thus: "This which was asked by thee, as to the maintenance of the body and concerning the preservation of the soul, is also spoken about by me, and thou art admonished. 197. Be virtuously 1 In the lowermost grade of hell (see Chap. VII, 21). ? L19 has 'for he has parted from,' as in SS 151. 8 L19 has 'and.' * L19 has "he is in much misery and punishment of kinds worthy of hell.' 6 So that starvation is one of the punishments of hell. Lio has and especially that the food there can be only like putrid blood.' Digitized by Google

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26 DINA-I MAINOG-9 KHIRAD. assiduous about it, and keep it in practice; (198) for this is thy chief way for the maintenance of the body and preservation of the soul.' CHAPTER III. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : 'Is liberality good, or truth", (3) or gratitude 2, or wisdom, (4) or complete mindfulness 3, or contentment?' 5. The spirit of wisdom answered (6) thus : 'As to the soul it is liberality, as to all the world it is truth, (7) unto the sacred beings it is gratitude, as to a man's self - it is wisdom, (8) as to all business it is complete mindfulness, and as to the comfort of the body and the vanquishing of Aharman and the demons contentment is good.' CHAPTER IV. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : 'Which is a good work that is great and good ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'The greatest good work is liberality, and the second is truth and next-of-kin marriage 6. 5. The third is 1 K43 has or thy truth.' L19 has or is gratitude good.' 3 L19 has 'or is complete mindfulness good.' - Literally, 'the body of a man.' * This was the meaning of the term khvetuk-das when this work was written, but some centuries ago such marriages were discontinued, and the term was then confined to marriages between first cousins, as at present (see Sacred Books of the East, vol. xviii, app. III). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER II, 198-v, 5. keeping the season festivals ", and the fourth is celebrating all the religious rites 2. 6. The fifth is the ceremonial of the sacred beings, and the providing of lodging for traders 3. 7. The sixth is the wishing of happiness for every one. 8. And the seventh is a kind regard for the good Chapter V. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Which land is the happiers ? 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'That land is the happier, in which a righteous man, who is true-speaking, makes his abode. 5. The second, 1 Of which there are six, each held for five days. These Gasanbars or Gahambars end, respectively, on the 45th, 105th, 18oth, 210th, 29oth, and 365th days of the Parsi year; and when that year was fixed to begin at the vernal equinox, they celebrated the periods of midspring, midsummer, the beginning of autumn, the beginning of winter, midwinter, and the beginning of spring (see Sls. XVIII, 3). In modern times they have been supposed to commemorate the several creations of the sky, water, earth, vegetation, animals, and man; but this idea must have been borrowed from a foreign source. * The periodical ceremonies which are obligatory for all Parsis (see Dd. XLIV, 2 n). s Literally, for the producers of business.' + That is, for the priests. The Parsi-Persian version divides these good works into nine items, by counting next-of-kin marriage' as the third, and providing of lodging' as the seventh. For a fuller detail of good works, see Chap. XXXVII. o This chapter is an imitation of Vend. III, 1-20, where it is stated that the five most pleasing spots on the earth are, first, where a righteous man performs ceremonies; second, where he has built his house and keeps his fire, cattle, family, and retainers; third, where the land is best cultivated; fourth, where most oxen and sheep are produced ; and fifth, that which is most manured by oxen and sheep. Digitized by Google

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28 DINA-I MAINOG- KHIRAD. in which they make the abode of fires. 6. The third, when oxen and sheep repose upon it. 7. The fourth is uncultivated and uninhabited land when they bring it back to cultivation and habitableness. 8. The fifth, from which they extirpate the burrows of noxious creatures. 9. The sixth, on which exist the ceremonies and coming of the sacred beings, and the sitting of the good?. 10. The seventh, when they make populous that which was desolate. 11. The eighth, when from the possession of the bad it comes into the possession of the good. 12. The ninth, when of the produce and yield (bedo) which arise from it they provide the share of the sacred beings, the good, and the worthy. 13. And the tenth, in which they provide holy-water and ceremonies. CHAPTER VI. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Which land is the unhappier ? ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'That land is the more afflicted, in which hell is formed 3. 5. The second, when they slay in it a righteous man who is innocent. 6. The third, for whose sake 4 1 That is, the ceremonial precinct where the priests sit to conduct the ceremonies. 2 This chapter is an imitation of Vend. III, 21-37, where it is stated that the five most unpleasing spots on the earth are, first, the ridge of Arezura, on which the demons congregate from the pit of the fiend; second, where most dead dogs and men lie buried; third, where most depositories for the dead are constructed; fourth, where there are most burrows of the creatures of the evil spirit; and fifth, where the family of a righteous man is driven into captivity. s Bd. III, 27 states that 'hell is in the middle of the earth.' * Reading mun... runo-i padas. Instead of drugan runo, Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER V, 6-VII, 9. the demons and fiends work. 7. The fourth, in which they construct an idol-temple. 8. The fifth, when a wicked man, who is an evil-doer, makes an abode in it. 9. The sixth, when the interment of a corpse is performed belowl. 10. The seventh, in which a noxious creature has a burrow. 11. The eighth, when from the possession of the good it comes into the possession of the bad. 12. The ninth, when they make desolate that which was populous. 13. And the tenth, in which they make lamentation and weeping ?' CHAPTER VII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : *How is heaven, and how many? 3. How are the ever-stationary (hamistan), and how many? 4. And how is hell, and how many ? 5. What is the decision about the righteous in heaven, and from what is their happiness ? 6. What are the misery and affliction of the wicked in hell ? 7. And what and how is the decision about those who are among the ever-stationary ?' 8. The spirit of wisdom answered (9) thus : "Heaven is, first, from the star station unto the Ner, has read drug hanruno, and assumed the last word to be equivalent to Av. handvarena, concourse;' so as to obtain the meaning, in which the demons and the fiend form a congress.' But Av. handvarena is Pahl. ham-da barisnih (see Pahl. Vend. VII, 137). 1 Or when much interment of corpses is performed,' as it is doubtful whether we ought to read avir, much,' or azir, 'below.' ? That is, for the dead. Such outward manifestations of mourning being considered sinful by the Parsis, as they ought to be by all unselfish people who believe in a future existence of happiness. Digitized by Google

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30 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. moon station ; (10) second, from the moon station unto the sun ; (11) and, third, from the sun station unto the supreme heaven (garodmano), whereon the creator Adharmazd is seated. 12. Of heaven the first part is that of good thoughts (h u mato), the second is that of good words (h ukhto), and the third is that of good deeds (hu varsto). 13. "The righteous in heaven are undecaying and immortal, unalarmed, undistressed, and undisturbed. 14. And, everywhere, they are full of glory, fragrant, and joyful, full of delight and full of happiness. 15. And, at all times, a fragrant breeze and a scent which is like sweet basil come to meet them, which are more pleasant than every pleasure, and more fragrant than every fragrance. 16. For them, also, there is no satiety owing to the existence in heaven. 17. And their sitting and walking, perception and enjoyment are with the angels and archangels and the righteous for ever and everlasting 18. 'Regarding the ever-stationary it is declared, that they are from the earth unto the star station ; (19) and its affliction for them is then nothing whatever except cold and heat. 20. Of hell the first part is that of evil thoughts (dus-huma to), the second is that of evil words (dus-hakhto), and the third is that of evil deeds i Ner. has at all times, which may be correct, as gas means both time' and 'place.' It should be noticed, however, that the word used in $ 15 is daman, which means 'time' only. ? Ner. has their affliction is otherwise,' by mistaking Huz. a dinas-san, then its... for them, for a supposed Paz. ainasa, otherwise their,' which seems to have no real existence, as wherever he reads aina, otherwise,' the Pahl. text has adinas, then its.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VII, 10-31. 31 (d u s-h u varsto)1. 21. With the fourth step the wicked person arrives at that which is the darkest hell; (22) and they lead him forwards to the vicinity of Aharman, the wicked. 23. And Aharman and the demons, thereupon, make ridicule and mockery of him (24) thus? : "What was thy trouble and complaint, as regards Adharmazd and the archangels, and the fragrant and joyful heaven, when thou approachedst for a sight of us and gloomy hell, (25) although we cause thee misery therein and do not pity, and thou shalt see misery of long duration ?" 26. And, afterwards, they execute punishment and torment of various kinds upon him. 27. There is a place 3 where, as to cold, it is such as that of the coldest frozen * snow. 28. There is a place where, as to heat, it is such as that of the hottest and most blazing fire. 29. There is a place where noxious creatures are gnawing them, just as a dog does the bones. 30. There is a place where, as to stench, it is such that they stagger about (bara larzend)and fall down. 31. And the dark 1 These names, as here written, mean literally evil good thoughts, evil good words, and evil good deeds,' as if they implied that these places are for those whose best thoughts, words, and deeds are evil; but it is not quite certain that the Pahlavi names are spelt correctly. As already stated in Chap. II, 183-186. 3 Lrg has he is experienced'in $S 27-30, owing to Ner. having read danak, knowing, experienced,' instead of divak, a place.' * Literally, stone-possessing, stony' if we read sang-dar, as seems most plausible; but we might read so khar and consider Pers. khasar or khasar, 'ice,' as a corruption of it, by transposition. L19 has 'ice (yah) and snow.' 5 L19 has be resend, they vomit up,' which is evidently a misreading. Digitized by Google

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32 DINA-MAINOG-I KHIRAD. ness is always such-like as though it is possible for them to seize upon it with the hand ?' CHAPTER VIII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : How and in what manner has Allharmazd created these creatures and creation ? 3. And how and in what manner were the archangels and the spirit of wisdom formed and created by him? 4. And how are the demons and fiends (and also the remaining corrupted ones] of Aharman, the wicked, miscreated? [5. How do every good and evil happen which occur to mankind and also the remaining creatures ?] 6. And is it possible to alter anything which is destined, or not?' 7. The spirit of wisdom answered (8) thus : 'The creator, Allharmazd, produced these creatures and creation, the archangels and the spirit of wisdom from that which is his own splendour, and with the blessing of unlimited time (zorvan). 9. For this reason, because unlimited time is undecaying and immortal, painless and hungerless, thirstless and undisturbed; and for ever and everlasting no one is able to seize upon it, or to make it non-predominant as regards his own affairs. 10. 'And Aharman, the wicked, miscreated the demons and fiends, and also the remaining corrupted 1 'Even darkness which may be felt' (Ex. X. 21). K43 omits the phrase in brackets, as well as $ 5; but these passages are supplied from L19, merely substituting yahida kan, corrupted ones,' as in g 10, for the vashudaga, 'miscreations,' of L19. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VIII, 1-16. 33 ones?, by his own unnatural intercourse. 11. A treaty of nine thousand wintersa in unlimited time (daman) was also made by him with Adharmazd; (12) and, until it has become fully completed, no one is able to alter it and to act otherwise. 13. And when the nine thousand years have become completed, Aharman is quite impotent;(14) and Srosh 3, the righteous, will smite Aeshm3, (15) and Mitro4 and unlimited time and the spirit of justice, who deceives no one in anything, and destiny and divine providence will smite the creatures and creation of Aharman of every kind, and, in the end, even Azo?, the demon. 16. And every creature and creation of Adharmazd becomes again as undisturbed as those which were produced and created by him in the beginning. 1 Reading yahida kan, but it may be yatuk an, wizards,' though the word requires an additional long vowel to represent either term correctly. L19 has vashuda ga, miscreations.' 2 According to the Bundahis, time consists of twelve thousand years (see Bd. XXXIV, 1). In the beginning Allharmand created the spiritual prototypes (Bd. I, 8) who remained undisturbed for the first three thousand years, when Aharman appeared and agreed to a conflict for the remaining nine thousand years (Bd. I, 18), during the first three of which Adharmazd's will was undisputed, while during the next three Aharman is active in interference, and during the last three his influence will diminish till, in the end, it will disappear (Bd. I, 20). The nine thousand years of the conflict were supposed to extend from about B.C. 5400 to A.D. 3600 (see Byt. III, 11 n, 44 n). 3 See Chap. II, 115. See Chap. II, 118. 5 Probably the angel Rashnu (see Chap. II, 118, 119). 6 Assuming that the vago-bakhto of K43 is equivalent to the bagho-bakht, 'divine appointment,' of L19. ? Av. azi of Yas. XVII, 46, LXVII, 22, Vend. XVIII, 45, 50, Astad Yt. I, azu of Yas. LII, 7, and the demon of 'greediness' in Chap. II, 13, 14, XVIII, 5, &c., Bd. XXVIII, 27, and modern Persian, who seems to be a being distinct from Av. azi, 'serpent.' [24] Digitized by Google

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34 DINA-I MAINOG- KHIRAD. 17. 'Every good and the reverse which happen to mankind, and also the other creatures, happen through the seven planets and the twelve constellations 2 18. And those twelve constellations are such as in revelation are the twelve chieftains who are on the side of Adharmazd, (19) and those seven planets are called the seven chieftains who are on the side of Aharman. 20. Those seven planets pervert every creature and creation, and deliver them up to death and every evil. 21. And, as it were, those twelve constellations and seven planets are organizing and managing the world. 22. ' Adharmazd is wishing good, and never approves nor contemplates evil. 23. Aharman is wishing evil, and does not meditate nor approve anything good whatever. 24. Adharmazd, when he wishes it, is able to alter as regards the creatures of Aharman; and Aharman, too, it is, who, when [he wishes]' it, can do so as regards the creatures of Adharmazd, (25) but he is only able to alter so that in the final effect there may be no injury of Adharmazd, (26) because the final victory is Adharmazd's own. 27. For it is declared, that "the Yimo and 1 L19 has evil.' The zodiacal signs. 8 L19 has are called in revelation. The authority, here quoted, was not the Bundahis, because that book speaks of seven chieftains of the constellations opposed to the seven planets (see Bd. V, 1). * L19 omits and seven planets,' but has a blank space at this place in both texts, Pazand and Sanskrit. 0 K43 omits the words in brackets, which may, perhaps, be superfluous in the Pahlavi text. 6 Av. Yima or Yima khshaeta of Vend. II, the Jamshed of the Shahnamah, some of whose deeds are mentioned in Chap. XXVII, 24-33, Yas. IX, 13-20. He was the third of the Pesdad dynasty, and is said to have been perverted by Aharman in his old Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VIII, 17-1X, 2. 35 Fredun? and Kai-Us? of Allharmazd are created immortal, (28) and Aharman so altered them as is known. 29. And Aharman so contemplated that Bevarasps and Frasiyak+ and Alexander should be immortal, (30) but Adharmazd, for great advantage, so altered them as that which is declared." CHAPTER IX. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : 'Is it possible to go from region to regiono, or not? age, when he lost the royal glory (see Dd. XXXIX, 16, 17), and was overthrown by the foreign dynasty of Az-i Dahak. Av. Thraeta ona, who conquered Az-i Dahak (see Chap. XXVII, 38-40, Yas. IX, 24-27). He was misled by Aharman into dividing his empire between his three sons, two of whom revolted and slew the third (see Chaps. XXI, 25, XXVII, 42). 2 Av. Kava Usan or Kavi Usadhan, the Kai-Kavus of the Shahnamah, misread Kahos in Pazand. He was the second monarch of the Kayan dynasty, and made an unsuccessful attempt to reach heaven, mentioned in Bd. XXXIV, 7, to which he may be supposed to have been instigated by Aharman, but he was also unfortunate in many other enterprises. SA title of Az-i Dahak in the Shahnamah, literally, with a myriad horses.' This king, or dynasty, is said to have conquered Yim and reigned for a thousand years, but was overthrown by Fredun. In the Avesta (Yas. IX, 25, aban Yt. 34, Af. Zarat. 3) Az-i Da hak, the destructive serpent,' is described as hazangrayaokhsti, 'with a thousand perceptions,' a term analogous to baevare-spasana, with a myriad glances,' which is usually applied to Mithra, the angel of the sun. From this latter, if used for the former, be varasp might easily be corrupted. Av. Frangrasyan, the Afrasiyab of the Shahnamah, a Turanian king who conquered the Iranians for twelve years during the reign of Manuskihar (see Bd. XXXIV, 6). Alexander the Great, misread Arasangar by Ner. 6 The earth is supposed to be divided into seven regions, of which the central one is as large as the other six united; two of D 2 Digitized by Google

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26 DINA- MAINOG-I KHIRAD. 3. From what substance is the sky made ? 4. And how and in what manner is the mingling of the water in the earth ?' 5. The spirit of wisdom answered (6) thus : Without the permission of the sacred beings, or the permission of the demons, it is then not possible for one to go from region to regiona. 7. "The sky is made from the substance of the blood-stone 3, such as they also call diamond (almast). 8. 'And the mingling of the water in the earth is just like the blood in the body of man.' CHAPTER X. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : *Can there be any peace and affection whatever of Aharman, the wicked, and his demons and miscreations, with Adharmazd and the archangels, one with the other, or not?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'There cannot be, on any account whatever ; (5) because Aharman meditates evil falsehood and its deeds, wrath and malice and discord, (6) and Adharmazd meditates righteousness and its deeds, good works the six lie to the north, two to the south, one to the east, and one to the west; and they are said to be separated by seas or mountains, difficult to cross (see Bd. XI). For their names, see Chaps. XVI, 10, XXVII, 40. Instead of adinas, 'then for one,' Ner. has manufactured a word aina, otherwise' (see also Chap. VII, 19 n). 2 This information is derived from Pahl. Vend. I, 4 a. 3 Or 'ruby,' referring to the rosy tints of dawn and sunset. The same statement is made in Bd. XII, 6. Ner. has 'steel,' and the word can be translated blood-metal.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER IX, 3-XII, 5. 37 and goodness and truth. 7. And everything can change, except good and bad nature. 8. A good nature cannot change to evil by any means what-+ ever, and a bad nature to goodness in any manner. 9. Adharmazd, on account of a good nature, approves no evil and falsehood; (10) and Aharman, on account of a bad nature, accepts no goodness and truth ; (11) and, on this account, there cannot be for them any peace and affection whatever, one with the other.' CHAPTER XI. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus: 'Is wisdom good, or skill, or goodness ??' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : Wisdom with which there is no goodness, is not to be considered as wisdom; (5) and skill with which there is no wisdom, is not to be considered as skill.' CHAPTER XII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Wherefore is it when the treasure of the spiritual existence is allotted so truly, and that of the worldly existence so falsely ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'The treasure of the worldly existence was allotted as truly, in the original creation, as that of the spiritual existence. 5. And the creator, Adharmazd, provided the 1 L19 omits the last two words, but they are evidently referred to in the reply. 2 Literally, 'is. Digitized by Google

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38 DINA-MAINOG-I KHIRAD. happiness of every kind, that is in these creatures and creation, for the use (bun) of the sun and moon and those twelve constellations which are called the twelve chieftains ? by revelation; (6) and they, too, accepted it in order to allot it truly and deservedly. 7. 'And, afterwards, Aharman produced those seven planets, such as are called the seven chieftains of Aharman, for dissipating 3 and carrying off that happiness from the creatures of Adharmazd, in opposition to the sun and moon and those twelve constellations. 8. And as to every happiness which those constellations bestow on the creatures of Auharmazd, (9) those planets take away as much of it as it is possible for them (the constellations) to give 4, (10) and give it up to the power of the demons) and fiends and the bad. 11. And the treasure of the spiritual existence is so true on this account, because Adharmazd, the lord, with all the angels and archangels, is 6 undisturbed, (12) and they make the struggle with Aharman and the demons, and also the account of the souls of men, with justice. 13. And the place of him whose good work is more is in heaven, (14) the place of him whose good work and sin are equal is among the ever-stationary?, (15) and when the crime is more, his path is then to hell.' 1 Literally, "Mitro,' the angel of the sun. 2 See Chap. VIII, 17-21. 3 By omitting one letter K43 has miscreating.' * By omitting this verb L19 has possible for them (the planets).' 5 So understood by Ner., but all the best MSS. omit the relative particle, as if the powerful demons' were meant. 6 Literally, are.' See Chap. VII, 18. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XII, 6-XIII, IO. 39 CHAPTER XIII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus: Wherefore is it when oxen and sheep, birds, flying creatures, and fish are, each one, properly learned in that which is their own knowledge, (3) and men, so long as they bring no instruction unto them, and they do not perform much toil and trouble (angino) about it, are not able to obtain and know the learning of the human race?' 4. The spirit of wisdom answered (5) thus : 'Men have been so wise, in the original creation, that, as to the good works and crime which were performed by them, the recompense of the good works and the punishment of the crime were then seen by them with their own eyes, (6) and no crime whatever proceeded from men. 7. But, afterwards, Aharman, the wicked, concealed the recompense of good works and the punishment of sin. 8. And on this account, moreover, it is said in revelation (9) that: "[These]2 four [things are worse and more grievous] than every evil which the accursed evil one, the wicked, committed upon the creatures of Adharmazd, (10) [that is, when the reward of good works and] punishment [of sin), the thoughts of men, and the consequence of actions were quite concealed [by him]." ? Ner. has read khvazinak, and taken it as equivalent to Pers. khazinah, 'treasury,' in the sense of 'expenditure;' but this is very doubtful. ? The words in brackets, in $$ 9, 10, are taken from the Pazand version, as the passage containing them has been omitted by mistake in K43. s The Pandnamah of Buzurg-Mihir states this, too, is declared, that the evil spirit committed even this very grievous thing upon Digitized by G Digitized by Google

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DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. 11. 'And, for the same reason, he made many devotions and improper creeds current in the world. 12. And, on account of men's not knowing of duty and good works, every one believes that most, and considers it as good, which his teaching in devotion has included. 13. And that devotion, in particular, is more powerful!, with which sovereignty exists. 14. But that one is the lordship and sovereignty of Vistasp, the king of kings, (15) by whom, on account of knowing it unquestionably and certainly (aevariha), the perfect and true religion, which is in the word of the creator Adharmazd, was received from the unique Zaratust, the Spitaman", (16) who has manifested clearly, explicitly, and unquestionably the treasure of the worldly and spiritual existences, of every kind, from the good religion of the Mazdaworshippers. 17. There is then" no other creed, through which it is possible for one to obtain and know the treasure of the worldly and spiritual existences so explicitly and clearly, (18) but, on account of much controversy, they are so cut up (agistako) the creatures of Adharmagd, when the reward of good works and punishment of sin were quite concealed by him, in the thoughts of men, as the consequence of actions. 1 Ner. has 'purer,' by connecting pa diyavandtar with padiyav, ablution;' but this is hardly possible, whereas the former word can be readily traced to Av. paiti+ya+vant, with the meaning resistant, stubborn, strong;' compare Pers. payab, power.' 2 Av. Vistaspa, Pers. Gustasp, the fifth king of the Kayan dynasty, who adopted the religion of Zaratust in the thirtieth year of his reign, and is said to have reigned 120 years (see Bd. XXXIV, 7). 8 See Chap. I, 10 n. * Instead of then for one,' Ner. has otherwise,' as in Chap. IX, 6. * Reading viguftakih. Ner. has 'by much contemplation,' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIII, II-XIV, 14. 41 and entangled, that the statements of their beginning are much unlike to the middle, and the middle to the end.' CHAPTER XIV. 1. The sage asked the spirit of [wisdom (2) thus : Which protection is the more defensive? 3. Which friend? (4) and which supporter of fame are good ? 5. Which helper of enjoyment is good ? 6. Which wealth is the pleasanter? 7. And which is the supremest pleasure of all pleasures 3 ?' 8. The spirit of wisdom answered (9) thus: The sacred being is the more defensive protection. 10. A virtuous brother is a good friend. II. A child, who is virtuous and an upholder of religion, is a good supporter of fame. 12. A virtuous wife, who is well-disposed, is a good helper of enjoyment. 13. That wealth is better and pleasanter which is collected by honesty, and one consumes and maintains with duties and good works. 14. And the pleasures which are superior to all pleasures are health of body, freedom from fear, good repute, and righteousness 4 having read ven aftakih. Both words are very uncommon, and it is doubtful which of them is the more appropriate to the context. From this point to Chap. XXVII, 49 the Pahlavi text of K43 is missing, owing to the loss of nine folios in that MS., but a copy of the missing passage, made by Dastur Hoshangji Jamaspji from TD2, has been consulted for the purpose of controlling the Paz. version of Lig. ? L19 inserts is good ?' 8 TD2 has which is the friend who is the supremest of friends ;' but this does not correspond well with the reply in SS 14. * TD2 adds and are good.' Digitized by Google

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DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. CHAPTER XV. I. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : 'Is poverty good, or opulence 1 ?'. 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : Poverty which is through honesty is better than opulence which is from the treasure of others. 5. For it is stated (6) thus: "As to him who is the poorest and most secluded (armesttum) person, whenever he keeps his thoughts, words, and deeds honest, and in duty to the sacred beings, for him even there is lawfully a share of all the duties and good works which mankind shall do in the world3. 7. As to him, too, who is opulent, who is a man of much wealth, when the wealth is not produced by honesty, though he takes trouble (anginako) in duties and good works and righteous gifts, his good work is then not his own, (8) because the good work is his from whom the wealth is abstracted 6." 1 L19 adds or sovereignty,' to account for $$ 12-39. ? Av. armaesta, applied to water, means 'most stationary, stagnant;' Pahl. armest (Av. airima) is applied to the place of seclusion' for impure men and women, and in Sls. VI, i it seems to refer to 'helpless' idiots or lunatics; Ner. explains it in Sanskrit as "lame, crippled, immobility,' but secluded, immured, helpless' are terms better adapted to the context, whether the word be applied to persons, as it is here and in Chaps. XXXVII, 36, XXXIX, 40, or to learning and character, as in Chap. LI, 7. 3 Persons who are wholly unable to perform good works are supposed to be entitled to a share of any supererogatory good works performed by others (see Sls. VI, 1, 2), but the allotment of such imputed good works seems to be at the discretion of the angels who keep them in store (see Sls. VIII, 4). Ner. has makes expenditure on,' by reading kh vazinak, as in Chap. XIII, 3. o$ 8 does not occur in L19, but is found in TD2, PA10, and MH7. Digitized by Google

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(UNIVERSITY CHAPTER XV. I-20 43. 9. 'And as to that much wealth which is collected by proper exertion, and one consumes and maintains with duties and good works and pleasure, even that is no better thereby, (10) because it is necessary to consider that as perfect. 1. But as to him who is a man of much wealth, whose wealth is collected by proper exertion, and he consumes and maintains it with duties and good works and pleasure, he is great and good and more perfect'. 12. 'And regarding even that which is sovereignty they state (13) thus: "What is a good government in a village is better than what is a bad government in a realm. 14. Because the creator Adharmazd produced good government for effecting the protection of the creatures, (15) and Aharman, the wicked, has produced bad government as the adversary of good government." 16. Good government is that which maintains and directs a province flourishing, the poor untroubled, and the law and custom true, (17) and sets aside improper laws and customs. 18. It well maintains water and fire by law, (19) and keeps in progress the ceremonial of the sacred beings, duties, and good works. 20. It causes friendliness 1 That is, the proper use of wealth does not make the wealth itself any better, but only the rightful possessor of it. This is, however, probably only an emendation of Ner., as the copy of TD2 gives merely the following, for $$ 9-11: But as to him who is a man of much wealth, by whose proper exertion it is collected, and he consumes and maintains it with duties, good works, and pleasure, he is no better thereby, because it is necessary to consider him as perfect.' ? Lig omits what is' in both places. 8 TD2 omits maintains,' as it is sufficiently expressed by the same Pahl. verb 'keeps' in SS 19; and L19 omits by law.' Digitized by G Digitized by Google

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44 : DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. and pleading for the poor, (21) and delivers up itself, and even that which is its own life, for the sake of the good religion of the Mazda-worshippers. 22. And if there be any one who desists from the way of the sacred beings, then it orders some one to effect his restoration thereto; (23) it also makes him a prisoner, and brings him back to the way of the sacred beings; (24) it allots, out of the wealth that is his, the share of the sacred beings and the worthy, of good works and the poor ; (25) and delivers up the body for the sake of the soul?. 26. A good king, who 3 is of that kind, is called equal to the angels and archangels. 27. 'Bad government is that (28) which destroys the true and proper law and custom, (29) and brings 4 oppression, plunder, and injudiciousness into practice. 30. It dissipates the treasure of the spiritual existence, (31) and considers duty and good works a vexation, through greediness. 32. It keeps back a person performing good works from doing good works, (33) and he thereby becomes a doer of harm. (34) Its disbursement, too, of every kind is for its own self, (35) the administration of the treasure Reading dado-gobih, 'pronouncing the law,' or 'speaking of gifts,' instead of Paz. gadango i, a misreading of Ner. for Pahl. ye dato-gobih, speaking of the sacred being. 2 The usual way of treating nonconformists in all ages and all sects, when party spirit is strong. TD2 has' delivers him up for the sake of body and soul.' 9 TD2 has good government which * TD2 has 'keeps ;' but the two verbs are much alike in Huzvaris. * Because nearly all such works entail expenditure. 6 Ner. has accumulation, but this is the meaning of ando zisn, rather than of the anda zisn in the text. 7 So in TD2. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XV, 21-XVI, I 2. 45 of the worldly existence, (36) the celebrity and exaltation of the vile, (37) the destruction and neglect of the good, (38) and the annihilation of the poor. 39. A bad king, who is of that kind, is called equal to Aharman and the demons.' CHAPTER XVI. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Of the food which men eat, and the clothing which men put on, which are the more valuable and good ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'Of the food which men eat, the milk of goats is produced good. 5. Because, as to men and quadrupeds, who are born from a mother, until the time when food is eaten by them, their growth and nourishment are then from milk, (6) and on milk they can well live. 7. And if men, when they withdraw from the milk of the mother, make thorough experience of the milk of goats, (8) then bread is not necessary for use among them. 9. Since it is declared, (10) that "the food of mankind, who are in Arzah and Savah, Fradadafsh and Vidadafsh, Vorubarst and Vorugarsts, is the milk of goats and cows; (11) other food they do not eat." 12. And he who is a milk-consuming man is healthier and stronger, and even the procreation of children becomes more harmless. 1 Reading khanidih as in TD2 and Chap. II, 28. 2 TD2 has 'bad government which.' 3 The six outermost regions of the earth, of which Arzah lies to the west, Savah to the east, Fradadassh and Vidadafsh to the south, and Vorubarst and Vorugarst to the north of the central region (see Bd. V, 8, XI, 3). Digitized by Google

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46 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. 13. Of grains wheat is called great and good, (14) because it is the chief of grains?, (15) and even by the Avesta its name is then specified in the chieftainship of grains ?. 16. 'And of fruit the date and grape are called great and good. 17. When bread has not come, it is necessary to consecrate the sacred cake by means of fruits; (18) when the fruit to consecrate is the date or grape, it is allowable to eat every fruit; (19) and when those have not come, it is necessary to eat that fruit which is consecrated4. 20. "Regarding wine it is evident, that it is possible for good and bad temper to come to manifestation through wine. 21. The goodness of a man is manifested in anger, the wisdom of a man in irregular desire. 22. For he whom anger hurries on (alls 1 It is called the chief of large-seeded grains' in Bd. XXIV, 19. ? Possibly in the Pazag Nask, part of which was 'about the thirty-three first chieftainships of the existences around, that is, how many of which are spiritual and how many worldly existences, and which is the second, and which the third of the spiritual and worldly existences,' as stated in the eighth book of the Dinkard. 3 That is, when a cake cannot be made, fruit can be substituted for it in the ceremony of consecrating the sacred cakes. The sacred cake, or dron, is a small, round, flexible pancake of unleavened wheaten bread, about the size of the palm of the hand, which, after consecration, is tasted by all those present at the ceremony (see Sls. III, 32 n). * Fruit and wine are usually consecrated and eaten, in the Afringan ceremony, after the completion of the Dron ceremony, but sometimes the Afringan is celebrated alone. Both ceremonies are performed in honour of some angel, or the guardian spirit of some deceased person (see Haug's Essays, pp. 407-409). 5 TD2 has through the nature of wine;' but as, wine,' is written mas. OTD2 has the good of a man is in anger, and the wisdom of a man in lust exciting viciousness.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVI, 13-42. . 47 taved) is able to recover himself from it through goodness, (23) he whom lust hurries on is able to recover himself from it through wisdom, (24) and he whom wine hurries on is able to recover himself from it through temper. 25. 'It is not requisite for investigation, (26) because he who is a good-tempered man, when he drinks wine, is such-like as a gold or silver cup which, however much more they burn it, becomes purer and brighter. 27. It also keeps his thoughts, words, and deeds more virtuous; (28) and he becomes gentler and pleasanter unto wife and child, companions and friends?, (29) and is more diligent in every duty and good work. 30. 'And he who is a bad-tempered man, when he drinks wine, thinks and considers himself more than ordinary. 31. He carries on a quarrel with companions, displays insolence, makes ridicule and mockery, (32) and acts arrogantly to a good person. 33. He distresses his own wife and childs, slave and servant; (34) and dissipates the joy of the good, (35) carries off peace, and brings in discord. 36. 'But every one must be cautious as to 4 the moderate drinking of wine. 37. Because, from the moderate drinking of wine, thus much benefit happens to him : (38) since it digests the food, (39) kindles the vital fire", (40) increases the understanding and intellect, semen and blood, (41) removes vexation, (42) and inflames the complexion. * Reading agas, instead of afas (Paz. vas); these two words being written alike in Pahlavi. * TD2 has 'he becomes more friendly, gentler, and pleasanter unto wife and child and companions. It also omits SS 29. 9 TD2 inserts "hireling.' * Or 'must become intelligent through.' 5 The animal heat, called the Vohu-fryan fire in Bd. XVII, 1. Digitized by Google

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48 DINA- MAINOG-I KHIRAD. 43. It causes recollection of things forgotten, (44) and goodness takes a place in the mind. (45) It likewise increases the sight of the eye, the hearing of the ear, and the speaking of the tongue; (46) and work, which it is necessary to do and expedite, becomes more progressive. 47. He also sleeps pleasantly in the sleeping place', and rises light. 48. And, on account of these contingencies, good repute for the body, righteousness for the soul, and also the approbation of the good come upon him. 49. 'And in him who drinks wine more than moderately, thus much defect becomes manifest, (50) since it diminishes his wisdom, understanding and intellect, semen and blood; (51) it injures the liver 3 and accumulates disease, (52) it alters the complexion, (53) and diminishes the strength and vigour. 54. The homage and glorification of the sacred beings become forgotten. 55. The sight of the eye, the hearing of the ear, and the speaking of the tongue become less. 56. He distresses Horvadad and Amerodad 4 (57) and entertains a desire of lethargy5. 58. That, also, which it is necessary for him to say and do, remains undone; (59) and he sleeps in uneasiness, and rises uncomfortably. 60. And, on account of these contingencies, himself, Ner. has 'at sleeping time,' and the word gas means either time' or place, but usually the latter. TD2 has basn gas, probably for balisn gas, bed place.' ? Ner. inserts the words' greatly increase' in the Sanskrit version, but they do not occur in TD2. 3 These four words occur only in TD2. The two archangels who are supposed to be injured by improper eating and drinking (see Chap. II, 34 n). o Bashasp (Av. Bushyasta), the fiend of slothful sleep. 6 Or it can be translated his own body.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVI, 43-XVIII, 2. 49 wife, and child, friend and kindred are distressed and unhappy, (61) and the superintendent of troubles and the enemy are glad. 62. The sacred beings, also, are not pleased with him; (63) and infamy comes to his body, and even wickedness to his soul. 64. Of the dress which people possess and put on?, silk is good for the body, and cotton for the soul. 65. For this reason, because silk arises from a noxious creatures, (66) and the nourishment of cotton is from water, and its growth from earth 4; and as a treasure of the soul it is called great and good and more valuable.' CHAPTER XVII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Which is that pleasure which is worse than unhappiness ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'Whoever has acquired wealth by crime, and he becomes glad of it thereby", then that pleasure is worse for him than unhappiness.' CHAPTER XVIII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Wherefore do people consider these very little, : Meaning probably the evil spirit. 2 The Sanskrit version omits the former verb, and TD2 the latter. 3 Caterpillars are creatures of Aharman, because they eat and injure vegetation which is under the special protection of the archangel Amerodad. * Water and earth, being both personified as angels, would impart somewhat of their sacred character to the cotton arising from them. 6. Glad of the crime on account of the wealth' is probably meant. Digitized by Google

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50 DINA-MAINOG-I KHIRAD. these four things which it is necessary for them to consider more, as warnings (dakhshak), (3) the changeableness of the things of the worldly existence, the death of the body, the account of the soul', and the fear of hell ?' 4. The spirit of wisdom answered (5) thus: 'On account of the delusiveness (niyazanih) of the demon of greediness?, and of discontent.' CHAPTER XIX. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Is living in fear and falsehood worse, or death ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'To live in fear and falsehood is worse than death. 5. Because every one's life is necessary for the enjoyment and pleasure of the worldly existence, (6) and when the enjoyment and pleasure of the worldly existence are not his, and fear and even falsehood 3 are with him, it is called worse than death.' CHAPTER XX. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : For kings which is the one thing more advantageous, and which the more injurious ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'For kings conversation with the wise and good is the That is, the account to be rendered by the soul after death. 2 See Chap. VIII, 15 n. . These being considered as fiends; the latter, mitokht, being the first demon produced by the evil spirit (see. Bd. I, 24, XXVIII, 14, 16). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVIII, 3-XXI, 16. 51 one thing more advantageous, (5) and speaking and conversation with slanderers and double-dealers are the more injurious for them.' CHAPTER XXI. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : What is the end of the world-arranging and spiritdestroying man? 3. What is the end of him who is a scoffing man? 4-6. What is the end of the idle, the malicious, and the lazy man? 7. What is the end of a false-hearted one, (8) and the end of an arrogant one 1 9. The spirit of wisdom answered (10) thus : 'He who is a world-arranging and spirit-destroying man is as injured, in the punishment of the three nights 2, as a raging fire when water comes upon it. 113. Of him who is a scoffing man there is no glory in body and soul; (12) and every time when he opens his mouth his wickedness then increases. 13. All the fiends, too, become so lodged in his body, that they leave no goodness whatever for his body; (14) and he makes mockery of the good, and glorification of the vile. 15. Also in the worldly existence his body is infamous, and in the spiritual existence his soul is wicked. 16. And, for effecting his punishment in hell, they deliver him over to 1 Lig has. What is the end of him who is an idle man?' in $4, and repeats the same formula in each of the $85-8. Referring to the three days and nights of final punishment, reserved for those specially wicked, at the time of the resurrection (see Bd. XXX, 12-16). 3 In TD2 the remaining sections are arranged in the following order:-$$ 18, 27-33, 19-26, 34-44, 11-17. E 2 Digitized by Google

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52 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. the scoffing fiend ; (17) and that fiend inflicts a ridicule and a mockery upon him with every single punishment. 18. 'As to him who is an idle man, yet devoid of wickedness, mostly when death comes on in the worldly existence, he thereupon (agas) begets pleasantly for the sake of another. 19. The bridge which is for the soul of him who is a malicious man is more difficult than for the other wicked who are in hell. 20. For this reason, because malice proceeds by lineage; (21) and it is possible to manage every sin better than malice, (22) because malice will abide in a lineage. 23. There are instances when it adheres 3 until the renovation of the universe ; (24) for it is clearly declared by the pure revelation, (25) that the origin of the estrangement (aniranih) of the Arumans, and even the Turanians, from the Iranians, was owing to that malice which was generated by them through the slaughter of Afrik * ; (26) and it always adheres until the renovation. 1 L19 inserts 'misery and.' The Kindvar bridge (see Chap. II, 115, 162), which is supposed to resemble a beam with many unequal sides, the side turned uppermost being narrower in proportion as the soul, intending to pass along it, is more wicked; so that the difficulty of the transit increases with the sin of the soul (see Dd. XXI, 3-5). 8 Or continues.' 4 Paz. Eraz, one of the three sons of Fredun, the Pesdad sovereign, who divided his empire among them, giving the Aruman provinces to Salm, the Turanian to Tug, and the Iranian to Airik. The last was slain by his two brothers, and his death was subsequently avenged by his descendant Manuskihar (see Chap. XXVII, 41-43, Bd. XXXI, 9-12). Though these sons are not mentioned in the Avesta now extant, their history appears to have been related in the Kidrast Nask (see Sls. X, 28 n). Digitized by Google

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* CHAPTER XXI, 17-44. 53 27. He who is a lazy man is said to be the most unworthy of men. 28. Because it is declared by revelation, (29) that the creator Adharmazd produced no corn for him who is a lazy man; (30) for him who is a lazy man there is then no giving of anything in gifts and charity?; (31) and lodging and entertainment are not to be provided for him. 32. For this reason, because that food which a lazy man eats, he eats through impropriety and injustice; (33) and, on account of his laziness and unjust eating, his body then becomes infamous and the soul wicked. 34. He who is a false-hearted man is as dubious in good things as in bad; (35) he is dubious as to the treasure of the spiritual and worldly existences, and also as to the ceremonial, invocation, and service of the sacred beings. 36. And, on account of these circumstances, the angels and archangels shall accept little of the ceremonial and invocations which he performs, (37) and give unto him little of the gain, too, which he seeks. 38. And in the mouth of the good man he is always infamous, (39) and his soul becomes wicked. 40. 'The friends of him who is an arrogant man are few, and his enemies many. 41. And even of the gifts which he gives to any one, and the ceremonial, too, which he performs for the sacred beings, they shall accept little, on account of his arrogance, (42) and give little of the gain, too, which he seeks. 43. And in hell they deliver him to the fiend of arrogance, in order to inflict punishment upon his soul; (44) and the fiend of arrogance inflicts punishment of various kinds upon it, and is not pacified.' 1 L19 has he then gives nothing as his living, which is through gifts and charity' Digitized by Google

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54 DINA- MAINOG- KHIRAD. CHAPTER XXII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : "Is it possible to provide, for one's own hand, the treasure and wealth of the worldly existence through exertion, or not?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'It is not possible to provide for one's self, through exertion, that benefit which is not ordained; (5) but a morsel (kazd) of that which is ordained comes on by means of exertion. 6. Yet the exertion, when it is fruitless in the worldly existence, through the sacred beings not being with it?, still comes, afterwards, to one's assistance in the spiritual existence, and outweighs in the balance ?' CHAPTER XXIII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : 'Is it possible to contend with destiny through wisdom and knowledge, or not?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus: 'Even with the might and powerfulness of wisdom and knowledge, even then it is not possible to contend with destiny. 5. Because, when predestination as to virtue, or as to the reverse 3, comes forth, the wise becomes wanting (niya zan) in duty, and the astute in evil becomes intelligent; (6) the faint-hearted becomes braver, and the braver becomes faint-hearted; 1 TDz has time not being with it.' 2 The balance in which men's actions are weighed by the angel Rashna (see Chap. II, 119-122). * L19 has 'vileness.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXII, 1-XXV, 2. 55 (7) the diligent becomes lazy, and the lazy acts diligently? (8) Just as is predestined as to the matter, the cause enters into it, (9) and thrusts out everything else.' CHAPTER XXIV. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : 'On account of the begging of favours, and the practice and worthiness of good works, do the sacred beings also grant anything to men otherwise , or not?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus: 'They grant; (5) for there are such as they call thus : "Destiny and divine providence." 6. Destiny is that which is ordained from the beginning, (7) and divine providence is that which they also grant otherwise. 8. But the sacred beings provide and manifest in the spiritual existence little of that grant, on this account, because Aharman, the wicked, through the power of the seven planets extorts wealth, and also every other benefit of the worldly existence, from the good and worthy, and grants them more fully to the bad and unworthy.' CHAPTER XXV. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Of the rich who is the poorer, and of the poor who is the richer?' 1 L19 has becomes diligent. . That is, otherwise than by destiny, as mentioned in the previous chapter, and in consequence of prayer and merit. * TD2 inserts through that cause.' Digitized by Google

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DINA-1 MANOG- KHIRAD. 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'Of the rich he is the poorer who is not content with that which is his, (5) and suffers anxiety for the increase of anything. 6. 'And of the poor he is the richer who is content with that which has come, (7) and cares not for the increase of anything.' CHAPTER XXVI. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Is a blind eye worse, or a blind mind (dil)? 3. Is the ill-informed worse, or the bad-tempered ?' 4. The spirit of wisdom answered (5) thus : 'He who is blind-eyed, when he has understanding in anything, and accomplishes learning, is to be considered as sound-eyed. 6. And he who is soundeyed, when he has no knowledge and understanding, and even that which they teach him he does not accept, then that is worse than even a blind eye. 7. 'The ill-tempered is less evil than the illinformed; (8) because the ill-tempered, except by a decree, is not able to seize anything away from any one; (9) and as to the ill-informed man, his desire of every kind is then for oppression and plunder. 10. Concerning him who is ill-informed it is declared that, apart from predestination, he is born free from fresh understanding.' 1 L19 has 'when he has no knowledge of anything.' 2. L19 has is better.' 8 That is, when he has a decree in his favour. * SS 10 is found only in TD2. It probably means that an illinformed man is not likely to acquire any knowledge beyond that which is unavoidable. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXV, 3-XXVII, 12. 57 CHAPTER XXVII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus: Wherefore have the people who were from Gayomard", and those, too, who were lords and monarchs, from Hoshang 2, the Pesdad, even unto Vistasp 3, the king of kings, been such doers of their own wills ? 3. Much benefit was also obtained by them from the sacred beings, (4) and they have been mostly those who were ungrateful unto the sacred beings, (5) and there are some even who have been very ungrateful, promise-breaking, and sinful. 6. For what benefit then have they been severally created, (7) and what result and advantage proceeded from them ?' 8. The spirit of wisdom answered (9) thus: That which thou askest concerning them, as to benefit, or as to the reverse 4, thou shouldst become aware of and fully understand. 10. Because the affairs of the world of every kind proceed through destiny and time and the supreme decree of the self-existent eternity (zorvan), the king and long-continuing lord. 11. Since, at various periods, it happens unto every one, for whom it is allotted, just as that which is necessary. to happen. 12. As even from the mutual connection of those ancients, who are passed Av. Gaya-maretan, the primeval man from whom the whole human race is supposed to have sprung, and who lived for thirty years after the advent of the evil spirit (see Bd. III, 22, XXXIV, 2). 2 Av. Haoshyangha, the first monarch of the Iranian world, and founder of the Pesdad (Av. paradhata, early law ') dynasty. He was the great-grandson of Mashya, the first earthly man that sprang from Gayomard, and is said to have reigned for forty years (see Bd. XV, 21-28, XXXI, 1, XXXIV, 4). * See Chap. XIII, 14 n. * L19 has evil.' Digitized by Google

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58 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. away, it is manifest (13) that, ultimately, that benefit arose which was necessary to come from them to the creatures of Atharmazd. 14. Because the advantage from Gayomard was this, (15) first, the slaying of Arzur, and making delivery of his own body, with great judiciousness, to Aharman ? 16. And the second advantage was this, (17) that mankind and all the guardian spirits of the producers of the renovation of the universe, males 8 and females ", were produced from his body. 18. And, thirdly, this ", that even the metals were produced and formed 6 from his body?. 19. 'And the advantage from Hoshang, the Pesdad, was this, (20) that, of three parts, he slew two parts of the demons of Mazendars, who were destroyers of the world.. 21. 'The advantage from Takhmorup', the well 1 Written Airzur in TD2. It has been suggested by Windischmann (Zor. Stud. p. 5) that this was the name of a demon, afterwards applied to the Aresur ridge at the gate of hell (see Bd. XII, 8), but this requires confirmation. Regarding this ridge the following explanation occurs in the Pahlavi Rivayat which precedes Dd. in many MSS. :- They say that hell is the ridge (pusto) of Arekzur; and hell is not the ridge of Arekzur, but that place where the gate of hell exists is a ridge (grivako) such as the ridge named Arekzur, and owing to that they assert that it is the ridge (pusto) of Arekzur.' The explainer appears to mean that the ridge at the gate of hell was named after the other Mount Arezur, in Arum (see Bd. XII, 16). . Compare Bd. III, 21-23. 8 L19 has righteous males.' 4 Fifteen of each, as stated in Bd. XXX, 17. 5 L19 has this advantage.' 6L19 omits the former verb. * See Zs. X, 2, Dd. LXIV, 7. & See Dd. LXV, 5, referring probably to the demon-worshippers of Mazendaran, south of the Caspian. Av. Takhmo-urupa, the Tahmuras of the Shahnamah; he Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXVII, 13-28. grown, was this, (22) that the accursed evil one, the wicked, was kept by him thirty years as a charger 1. 23. And the writing of penmanship of seven kinds, which that wicked one kept in concealment, he brought out to publicity. 24. "The advantage from the well-flocked Yimshed?, son of Vivangha, was this, (25) that an immortality of six hundred years, six months, and sixteen days 3 is provided by him for the creatures and creation, of every kind, of the creator Adharmazd; (26) and they are made unsuffering, undecaying, and undisturbed 4 (27) Secondly, this ", that the enclosure formed by Yim was made by him ; (28) and when that rain of Malkos? occurssince it is declared in revelation that mankind and is said to have been a great-grandson of Hoshang, whom he succeeded on the throne, and to have reigned thirty years (see Bd. XXXI, 2, XXXIV, 4). Written Takhmorido in TD2. | 1 See Ram Yt. 12, Zamyad Yt. 29. 9 Av. Yima khshaeta, Yim the spendid;' he was a brother of his predecessor, Takhmorup, and the Bundahis states that he reigned six hundred and sixteen years and six months in glory, and one hundred years in concealment (see Chap. VIII, 27, Bd. XXXI, 3, XXXIV, 4). * TD2 has only three hundred years,' by the accidental omission of a cipher; it also omits the months and days. * See Vend. II, 16, Ram Yt. 16, Zamyad it. 33. o L19 has this advantage. * See Chap. LXII, 15-19. The formation of this enclosure is ordered by Adharmasd in Vend. II, 61-92, for the preservation of mankind, animals, and plants from the effects of a glacial epoch which he foretells, and which is here represented as the rain of Malkos. ? This term for 'deluging rain' may be traced either to Chald. autumnal rain,' or to Av, mahrkuse, the title of a demon regarding whom nothing is yet known (see Dd. XXXVII, 94 n and SBE, vol. xviii, p. 479). Digitized by Google

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60 DINA- MAINOG-I KHIRAD. the other creatures and creations of Adharmazd, the lord, are mostly those which shall perish --(29) one shall afterwards open the gate of that enclosure formed by Yim, (30) and the people and cattle, and other creatures and creations of the creator Adharmazd, shall come out from that enclosure, (31) and arrange the world again. 32. Thirdly, (33) when ? he brought back the proportion of the worldly existences, which that evil-producing wicked ones had swallowed, from his belly4. Fourthly, when a goat (gospend) was not given by him to the demons in the character of an old man 34. "And the advantage from Az-i Dahak, the * L19 has merely shall mostly perish,' in place of these last six words. ? L19 has thirdly, this advantage, that.' 8 L19 adds .who is Aharman.' 4 According to a legend preserved in the Persian Rivayats (see MH1o, fol. 52) Aharman, while kept as a charger by Takhmorup, induced the wife of the latter to ascertain from her husband whether he ever felt fear while riding the fiend, and, acting upon the information thus obtained, he threw the king from his back while descending from the Alburz mountains, and swallowed him. Information of this event was conveyed to Yim by the angel Srosh, who advised him to seek the fiend and propitiate him. Yim, accordingly, went into the wilderness singing, to attract Aharman, and, when the fiend appeared, Yim ingratiated himself into his favour and, taking advantage of an unguarded moment, he dragged Takhmorup out of the fiend's entrails, and placed the corpse in a depository for the dead. In consequence of this feat his hand was attacked with leprosy, from which he suffered greatly until it was accidentally washed in bull's urine, which healed it. This legend is related for the purpose of recommending the use of bull's urine for purification of the body. 5 Or, perhaps, as a substitute for an old man. This fourth advantage is found only in TD2, where the text is as follows:*Kaharum, amatas gospend pavan goharik-i pir val sedan la yehabunto,' 5 Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXVII, 29-44. 61 Bevarasp?, and the accursed Frasiyak of Tar1 was this, (35) that, if the dominion should not have come to Bevarasp and Frasiyak, the accursed evil spirit would then have given that dominion unto Aeshm?; (36) and when it would have come unto Aeshm, it would not have been possible to take it away from him till the resurrection and future existence, (37) for this reason, because he has no bodily existence 8. 38. 'And the advantage from Fredan was this, (39) such as the vanquishing and binding of Az-i Dahak, the Bevaraspo, who was so grievously sinful. 40. And, again too, many demons of Mazendar 6 were smitten by him, and expelled from the region of Khvanfras?.. 41. 'And the advantage from Manuskihar 8 was this, (42, 43) that, in revenge for Afrik, who was his grandfather, Salm and Tag were kept back by him from disturbing the world". 44. From the land of . 1 See Chap. VIII, 29. * The demon of wrath (see Chap. II, 115). * And would, therefore, have continued to live and reign till the resurrection. * See Chap. VIII, 27. He is said to have reigned for five hundred years (see Bd. XXXIV, 6), but this period includes the lives of ten generations of his descendants who did not reign (see Bd. XXXI, 14). He is said to have been confined in Mount Dimavand (see Bd. XXIX, 9). See $ 20. ? The central region of the earth, containing all the countries best known to the Iranians, and supposed to be as large as the six outer regions united (see Bd. XI, 2-6). 8 The successor of Fredun, who reigned one hundred and twenty years (see Bd. XXXIV, 6). He was a descendant, in the tenth generation, from Airik, one of the sons of Fredun, who had been slain by his brothers Salm and Tag (see Bd. XXXI, 0-14). * Lig has that he slew Salm and Tug, who were his great Digitized by Google

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62 Dina-1 MAINOG-KHIRAD. Padashkhvargarunto the beginning of Dagako ?, such as Frasiyaks had taken, by treaty (padmano)* he seized back from Frasiyak, and brought it into the possession of the countries of Iran. And as to the enlargement of the sea of Kansat(r), such as Frasiyak supplied, he also expelled the water from it. 45. 'And the advantage from Kai-Kavad o was uncles, in revenge for Airik, and kept them back from disturbing the world. 1 The mountainous region in Taparistan and Gilan, .south of the Caspian (see Bd. XII, 17). 3 L19 has hell.' This Dugako may possibly be meant for the Dusako of Vend. I, 34, of which Vaekereta was the chief settlement, and this latter is identified with Kavul (Kabul) by the Pahlavi translators. The name can also be read Gangako, which might be identified with Canzaca, but this would not correspond so well with the legend, alluded to in the text, which relates how Manuskihar, having shut himself up in the impregnable fortress of Amul in Taparistan, could not be conquered by Frasiyak, who was compelled to come to terms, whereby all the country within an arrow-shot east of Mount Dimavand should remain subject to Manuskihar. The arrow was shot and kept on its flight from dawn till noon, when it fell on the bank of the Oxus, which river was thenceforward considered the frontier of the Iranians. This frontier would fully include all the territory between Taparistan and Kabul mentioned in the text. In Bd. XXXI, 21 the success of Manuskibar is attributed to some dispute between Frasiyak and his brother, Aghrerad. 3 See Chap. VIII, 29 n. L19 has such as was made the portion (padmana) of Frasiyak. o Called Kyansih in Bd. XIII, 16, XX, 34, where it is stated that it was formerly fresh, but latterly salt, and that Frasiyak diverted many rivers and streams into it. It is the brackish lake and swamp now called Hamun, 'the desert,' or Zarah, the sea,' in Sistan. In the Avesta it is called Kosu, and the future apostles of the Mazda-worshipping faith are expected to be born on its shores. 6 Av. Kavi Kavata, the Kai-Qubad of the Shahnamah. He Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXVII, 45-54. 63 this, (46) that he became a thanksgiver unto the sacred beings. 47. Dominion, also, was well exercised by him, (48) and the family and race of the Kayans proceeded again from him. 49. 'And the advantage from Sahm]" was [this], (50) that the serpent Srdvar 2 and the wolf Kapad 3, which they also call Pehino 4, the watery demon Gandarep, the bird Kamak, and the deluding demon were slain by him. 51. And he also performed many other great and valuable actions, (52) and kept back much disturbance from the world, (53) as to which, when one of those disturbances, in particular, should have remained behind, it would not have been possible to produce the resurrection and future existence. 54. 'And the advantage from Kai-Us" was this, was the founder of the Kayan dynasty, and reigned fifteen years (see Bd. XXXI, 24, 25, XXXIV, 7). 1 The brackets indicate the end of the passage taken from TD2 and the Pazand version, in consequence of the nine folios containing Chaps. XIV, 1-XXVII, 49 being lost from K43. From this point the translation follows the text of K43. Sahm (Av. Sama) was the family name of the hero Keresasp (see Fravardin Yt. 61, 136), who was a son of Thrita the Saman (see Yas. IX, 30, 31). For the legends relating to him, see SBE, vol. xviii, pp. 369382. His name is written Sam in Pazand. : Av. azi srvara (see Yas. IX, 34-39, Zamyad Yt. 40). s Or the blue wolf;' not yet identified in the Avesta. * Darmesteter (SBE, vol. xxiii, p. 295, note 4) identifies this name with Pathana of Zamyad Yt. 41, which seems to mean * highwayman;' but this identification appears to depend merely on similarity of sound. o Av. Gandarewa of aban Yt. 38, Ram Yt. 28, Zamyad Yt. 41. 6 A gigantic bird mentioned in the Persian Rivayats as overshadowing the earth and keeping off the rain, while it ate up men and animals like grains of corn, until Keresasp killed it with arrows shot continuously for seven days and nights. See Chap. VIII, 27 n. He was a grandson of Kai-Kavad, Digitized by Google

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64 DINA-I MAINOG-KHIRAD. (55) as Siyavakhsh was produced from his body. 56. Many other actions also proceeded from him. 57. 'And the advantage from Siyavakhsh was this, (58) such as the begetting of Kal-Khusrdis, and the formation of Kangde23. 59. "And the advantage from Kaf-Khasroi was this, (60) such as the slaying of Frasiyak, (61) the extirpation of the idol-temples which were on the lake of Kekast", (62) and the management of Kangdez. 63. And he is able to do good through his assistance of the raising of the dead by the restorer of the dead, the triumphant Soshans?, which is in the future existence. 64. 'And the advantage from Kaf-Loharasp was whom he succeeded, and is said to have reigned a hundred and fifty years (see Bd. XXXI. 25. XXXIV. 7), but perhaps this period may have included the reign of his father, whom tradition has nearly forgotten. 1 Av. Syavarshan, the Siyavush of the Shahnamah. Though both his father and son were kings, he did not reign himself. L19 has Kai-Syavash. ? See Chap. II, 95. * Av. Kangha. A fortified settlement said to have been in the direction of the east, at many leagues from the bed of the wideformed ocean towards that side,' and on the frontier of Afran-veg (see Chap. LXII, 13, Bd. XXIX, 10). * See Chap. VIII, 29. This name must have been applied rather to a dynasty than to a single individual, as he reigned in Iran in the time of Manuskihar, nearly two hundred years earlier. o See Chap. II, 95. 6 He is expected to assist in the renovation of the universe at the resurrection, together with Keresasp and other heroes (see Chap. LVII, 7, Dd. XXXVI, 3). See Chap. II, 95. & Av. Kavi and Aurvadas pa. He was a descendant of KaiKavad in the fifth generation, being a second cousin once removed of his predecessor, Kai-Khusroi, and reigned a hundred and twenty years (see Bd. XXXI, 25, 28, XXXIV, 7). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXVII, 55-76. 65 this, (65) that dominion was well exercised by him, (66) and he became a thanksgiver unto the sacred beings. 67. He demolished the Jerusalem of the Jews, and made the Jews dispersed and scattered; and the accepter of the religion, Kai-Vistasp?, was produced from his body. 68. 'And the advantage from Vistasp was this, (69) such as the acceptance and solemnization of the good religion of the Mazda-worshippers, (70) through the divine voice (bakan ae vaz) of the Ahunavar 3, the word of the creator Adharmazd; (71) the annihilation and destruction of the bodies of the demons and fiends; (72) and the pleasure and comfort of water and fire and all the angels and spirits of the worldly existences". 73. And he was full of the hope of the good and worthy, (74) through a virtuous desire for his own determination, (75) the compensation (nos dasno)" and gratification of Allharmazd, with the archangels, (76) and the affliction and destruction of Aharman and the miscreations. * Adrisalem-i Yahu da no. The first fourteen words of $ 67 do not occur in the Paz.-Sans. version, but a corresponding statement is found in a Persian metrical version, described by Sachau in his Contributions to the Knowledge of Parsee Literature (J.R.A.S., New Series, vol. iv, pp. 229-283), also in the works of several Arab writers of the tenth century(see Noldeke, Got. gel. Anz. 1882, p. 964). . 2 See Chap. XIII, 14 n. The most sacred formula of the Mazda-worshippers, consisting of twenty-one words, forming three metrical lines of sixteen syllables each, beginning with yatha a hu vairyo,'as a patron spirit is desirable.' It is supposed to have been uttered by Allharmasd, for the discomfiture of Aharman, on the first appearance of that evil spirit in the universe (see Bd. I, 21). . * Lig has all the angels of the spiritual and worldly existences.' * L19 has u shnaisn, 'and the propitiation.' * L19 has 'his.' [24] F . Digitized by Google

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66 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. CHAPTER XXVIII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Who is the more forgiving (vakhshaya niktar) ? 3. What is the more in strength ? 4. What is the swifter 1 ? 5. What is the happier ? 6. What is the more miserable ? ?' 7. The spirit of wisdom answered (8) thus : 'Allharmazd, the lord, is the more forgiving. 9. He saw: the nine thousand years' mischief4 among his own creatures, owing to Aharman, yet afterwards, through justice and forgiveness, he does not then smite him for it. 10. And the celestial sphere is the more in strength. 11. The intellect 6 of mankind is the swifter. 12. The souls of the righteous are the happier. 13. And those of the wicked are the more penitent? CHAPTER XXIX. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : What is it necessary to keep with more regard and more protection ?' ? Or sharper.' ? L19 adds 'what is the more hopeless ?' 3 L19 has who sees.' The period appointed for the conflict between the good and evil spirits (see Chap. VIII, 11). 5 Reading edinasas, which Ner. has misread ainas, otherwise him.' L19 has yet then, except with justice and patience, he does not smite him otherwise. It is also possible to read he does not smite him without listening (agus has).' 6 L19 has the thought.' L19 has the more miserable and more hopeless." Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXVIII, 1-XXXI, 5. 67 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'It is necessary to keep a young serving-boy (rasik), a wife, a beast of burden, and a fire with more protection and more regard.' CHAPTER XXX. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus: Which of any living existence (zivendag-I) is the worse? 3. And in wisdom who is the more unforeseeing? ?' 4. The spirit of wisdom answered (5) thus: 'A life of him is the worse, who lives in fear and falsehoods. 6. And in wisdom he is the more unforeseeing, who does not provide for 4 the spiritual existence, and attends to the worldly one.' CHAPTER XXXI. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : What is the business of the priests, warriors, and husbandmen, each separately?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus: "The business of the priests is to maintain the religion properly; (5) and to perform the ceremonial and invocation of the sacred beings well and with atten 1 L19 has a young boy (redak).' * Literally, 'more unforeknowing (apasdaniktar)' L19 has more unapprovable (apasandasnitar).' 8 See Chap. XIX, 6. * L19 has does not believe in.' * The three classes which are often mentioned in the Avesta as constituting the Mazda-worshipping community. For their vices, see Chap. LIX. F 2 Digitized by G Digitized by Google

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DINA-MAINOG-I KHIRAD. tion, (6) and the decrees, decisions?, custom, and controls, as revealed by the pure, good religion of the Mazda-worshippers. 7. To make people aware of the goodness of good works4; (8) and to show the way to heaven, and the danger and avoidance of hell. 9. "The business of the warriors is to defeat the enemy; (10) and to keep their own country and land (bum)unalarmed and tranquil. 11. 'And the business of the husbandmen is to perform tillage and cultivation ; (12) and, to the extent of their ability, to keep the world invigorated and populous.' CHAPTER XXXII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : What is the business of the well-endeavouring (r), the artizans ? 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus: The business of the artizans is this, (5) that as to that work which they do not understand, they do not bring a hand to it; (6) and that which they well? 1 L19 inserts 'to keep true.? 9 K43 has dad dadistan, decisions of the law;' but the repetition of the syllable dad is probably a clerical blunder. : L19 omits va band, and control.' * L19 has aware of good works and sin.' 6 L19 has vimand, frontier.' 6 The hut@khshan (Av. huiti) are the fourth class of the .community, and are very rarely mentioned in the Avesta, possibly because they were originally enslaved outcasts or aborigines, as in other ancient communities. The passage where they are specially mentioned (Yas. XIX, 46) is probably taken from the Bagh Nask (see Sls. X, 26 n; XIII, 1 n, 9 n). L19 omits well.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXI, 6-XXXIII, 16. 69 understand (hu-danend), they perform well and with attention ; (7) and they demand wages lawfully. (8). For as to him who persists in doing that work which he does not understand, it is he by whom that work is spoiled and becomes useless; and when, moreover, he is a man whose work makes himself satisfied, it then becomes even an origin of sin for him.' COEESE LIPPAAN UNIVERSITY CHAPTER XXXIII. CALIFORNIA, 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : *As to a ruler2, (3) a chieftain, (4) a friend, (5) a kinsman, (6) a wife, (7) a child, (8) and a country, which is the worse?' 9. The spirit of wisdom answered (10) thus : That ruler is the worse, that is not able to keep the country unalarmed, and the people untroubled. II. That chieftain is the worse, who is defective in ability, unthankful unto agents (kardaran), and no helper and interceder for a servant (a sak) 3. 12. That friend is the worse, who is not fit to be relied upon. 13. That kinsman is the worse, who is no helper in illness (khastanak). 14. That wife is the worse, with whom it is not possible to live with pleasure. 15. That child is the worse, who is no bringer of renown. 16. And that country is the worse, in which it is not possible to live in happiness, fearlessness, and permanence.' 1 L19 omits work,' and K43 omits' which * L19 makes &$ 2-7 each a separate question, by adding 'which is the worse' to each, as in $ 8. 3 L19 has a sagardan,' disciples.' * Or, in accident (hastanak).' Digitized by Google

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DINA- MAINOG-I KHIRAD. CHAPTER XXXIV. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : * Has the creator Adharmazd produced the creation of anything whatever for the worldly existence", unto which Aharman is not able to bring disturbance ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'To him who is a wise and contented man it is but little possible to bring disturbance.' CHAPTER XXXV. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : How many are those people whom it is necessary to consider as rich, and how many are those who are poor?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus: 'These are the people it is necessary to consider as rich :(5) one is he who is perfect in wisdom; (6) the second, whose body is healthy, and he lives fearlessly; (7) the third, who is content with that which has come; (8) the fourth, he whose destiny is a helper in virtue; (9) the fifth, who is well-famed in the eyes of the sacred beings, and by the tongues of the good; (10) the sixth, whose trust is on this one, pure, good religion of the Mazda-worshippers; (11) and the seventh, whose wealth is from honesty. 12. 'And these are the people to be considered as poor :-(13) one is he with whom there is no wisdom; (14) the second, whose body is not healthy; (15) the third, who lives in his fear, terror?, and falsehood; (16) the fourth, who is not ruling in his ? L19 omits these four words. ? L19 omits terror.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXIV, I-XXXVI, II. 71 own body; (17) the fifth, whose destiny is no helper ; (18) the sixth, who is infamous in the eyes of the sacred beings, and on the tongues of the good; (19) and the seventh, who is old, and no child and kindred exist.' CHAPTER XXXVI. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Which sin is the more heinous ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'Of the sin which people commit, unnatural intercourse is the more heinous. 5. The second is he who has suffered or performed intercourse with men. 6. The third, who slays a righteous man. 7. The fourth, who breaks off a next-of-kin marriage? 8. The fifth, who destroys the arrangement of an adopted son (sa tor). 9. The sixth, who smites the fire of Varahram3. 10. The seventh, who kills a waterbeaver 4. 11. The eighth, who worships an idol. * See Chap. IV, 4 n. 9 If a man has not appointed an adopted son during his lifetime, and leaves property producing an income of eighty-four rupis or more, but no privileged wife, or child, or domesticated brother, fit for the duty of guardianship, then an adopted son must be appointed by his nearest relations after his death (see Dd. LVI-LX). & The sacred fire, named after the angel Varahram or Vahram (see Chap. II, 115). * The baprak o-1 avik is the Av, bawris upapo, with whose skins Ardvisura, the angel of water, is said to be clothed Aban Yt. 129). It is said to have been created in opposition to the demon which is in the water' (see Bd. XIX, 29). Whether it is the same as the Av. udra upapa, water-otter,' is not quite certain; but killing the latter was considered (for some reason not clearly ascertained) a very heinous sin, for which the proper atonement is fully detailed in Vend. XIV. Digitized by Google

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72 DINA- MAINOG-I KHIRAD. 12. The ninth, who believes and wishes to worship in every religion. 13. The tenth, who consumes anything which is received into his custody, and becomes an embezzler. 14. The eleventh is he who, through sinfulness, provides support for wickedness?. 15. The twelfth, who does no work, but eats unthankfully and unlawfully. 16. The thirteenth, who commits heresy (zandikih)2. 17. The fourteenth, who commits witchcraft. 18. The fifteenth, who commits apostasy (aharmokih) 3. 19. The sixteenth, who commits demon-worship. 20. The seventeenth, who commits theft, or abetting (a vagidih) of thieves. 21. The eighteenth, who commits promise-breaking. 22. The nineteenth, who commits maliciousness. 23. The twentieth, who commits oppression to make the things of others his own. 24. The twenty-first, who dis 1 L19 has 'falsehood.' 9 The term zandik, according to Mas'alldi (chap. xxiv), was first applied to the Manicheans, and afterwards to all others who followed the commentary (zand) in preference to the Avesta; finally, however, the Arabs applied the term to the Persians, probably with its acquired meaning of 'heretic' or 'infidel.' A different explanation of the term is given in Pahl. Yas. LX, II, where it is stated that Zand is the apostle of the wizards, and through and it is possible to perform witchcraft.' The Sanskrit version here adds, that is, he thinks well of Aharman and the demons;' and in PAro it continues thus : 'the atheist's religion, the wicked way that there is no creator, there is no heaven, there is no hell, there is no resurrection, and so on; such is the meaning.' * From Av. ashemaogha, disturbing righteousness.' Ner. adds in Sanskrit, that is, having thoroughly known the meaning of the Avesta, he becomes deceived.' * As the verb in SS 23 can apply, in Pahlavi, to any number of preceding sections, it is omitted by K43 in $$ 19-22. The verb is also omitted by K43 in $ 25 for a similar reason. 5 Or 'breach of contract.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVI, 12-XXXVII, 9. 73 tresses a righteous man. 25. The twenty-second, who commits slander. 26. The twenty-third, who commits arrogance. 27. The twenty-fourth, who goes to a professional courtezan! 28. The twentyfifth, who commits ingratitude. 29. The twentysixth, who speaks false and untrue?. 30. The twenty-seventh, who causes discontent as to the affairs of those who are departed?. 31. The twentyeighth, whose pleasure is from viciousness and harassing the good. 32. The twenty-ninth, who considers sin as to be urged on, and a good work as a day's delay4. 33. And the thirtieth, who becomes grieved by that happiness which is provided by him for any one.' CHAPTER XXXVII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : 'Through how many ways and motives of good works do people arrive most at heaven?'. 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'The first good work is liberality 5. 5. The second, truth. 6. The third, thankfulness. 7. The fourth, contentment. 8. The fifth, wanting to produce welfare for the good, and becoming a friend to every one. 9. The sixth, being without doubt as to this, that the Such appears to be the meaning of zano-i karan. L19 has zan-i kasan, the wives of others. ? Or irreverent,' according as we read arasto or anasto. 3 L19 has 'secluded and departed,' similar to Chap. XXXVII, 23. * It is doubtful whether sipang, 'a halting-place,' or sipog, 'setting aside,' should be read; but the meaning is practically the same. * Compare Chap. IV, which divides good works into seven classes. Digitized by Google

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74 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. sky and earth and every benefit of the worldly and spiritual existences are owing to the creator Adharmazd. 10. The seventh, being so as to the unquestionableness of this !, that all misery and affliction are owing to Aharman the wicked, who is accursed. 11. The eighth, freedom from doubt as to the resurrection and future existence. 12. The ninth, who for love of the soul effects 2 a next-of-kin marriage. 13. The tenth, who arranges adoptions. 14. The eleventh, who practises regular industry. 15. The twelfth, who is without doubt in this pure, good religion of the Mazda-worshippers. 16. The thirteenth, who is kindly regardful as to the ability and means of every one. 17. The fourteenth, who perceives - the kind regard of the good, and becomes himself, also, kindly regardful as to the goodness which one wants among the good. 18. The fifteenth, who seeks the affection of the good. 19. The sixteenth, who keeps malice and uncharitableness far from his mind. 20. The seventeenth, who bears no improper envy. 21. The eighteenth, who forms no desire of lust. 22. The nineteenth, who produces no discord with any one. 23. The twentieth, who brings no distress into the affairs of a departed and unassisted one (avigid).. 24. The twenty-first, who By the transposition of two words L19 has freedom from doubt as to this.' 3 Whether for himself, or for another, is uncertain (see Chap. IV, 4n). 3 Ner. explains in Sanskrit, thus : 'that is, whoever becomes a spirit childless, maintains any man, with his wealth, for his fame and his lineage, then thus the soul, too, is for an increase of good works.' * L19 transposes the two verbs, perceives' and 'wants.' * Ner. reads hvazid, which he identifies with Pers. 'hazid, 'con Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVII, 10-XXXVIII, 2. 75 lets ? no wrath into his body. 25. The twentysecond, who commits no sin on account of disgrace 2. 26. The twenty-third, who forms no desire of lethargy on account of laziness. 27. The twenty-fourth, who is without doubt as to the sacred beings. 28. The twenty-fifth, who is without doubt as to the existence of heaven and hell, and the account which is to be rendered by the soul, the glory which is in heaven, and the misery which is in hell. 29. The twentysixth, who abstains : from slander and envious looks. 30. The twenty-seventh, who causes the happiness of himself, and gives happy advancement also to others. 31. The twenty-eighth, who becomes the help of the good, and accuser of the bad. 32. The twenty-ninth, who restrains himself from deceit and evil (dusih) 6. 33. The thirtieth, who does not speak false and untrue 6. 34. The thirty-first, who restrains himself firmly from promise-breaking. 35. The thirty-second, who, for the sake of seeking his own benefit and happiness, causes the abstinence of others from evil. 36. And the thirty-third, who provides lodging accommodation for the sick and secluded? and traders.' CHAPTER XXXVIII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Wherefore is it when they do not allot the happiness cealed, secluded;' and which might also be taken in the sense of one who has crawled,' meaning a young child; but the identification is doubtful. 1 L19 has 'keeps.' ? That is, 'for fear of disgrace. 8 L19 has restrains himself.' L19 has helper.' * L19 has hvad-doshi, self-conceit.' * See Chap. XXXVI, 29 n. See Chap. XV, 6 n. Digitized by G Digitized by Google

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| DENA- MAINBG- KHIRAD. of the worldly existence according to worthiness, and they make the soul a seizer upon the spiritual existences by worthiness of action ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus: 'On account of the compassion of Allharmazd, the lord, as regards the creatures, he allots all happiness alike among the good and alike among the bad. 5. But when it does not always come upon them, it is on account of the oppression of Aharman and the demons, and the extortion of those seven planets. 6. 'And they make one ? a seizer upon the spiritual existences, by worthiness of action, on this account, because the wickedness of any one arises through the performance of his own actions.' CHAPTER XXXIX. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Which power is the more seemly? 3. In wisdom who is the more complete ? 4. And in disposition who is the more faithful ? 5. Whose speech is the more proper ? 6. In whose mind is the goodness little * ? 7. And as a friend who is the worse? 8. In whose mind is the pleasure little ? 9. In heart who is the more seemly? 10. In endurance who is the more approvable? 11. Who is not to be considered as faithful ? 12. What is that which is worth keeping with every one? 13. And what 1 Which are supposed to be agents of Aharman for causing misfortune to the creatures (see Chaps. VIII, 19, 20; XII, 7-10). ? L19 has the soul.' L19 has every: * L19 has 'much the more,' to correspond with a different reply in $ 26. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVIII, 3-xxxix, 31. 77 is that which is not to be kept with any one? 14. What is to be preserved in conversation ? 15. Who is he that is not to be accepted as a witness ? 16. And unto whom is it necessary to be obedient ? 17. What is it more necessary to mind and to keep praising? 18. What is that which is not to be made unrespected in any way? 19. What is he who, in his own degree, is said to be such as Adharmazd and the archangels ? 20. And what is he who, in his own degree, is such as Aharman and the demons ?' 21. The spirit of wisdom answered (22) thus: 'In power he is the more seemly who, when he indulges his wrath, is able to allay the wrath, and not commit sin and gratify himself. 23. And in wisdom he is the more complete who is able to preserve his own soul. 24. In disposition he is the more faithful, in whom there is nothing whatever of deceit and pretence. 25. The speech of him is the more proper who speaks more true. 26. Goodness is little in the mind of a man of wrath 27. As a friend, a malicious man who is a fighter is worse. 28. And pleasure is little in the mind of him who is an envious man. 29. In heart he is the more seemly who abandons the worldly existence and seizes the spiritual one ; (30) and by his own will accepts righteousness as a yoke (val kavarman) s. 31. And in endurance he is the more approvable who 4, 1 L19 has is said to be. * L19 has goodness is more in an humble-minded man,' so as to correspond with the difference in its question in $ 6. Literally, for the neck. Ner. has misread val-ik valman (Paz. O-ka oi), and has 'by his own will for it, also accepts righteousness.' * From this point to Chap. XL, 17, the Pahlavi text of K43 is missing, owing to the loss of one folio in that MS. The copy of Digitized by Google

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DINA-9 MAINOG-I KHIRAD. [contentedly and with a will, accepts, as a yoke 1,] the misery and affliction which [come upon] him [from Aharman and the demons and the vile; (32) and it, in no way, harasses his own soul. 33. He is not to be considered as faithful who has no fear of the sacred beings, nor shame as to mankind. 34. Those which are worth keeping with every one are peace and affection. 35. And those which are not to be kept with any one whatever are malice and discord. 36. All 2 these three are to be preserved in conversation : good thoughts, good words, and good deeds in one's own thinking, speaking, and doing. 37. These three are not to be accepted as a witness: a woman 3, a young serving-boy 4, and a man-slave. 38. These are such as must be personally obedient and do service: (39) the wife unto the husband, (40) and the child unto the father and mother, the chieftain 6 and high-priest, the teachers, the adopted son ?, and secluded 8 kindred. 41. And unto rulers, chieftains, and teachers one is also to be obedient. 42. The sacred beings it is more necessary to mind and to keep praising. 43. And one's own soul is not to be made unrespected in any mode, (44) and is always to be kept TD2 is, therefore, followed, and its translation is enclosed in brackets. 1 See $ 30 n. 9 L19 omits all.' 3 Or a wife,' as both meanings are expressed by the same word, and, in fact, every woman is expected to become a wife. * L19 has a young boy,' as in Chap. XXIX, 4. * The word sardar (Paz, salar) also means 'guardian.' * L19 inserts and fire.' ? See Chap. XXXVI, 8 n. As the adopted son takes the place of the deceased father, he must be obeyed accordingly by the whole family. * See Chap. XV, 6 n. L19 has considered.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXIX, 32-XL, 15. 79 in remembrance. 45. The judge who exercises true justice, and takes no bribe, is ', in his own degree, such as Adharmazd and the archangels. 46. And he who exercises false justice is said to be, in his own degree, such as Aharman and the demons.' CHAPTER XL. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : What is the colder and what is the warmer ? 3. What is the brighter and what is the darker ? 4. What is the fuller and what is the emptier 2 ? 5. What end is the more fruitless 3 ? 6. What is that thing of which no superfluity arises for any one ? 7. What is that which no one is able to deprive one of? 8. What is that thing which it is not possible to buy at a price? 9. What is that thing with which every one is always 4 satisfied ? 10. What is that with which no one 5 whatever is satisfied ? 11. What is that one wish that Adharmazd, the lord, contemplates & as regards men ? 12. What is that one wish that Aharman, the wicked, contemplates as regards men? 13. What is the end of the worldly existence and what is the end of? the spiritual one?' 14. The spirit of wisdom answered (15) thus : 'The heart of the righteous is the warmer, and that 1 L19 has is said to be.' 9 Reading tohiktar, both here and in $ 17; L19 has tangitar, as if for tangtar, narrower,' in both places. 8 TD2 has 'fearless,' but this does not correspond with $ 18. L19 omits always. L19 has nothing.' 6 The verb in 8 12 is sufficient in Pahlavi for this section also. ? L19 omits these five words. Digitized by Google

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o DINA-9 MAINOG-i KHIRAD. of the wicked the colder. 16. Righteousness is the brighter, and wickedness the darker. 17. The hope and protection which pertain to the sacred beings]1 are the fuller, and those which pertain to the demons are the emptiera. 18. The end of the worldarranging and spirit-destroying man is the more fruitless. 19. It is knowledge of which no one knows a superfluity. 20. It is learning and skill which no one is able to deprive one of. 21. It is understanding and intellect which it is not possible to buy at a price. 22. It is wisdom with which every one and one's own self are untroubled and satisfied. 23. It is stupidity and ignorance with which every one and even one's own self are troubled and not satisfied. 24. 'That one wish which Adharmazd, the lord, contemplates as regards men is this, (25) that'" ye shall fully understand me; for every one who fully understands me, comes after me and strives for my satisfaction." 26. And that one wish which Aharman contemplates as regards men is this, (27) that "ye shall not understand me;" for he knows that whoever fully understands that wicked one, does not go after his evil deeds *, (28) and nothing whatever of power and help for him arises * from that man. 29. 'And as to that which is asked by thee concerning the spiritual and worldly existences, the worldly existence is, in the end, death and disappearance, (30) and of the spiritual existence, in the end, 1 From this point the translation again follows the Pahlavi text of K43. * See SS 4 n. 3 L19 has 'for whoever fully understands me as wicked, his deeds do not go after me.' * L19 has nothing whatever of advantage and help comes to me.' Digitized by Google

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. CHAPTER XL, 16-XLI, 4. 81 that of a soul of the righteous is undecaying, immortal, and undisturbed, full of glory and full of enjoyment, for ever and everlasting, with the angels and archangels and the guardian spirits of the righteous. 31. And the bridge 2 and destruction 3 and punishment of the wicked in hell are for ever and everlasting 4. 32. And the wicked soul, apart from the punishment, contemplates the existence, and even the appearance, with the demons and fiends just as, in the worldly existence, a healthy man does that with him who is very grievously sick.' CHAPTER XLI. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : * Which man is the mightier ? 3. Which road is the more dreadful ? 4. Which account is the more 1 The guardian spirits are the spiritual representatives of each individual being and thing of the good creation, which are supposed to have been all created by Allharmazd in the beginning (see Chap. XLIX, 23, Bd. I, 8). 2 That is the investigation into the character of the soul at the Kindvar bridge (see Chap. II, 115, 162). L19 omits this mention of the bridge. * Reading drus, as in L19, but this is doubtful. + This phrase can be used either with reference to time or to eternity. Time which lasts for ever must end at the resurrection, as in this case (see Chap. II, 193), because time then ceases to exist. But eternity which lasts for ever can never end. If this phrase had the same meaning here as in $ 30, it would contradict all the other statements regarding the fate of the wicked, which are to be found in Pahlavi literature, including those of the author himself. L19 has the wicked soul contemplates being apart from the punishment, and also apart from appearance.! Digitized by Google

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82 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. perplexing? 5. Which tiel is the pleasanter ? 6. Which work is the more regretable? 7. And which gift is the more unprofitable?' 8. The spirit of wisdom answered (9) thus : 'That man is the mightier who is able to struggle with his own fiends 2; (10) and, in particular, he who keeps these five fiends far from his person, (11) which are such as greediness, wrath, lust, disgrace, and discontent. 12. The road in passing over the Kindvar bridge 3 is the more dreadful. 13. The account for a soul of the wicked is the more perplexing. 14. The tie of children is the pleasanter and more desirable. 15. That work is the more regretable which they do for the ungrateful. 16. And that gift is the more unprofitable which they give to the unworthy ! CHAPTER XLII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : How many kinds of man are there?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'There are three kinds of man, (5) one is man, one is demiman, and one is demi-demon. 6. 'A man is he who is without doubt as to the creativeness of Adharmazd, the destructiveness of Aharman, and the existence of the resurrection and future existence; and also as regards every other happiness and misery, in the worldly and spiritual 1 K43 has boi, 'scent,' which is distinguished from band, tie,' only by diacritical marks in Pahlavi. His own passions and failings personified as fiends. 3 See Chap. II, 115, 162. * Lig has 'to the ungrateful and unworthy.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLI, 5-XLIII, 5. 83 existences, (7) that its origin is from both of those beings, from Allharmazd and Aharman. 8. And his belief is in this one pure, good religion of the Mazdaworshippers; (9) and he does not believe in, and does not hearken unto, any heterodoxy. 10. 'A demi-man is he who performs the affairs of the worldly and spiritual existences according to his own opinion, self-conceitedly and obstinately; (11) be they duties and good works by the will of Adharmazd, or be they by the will of Aharman, they proceed from him. 12. 'A demi-demon is he in whom there is only as it were the name of man and the human race, but in his doing of every action he is then like unto a two-legged demon. 13. He understands no worldly and no spiritual existence, (14) he understands no good work and no sin, (15) he understands no heaven and no hell, (16) and even the account which is to * be rendered by the soul he does not think of.' CHAPTER XLIII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : How is it possible to make Adharmazd, the archangels, and the fragrant, well-pleasing heaven more fully for oneself ? 3. And how is it possible to make Aharman, the wicked, and the demons confounded, and to escape from hell, the depreciated ? and dark?' 4. The spirit of wisdom answered (5) thus : 'To make Adharmazd, the lord, and the archangels, and 1 L19 has 'humanity. Reading du s-vahak. Ner. has misread the word dus-gand, evil-smelling,' both here and in $$ 5,14. G 2 Digitized by Google

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DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. the fragrant, well-pleasing heaven for oneself, and 1 Aharman, the wicked, and the demons confounded, and to escape from hell, the dark and depreciated, are possible thus: (6) that is, when they make the spirit of wisdom a protection for the back (pastikpanakih), (7) and wear the spirit of contentment on the body, like arms and armour and valour, (8) and make the spirit of truth ? a shield, (9) the spirit of thankfulness a club, (10) the spirit of complete mindfulness a bow, (11) and the spirit of liberality an arrow; (12) and they make the spirit of moderation like a spear, (13) the spirit of perseverance a gauntlet, and they put forth the spirit of destiny as a protections 14. In this manner it is possible to come to heaven and the sight of the sacred beings, and to escape from Aharman, the wicked, and hell, the depreciated.' CHAPTER XLIV. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : 'How are the sky and earth arranged ? 3. How are the flow and arrangement of the water in the world? 4. Whereon do the clouds rest? 5. Where is the demon of winter more predominant? 6. And which country is the more undisturbed ?' 7. The spirit of wisdom answered (8) thus : 'The sky and earth and water, and whatever else is within . 1 L19 repeats 'to make,' but this is no more necessary in Pahlavi than in English. ? L19 inserts 'like' in $$ 8-11, and omits the verb 'make' in $$ 8, 12. $ $$ 6-13 bear some resemblance to Isaiah lix. 17 and Ephesians vi. 14-17, so far as mode of expression is concerned. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIII, 6-XLIV, 14. them are egg-like (khaiyak-dis), just as it were ? like the egg of a bird. 9. The sky is arranged above the earth 3, like an egg, by the handiwork of the creator Adharmazd; (10) and the semblance of the earth, in the midst of the sky , is just like as it were the yolk amid the egg; [(11) and the water within the earth and sky is such as the water within the egg.]" 12. "And the flow of the water of every kind which is in the world is from the region of Arzah 6 (13) there where the sun comes up?; and its downward surge (nigun balisno) is towards the region of Savah (14) where the sun goes down; and the L19 has 'within the sky.' 2 L19 has are so arranged as. The reading of dis, 'like,' is rather uncertain. 8 L19 adds and below the earth.' * L19 has and the earth within the sky.' osun is taken from PB6, but is not found in any other Pazand or Parsi MS. consulted, nor in the Pahlavi text of K43; it is, therefore, probably an interpolation. 6 See Chap. XVI, 10 n. ? This clause and the corresponding one in SS 14 seem to be at variance with the statements of Bd. V, 8, XI, 3, that Arzah is in the west, and Savah in the east; Neryosang has, therefore, transferred the conjunction and to the beginning of the section in both cases, so as to make the eastern waters flow towards Savah, and the western waters into the sea. If, however, we understand 'there' to mean 'in those places,' and not to refer to the region whose name it follows, we may conclude that the statement here is to the effect that in the east the water flows from Arzah (the western region), and in the west towards Savah (the eastern region), which might be true if we place the east in China or Bengal, and the west in Armenia or Mesopotamia, but it is more probably meant merely to imply that the whole of the water flows through the central region of Khvaniras. 8 L19 has an barisno, accumulation,' both here and in $14. IL19 has there where ;' and we must understand 'in those places where,' as in SS 13. Digitized by Google

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86 DINA-I MAINOG-P KHIRAD. surging on (abalisno) of the water is into the sea Patik !, (15) and from the sea Patik it goes back to the sea Varkash ? 16. "The abode and seat of the clouds are on Alburzs 17. "The demon of winter is more predominant in Afran-vego 4. 18. And it is declared by revelation, (19) that in Afran-vego there are "ten months winter and two months summer," (20) and "even those" two months of warm weather "are cold as to water, cold as to earth, and cold as to plants." 21. And their adversity is the winter, (22) and the snakes therein are many, (23) while their other adversity is little. 24. 'It is declared that Adharmazd created Airan-vego better than other places and districts ? 1 Av. Paitika, which Bd. XIII, 8-11 appears to identify with the Persian Gulf, but in early times, if not altogether mythic, it was probably some inlet of the Caspian or Aral. ? Av. Vouru-kasha; in Pahlavi it is usually called 'the wideformed,' and in Bd. XIII, 1, 8-10 it is identified with the ocean ; but in early times it was probably a term for the Caspian and Aral, when not applied to the mythic sea of the sky. s Av. hara berezaiti, a lofty mountain-range,' which is said, in Chap. LVII, 13 and in the Bundahis, to surround the world and to be the origin of all mountains (see Bd. V, 3-5. XII, 1-4). In early times it appears to have been the name of mountains to the east of the first Iranian settlements, before it was transferred to the mountain range south of the Caspian (see Geiger's Ost. Kul. pp. 42-45). * Av. Airya nem vaego, the first settlement of the Iranians, which Geiger (Qst. Kul. pp. 30-33) places on the upper waters of the Zarafsan river, and which Bd. XXIX, 12 describes, in accordance with late tradition, as in the direction of Atur-patakan (Adarbigan).' Vend. I, 9, 10. Produced by the evil spirit (see Vend. I, 7, 8). * This is inferred from Vend. I, 2-4. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIV, 15-XLV, 4. 25. And its goodness is this, that the life of the people is three hundred years ?, (26) and of the oxen and sheep one hundred and fifty years. 27. Their pain and sickness, also, are little ; (28) they fabricate (drugend) 2 no lies, (29) they make no lamentation and weeping, (30) and the domination of the demon of greediness (az) in their bodies is little. 31. When they eat one loaf among ten men, they are satisfied. 32. And in every forty years one child is born from one woman and one man ?. 33. Their law, also, is goodness, and their religion the primitive faith ; (34) and when they die they are righteous 6. 35. Their spiritual chief (rata), likewise, is Gopasto, and their lord and king is Srosh? CHAPTER XLV. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : By what does Aharman most deceive and lead people to hell ? 3. And from what is his pleasure most? 4. Where is the place he has a foundation ? i Compare Chap. LXII, 18. 2 L19 has drenzinend, 'they cause to repeat.' 3 Compare Chap. LXII, 17. - Av. paoiryo-dkaesha, a term applied to the true Mazdaworshipping religion of all ages, both before and after the time of Zaratust. 6 That is, they go at once to heaven, as the righteous soul does (see Chap. II, 123-157). L19 has Gopatshah, the king of Gopat' (as in Chap. LXII, 8, 31), which land is described in Dd. XC, 4 as 'coterminous with Airan-vego.' Aghrerad and his son are called kings of Gopat in Bd. XXIX, 5, XXXI, 22; and Gok-pato is said to be in the nonAryan countries,' in the Sudkar Nask (see Dd. XC, 8n). ? Apparently the angel Srosh (see Chap. II, 115). Digitized by Google

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DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. 5. Where, also, is his coming, together with the demons, most? 6. And from what is his food ?' 7. The spirit of wisdom answered (8) thus: 'Aharman deceives people most by prosperity and adversity', the fiend of apostasy, scepticism, and covetousness. 9. His pleasure, also, is most from the discord of men. 10. And his food is from the impenitence 2 and reticence of men. 11. He has a foundation in the malicious 3. 12. And his coming and going are most with the wrathful.' CHAPTER XLVI. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Which is the one* oppression, as regards men, that Aharman considers as the more injurious and great ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus: 'Aharman, when he wrings life and wife and child and worldly happiness of every kind away from men, does not consider, as to this, that any injury whatever is inflicted by him upon that person ; (5) but when he wrings away the soul of a single individual, and makes it utterly depraved, he then considers, as to this, that "an injury which is complete would thereby be inflicted by me," because this is done by him through his own depravity of wish and action 5.' 1 Or 'superfluity and scarcity.' 2 Assuming that apatotakih stands for apatitakih, nonrenunciation of sin.' L19 has 'immoderate eating.' 8 L19 has in the slanderous and malicious.' * L19 omits one.' 6 The last fourteen words occur only in the Pahlavi text of K43. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLV, 5-XLVIII, 9. 80 CHAPTER XLVII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : What is that thing which is the most perfect of all wealth ? 3. What is that which is predominant over everything whatever ? 4. And what is that from which no one is able to escape ?' 5. The spirit of wisdom answered (6) thus : 'It is wisdom which is better than the wealth of every kind which is in the world. 7. It is destiny which is predominant over every one and everything. 8. And it is Vae the bad from whom no one is able to escape.' CHAPTER XLVIII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : How is the dwelling of the understanding and intellect and seed of men in the body ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'The place of the understanding and intellect and seed of men is in the brain of the head. 5. And when the brain of the head is sound, the understanding and intellect and seed are on the increase; (6) but when a person attains unto old age, the brain of the head remains only at a diminution. 7. And he who is an aged man, on account of the diminution of understanding and intellect, sees less and knows less of that which it is necessary to do with wisdom. 8. Wisdom, in the beginning, mingles with the marrow of the fingers of men's hands; (9) and, afterwards, The demon which conveys the soul to its account (see Chap. II, 115). Digitized by Google

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90 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. its seat and abode and place 1 are in the heart. 10. And its dwelling 2 in the whole body becomes such as the shape of the foot in various shoes (mugkako).' CHAPTER XLIX. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : *As to these stars which are apparent in the sky, and their number is so great, what is then their duty and influence ? 3. And how is the motion of the sun and moon and stars ?' 4. The spirit of wisdom answered (5) thus: Of the stars which are in the sky the first star is Tistar", which is said to be great and good, more valuable and more glorious 6. 6. And prosperity of every kind and the fertility of the world are in the path of Tistar. 7, 8. 'And the star of water germs is for the increase of the star of plant germs. 9,10. And the star of plant germs is for the increase of cattle germs? L19 has its seat and abiding place.' 2 L19 has and the dwelling of the soul.' * L19 has in the shoe.' * Av. Tistrya, the eastern leader of the stars and special opponent of the planet Tir (Mercury), which can be identified only with Sirius. It is personified as an angel who contends with the demon of drought and produces rain (see Bd. II, 7, V, 1, VII, 1-13). 6 The usual Avesta epithets of Tistar are the radiant and glorious.' 6 L19 has for the increase of water. And the star of earth germs is for the increase of earth.' ? L19 has for the increase of plants. And the star of cattle germs is for the increase of cattle.' The stars of water, earth, and plant germs are mentioned in the formula of dedication to Tistar (Sir. 13), and the moon is said to possess the germs of cattle (Sir. 12). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLVIII, 10-XLIX, 16. 91 11. And water, fire 1, plant, and cattle germs are created for the increase of man germs. 12. "And the star Vanand 3 is intrusted with the passes and gates of Alburz 4; (13) so that the demons and witches and fiends may turn from those gates and passes, (14) that it may not be possible for them to cut off and break up the road and passage of the sun and moon and stars 6. 15. 'And the star Haptok-ring, with 99,999 guardian spirits of the righteous ?, is intrusted with the gate and passage of hell %, (16) for the keeping Reference is also made to all of them in Rashnu Yt. 29-31, 33, and to those of water germs in Vend. XXI, 33, Tistar Yt. 39, 45, 46. 1 L19 has earth.' ? L19 has for the increase of men.' As both the Pahlavi and Pazand versions of $8 7-11 are complete and consistent in themselves, it is uncertain which of them gives the original text. The Pazand corresponds more closely to certain passages in the Avesta, but a wish to produce such a correspondence may have led Neryosang to alter the text. That the Pahlavi writer was thinking of some other passage, as yet unidentified, is evident from the omission of the star Sataves (which follows Tistar in Sir. 13) and from the details he gives concerning the others. 3 The southern leader of the stars and special opponent of the planet Adharmazd (Jupiter), which is perhaps best identified with Fomalhaut (see Bd. II, 7, V, 1). The Avesta mentions it in connection with Tistar (Sir. 13). * See Chap. XLIV, 16 n. 6 Which are supposed to rise and set through openings or passes in the mountain range of Alburs, which encircles the world (see Bd. V, 5). 6 Av. Haptoiringa, the northern leader of the stars and special opponent of the planet Vahram (Mars), which corresponds to Ursa Major (see Bd. II, 7, V, 1). The Avesta mentions it, in connection with the other stars named in the text, in Sir. 13. ? See Fravardin Yt. 6o. The number here mentioned is that generally used in the Avesta to express an indefinitely large number. 8 Which is supposed to be in the north, so that the circumpolar Digitized by Google

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92 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. back of those 99,999 demons and fiends, witches and wizards, who are in opposition to the celestial sphere and constellations of the zodiac. 17. Its motion, also, is round about hell; (18) and its special business is this, as it were it holds the twelve signs of the zodiac by the hand, in their proper going and coming. 19. And those twelve constellations also proceed in like manner by the power and help. of Haptok-ring 1; (20) and every single constellation, when it comes in at Albarz, provides support for Haptok-ring ?, (21) and begs protection from Haptok ring. 22. "The remaining unnumbered and innumerable constellations 3 which are apparent are said to be the guardian spirits of the worldly existences. 23. Because, as to the creatures and creations of every kind, that the creator Adharmazd created for the worldly existence, which are procreative and also which are developable (aro disnik)", for every single body there is apparent its own single guardian spirit of a like nature. 24. 'And the motion of the sun and moon is the special illumination of the world, (25) and the maturing of procreations and growths of all kinds. 26. And the correct keeping of the day, month, and year, summer and winter, spring and autumn, and other calculations and accounts of all kinds which men ought to obtain, perceive, and understand, (27) constellation of Ursa Major seems to revolve around it, and to remain on the watch. 1 Written Haptaorig in $$ 19-21 in K43. 2 L19 has 'holds to Haptok-ring by the hand.' 3 L19 has 'stars.' 4 L19 has a zaisni, "unprocreative.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIX, 17-LI, 7. 93 are more fully defined by means of the setting (nisiva ko) of the sun and moon.' CHAPTER L. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus: Which is that opulent person who is to be considered as fortunate, and which is that one who is to be considered as evil-conditioned ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : ' That one who has produced opulence by proper exertion is to be considered as fortunate; and that one who has produced it by dishonesty, as evil-conditioned.' CHAPTER LI. : 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : *Wherefore is it when there are instances when a lazy, ignorant, and bad man attains to eminence and great welfare, (3) and there are instances when a worthy, wise, and good man attains to grievous misery, perplexity, and indigence ?' 4. The spirit of wisdom answered (5) thus : 'As to him who is a lazy, ignorant, and bad man, when his destiny becomes a helper, that laziness of his then becomes like unto diligence, that ignorance unto a knowledge, and that vileness untoo goodness. 6. And as to him who is a wise, worthy, and good man, when his destiny is an opponent, that wisdom of his then turns to stupidity and foolishness (alakih), and that worthiness to ignorance; (7) and his 1 Ner. reads vaheza and translates new year's day.' 2 Lig has like unto' in all three clauses. Digitized by Google

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94 DINA-9 MAINOG-I KHIRAD. knowledge, skill, and worthiness become manifestly secluded 1.' CHAPTER LII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : *How is it necessary to perform the ceremonial of the sacred beings and the thanksgiving for the welfare which is owing to the sacred beings ? 3. And how is the renunciation of sin to be performed for the preservation of the soul ?' 4. The spirit of wisdom answered (5) thus: "That ceremonial of the sacred beings is good which they perform in this pure, good religion of the Mazdaworshippers. 6. Its origin, also, is goodness and truth, and freedom from doubt in the sacred beings. 7. And for the little and the much that has come there has arisen thanksgiving unto the sacred beings; and one is to meditate upon the gratification's (sh numakan) and prosperity which are owing to the sacred beings and to keep grateful 2. 8. And even when perplexity and misery come on from Aharman and the demons, he is not to become doubtful as to the treasure of the sacred beings, (9) and not to diminish the thanksgiving unto the sacred beings. 10. And every disaster which springs up he is to give back 3 to the violence of Aharman and the demons. 11. He is not to seek his own welfare and advantage through the injury of any one else; (12) and he See Chap. XV, 6n. Ner. has in Sans. are manifest in immobility.' * The Pazand version omits the latter half of this section, and also uses the present tense instead of the infinitive in several of the following sections. 3 Perhaps trace back' may be meant, but this is uncertain. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LII, I-LIII, 4. 95 becomes compassionate as regards the creatures of Adharmazd. 13. In duty and good works he is diligent and striving ?; (14) and especially in the care of water and fire 2 he is to persevere much. 15. And he is to be without doubt as to this, that, except happiness, the sacred beings do not then : give anything whatever, as a modification of it, unto men; and Aharman and the demons, except misery, do not then : give them any happiness. 16. 'For the existence of renunciation of sin the special thing is this, that one commits no sin voluntarily; (17) and if, through folly, or weakness and ignorance, a sin occurs, he is then in renunciation of sin before the high-priests and the good. 18. And after that, when he does not commit it, then that sin which is committed by him becomes thus a sweeping (@svarako) from his body; (19) just as the wind which is hasty and mighty, when it comes swift and strong, sweeps so over the plain that it carries away every single blade of grass (giyyakikako-1) and anything which is broken in that place.' . CHAPTER LIII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus: How are the homage and glorifying of the sacred beings to be performed ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 1 L19 has 'he acts diligently and strivingly.' 3 L19 adds and plants.' s Reading edinas; Ner. has misread aina, otherwise.' * Reading gvidarih; Ner. has misread vatari, an evil.' - 5 L19 has 'too,' and K43 omits the word. Misread ava%, away,' by Neryosang. Digitized by Google

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96 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. "Every day three times, standing opposite the sun and Mitrol, as they proceed together?, (5) and 3 the moon and fire of Vahram 4, or the fire of fires", in like manner, morning, noon, and evening, homage and glorifying are performed, (6) and one has become grateful 6. 7. And if a sin, or a deficiency (frodmand-), has occurred, especially 8 as regards the angels of the spiritual and worldly existences, men and beasts of burden", oxen and sheep, dogs and the dog species, and other creatures and creations of Adharmazd the lord, (8) one is to become sorrowful, penitent, and in renunciation of sin before the sun and Mitro, the moon and the fire of Adharmazd 10; (9) and, for the sake of atonement for the sin, good works are to be practised as much as is well possible.. CHAPTER LIV. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : * Wherefore is it when an ignorant man--when they bring advancement to him-considers the learning 1 The angel of the sun's light (see Chap. II, 118 n). * L19 adds 'homage and glorifying are to be performed;' but this is unnecessary. SL19 inserts 'opposite.' * The sacred fire (see Chap. XXXVI, 9 n). o A fire in which the remnants of all other fires are deposited from time to time. o We ought probably to read one is to perform homage and glorifying, and to be grateful.' L19 omits or a deficiency.' 8 Reading fraesto; Ner. reads pargast and translates 'somewhat.' * L19 omits the beasts of burden.' 10 These are four out of the five existences to which the daily Nyayises or supplications are addressed. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LIII, 5-LV, 6. 97 and advancement of the wise and good mostly so ?, through greediness, that to teach it to him is difficult ? 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'For this reason, because the ignorant man considers, in thought, his own ignorance as good as the sage does, in thought, his own knowledge. CHAPTER LV. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Wherefore is he who is an ill-natured man no friend of the good, nor an untalented man of a talented one?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus: 'For this reason, because he who is an ill-talented a man is at fall] times in fear of the talented, (5) lest "they should trouble 4 us by their skill and talent, and, owing to that circumstance, shame may come upon us before the good and our opponents." 6. 'And the ill-natured are no friends of the good for this reason, because there is a time for their annihilation and destruction by the hands of the good.' 1 L19 has such vexation,' by reading besh instead of ves. 2 L19 has 'untalented.' 9 K43 omits all,' and its text may be translated thus:--because the position of him who is an ill-talented man is in danger from the talented.' * Reading ae rangend. Ner. has the doubtful reading airozinend, they enlighten,' and also several other variations, so as to produce the following meaning :-lest "these enlighten others by the skill and talent which are not mine," and shame come upon him before the good and his helpmates.' [24] Digitized by Google

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98 DINA-I MAINOG-. KHIRAD. CHAPTER LVI. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Wherefore are these mountains and rivers made, which are in the world ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus: Of these mountains, which are in the world, there are some which are moderators of the wind, and there are some which are ? warders off; (5) there are some which are the place and vent, the resting-place and support of the rainy cloud; (6) and there are some which are smiters of Aharman and the demons, and maintainers and vivifiers of the creatures and creation of Allharmazd, the lord. 7. And these rivers, which are in the world, the creator Adharmazd has formed, from the borders of Alburz 3, for providing the protection and for the vivification of his own creatures and creation.' CHAPTER LVII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : * Wherefore is it when the knowledge and sagacity of the spiritual and worldly existences, both united, are connected with thee?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'For this reason, because, from the first, I, who am the innate wisdom, apart from the spiritual and worldly existences, have been with Adharmazd. 5. And 1 Or it may be seas,' as the Sanskrit version translates the word, both here and in $ 7, but this hardly agrees with the context. * L19. omits these five words. s See Chap. XLIV, 16 n. Digized by Google

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CHAPTER LVI, 1-LVII, II. 99 the creator Adharmazd created (afrido) the angels of the spiritual and worldly creations, and all the other creatures and creations through the power and mightiness, the wisdom and sagacity of innate wisdom; and I produce 1 and he maintains and stimulates them. 6. And at the end of the renovation of the universe it is possible to cause the annihilation and destruction of Aharman and his miscreations more fully by the power of wisdom; (7) and Soshans 2, with Kai-Khusroi ?, and those who cause the resurrection and future existence are able to act more fully, by means of the power and help of wisdom. 8. "The knowledge and sagacity of the worldly existence, the learning and teaching in 3 every profession, and all advancement of temporal beings 4 are through wisdom. 9. The souls of the righteous, in escaping from hell 6 and coming to heaven and the supreme heaven (garodman), arrive much better by means of the power and protection of wisdom. 10. And it is possible to seek the good living, pleasure, good repute, and every happiness of people in the worldly existence, through the power of wisdom. 11. 'And the maintenance of the seeds of men So in K43, but Ner. 'has taken this verb in the third person, in place of the nearly synonymous afrido, so as to state that the creator created, maintains, and stimulates the angels' and all other existences through the power of innate wisdom. The object of the Pahlavi text, however, seems to be to emphasize the fact that the creation was specially due to the innate wisdom of the creator, while its maintenance is dependent on all his powers and attributes. ? See Chaps. II, 95, XXVII, 63. 8L19 has of.' * L19 has times.' * That is, in escaping from the risk of being sent to hell. * L19 omits and coming.' H 2 Digitized by Google

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100 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. and beasts of burden, oxen and sheep, and also every other creature and creation of Adharmazd, the lord, the seating of them in the womb, and making manifest what is their food in the womb, so that they shall not die from hunger and thirst, and the allotment and maturing of the limbs are effected ? more fully by means of the durability (dorangarih) and great potency which are in the force 3 of wisdom. 12. "The arrangement of the earth and the mingling of the water in the earth, the growth and increase of plants, colour of various kinds, and the scent, taste, and pleasantness of various things are allotted and produced more fully through wisdom. 13. And the arrangement of Alburz 4 around the world, the manifestation of the earth of the seven regions and the sky above the mountain of Alburz, the motion of the sun and moon and twelve constellations, the six times of the season festivals (gasan bar)?, the five times devoted to the guardian spirits (fravardikan) $, the heaven which is in the place of good thoughts, the place of good words, the place of good deeds, and the perfect supreme 1 Ner. has read shayastan, possibility,' instead of nishastano, seating.' Reading vaduni-hend. L19 has are possible to effect.' Lig has 'by means of the great potency and force.' 4 See Chap. XLIV, 16n. See Chap. IX, 2 n. 6 The sigps of the zodiac, whose apparent movement, due to the motion of the earth, is here alluded to. ? See Chap. IV, 5 n. 8 The five supplementary days, named after the five Gathas or sacred hymns, which follow the twelfth month in order to complete the Parsi year of 365 days. Together with the five preceding days they are specially devoted to the homage of the guardian spirits or Fravashis. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LVII, 12-16. 101 heaven (garodman) of all gloriousness ?, the path of the spirits and worldly existences, and the Kindvar bridgeare produced and allotted through the power of wisdom. 14. 'The watery-looking 3 cloud's seizing water from the sea, advancing in the atmosphere, and gradually breaking away*, drop by drop, to the earth, and Adharmazd's o creatures' thoroughly understanding the nature of heaven and hell, the compassion of Adharmazd, the archangels, and other angels as regards their own creatures, and the devastation and destructiveness of Aharman and the demons as regards the creatures of Adharmazd it is possible to comprehend through the more complete power 6 of wisdom. 15. And the good religion of the Mazda-worshippers, the sayings and teaching of the spirits?, and the demons' demolishing the worldly body and making it imperceptible by the sight of men are apprehended 8 more fully by means of the most perfect means of wisdom. 16. And even the struggle and warfare of Iran with foreigners (an-afran), and the smiting of Aharman and the demons it is possible to effect through the power of wisdom. 1 The four grades of heaven (see Chap. VII, 9-12). ? See Chap. II, 115 n. By omitting and' Ner. identifies this bridge with the path mentioned before it, but it forms only one portion of the path to the other world. & Assuming that ma-venako stands for maya-ve nako. * Pahl. vikhtano is more probably connected with Pers. kikhtan, to break,' than with Pers. pikhtan,'to sift.' The Sanskrit version adds and Aharman's.' * L19 has more fully through the power.' ? L19 has 'worldly existences.' 8 Reading giri-hasto. L19 has are effected.' Digitized by Google

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102 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. 17. 'To occasion the sun's inspection of the hidden water also, below the earth, it is expedient to convey it for tillage and cultivation, and the advantage, comfort, and enjoyment of men and beasts of burden, oxen and sheep, through the power of wisdom. 18. The thorough understanding of the pain and sickness of men and beasts of burden, oxen, sheep, and other animals, and the bringing of medicine and remedies, health of body and comfort unto them are much more possible to effect 1 by means of the power of wisdom. 19. 'And as to every man whose participation in wisdom is much, his share of heaven is then much more. 20. Even as to Vistasp?, Zaratust 3, Gayomard 4, and those others whose share of heaven was much the more 5, it was on account of the much coming of wisdom unto them. 21. And as to Yim, Fredun, Kai-Use, and those other rulers who obtained splendour (vargo) and mightiness (tagakih) ? from the sacred beings-just as the participation of Vistasp and other rulers in the religion occurred 8-- and their not attaining to the religion, and also as to the times when they have become ungrateful unto their own lord", it was on account of the little coming of wisdom unto them. 22. 'And Aharman, also, and the demons deceive that man more, and lead him to hell, who is poorer 1 L19 omits to effect.' * See Chap. XIII, 14 n. S See Chap. I, ion. See Chap. XXVII, 2n. L19 has who more fully obtained a share of heaven.' 6 See Chap. VIII, 27, where all three are mentioned. L19 has 'opulence. 8 This clause occurs only in K43. * They all three suffered misfortunes in their old age, attributed by the priesthood to neglect of religion, which is here traced to diminution of intellect. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LVII, 17-28. 103 of wisdom and unsteadier in disposition. 23. And it is manifest, that, unto him who is virtuous in disposition, habit, and demeanour', praise is then due, owing to his maintenance of wisdom. 24. For it is declared, that Aharman shouted to Zaratust thus 2: "If thou desist from this good religion of the Mazda-worshippers, then I will give thee a thousand years' dominion of the worldly existence, (25) as was given to the Vadakan 3 monarch Dahak 4" 26. On account of complete wisdom, the virtuous disposition and demeanour of Zaratust not having hearkened and not being deluded, he did not become deceived and longing through that temptation of the accursed evil one, the wicked 6. 27. And he spoke to Aharman (28) thus: "I will shatter and cause to run (dukanam), and will make downcast (niguisar) for thee?, the bodies of your demons and fiends, wizards and witches, through the Hom 8 and sacred twigs', and the good, true * L19 has 'virtuous in disposition and virtuous of demeanour.' . This is stated, in other words, in Vend. XIX, 23-32. 8 As Vadak is said (Dd. LXXII, 5) to have been the mother of Dahak, this term may be a matronymic implying 'son of Vadak.' See Chap. VIII, 29 n. 8 This section is a good deal altered in the Pazand version, but the general meaning is the same. L19 has va vanom, and I will smite.' ? L19 has and will make withered (nizar).' 8 A plant growing in Persia, small twigs of which are pounded in water, and the resulting juice is tasted by the priest during the ceremonial. It is a symbol of the mythic Hom, the producer of immortality (see Chap. LXII, 28). Originally, no doubt, the Hom (Av. haom a) and the Sans, soma were the same plant (see Dd. XLVIII, 16 n). The baresom (Av. baresma) is a bundle of slender' twigs or wires, prepared in a particular manner, to be held in the left hand Digitized by Google

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104 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. religion which the creator Adharmazd has taught to me." 29. Aharman, when those words were heard by him, became confounded and stupefied, and rushed to hell, and remained confounded a long time. 30. "This, too, is declared that Adharmazd, when Aharman, by agreement, had further operated. ? with his (Adharmazd's) creatures and creation of every kind, afterwards formed an assembly with the angels and archangels of every kind, and the welfare (avadih) due to his own wisdom was mentioned and recounted by him. 31. "This, too, is declared, that for the nine thousand years of renovation 4, until the resurrection and future existence, wisdom maintains and stimulates the creatures and creation of every kind. 32. 'And this, too, is declared, that, as to him who is an ignorant and bad-tempered man, when he attains even to much eminence, opulence, and authority, even then he is not fit to elevate into that welfare and authority. of the priest while reciting certain parts of the liturgy (see Dd. XLIII, 5 n). 1 The covenant between the good and evil spirits, by which their conflict was limited to nine thousand years (see Bd. I, 18, 19). % That is, transformed and vitiated them. The Av. frakerentad (Vend. I, 7), describing the modifying work of the evil spirit upon the creation, is here expressed by frago vadund. s Such an assembly is mentioned in Vend. II, 42, but its proceedings are not stated. So in all versions, but, as the renovation is generally considered as confined to the end of the nine thousand years, we ought perhaps to transpose the words and read for the nine thousand years, until the renovation, resurrection, and future existence.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LVII, 29-LIX, 7. 105 CHAPTER LVIII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Wherefore is it when one turns the ignorance and foolishness of an ignorant king back to knowledge and cleverness, on account of the sovereignty which is his; (3) and, as to a poor man, who is wise , one turns the knowledge and sagacity, which are his, back to foolishness and uselessness, on account of the poverty ?' 4. The spirit of wisdom answered (5) thus :'On account of the deceit and violence of the fiend 2 of greediness (6) men utter more words as to the manliness of every one whose wealth and power are more, and recount his deeds and actions more fully ; (7) but, in the eyes of the angels and archangels, a poor man who is innocent and wise is better and more precious than a king or opulent man who is ignorant.' CHAPTER LIX. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : What are the vices of priests? 3. What are the vices of warriors ? 4. What are the vices of husbandmen? 5. And what are the vices of artizans*?' 6. The spirit of wisdom answered (7) thus : 'The vices of priests are heresy, covetousness, negligence, 1 L19 adds and innocent.' 2 L19 has demon.' 8 L19 has 'than an opulent king.' * Literally the well-endeavouring,' the lowest of the four classes of the community here mentioned (see also Chaps. XXXI, XXXII). Digitized by Google

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106 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. trafficking (sudakih)", attention to trifles, and unbelief in the religion. 8. The vices of warriors are oppression, violence, promise-breaking, unmercifulness (an-avokhshagavandih), ostentation (dakhshih)?, haughtiness, and arrogance. 9. The vices of husbandmen are ignorance, enviousness, ill-will, and maliciousness. 10. 'And the vices of artizans are unbelief, want of thanksgiving, improper muttering of prayers, moroseness, and abusiveness.' Chapter LX. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Of mankind which are more conversant with good and evil ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus: 'Of mankind he whose sojourn 3 and business are with the bad", and they provide him a name for good repute and goodness, is the man more conversant with good. 5. And he whose sojourn and business are with the good, and they provide him a name for disrepute, is the man more conversant with evil. 6. "Because it is said, (7, 8) that whoever joins with the good brings good with him, and whoever 1 Or, perhaps, usuriousness.' The Sanskrit version has 'laziness,' as if Ner. had read a sudakih. . ? Ner. has read gahi, and translated 'incontinence.' 3 Reading nisasto. L19 has o whose business is most (ves-ast), both here and in $ 5. * L19 has the good!' L19 has 'the bad.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LIX, 8-LXI, 6. 107 joins with the bad brings 1 evil-(9) just like the wind which, when it impinges on stench, is a stench, (10) and when it impinges on perfume, is perfume,(11) it is, therefore, notorious 3, (12) that he whose business is with the good receives good, (13) and he whose business is with the bad receives 4 evil; (14) but, even then, both are to be considered as an experiment (a uz mayisno) *.' CHAPTER LXI. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : Which is the chief of men ? Which is the chief of women? 3. Which is the chief of horses? Which is the chief of flying creatures ? 4. Which is the chief of oxen?]Which is the chief of wild animals ? Which is the chief of grains ?' 5. The spirit of wisdom answered (6) thus :'The man who is wise, who is steadfast in the religion, who is well-praising, who is true-speaking is chief over his associates. 1 L19 has will bring with him' in both clauses, but the repetition is unnecessary in Pahlavi. ? L19 has will bring with it,' both here and in SS 10. 8 L19 has proper to know.' * K43 does not repeat this verb. L19 has 'by the result (angamesn).' The meaning is that, though a man's character is generally in accordance with the company he keeps, this must not be assumed without proof; and when the contrary is the case, as stated in $$ 4, 5, his own disposition must be of a very decided nature. Neryosang seems to have misunderstood the author's argument, and, supposing $$ 6-13 to contain a mere illustration of $$ 4, 5, he considered it necessary to transpose the bad' and 'the good' in $$ 4, 5, so as to make the illustration applicable. 6 K43 omits the question in brackets. Digitized by Google

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108 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. 7. 'The woman who is young !, who is properly disposed, who is faithful, who is respected, who is good-natured, who enlivens the house, whose modesty and awe are virtuous, a friend of her own father and elders 2, husband and guardian, handsome and replete with animation is chief over the women who are her own associates. 8. The ox which is glorious, which is tall-eared, which has a herd of cows is chief over oxen. 9. 'The Kiharav 4 is the chief of birds. 10. The horse which is swift 5 is the chief of horses. 11. The hare & is the chief of wild animals; and wheat ? is the chief of grains. CHAPTER LXII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : 'In what place stands Kangdez? 3. Where is the enclosure formed by Yim constructed 8 ? 4. In what 1 L19 has talking, eloquent.' ? Ner. translates niyak by 'father's brother,' an elder who is considered as a special protector in India. s Reading namagakan, which epithet is omitted in L19. 4 A name of the Karsipt, who is said to be the chief of birds in this world (Pahl. Visp. I, 1, Bd. XXIV,11), the Vis Karsipta who brought the religion to the enclosure formed by Yim (see Vend. II, 138, 139), and which is said, in the Pahlavi version, to be 'a Kaharvak (or Kaharnak) who goes back into the existence of the spirits.' To determine the meaning of this name (which Ner. translates by Sans. kakravaka, 'Brahmany duck') we have to consider not only the two forms kiharau and ka harvak, but also the term kark, 'falcon,' used in Bd. XXIV, 11. The kamros of Bd. XIX, 15, XXIV, 29 (the kin amros of Chap. LXII, 40) is also said to be the chief of birds, but probably mythic birds are meant. o L19 has 'white,' as in Bd. XXIV, 6. * See Bd. XXIV, 9. 7 See Bd. XXIV, 19. 8 L19 omits constructed.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXI, 7-LXII, 18. UXITFISITY chog... place lies the body of Sahm ? 5. Where is the abode of Srosh ? 6. In what place stands the threelegged ass ? 7. Where is the Hom grown, the preparer of the dead, with which they restore the dead and produce the future existence ? 8. In which place is 2 Gopaitoshah ? 9. With what work is the Kar fish intrusted ? 10. Where has the griffon bird a nest (asiyan) 3 ? 11. In what place sits Kinamros, and what is his work?' 12. The spirit of wisdom answered (13) thus : Kangdez4 is intrusted with the eastern quarter, near to Satavayes 5, (14) on the frontier of Airan-vego 6. 15. 'The enclosure formed by Yim? is constructed in Airan-vego, below the earth 8. 16. And every species and seed of all the creatures and creations of Adharmazd, the lord, whatever is better and more select of man and beast of burden, of cattle and flying creatures is brought thither! 17. And every forty years one child is born from one woman and one man 10 who are of that place; (18) their life, 1 L19 has remains.' 2 L19 has remains.' L19 has a resting-place. See Chap. XXVII, 58, 62. * Av. Sata vaesa, the western leader of the stars and special opponent of the planet Anahid (Venus), which may, perhaps, be identified with Antares (see Bd. II, 7, V, 1), though Geiger (Ost. Kul. p. 313) thinks Vega more probable. It also protects the southern seas, and its name is applied to the gulf of 'Uman in that direction (see Bd. XIII, 9-13, Zs. VI, 16, 18). But its connection with the east, as implied in our text, requires explanation, and throws some doubt upon the reading. 6 See Chap. XLIV, 17-23. See Chap. XXVII, 27-31. 8 So stated in Bd. XXXII, 5, and probably meaning that its position could no longer be discovered on earth. Bd. XXIX, 14 states that it is in the middle of Pars, below Mount Yimakan. See Vend. II, 106-113. 10 Perhaps we should understand 'from each woman and each Digitized by Google

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110 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. too, is three hundred years 1, (19) and their pain and disturbance are little 2. 20. "The body of Sahm : is in the plain of Pesandas 4, near to Mount Dimavand. 21. And on that plain, except corn and the eatable things they sow and reap and live upon, there is not so much as a single other trees, or shrub, or plant; (22) and its golden colour is mostly wormwood? 23. And the angels and archangels have appointed 99,999. guardian spirits of the righteous as a protection for the body of Sahm 8, (24) so that the demons and fiends may not injure it. 25. The abode of Srosh is mostly in Arzah 10, and afterwards also in Savah and the whole world. man,' that is, a couple of children from each couple, which would agree with Vend. II, 134. 1 Pahl. Vend. II, 136 has 150 years. The characteristics mentioned in $$ 17-19 are ascribed to the whole of Afran-veg6 in Chap. XLIV, 25, 27, 32. 8 See Chap. XXVII, 49. + L19 has Pust Gustas pa, the ridge of Vistasp,' which appears, from Bd. XII, 18, 34, XVII, 8, to have been somewhere in the central desert of Persia. In Bd. XXIX, 7-9, 11 we are told that Sam lies asleep in the plain of Pesyansai (evidently the Pesandas of our text) in Kavulistan, till he is waked hereafter to slay Dahak, who escapes from Mount Dimavand. This legend may have led to the perplexing juxtaposition of Pesandas and Dimavand in our text, and the perplexity occasioned by this may have led Ner. to substitute Past-I Vistaspan for the former name, as being nearer Dimavand. 6 The highest peak of the modern Albars, in which Dahak is said to be confined (see Bd. XII, 31). . Reading hano dru-ae; L 19 has han mard, another myrtlebush.' ? With yellow blossoms. 8 As stated in Fravardin Yt. 61. See Chap. II, 115. 10 The western region, as Savah is the eastern one (see Chap. XVI, 10). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXII, 19-35. III 26. "The three-legged ass' sits2 amid the sea Varkash 3 ; (27) and as to water of every kind that rains on dead matter, the menstrual discharge, and other bodily refuse, when it arrives at the threelegged ass, he makes every kind clean and purified, with watchfulness. 28. 'The Hom, which is the preparer of the dead, is grown in the sea Varkash, in that which is the deepest place; (29) and 99,999 guardian spirits of the righteous are appointed as its protection. 30. The Kar fish?, too, ever circles around it, and always keeps the frog and other noxious creatures away from it. 31. 'Gopaftoshah8 is in Afran-vego, within the region of Khvaniras'. 32. From foot to mid-body he is an ox, and from mid-body to the top he is a man. 33. And at all times he sits on the sea-shore, (34) and always performs the ceremonial of the sacred beings, and pours holy-water into the sea. 35. On account of which 10, through the pouring of that holy-water, innumerable noxious creatures in wy. 1 A prodigious monster of benevolent character, described in Bd. XIX, I-I2; possibly some local divinity. ? L19 has 'stands,' as is also stated in Yas. XLI, 28. See Chap. XLIV, 15. 4L19 adds and pollution.' The white Hom or Gokarn, the tree of immortality (see Bd. XVIII, 1, XXVII, 4). It is the preparer of the dead,' because the elixir of immortality is expected to be prepared from it at the resurrection (see Bd. XXX, 25). Those who watch over the sea Vouru-kasha (see Fravardin Yt. 59). 7 Ten such fish, of enormous size and intense watchfulness, are said to be employed to protect the Gokarn from a lizard or frog sent by Aharman to injure it (see Bd. XVIII, 2-6). 8 See Chap. XLIV, 35n. 9 See Chap. XXVII, 40. 10 L19 omits these four words. Digitized by Google

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112 DINA-I MAINOG-I KHIRAD. the sea will die. 36. Because, if he does not specially perform that celebration of the ceremonial, and does not pour that holy-water into the sea-where those innumerable noxious creatures shall utterly perish -- then, whenever the rain shall rain, the noxious creatures have to rain just like rain. 37. 'The nest of the griffon bird? is on the tree opposed to harm, the many-seeded s. 38. Whenever he rises aloft a thousand twigs will shoot out from that tree, (39) and when he alights he breaks off the thousand twigs and bites the seed from them. 40. And the bird Kinamros4 alights likewise in that vicinity ; (41) and his work is this, that he collects those seeds which are bitten from the tree of many seeds, which is opposed to harm, and he scatters (parganded) them there where Tistaro seizes the water ; (42) so that, while Tistar shall seize the water, together with those seeds of all kinds, he shall rain them on the world with the rain.' 1 L19 has and those innumerable noxious creatures do not utterly perish.' * The Seno-muray (Av. saeno meredho) or Simurgh, a mythic flying creature said to suckle its young and to be of three natures like the bat (see Bd. XIV, 11, 24, XIX, 18). 8 L19 has of all seeds. This tree, from which all wild plants are supposed to spring, is said to grow in the sea near the Gokarn tree, and also in Airan-vego (see Bd. IX, 5, 6, XVIII, 9, XXVII, 2, XXIX, 5). * The chief of mythic birds next to the Seno-muruv; he is said to defend Iran from invasion by occasionally picking up foreign districts like grains of corn (see Bd. XIX, 15, XXIV, 29). o The angel who personifies the star Tistar (Sirius, see Chap. XLIX, 5, 6), after a conflict with the demons of drought and thunder (see Bd. VII, 1-13), pours down rain from the cloud, in which he had brought the water from the sea. * Originally, the archangel Amerodad (see Chap. II, 34) is said Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LX CHAPTER LXII, 36-LXIII, 6. 113 CHAPTER LXIII. 1. The sage asked the spirit of wisdom (2) thus : . Which is that good work which is greater and better1 than [alla] good works, and no trouble (anginako) whatever is necessary for its performances ?' 3. The spirit of wisdom answered (4) thus : 'To be grateful in the world, (5) and to wish happiness for every one. 6. This is greater and better than every good work, and no commotion (angeginako) whatever is necessary for its performancet.' Peace and prosperitys. to have mingled the plants with the rain (see Bd. IX, 2); but afterwards this was done by the mythic bird (see Bd. XXVII, 3). This legend was evidently intended to account for the rapid appearance of wild plants after rain in dry climates, where all traces of vegetation often disappear during the summer droughts. 1 L19 inserts more valuable and more advantageous.' ? K43 omits all.' L19 has no trouble and expense are necessary in it.' 4 This reply is much altered by Ner. and stands as follows, in L19:-- To wish happiness for every one ; (5) to be grateful unto the sacred beings and the good; (6) in every position and time to consider and keep in remembrance Adharmasd, as regards creativeness, and Aharman, as regards destructiveness; (7) and to be without doubt as to the existence of the sacred beings, the religion and soul, heaven and the account in the three days, and the reality of the resurrection and future existence. 8. This, most especially, is the good work which is greater and better, more valuable and more advantageous than all good works, and no trouble and expense are necessary in it.' The text of all versions ends abruptly at this point, without any peroration. 5 Only in K43. Digitized by Google

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SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR, OR THE DOUBT-DISPELLING EXPLANATION. I 2 Digitized by Google

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OBSERVATIONS. . 1. For the division into chapters the translator is responsible, but the sections are divided according to the alternating PazandSanskrit text of Neryosang. 2-6. (The same as on page 2.) 7. The manuscripts mentioned are: AK (probably written A.D. 1568) Paz.-Sans., belonging to Dastur Hoshangji Jamaspji of Poona; it is now defective, and contains only Chaps. I, 16-XI, 145, but this translation is based upon its text so far as it extends. BM a modern fragment, Pahl.-Pers., in the British Museum (additional Oriental MS. No. 22,378), containing Chap. I, 1-31. JE (written A.D. 1842, by Jamshedji Edalji) Paz.-Sans., belonging to Dastur Hoshangji and as complete as this translation, the latter half of which is based upon its text. JJ (written A.D. 1768, by Jamshedji Jamasp asa) Paz.-Sans., belonging to Dastur Khurshedji Jamshedji of Nawsari, and as complete as this translation. K28 (about 150 years old) Pahl.-Paz.-Sans., No. 28 in the University Library at Kopenhagen; it is now defective, but contains Chaps. I, 1-II, 8; III, 1-25; III, 36-IV, 106; VIII, 103IX, 16; IX, 30-X, 13; X, 71-XI, 28; XI, 55-61. L15 (written about A.D. 1737) Pahlavi, No. 15 in the India Office Library at London. It contains Chaps. I, 4-V, 71. L23 (written by the same hand) Pazand, No. 23 in the same library; containing Chaps. I, 34-VIII, 23. MH19 (about 150 years old) Paz.-Gug., No. 19 of the Haug Collection in the State Library at Munich. It contains Chaps. I, 1- XI, 201. PB3 (more than a century old) Paz.-Sans., No. 3 of the Burnouf Collection in the National Library at Paris. It contains Chaps. I, 5-X, 66. R (modern) Pahl.-Paz.-Sans.-Pers., formerly belonging to Mr. Romer, and now partly in the India Office Library at London, and partly in No.10 of the Muller Collection in the State Library at Munich. It contains Chaps. I, 25-V, 57. Digitized by Google

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SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. CHAPTER 1. 1. In the name of Allharmazd, the lord, the greatest and wise, (the all-ruling, all-knowing, and almighty, (2) who is a spirit even among spirits, (3) and from his self-existence, single in unity, was the creation of the faithful. 4. He also created, by his own unrivalled power, the seven supreme archangels ,] all the angels of the spiritual and worldly existences, (5) and the seven worldly characteristics? which are man, animals, fire, metal, earth, water, and plants. 6. And man was created by him, as a control of the creatures, for the advancement of his will. 7. From him likewise cames at various times, through 1 The passage in brackets is omitted in several Pahl. MSS., many of which commence at this point, but it is found in K28, BM, and others, and also in the Paz. MSS. and Sans. version. The first epithet, all-ruling,' which it contains is likewise omitted in a few Paz. MSS., while others add a further laudatory passage at that point, which is evidently a modern interpolation. The seven archangels include Adharmasd himself (see Bd. I, 26 n). So in the Pahl. MSS. and Sans, version, and also in MH19 and PB3, which latter follows the oldest Paz. MS. (AK) very closely; but 88 1-16 have been lost from AK itself. Several other Paz. MSS. substitute 'creations.' So understood by Neryosang, but the original Pahlavi could have been translated by he likewise sent,' because the Huzvaris yatand, 'came,' and sedrund, sent,' are written alike... Digitized by Google

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118 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. his own compassion, mercifulness to his own creatures, religion, and a natural desire of the knowledge of purity and contamination. 8. So, also, as to the intellect, understanding, wisdom, knowledge, consciousness, and guardian spirit--which are the appliances of the soul that are seeking information of these spiritual appliances, the five which are the sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, (9) through the five worldly appliances, which are the eye,, the ear, the nose, the mouth, and the rubbing surfaces of the whole body-(10) he likewise created man with the accompaniment of these appliances, for the management of the creatures. 11. He also created the religion of omniscience like an immense tree, (12) of which there are one stem, two branches, three boughs, four twigs, and five shoots?. 13. And its one stem is agreement. 14. The two branches are performance and abstinence. 15. The three boughs are Humat, Hakht, and Huvarst, which are good thoughts, good words, and good deeds. 16. The four twigs are the four classes of the religion, by whom the religion and world are prepared, (17) which are priesthood, warriorship, husbandry, and artisanship. 18. The five shoots are the five rulers whose scriptural names are the house-ruler, the village-ruler, the tribe-ruler, the province-ruler, and the supreme Zaratust. 19. And the one chief of chiefs, who is the king of kings, is the ruler of the world. 20. Likewise, the work manifested by him in the world--which is man-is in the likeness of these four : . The last two terms were, no doubt, Pahl, sak and barg-gah, of which the Paz. desaa and brisaa are merely misreadings. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER 1, 8-31. 119 classes of the world. 21. As unto the head is priesthood, (22) unto the hand is warriorship, (23) unto the belly is husbandry, (24) and unto the foot is artisanship. 25. So, also, of the four capabilities (hunaran) that are in man-which are temper, ability, wisdom, and diligence-(26) unto temper (khim) is priesthood, as the greatest duty of priests is the temper that they do not commit sin on account of shame and fear; (27) unto ability (hunar) is warriorship, that is, the most princely adornment of warriors is the ability which is expended, the manliness which is owing to self-possession (khvadih); (28) unto husbandmen is the wisdom (khirad) which is strenuous performance of the tillage of the world, and continuance unto the renovation of the universe ; (29) and unto artisans is the diligence (tukhshakih) which is the greatest advancement of their class. 30. This arrangement of every kind is upon one stem, truth and agreement, opposing the fiend and his appliances which are co-existent. 31. These 3, which are recounted by me, are of many kinds and many species, as many are religious and many believing at a period that all are mutually afflicting", 1 Or over.' This comparison of these four parts of the body to the four classes of men is mentioned several times in the Dinkard, especially in the latter part of the fourth book. ? That is, the ordinances of religion (see $$ 11-13). 3 The various heterodox religions, here assumed to be appliances of the fiend for misleading mankind, which the author discusses in the course of his arguments hereafter. Assuming that Paz. anbasa stands for Pahl, hanbeshin, as in Mkh. I, 37. It might be hu-beshin, 'well-afflicting, but this would not be so easily reconciled with the meaning 'inconsistent' which the word often assumes, as in Chaps. XIII, 145, 147, XV, 77, XVI, 42. Digitized by Google

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1 20 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. co-existent destroyers and injurers, one as regards the other. 32. And with the mutual afflictiveness, destructiveness, and combativeness which are theirs, one towards the other, they afterwards also contend against the one truth co-operatively and with united strength. 33. The possession of truth is the one power of the faithful, through the singleness of truth. 34. The many kinds of falsehood, which must become confused and mutually afflicting to many, are, in the aggregate, from one source of deceitfulness. . 35. As to that, this composition is provided by me, . who am Mardan-farukh2 son of Adharmazd-dad, as I saw in the age much religiousness and much good consideration of sects (keshan) of many species ; (36) and I have been fervent-mindedly, at all times in my whole youthful career, an enquirer and investigator of the truth of them. 37. For the same reason I have wandered forth also to many realms and the seashore. 38. And of these compendious statements which, owing thereto 4, are an enquiry of those desiring the truth, and a collection and selection (vigidano) of 1 The heterodox religions. * As this name has not been found elsewhere, nothing further is known about the author of this work than can be gathered from the few statements he has made in the work itself. He lived probably in the eighth or ninth century of the Christian era, as he mentions the Dinkard edited by Atur-frobag in Chaps. IV, 107, V, 92, IX, 1, 4, X, 57, XII, 1, and also the Roshan commentary prepared by Atur-frobag's son (see Chaps. X, 53, 54, XI, 213); but he does not allude to the later edition of the Dinkard, prepared by Atur-pad, son of Hemid, who was living in the latter part of the ninth century (see Bd. XXXIII, 11 n). 3 Sans. 'on. This statement is very similar to that in Mkh. I, 35. - Reading agas, instead of the similarly-written afas, and of it.' 5 Reading afas, instead of agas here. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER 1, 32-48. I 21 it, for these memoranda, from the writings and memoranda of the ancient sages and high-priests of the just -and especially those of the glorified Atur-padiyavand-thename Sikand-gumanik Vigara is appointed by me. 39. As it is very suitable for explaining away the doubts of new learners about the thorough understanding of the truth, the blessedness and truth of the good religion, and the inward dignity of those free from strife. 40. And it is composed and arranged by me not for the wise and talented, but for preceptors (farhangikan)and those newly qualified. 41. So that, while many become freer from doubt about the miraculousness and blessedness of the statements of the good religion and primitive faith, (42) I am still begging of distinguished sages, (43) that whoever wants to look, should not look to the religion of the particular speaker and composer, but to the greatness of the truth, blessedness, and definite statements of the ancient sages. 44. Because I, who am the composer, do not hold the station of teaching, but that of learning 45. And it seemed to me, through liberal thought, a statement, from that knowledge of the religion, destined and important even for new learners. 46. Because he who distributes to the worthy, out of the little knowledge which is his, is more acceptable than he who knows much and the worthy are without benefit and without help from him. 47. Since those ancient sages decided, (48) that liberality is of three kinds, of thought, of word, and 1 See Chap. IV, 106. . Sans. has students.' 3. Doubt-dispelling explanation.' Sans. has you should not look.' Digitized by Google

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1 22 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. of deed. 49. Liberality of thought being that whose wishing of happiness for any others whatever, of a like disposition, is as much as for its own. 50. Liberality in word being that which teaches to the worthy something out of every virtuous knowledge and information which have come to it; (51) just as that which a certain sage said (52) thus: 'I desire that I may understand all information which is advantageous, and I will teach it to friends and acquire the result which is obtainable.' 53. And the liberality which is in deed being that which, out of any benefit whatever that has come to it, is a benefit to the worthy. 54. Again, it is a reminding of the good as to the preservation of the soul; (55) and for the same reason I have arranged that while the wise are kindly observant of me, through their own compassion, they may remember about the immortality of the soul. 56. Since it is said, that the eye of him who observes all good creatures with kind eyes is the eye of the sun; (57) because the sun is, indeed, an observer and beautifier with kind eyes for all creatures. CHAPTER II. 1. The first subject (2) is about several questions that the ever-successful Mitro-aiyyar, son of Mah This person, who is not mentioned elsewhere, was probably a layman and evidently a Mazda-worshipper, although his father's name seems to be Muhammadan, either Ma'hmud or Mu'hammad. The Parsis under a Muhammadan government often adopted Muhammadan names, as they also took Hindu names in India ; but, in this case, it is perhaps more probable that the father had become Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER 1, 49-II, II. 123 mad, from Spahan', asked with good intent and not in search of defects, and the answer thereto. 3. As to that which is asked thus: Why did Aharman hurry on to the light?, and how was it possible to be so when he is not of a like nature with it, though we always see that whatever is not of a like nature abstains from a different nature as much as water does from fire?' 4. The answer is this, that the cause itself of the hurrying on of Aharman, which was to the light, was his different nature. 5. And on account of the desire of a destroyer, which was perpetually in his nature, he is a destroyer of different natures. 6. Being injured and injuring, however they occur, do not take place except from difference of nature and those of a different nature. 7. Because in those of a like nature there exist similarity of will and unanimity, one towards the other, not injuring and being injured. 8. And those of a different nature, on account of their opposing nature, are destroyers and injurers, one of the other, however they come together. 9. Those of a like nature, on account of unanimity and similarity of nature, are livelys, efficient, and mutually helping, when they come together. 10. The disintegration and separation of like natures is the disunion of different natures. 11. Just a convert to Muhammadanism, and changed his name accordingly, after his son had grown up. The Pahlavi form of Ispahan. * In Bd. I, 9, 10 we are told that when the evil spirit arose from the abyss, he rushed in to destroy the light which he then saw for the first time, but was frightened away by its bravery and glory. 8 So understand by Ner., but zivihend may mean they are graceful,' or it may be a misreading of zenihend, they are armed' Digitized by Google

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I 24 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. as heat and cold which, on account of their opposing nature, are destroyers and injurers, resisting and disintegrating one another, through their perpetual nature. 12. Because every disintegration is owing to the laws (rastagan) of cold and dryness, heat and moisture, (13) and their destruction, injuring, and opposition of one another. 14. For the disintegration of bodies is owing to the perpetual struggling of heat and cold, dryness and moisture; (15) and owing to their struggling, one with the other, bodies are disintegrated and disabled. 16. Of water and fire, through their own nature, no injury whatever is manifest; (17) but the cold of their fraternization is mingled with the moisture of the water, and is an opponent of the heat of the fire ; (18) and the dryness of their fraternization is mingled with the heat of the fire, and is counteractingly an injurer of the moisture of the water, CHAPTER III. 1. And as to that which is asked (2) thus: "Why does not the creator Allharmazd keep Aharman back from evil doing and evil seeking, when he is the mighty maker? 3. As I assert that no mighty maker is afterwards imperfect nor yet unresisting.' 4. The answer is this, (5) that the evil deeds of Aharman are owing to the evil nature and evil will which are always his, as a fiend. 6. The omnipotence of the creator Adharmazd is that which is over all that is possible to be, and is limited thereby. 1 When water comes in contact with fire. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER II, 12-III, 21. 125 7. That which is not possible to be is not stirred up by a capable or an incapable being. 8. Whoever says it is so is not within the limits of understanding the words. 9. Because, though he said that it is not possible to be, he says again that the sacred being is capable of it, and that has brought it out of the limits of what is not possible to be. 10. For then it is not the not-possible, but the possible to be. 11. As his capability is limited, so also is his will, thereby. 12. For he is sagacious, (13) and the will of a sagacious being is all for that which is possible to be, (14) and his will does not pass on to that which is not possible", (15) because he wills all that which is possible and fit to be. 16. If I say that the creator Adharmazd is able to keep Aharman back from the evil which is his perpetual nature, (17) it is possible to change that nature which is demoniacal into a divine one, and that which is divine into a demoniacal one; (18) and it is possible to make the dark light, and the light dark. 19. Of the changing of a nature by its own self those not understanding nature speak, (20) who are uninformed of the nature of the result in actions and propensities 3 ; (21) and they account the wolf and noxious creatures as a benefit. i Sans. adds 'to be,' and is followed by most of the modern MSS. 9 Paz. vazihasn, probably a misreading of Pahl. uzdahisn. * Paz. gadasni, both here and in Chaps. IV, 56, VIII, 122, 123, 126, XII, 64, evidently means 'disposition, peculiarity.' It is probably a misreading of Pahl. guzinisn, occasioned by some writer connecting the two letters en and so converting them into a t(d). * Digitized by Google

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126 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. 22. Since the harm and evil which arise from mankind and cattle are not naturally their own, but are owing to the havoc, deceit, solicitation, and deluding' of the fiend, (23) they are from the like vileness of other fiends who are such as the malice, wrath, and lust? which are mingled with mankind. 24. Just as the swallowing of bitter medicine, which is mingled with poison, is not the accomplishment of happiness, but for the removal of the pain and sickness which are owing to an extraneous nature (bara gohar). 25. As of a statement which is true or false--(26) though it may be that, connected with a false statement, a righteous man is preserved from much harm, and is ruined by that which is true(27) mostly that benefit is not from the false statement, but from the removal of the destruction and. evil which are mingled with the vile, (28) and that harm is not from the true statement, but from the evil which is mingled with the vile. 29. Also, as regards that which happens when opponents have appeared in order to remove each one its own competitor, (30) every one is unrestricted in keeping away that which is its own opponent, (31) such as light and darkness, perfume and stench, good works and crime, erudition and ignorance. 32. That which is not unrestricted is the 1 Ner. reads vyawani, which he understands to mean 'bewildering,' but it is doubtful if we can derive this meaning from vyawan, 'a waterless wilderness,' which word occurs in Chap. XIV, 30. The original Pahlavi word can be also read either niyazanih, 'cause of longing, temptation,' or nihazanih, 'intimidation.' * Evil passions which are personified as fiends (see Mkh. XLI, 10, 11). * Reading atang, instead of the similarly-written atuk which would be the equivalent of the Paz. ata (Sans. sakta) used by Ner. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER III, 22-IV, 4. . I 27 light to keep away stench, nor the perfume darkness; (33) but they have each separately appeared in order to keep away their own opponent. 34. As to that, too, which they sayl, that in the dark night a righteous man is preserved from the lion, wolves, dogs, and robbers, (35) while in the light day he becomes a captive in their hands, (36) it is not proper to consider that as a benefit owing to darkness, nor yet as an evil owing to light. 37. Because light is created for the removal of darkness, not for the keeping away of the lion, wolf, and noxious creatures. And there are many other things which are of this nature. 38. On account of tediousness this is collected merely as a summary; the virtue and understanding of you triumphant ones (39) are so much, that you may obtain more from revelation. CHAPTER IV. 1. And as to that which is asked (2) thus : 'When I always see that all things ever arise from the celestial sphere and stars, (3) and who created this sphere, then it is like that which those of the Virod religion say, that he created good and evil. 4. If Aharman For the purpose of arguing that evils are sometimes advantageous, and may, therefore, form part of the design of a beneficent spirit. * Or groh may mean'a hostage.' Compare Sans. viruddha, perverse, contradictory,' or Pers. bulud, antiquity. It is possible that Muhammadanism is alluded to, as that religion is hardly ever mentioned by name in Pahlavi writings, probably from motives of policy. Digitized by Google

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128 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. created anything, how did he become able to create the effect of these marvellous things, (5) and why is it when they are stars by which assistance of virtue is always bestowed ? .6. If Allharmazd and Aharman created in conference, then that way it is manifest that Allharmazd is an accomplice and confederate, with Aharman, in the harm and evil which ever arise from the celestial sphere.' 7. The answer is this, (8) that the celestial sphere is the place of the divinities (baghan), who are the distributers of happiness, from which they always justly bestow their distribution of every happiness. 9. And the forms of the seven planets (star) are witches who rush below them, despoilers who are antagonistic distributers, (10) whose scriptural name is Gadug? 11. Through the creator Adharmazd was the arrangement of these creatures and creation, methodically and sagaciously, and for the sake of the continuance of the renovation of the universe. 12. As the evil spirit was entangled in the sky, that fiend, with evil astuteness and with lying falsehood, encompassed? and mingled with the light, together with the fiends of crimes of many kinds, who are those of a gloomy race, thinking thus: 'I will make these creatures and creation of Adharmazd extinct, . or I must make them for my own.' 13. Those luminaries, the highest of those of the Av. gadha, a term for a brigand' which is used in conjunction with witches and other evil beings in the Srosh Yt. Hadokht, 5, 6. ? Supposing that the Paz. frawast (fravast in $ 16) stands for Pahl. parvast, as in Chaps. VIII, 96, 97, XIV, 73, XVI, 56, 60, 66-69, 71, 72; but as Ner. uses Sans. prasarpita, pravishta, pravartita, samudgata, and samutpatita to translate the word, he must have assumed that it stood for frazast (Pahl. fragast, sprang forth '). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER IV, 5-19. 129 good being, became aware, by means of omniscience, of the blemishing operation and the lies and falsehoods of the fiend, (14) and of this too, that is, of what extent was this power of his, by which this blemishing operation and work of ruin creep on, (15) so that, henceforth, there exists no power whatever for its restoration, which is free from the complete daubing of restraint, pain, and entanglement that is inside the sky. 16. It is they? who are sagaciously mingled by him (the good being) with the substance of the luminaries, because that fiend encompassed and was entangled with his luminaries, therefore all his powers and resources are for the purpose of not allowing the fiends of crimes of many kinds their own performance of what is desirable for them each separately; (17) such as the fiendish venom of the noxious creatures which the four elements (zahakan), pertaining to Adharmazd, [keep enveloped18. For if this fiendish venom of the noxious creatures] does not remain entangled (with the four elements of the bodily formations pertaining to Adharmazd]--which are water, fire, earth, and air--it is just as though they came to the sky and spiritual existence. 19. 1 Sans. 'will retreat,' as if Ner. understood the pronoun 'his' to refer to the good spirit, instead of the evil one; the application of the pronouns in $$ 14, 15 being by no means clear in the original text. The spiritual representatives of the luminaries, who are angels. : The words in brackets are omitted in AK, PB3, L23, so that $$ 17, 18, in those MSS., stand as follows:--Since the fiendish venom of the noxious creatures, that the four elements pertaining to Adharmazd--which are water, fire, earth, and air-have not entangled, is just as though they (the creatures) came to the sky and spiritual existence.' [24] Digitized by Google

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130 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. And if they attained to spirituality and a disembodied existence, it would not be possible for those creatures of Adharmazd to avoid and escape from that demoniacal venom of theirs. 20. It would be in the grasp (grohe)and mingled with the breath (vad) of mankind and the other creatures, and their restoration, support, increase, and growth would not be possible. 21. So theye also keep those planets enveloped in light, because the fiendish venom of the noxious creatures is in the substance of those luminaries. 22. On account of that, too, the existence of somewhat of advantage is manifest from the serpent species, which are dissolving venom from the multitudes of other wild animals and noxious creatures 3. 23. So also from the planets; on account of the commingling of the inferior splendour of those luminaries, benefit is manifested by them. 24. A similitude of these planets and the benefit which they always bestow (25) is such as the brigands (gadugan)* and highwaymen who interrupt the path of traders in a caravan. 26. They abstract important things from many, (27) and do not grant and give them to the diligent and worthy, but to sinners, idlers, courtezans, paramours, and the unworthy. 28. Observe this, too, that this performance of good works which astrologers compute and state from those planets is for this reason, (29) when they have not preferred. the method of the divinities 1 Or grohe may mean an assemblage.' * The angels of the luminaries. : Which they eat, and thereby diminish the number of such objectionable creatures. * See $ 10 n. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER IV, 20-37. 131 (baghan) who are distributing welfare, and that, also, of the five constellations pertaining to Adharmazd--which are the great one that is supreme and measurable?, Haptoiring 3, created by Mazda", and the stars Vanand", Sataves(r), and Tistar?-as regards the brigands (gadugan): and distributers of evil. 30. And those are the five planets that rush below them in the shape of stars, and they keep them enveloped in light, which are Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, and Mercury. 31. Since the supreme constellation, the great one of the north-opposing' (32) Haptoiring, is opposing Saturn, (33) Haptoiring, created by Mazda, is opposing Jupiter, (34) Vanand, the smiter of noxious creatures, is opposing Mars, (35) the star Sataves is opposing Venus, (36) and the star Tistar is opposing the planetary Mercury 10, (37) the welfare, which they say is from those brigands (gad ugan), is from those five constellations per 1 Called the great one of the middle of the sky' in Bd. II, 8, V, 1, which has not yet been identified, but may be Regulus or Orion. 2 Sans. ' very visible. * See Mkh. XLIX, 15-21, where it is called Haptok-ring. * This epithet is often applied to Haptoiring, Vanand, and Sataves. o See Mkh. XLIX, 12-14. See Mkh. LXII, 13. See Mkh. XLIX, 5, 6. The planetary witches (see $ 10). * Or it may be planetary-opposing,' or 'north-accepting. The dislocation, and probable corruption, of these sections is due to Ner., who evidently considered the epithet mazdadhata, created by Mazda,' as the name of one of the constellations, and great' and supreme' as mere epithets of Haptoiring. But he found it difficult to adapt the text to this opinion of his. 10 These oppositions agree with those mentioned in Bd. V, 1, except that Haptoiring is there opposed to Mars, and Vanand to Jupiter. K 2 Digitized by Google

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132 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. taining to Adharmazd, (38) as they obtain the triumph of much power and little injury. 39. And for the sake of not leaving these five planets to their own wills, they are bound by the creator, Adharmazd, each one by two threads (gik) to the sun (Mihir) and moon. 40. And their forward motion and backward motion are owing to the same cause. 41. There are some whose length of thread is longer, such as Saturn and Jupiter, (42) and there are some of which it is shorter, such as Mercury and Venus. 43. Every time when they go to the end of the threads, they draw them back from behind, (44) and they do not allow them to proceed by their own wills, (45) so that they may not injure the creatures. 46. And those two fiends that are greatly powerful, who are opponents of the planetary sun and moon, move below the splendour of those two luminaries? 47. Another-even that which is called the brigand (gad ug) of the stars, as regards the welfare that exists--is likewise confined below the splendour of the sun. 48. And when it gets far from control, it commits damage and harm on the constellation into which it springs, and on the quarter which is the particular concern of that constellation, (49) until it 1 Referring to the supposed cause of eclipses, which are said to be occasioned by two dark bodies revolving below the sun and moon, so as to pass between them and the earth whenever an eclipse occurs (see Dd. LXIX). .: Referring to the supposed injurious influence of comets which, as they usually appear one at a time to the unassisted eye, are here assumed to be a single evil being, the Muspar of Bd. V, 1, 2. : : We should perhaps say she,' as a drug, 'fiend,' is usually considered to be a female being, and the Muspar or Mus-pairika is a witch. Digitized by Google

Page #598
CHAPTER IV, 38-62. 133 becomes again, a second time, bound and fettered to the sun. 50. The statement which they offer about it? (51) is this, the conflict of the superior beings within the star station. 52. Out of the inferior of those are the conflicts of Tistar and the demon Spenzagar?, (53) of the fire Vazist 3 and the demon Avaush", (54) and of other good spirits with gloomy ones, for the formation of rain and allotment of welfare to the creatures. 55. Below them are mankind and cattle, noxious creatures and deadly ones 5, and other creatures that are good and bad. 56. Because propensities (gadasni) are mingled with mankind, (57) which are greed, lust, malice, wrath, and lethargy, (58) wisdom, temper, skill, knowledge, understanding, and intellect, (59) as the good influences and bad influences are called, which are the causes of good works and sin. 60. All this welfare of the creatures 6 is specially owing to the creator of the creatures, (61) who is himself the healer and perfect ruler, the maintainer of protection, nourisher, and caretaker, preserving his own creatures. 62. And, for his own creatures, he 1 Meaning, probably, the reason given by the astrologers for the good works mentioned in SS 28. * The demon of thunder (see Bd. VII, 12). * The lightning (see Bd. XVII, 1). + The demon of drought (see Bd. VII, 8, 10, 12, XXVIII, 39). These two conflicts represent the struggle between rain and drought, which culminates in the thunderstorm; Tistar (Sirius) being the bringer of rain. o So in AK, PB3, MH19, but other MSS. have mar, 'serpent,' instead of mar, though Ner. uses Sans. nrisamsa. * Which is manifest in the world around us. Digitized by Google

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134 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. has thoroughly created and taught the means of preservation from evil, and the appliances for abstaining from crime. 63. A semblance, too, of him is such as a wise orchard-owner and gardener who wishes to diminish the wild animals and birds which are mischievous and destructive for his orchard by spoiling the fruit of the trees. 64. And that wise gardener, effacing (pada sae) his own little trouble, for the sake of keeping those mischievous wild animals away from his own orchard, arranges the appliances which are necessary for the capture of those wild animals, (65) such as springes, traps, and snares for birds. 66. So that when a wild animal sees the snare, and wishes to proceed with suspicion of it, through unconsciousness of the springe and trap he is captured therein. 67. This is certain, that, when a wild animal falls into a trap, it is not a victory of the trap, but that of the arranger of the trap, (68) and through him the wild animal is captured in the trap. 69. The proprietor and orchard-owner, who is the arranger of the trap, is aware through sagacity that the wild animal is powerful, and to what extent and how long a time. 70. The power and strength of that wild animal, which are in its body, are exhausted and poured out by struggling, as much as it is able, in demolishing the trap and in endeavouring to destroy and spoil the springe. 71. And when, on account of imperfect strength, its power of struggling totters and is exhausted, that wise gardener then, by his own will and his own result of determination, wisely throws that wild animal out of the trap, with its existing nature and exhausted strength. 72. And Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER IV, 63-80. 135 he consigns his own trap and springe, rearranged and undamaged, back to the storehouse. 73. Even like him is the creator Adharmazd, who is the preserver of creations and arranger of creatures, the disabler of the evil original evolution and protector of his own orchard from the injurer. 74. The mischievous wild animal, which is the spoiler of the orchard, is that accursed Aharman who is the hurrier and disturber of the creatures. 75. The good trap is the sky, in which the good creations are lodging, (76) and in which the evil spirit and his rudimentary: miscreations are captured. 77. And pertaining to the springe and trap of the wild animal, who is mischievous owing to his own wilfulness, is the exhauster (78) time that, for the struggling of Aharman and his powers and resources, is for the long period + (79) which, through the struggling of the wild animal in the springe and trap, is an exhaustion of its strength. 80. The sole 6 ? Ner. has of the trap' in Sanskrit. The Paz. dam, meaning both creature' and 'trap.' * Reading bun gastak instead of bun yastak, as the word has evidently no reference to any form of worship. It cannot be translated original perversion' (a possible meaning of the word) because there are two of them (see SS 103 and Chap. VIII, 101), one competing with the other (see Chap. VIII, 1), which, as one of them is here said to be evil, implies that the other is good and cannot, therefore, be a perversion; nor would this term be applicable in Chap. VI, 6 or XV, 56. * Or it may be primitive,' as kadmon is the Huzvaris form of the Paz. khamast (superlative of Pers. 'ham, 'immature') here used. So in all the older MSS., but in Sans, it is the long-time lord.' a common Avesta epithet of time,' and this alteration has been introduced into JE, R, and a few other modern MSS. 5 Assuming that Paz. awas stands for ewau. The word is omitted by Sans., K28, L15. Digitized by Google

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136 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. creator of the creatures arranges a preservation again, which is the preparation of an eternal happy progress free from his adversary, which that wise orchard-owner does with his own trap and springe ? 81. Then the scanty power and want of ability of that fiend for it, in his struggling for the luminaries, are manifest even from this. 82. When as with lying falsehood he thought thus 3 : 'I will make this sky and earth and the creatures of Adharmazd extinct, or I will turn them from their own nature and bring them to my own,' (83) even then, with all the power, desire of destruction, and perpetual struggling of the fiend, no slaughter whatever by the demons is free from effectual limits; it is this earth and sky, and these creatures, (84) that are propagating from few to many, as is manifest, (85) and innumerable persons are convinced of it. 86. For, if in this struggling any victory should have specially occurred, it would have been impossible to attain from few to many. 87. Moreover, if the births of the worldly existence are mostly manifest through the occurrence of death therein, even then it is seen that that death is not a complete dissolution of existence, but a necessity of going from place to place, from duty to duty 4 88. For, as the existence of all these creations is derived from the four elements, it is manifest to the sight that those worldly bodies of theirs are to be mingled again with the four elements. 89. The spiritual parts, which are the rudimentary appliances of the life 1 As stated in $ 72. * Reading adinas, then for it,' which is the original Pahlavi indicated by the Paz. aina of Ner. (see Mkh. IX, 6 n). s See $ 12. * Compare Chap. XII, 79. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER IV, 81-99. 137 stimulating the body, are mingled with the soul(90) on account of unity of nature they are not dispersed-(91) and the soul is accountable (a marhomand) for its own deeds. 92. Its treasurers ?, also, unto whom its good works and offences are intrusted, advance there for a contest. 93. When the treasurer of the good works is of greater strength, she preserves it, by her victory, from the hands of the accuser 2, and settles it for the great throne and the mutual delightfulness of the luminaries; (94) and it is assisted eternally in virtuous progress. 95. And when the treasurer of its offences is of greater strength, it is dragged, through her victory, away from the hands of the helper , (96) and is delivered up to the place of thirst and hunger and the agonizing abode of disease 4. 97. And, even there, those feeble good works, which were practised by it in the worldly existence, are not useless to it; (98) for, owing to this same reason, that hunger and thirst and 'punishment are inflicted on it proportionately to the sin, and not lawlessly, (99) because there is a watcher 6 ? Ner. divides the word gango bar, treasurer,' into the three words gang u bar, 'treasure and produce.' These treasurers are the female spirits who meet the soul after death, with its stores of good works and sins (see Dd. XXIV, 5, XXV, 5), and symbolize its good and bad conscience, represented by a beautiful maiden and a frightful hag, respectively. ? The accuser is any person or thing of the good creation that has been injured by any sin, and who must be satisfied by atonement before the sin can be remitted. The question, therefore, to be settled, when the account of the soul is rendered, is whether its good works are sufficient to atone for its sins. In this case the treasurer of offences represents the accusers. $ The treasurer of good works. * That is, to the torments of hell. * Either the treasurer of its good works, or the good works themselves. Digitized by Google

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138 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. of the infliction of its punishment. 100. And, ultimately, the compassionate creator, who is the forgiver of the creatures, does not leave any good creature captive in the hands of the enemyl. 101. But, one day, he saves even those who are sinful, and those of the righteous through atonement for sin, by the hands of the purifiers, and makes them proceed on the happy course which is eternal. : 102. The conclusion is this, that the creator is the healer and perfect ruler, the maintainer and nourisher, protecting and preserving the creatures 3 ; not a producer of the disease, a causer of the pain, and an inflicter of the punishment of his own creatures. 103. And it is more explicitly written below, with the arrangement of the two original evolutions 4, among the assertors of the non-existence of a sacred beings, and the contemplators of unity. 104. As ordered and requested by you it is provided (padarast); do you direct and observe it with kind regards. 105. Because, as written above? by * us, I do not hold the station of teaching, but really that of learning. 106. Even this teaching of doctrines is that which was obtained by me, through the religion of wisdom *, from the writing (nipik) of Atur-padlyavand", and is here indicated. 107. And his teachings i Compare Chap. XII, 59. 9 Assuming that Paz. gume is a misreading of Huz. yom-1. Compare $ 61. * See $ 73 n, Chaps. V, 46-IX, 45. 5 Chap. V. Chap. X. ? Chap. I, 44. 8 It is doubtful whether this dini-i-khard was the name of a book now unknown, as the phrase admits of reasonable translation. * This writer is also mentioned in Chaps. I, 38, IX, 2, X, 52, but his name has not yet been found elsewhere. As he does not Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER IV, 100-V, 3. 139 are in the Dinkard' manuscript (nipik), which the supremely learned Atur-frobag , son of Farukh-zad, who was the leader of those of the good religion, explained out of his knowledge of the religion, and which consists of a thousand subjects 3. 108. Of that, too, which is asked by you about unlimitedness and limitation, I have written below 4, through the will of the sacred beings. CHAPTER V. 1. Another subject, among the assertors of the non-existence of a sacred being, is about the existence of the sacred being and his competitor. 2. Of the knowledge approvable by wisdom and the statements of the limits of evidence, about the existence of the sacred being and his competitor, (3) appear to be mentioned in that portion of the Dinkard known to be extant, his writings were probably embodied in the first two books of that work, which have not yet been discovered. 1 The most extensive Pahlavi work in existence, of which only Books III-IX are extant; they contain about 170,000 words and are a summary of the religious opinions, customs, legends, and literature of the Mazda-worshippers, compiled probably in or before the eighth century of the Christian era from earlier records. . An early editor of the Dinkard,' acts of the religion. His selections from various religious writings form the fourth and fifth books of that work. He appears to have been succeeded in the editorship by his son Zaratust. And when their manuscript became worn out, it was finally re-edited by Aturpad, son of Hemid, who lived in the latter part of the ninth century. All these three editors were 'leaders of the good religion,' and are mentioned in the last paragraphs of the third book of the Dinkard. s Paz. daraa means rather subject'than chapter' (Paz. dar). * See Chap. XVI, 53-107. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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140 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. this is a summary:-One knows it should be enjoined, that the supreme first knowledge, most suitable for the well-discerning, is comprehending the sacred being. 4. He, of whom this knowledge is not the leader of knowledge, is unaided by other knowledge. 5. Comprehending the sacred being is possible through undecayed? understanding, fervent intellect, and decisive wisdom. 6. Since comprehending the sacred being is not, thus far, more than that one knows that a sacred being exists, (7) because whoever is acquainted with the existence of a certain thing, and is unaware of its nature, is thinking thus, that that thing is good or bad, erudite or ignorant, antidote or poison, cold and frozen or hot and scorching, dry and withering or damp, (8) and, when unaware of its nature, his only knowledge of it is then useless--(9) for it is possible to cause the commendation and condemnation of any person or thing, not through its existence but through its nature--(10) therefore one knows this should be also enjoined, that a knowledge of anything is acquired in three modes :-(11) by knowing what is inevitable, or by knowing what is analogous, or by what is possible and fit to exist. 12. Inevitable knowledge is such as once one is one, and twice two are four. 13. For within the bounds of the really inevitable it is not possible to say, (14) that there was or will be a time, or a place, where twice two are said to be five or three. 15. Knowledge by analogy is that which announces, from anything manifest, something which is not Assuming that Paz, agunast (Sans. anavila) stands for Pahl. agondid; but it may stand for Pahl. agungid, 'unsilenced.' Sans. inserts the nature of.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER V, 4-32. 141 manifest, (16) and brings, out of anything visible, something invisible, in the likeness of a hand put up!, for the household service of the perception of wisdom, (17) through complete similarity, resemblance, or partial resemblance. 18. Complete similarity is such as that of a man of Pars to a man of another district. 19. Resemblance is such as that of cheese to the white of an egg. 20. And partial resemblance is such as that of cheese to chalk, (21) since this is about the limit of partial resemblance, because cheese is like unto chalk only in whiteness, (22) but to the white of an egg in whiteness and also as food. 23. And there is also that which is called more resembling than resemblance, and more partially resembling than partial resemblance. 24. That which is more than complete similarity is not spoken about, (25) because completion does not become more complete. 26. By this mode it is set forth a second time at more length. 27. To demonstrate an invisible from a visible thing is such as from a thing made and maintained, which is not domestically serving the maker and maintainer, (28) and from a thing written, whose writer is not declared, (29) are manifest a maker of that which is made, a maintainer of that which is maintained, and a writer of that which is written, who are inevitable, (30) because that which is not manifest and is invisible is demonstrated by the thing which is manifest and visible. 31. Information of that which is within the possible and fit to exist is credible, (32) such as what one 1 As a finger-post. Digitized by Google

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142 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. states thus: 'I saw a man by whom a lion, or a lion by whom a man, was slain outright.' 33. And this, being that which is within the limits of the possible and fit to exist, may be a lie. 34. But when a man announces that intelligence, who is renowned for truth and tested in judgment, it is within the limits of truth and reality. 35. If a man announces it, who is disgraced by falsehood and tested in misjudgment, it is within the limits of falsehood and unreality. 36. Another mode, outside of these and within the limits of the inevitable, is by knowing what has not occurred and is not possible ; (37) such as what one states thus : 'It is possible to bring the world, in secrecy, into the inside of an egg,' (38) or 'it is possible for an elephant to pass into an eye of a needle,' (39) in such a manner as though one of them really becomes no greater and no less, (40) or its substance is something which is not a rudiment. 41. A struggle which should not be limited, (42) an existing thing which is not temporary and localised, (43) or is localised and not limited, (44) the working of a vain miracle, (45) and other things of this description of speaking and imagining are faulty and false and not possible. 46. Then the knowledge of the existence of him who is the exalted sacred being, apart from tangibility of nature and other evidence, is through the inevitable and analogy, (47) as much visible before the sight of wisdom as from the prosperity?, formation, and organization which are, according to dif * Reading a dinas, 'then of him,' for Paz. aina, as in Chap. IV, 81. Having explained the modes of arguing, in $$ 12-45, the author now returns to the argument itself. % So in Sans., but bahar-homandih also means 'divisibility.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER V, 33-61. 143 ferent statements of many kinds, the formation of the things of the world and mankind whose particles, and the appliances which are owing thereto, are such as the elements of the body and life, from which ? they are prepared and formed, (48) which are fire, water, air, and earth, (49) that are, each separately, a stimulus so qualified and ennobled for their own operations, (50) that the operation of fire, through its own quality (kiharih) and nobility (vaspuharakanih), is such that the operations of water, air, and earth are not to stimulate unrestricted (atang)2 by it. 51. Thus, also, the operation of water, through its own quality, is such that the operations of air, fire, and earth are not unrestricted by it. 52. So, also, of air, the operations of fire, water, and earth are not unrestricted by it. 53. So, also, of earth, the operations of these others are to stimulate not unrestricted by it. 54. But each separately is for its own operation, just as they are ennobled and qualified (55) by him who is, sagaciously and methodically, a qualifier, a constructor, and an ennobler. 56. And the organization is constructed, prepared, qualified, and ennobled as is suitable for those operations. 57. So, also, as to mankind and the other creatures, who are the germinating of these elements, (58) whose organization of bone, fat, sinew, veins, and skin, each separately (59) without sympathy, one for the other, is visible altogether. 60. Thus, too, are the nobility and qualification of the internal organs, (61) such as the liver, hearts, lungs, kidneys, gall-bladder, and Reading man aga for Piz. ke vas. See Chap. III, 30 n. & Assuming that Paz. dawur is a misreading of Pahl. dil. Digitized by Google

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144 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. other appliances, for every one of which a function of its own is manifest. 62. They are qualified and ennobled for their defence by those functions which are their own. 63. So, also, is the qualification of the eye, ear, nose, tongue, mouth, teeth, hand, foot, and other external appliances, whose own functions are each separate. 64. And it is visibly manifest therein ; inasmuch as, when one of these organs is disabled, any one of the rest is not suitable for the work of that other one, for which it is not qualified. 65. And when only the construction of one of the organs of the body is examined into--that is, how it is--it is wonderfully sagaciously constructed? 66. Such as the eye, which is of many natures of different names and different purposes, (67) as the eyelash, the eyelid, the white, the eyeball (kh ayak), the iris (sa yak), and the pupil (tedak), (68) in such way that the white is fat?, (69) the iris is water which has so stood in the prison of fat that the turning of the eye, from side to side, occurs through it, (70) and the pupil, itself the sight, is like a view into the water. 71. The iris stands in the prison of white, like the standing of water in a prison of fat; (72) and the pupil is within the iris, like the view of a thing within clear water, (73) or the form of a column in 1 So in Sans., but the Pahl. text may be translated 'how wonderful it is, it is sagaciously constructed.' ? Assuming that Paz. pegh, as well as pih in $ 69 and peh in $ 71, stands for Pahl. pik (Pers. pi), 'fat.' It might also be connected with Pers. pikah,'a veil,' as Ner. seems to have understood it here; but 'fat' suits the whole context better. * Reading lag, instead of rag, 'a vein,' which latter is adopted by Ner. both here and in $ 71. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER V, 62--92. 145 a shining mirror. 74. And the arrangement of the white in the orbit is for the reason that the dust whirling from the atmosphere, when it arrives at the eye, shall not be concealed in it, (75) but shall turn to the lid (gumb) of the eye, (76) and shall not injure the sight of the eye. 77. Just as the construction of the tube (rag) of the ear is undilated (afa hal), for the reason (78) that whirls of dust and winged noxious creatures shall not rightly enter therein. 79. And the moisture of oneself, the secretion of the ear, and the venom of noxious creatures are manifestly as useful i. 80. When the appliances of life and soul are observed (81) such as the smell, hearing, sight, taste, and touch which are causing the intelligence of living beings, (82) as also the wisdom of every pontiff (rad), which is pronounced decisive, (83) the knowledge which is acquiring, (84) the intellect which is a seeker and transmitter, (85) the understanding which is a treasurer and defender, (86) the consciousness which is itself the sight of the soul, (87) the guardian spirit (fravash) which is itself the nature that is a maintainer of the body, (88) the spiritual life (a ha) which is pure, (89) and the other spiritual existences that are maintaining the body, which are each separately qualified, in that manner, for their operation and duty-(90) they are perfect in their own operation, as to duty such as they are ennobled and qualified for. 91. As to that for which they are not qualified, they are not suitable. 92. The two arguments which are each separate As means of defence. ? By the assistance of the senses mentioned in $ 81. [24] Digitized by Google

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146 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. in the Dinkard manuscript, as the supremely learned onel has explained them out of his knowledge of the religion, are here set forth at length. 93. He whose wish is to fully understand the wonderfulness of the Mazda-worshipping religion and the statements of the primitive faith, (94) examines into it in a manuscript of that character, (95) and shall understand more fully the wonderfulness and truth of the religion? CHAPTER VI. J. As to another delusions of those asserting the non-existence of a sacred being--(2) whom they call atheistical (dahari)4--(3) that they are ordained free from religious trouble (alag) and the toil of practising good works, (4) and the unlimited twaddle (drayisn)s they abundantly chatter, (5) you should observe this :46. That they account this world, with the much change and adjustment of description of its members and appliances, their antagonism to one another, and their confusion with one another, as an original evolution? of boundless time. 7. And this, too, that there is no reward of good works, no punishment of sin, no heaven and hell, and no stimulator of good works and crime. 8. Besides * Atur-frobag (see Chap. IV, 107). * Nearly all the Pahlavi manuscripts of this work terminate here. * Paz. vyawani (see Chap. III, 22 n). * Sans. digambara refers this term to Buddhist ascetics, the nearest approach to atheists with which Ner. was acquainted. A contemptuous term for the speech of evil beings. Or it may be one,' as the Sanskrit uses the third person. ? See Chap. IV, 73 n. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER V, 93-v1, 18. 147 this, that things are only worldly, and there is no spirit. 9. As I have written and shown above!_(10) that to be made without a maker, and decided without a decider, is as impossible as to prepare what is written without a writer, or a house without a mortar-mixer (raz)2 and building (desak)--(11) things made, of all kinds, cannot arise without making. 12. And this worldly existence is owing to the mingling of competing powers. 13. So its numerous possessions are so constructed, selected, and made of diverse races (kiharan), diverse colours, diverse scents, diverse characteristics, and diverse species as I have stated above about the body, (14) that it is constructed and made out of many things, such as bone, fat, sinew, veins, skin, blood, breath, hair", fundament", hand, foot, head, belly, and other members, internal and external, (15) in two series of things of many kinds, of which to be never made by means of the diverse nature of diverse powers, (16) or to arise without a maker, the impossibility is certain. 17. And in like manner of the other creatures, plants and trees, water and fire, earth and air, their stimulus, too, which is not themselves, is to their own duty; and they are not stimulators, (18) but there is a stimulator, a building (desak), and a making for 1 Chap. V, 27-30. * Sans. has carpenter.' 8 Chap. V, 57-63. * Assuming that Paz, vas is a misreading of Pahl. varas. Ner. has Sans. rasa, 'liquid secretion.' Supposing that Paz. daryam (Sans. nishtha) stands for Pahl. dar-i dum. * Literally columns.' L2 Digitized by Google

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148 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. them. 19. And the usage (vazar) which is changing and urging them, from stimulus to stimulus, from statement to statement, and from time to time, is not according to the will and requirement of those made, but according to those that are stimulating and making. 20. Even so, indicative of the rotation of the years, months, days, and hours, is the revolution of the celestial sphere and stars which are settled (pasakhtak), and of the sun and moon which are adjusted (nivardak), a well-horsed progress and conspicuous revolution. 21. This, too, is an indication that the movements of every appearance (kiharih) are owing to an exhibitor, by whom the movement of that appearance is exhibited. 22. Owing to other differences and different management in the worldly existence (23) it is possible to know, from the worldly existence at various times and various periods, that this worldly existence is not without a manager. 24. Or that its manager is not a sacred being ?, who is learned, acting reasonably, of unlimited power, and illumining : the sky, is also that which is visible when the development, decay, and death of the world are such, that the nature alike of mankind and animals, and alike of races and trees, is to come from youth to old age, and from old age to death. 25. No one whatever is seen that has come from old age back to youth, or from death back to life, and it is not Alluding to the supposed horses of the sun. Sans. has brilliant. * That is, the world cannot be controlled by a sacred being alone, on account of the evil it contains. 9 Sans. has 'making,' another meaning of varz. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VI, 19-40. 149 possible to say so. 26. Nor yet is it proper to think, say, or believe this, (27) that there is no recompense of good works and punishment of crime, (28) nor even an appearance of an attainable creator of all the creatures, and of the daubing of a destroyer. 29. Moreover, as to this latter, that is precious to those who are more friends of penury than of the comfort of ill-famed vileness--(30) because they produce their happiness thereby!, and are grateful, (31) and when they see distress they become suppliants (32) even from this destiny and dispensa tion which cannot become spiritual except by the * spirits -- (33) even so, in the appearance of every one of the hungry, (34) and in every one hurrying and straitened ?, who is imploring favours, is a manifestation of the maintenance of a hope for a supreme inspection over mankind, and, indeed, over wild animals, birds, and quadrupeds. 35. As to this, too, which they call sophistical 3, (36) that there is no assurance of even one of these things, (37) because all are jaundiced 4--(38) for whoever says that honey is bitter and honey is sweet, is right in both, (39) since it is bitter to those abounding in bile, and sweet to others; (40) also bread is pleasant and bread is unpleasant are both By performing the good work of charity, which is necessary for the future happiness of their own souls. . Assuming that Paz. hvastaw u vadang is a misreading of Pahl. a ustavo va tang. s Paz. suwastai (Sans. suvastayik a) is evidently traceable to COPLOTikos through Pers. sufistaiyah. Paz. tahal (Sans. katuk a) is transposed in Pers. talh, bitter,' in which sense the word is used in $$ 38, 39, and Chap. III, 24. Digitized by Google Ogle

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150 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. true, (41) since it is pleasant to the hungry, and unpleasant to the surfeited; (42) and many other statements of this description-(43) that which should be said in reply to their twaddle is summarily (44) such as the wise have told them (45) thus :--' Even this statement of you sophists, about the jaundiced nature of everything, is alike jaundiced, and there is no truth in it.' 46. Many other things are said among them; (47) and this that is indicated by us is the predominant information for you victors, (48) so that you may obtain more from revelation. CHAPTER VII. 1. Another subject is about the existence of a competitor of a different nature, as shown above, (2) that, from the constructing, qualifying, and ennobling of things so sagaciously, and even from the circumstances of an unimproving (a karik) hand put upon the concentrated light, it is manifest that its maker, constructor, concentrator, and qualifier is sagacious. 3. Also his constructing sagaciously is manifest, from each separately, through the qualifying and ennobling of his own works severally. 4. And his working sagaciously is an indicator that his work is purposed and caused, (5) because every one of the works of the sagacious ought to be purposed and caused. 6. The purpose and cause of a work arise first, the work itself afterwards. 7. From the many kinds of his work it is manifest that his work is willed and requisite. 8. For there Chaps. IV, 11, 12, V, 54-56. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VI, 41-VII, 24. 151 are two modes of doing a work, (9) either the willed is of the many kinds which are his will, (10) or the quality is of one kind which is as it is qualified" ; (11) so from the many kinds of work of the creator it is manifest that his work is willed and requisite. 12. And his will is owing to a necessity of different limit?, (13) because his will was a requisite for the power of the original evolution. 14. The purpose and cause of a work are before the necessity, (15) because while the purpose of the necessity of a work does not occur, the necessity does not exist. 16. The purpose of a work arises from the cause, towards which the necessity of that work instigates. 17. The necessity and willing of a thing which is caused exist; (18) and a cause of the necessity of a thing owing to its own self is not well suited, (19) because the cause arises from progression, (20) concerning which an indicator is the purposed work that is sagacious. 21. The purpose is owing to a cause, the cause is owing to promptitude (all stav), the promptitude is owing to an exception (bara), the exception is owing to an injurer, and the injury is owing to an opponent, without further words. 22. I have also shown 3, on this subject, through inevitable knowledge and through analogy, the making and qualification of the world and its circumstances and appliances. 23. From the making and qualification of the world is manifested a maker and qualifier; (24) and (through the purposely-made * By necessity, and not exhibiting any freedom of will on the part of its maker. * That is, not limited by anything in his work of creation. 3 In Chap. V, 46-91. * The passage in brackets is omitted by AK, PB3, MH19, L23, Digitized by Google

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152 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. work of the sagacious creator, (25) owing to] the purposely-made work?, is manifested the existence of an injurer from without. CHAPTER VIII. 1. Again, about the existence of a competing and different original evolution ?, there are these (2) that are manifest from the good and evil which are in the world, (3) and the particulars of its good maker which are self-limited. 4. Such as darkness and light, (5) erudition and ignorance, (6) perfume and stench, (7) life and death, (8) sickness and health, (9) order (dad) and disorder, (10) distress and freedom from care (azadih), (11) and other co-existing : factors whose certain existence is visible in every district and land, and every age. 12. So that no district or land whatever is discovered, nor yet any age has existed or shall exist, (13) wherein these good and bad terms and particulars have not existed or do not . exist. 14. And it is not possible to say, as to any place or age, that good and evil are changeable in themselves by their own nature. 15. So, moreover, of the other co-existences whose difference is not through different duty, through different species, or through different quality--(16) as the difference of those of a like nature among one another, such as male and female, (17) of the varieties evidently by mistake, as it is necessary to complete the meaning of the sentence. * Made for the purpose of frustrating the designs of the fiend, which he foresaw (see Chap. VIII, 51, 71). ? See Chap. IV, 73 n. * And, therefore, competing, as their natures are different. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VII, 25-VIII, 29. 153 of scents and flavours, and of the sun and moon and stars, whose difference is not through different nature, but through different duty, through different qualification, and through different construction, which are such as are attainable for various duties -(18) the good and evil, light and dark, and other different natures are then their distinction not through different duty, but through different nature, (19) the incompatible quality and the injuriousness which are manifest in them, one towards the other. 20. Therefore, when good is there !, the non-existence of evil is unquestionable ; (21) when light has come, darkness is removed. 22. Even so of the other co-existences 2 whose incompatibility and injuriousness together are owing to the cause of difference of nature,(23) because, in the worldly existence, there is a manifestation of the competing nature and injuriousness of the things, one towards the other. 24. The worldly existence is the fruit of the spiritual, and the spiritual is its root, (25) because fruit is obtained through a root. 26. In like manner the giver of the evidence arisen among the intelligent is clear. 27. Of the worldly existence being the fruit, and the spiritual being the root, the evidence is this, (28) when the progress (madano) of every visible and tangible thing from imperceptibility to perceptibility is explicitly manifest. 29. Because the arising of mankind and other creatures, Sans, has so that where (yatra) good is,' which has induced JE to insert Paz. edar for Sans. yatra, so as to make the author say when good is here (in this world), the non-existence of evil there in the other world) is unquestionable. A noteworthy instance of punctilious blundering, on the part of a revising copyist, making an author say more than he means. ? Mentioned in $8 5-11; those in SS 4 having been just referred to. Digitized by Google

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154 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. who are visible and tangible, from a spiritual existence which is invisible and intangible is known, (30) as much as the mirrored length and breadth of the body being an emanation of itself. 31. And the perceptibility of the body of man and other creatures was imperceptible and invisible in the semen which is derived from their fathers; (32) the semen itself, too, came into perceptibility, visibility, and tangibility in the skin 1 of the fathers. 33. It is now possible to know inevitably 2 that this worldly existence, which is visible and tangible, is produced and has arisen from a spiritual existence which is invisible and intangible. 34. In like manner the lapsing (yehevantano) from visibility and tangibility into invisibility and intangibility 3, which are themselves a spiritual state, is unquestionable. 35. When these are seen by us, in the worldly existence, the competing nature, formation, and injuriousness of one towards the other, even as to the property of the spiritual existence, (36) which is the root of the worldly one ; (37) and, in like manner, there is no doubt of the existence of its fruit of worldly possessions; (38) this is that which is manifest as regards a competing nature. 39. Then * its purpose and cause were indicated by me above 5, which are the sagaciously working of the creator, (40) who created the creature which is an indicator of the existence of an opponent. 1 That Ner, thus read post is shown by his Sanskrit translation of the word, but the original word was probably post, the back.' See Chap. V, 12-14 for the technical meaning of this word. 3 As in the case of death and decay. * Reading adinasam, then its by me,' which is the Pahlavi form indicated by the Paz. ainaum of Ner. (see Mkh. IX, 6 n). 5 Chap. VII, 4, 5, 19-21. Digitized by Google

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UNELT CALLE 55: CHAPTER VIII, 30-56. 41. For it is known that work due to workers is of two kinds, designed or qualified. 42. That which is designed is of three kinds. 43. Two are due to the wise and sagacious ; (44) either through seeking for their own working of advantage and benefit, (45) or through removing and keeping away the harm and evil which are from without. 46. And one is due to the ignorant and unwise, (47) done defectively and without a purpose. 48. From the wise and sagacious, work ought not to arise without a purpose and without a cause. 49. As the sagacious creator, who is all-knowing, perfectly capable, and fully complete in his own self, has sought that which is not a necessity for any advantage and aggrandizement of his from without ?, (50) it is, therefore, necessary to understand that the purpose and causes of his works are of that one kind , (51) to remove and keep away the harm which . is due to his opponent and the injurer who may arise from without, which is itself the purpose and cause of the creation of the creatures. 52. Also this, that that sagacious creator is good-willed, (53) and his will is all goodness. 54. The creatures were also created by him predominantly of his own will. 55. And the completely-stirring desire of him who is good-willed and sagacious is to subdue 4 evil and make it extinct, (56) for while evil is not subdued the 1 Reading sazed, as in JE, because, although AK, PB3, MH19 have Paz. sa hed, seems,' Ner, uses Sans. saknoti.. * And, therefore, cannot have been actuated by the design mentioned in SS 44. s Mentioned in SS 45. Reading kh vaftano, instead of Paz. anaftan, which is almost identical in writing; and making a similar correction in $ 56. Digitized by Google

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156 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. will of him who is good-willed is not fulfilled. 57. And this, that the goodness of that sagacious creator is manifest from creativeness, cherishing, and protection, and from commanding and teaching the means of putting away the path of evil and causing forbearance from crime; (58) also from the qualities and powers of the body in pain and sickness from without 59. And, as a cause of the body, (60) to remove and keep away the opponent who comes to the body, and to be the maintenance, the cause of maturity, and the cause of growth of animals and sprouting plants", through the power of maintaining and cherishing their qualities, there is a co-operator who is scripturally called the Fravash ? 61. And through those four powers that are accumulative, which are the powers of attracting, seizing, digesting, and extracting--(62) and which, owing to the creator's sagacity of every kind, are co-operators with proportionate power for keeping away the pain and sickness of various kinds which are owing to the opponent, who is working defectively and desirous of evil--(63) and through others that are of like strength and auxiliary, the good will of the creator is manifest. 1 Paz. rodama na, which Ner translates by the Sanskrit for 'trees and grains;' and the occurrence of the latter word has induced some reviser of AK to alter the following words zor-i dara, power of maintaining,' into zoridaea, 'grains,' which alteration has been adopted by MH19 and PB3, but the latter has also zor-i dara inserted in the margin, while JE has both readings in the text which thus means through the power of maintaining and cherishing the quality of grains.' ? The guardian spirit or spiritual representative of each object created by Adharmazd, which acts for that object in the spiritual world (see Mkh. XLIX, 23). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VIII, 57-73. 157 64. Of this, too, that this one is no creator of the pain and death which are dissipaters of the body, who is good-willed and a maintainer and cherisher of the body, (65) the evidence is even from this, when the sagacious creator is not a sufferer from sorrow (a pakhshadar) and performing penitence, (66) and is no dissipater and disabler of his own achievements?, (67) because he is sagacious and allknowing. 68. As to this other and the sorrow and penitence of the kind which is owing to his own work, it is fitting to speak about him as of deficient knowledge, incomplete wisdom, and inconclusive understanding. 69. As work does not arise from the wise and sagacious without a purpose and without a cause ?, (70) in like manner work from the unwise and ignorant and those of inconclusive understanding is all defective, without a purpose, and without a cause 3. 71. And that sagacious one is a contriver, working sagaciously and methodically, for keeping away that defective work and inconclusive understanding from his own creatures. 72. He who is working defectively produced distorted * and entangled scriptures among the creatures; (73) because this is known, that it is not possible so to keep away and cramp 5 him who is a moving and living nature in a boundless void, and 1 Sans. has creatures.' * See $ 48. 3 See $$ 46, 47. * Assuming that Paz. farginmand (Sans. gumphita) stands for Pahl. parkin-homand. 5 Paz. awefsuidan (Sans. sankokayitum); but it may be noted that the Pahlavi equivalent of this word might be easily read apasagaginidano,'to disorganize.' Digitized by G Digitized by Google

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158 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. to become without risk of injury!. 74. But, though he does not become entangled, fenced in, and captive, (75) he is spreading anguish into the entanglement and captivity, and it is a means of grievous punishment. 76. Only while a complete wiping away of the anguish due to him, and complete information as to his own ignorant activity do not arise, he has meditated ? with lying falsehood on that which is connected therewith. 77. And the complete capability of the almighty creator is the wiping away of the anguish. 78. Owing to the complete wiping away of anguish, through the almightiness of the sagacious creator, he casts him back impotent into the boundless void. 79. And the good creatures thereby become fearless, immortal, and undistressed (80) through the completely methodical sagacity and discernment of means of that omniscient creator of good beings. 81. From observation of possessions the difference of things is manifest. 82. And the difference is of two kinds, as mentioned above 3. 83. One is difference of operation, and the other is difference of nature. 84. Difference of operation is owing to mutual assistance and united strength", (85) and difference of nature is owing to want of an adapter 1 From him, the evil spirit, who is said to have left his native abyss and come on towards the light, through the void which intervened (see Bd. I, 3-5, 9). So in Paz.-Sans.; but he meditates' is more probable, and would be written in the same manner in Pahlavi. s Perhaps referring to the two series of things' mentioned in Chap. VI, 13-15, but the connection is not very clear. * Because co-operation in complicated work tends towards division of labour. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VIII, 74-101, 159 and to opposition. 86. And not in a single place is a permanence of possessions manifest. 87. If one of anything shall exist and one does not exist, its name shall exist, (88) for the sake of recognising things, one from the other, and preserving the name. 89. The bad, by separation from the good existence, is originally evolved in such a manner that the one is really no cause of the other. 90. Because each one is existent (ait-homand) through its own self,(91) owing to the perpetual injury and antagonism which are manifestly theirs, one towards the other. 92. If any one shall say that, as the competing formations of the competitors are numerous--(93) such as good and evil, dark and light, perfume and stench, life and death, sickness and health, pleasure and vexation--(94) there ought to be many other such original evolutions, many in number and of many species; (95) then they may give this reply', (96) that, even when there are many names and many species of competitors, still then all are within the compass? of two names. 97. And these two names are their including-source, which are good and evil. 98. Their different names and different species are tokens of these two sources. 99. There is nothing whatever that is not in the compass of these two names. 100. There has not been and will not be anything which is not good or evil, or a mixture of both. 101. On which account i Sans. has 'others give a reply;' but the Paz. anye, others,' is certainly a misreading of Pahl. adin ae, then this,' or adinas, then to him,' in which latter case the phrase would be then they may give a reply to him. The proper Pazand for other' is aware or han. ? See Chap. IV, 12 n. Digitized by Google

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160 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. it is explicitly manifest that the original evolutions are two, and not more; (102) and also this, that it is not possible for good to arise from evil, and evil from good. 103. From this, too, it is possible to understand", (104) that it is not possible for complete evil to arise from that thing which is filled with goodness. 105. If it be possible, then it is not full; (106) because any one thing, when said to be full, is no place for anything else; (107) and when there is no place for anything else, other things are not improved by it. 108. If the sacred being be perfect in goodness and wisdom, the folly and evil of any one are known not to arise from him. 109. If it be possible for them to arise from him, then he is not perfect. 110. If he be not perfect, it is not proper to glorify him for the sacredness of complete goodness. 111. If good and evil have crept on from the sacred being, he is imperfect in goodness. 112. If he be imperfect in goodness, he is imperfect in good information. 113. If he be imperfect in good information, so also he is imperfect in wisdom, understanding, knowledge, intellect, and other appliances of sagacity. 114. If he be imperfect in wisdom, understanding, intellect, and knowledge, he is imperfect in health. 115. If he be imperfect in health, he is apt to become sick. 116. If he be apt to become sick, he is imperfect in life. 117. If any one shall speak thus: 'I always see that from one nature, such as that of mankind, alike good and alike evil have always crept on, through actions owing to them,' (118) that is for this reason, 1 MH19 has 'to maintain.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VIII, 102-133. 161 because mankind are not perfect even in one thing. 119. And, on account of imperfection in goodness, evil has crept on from them;. (120) and also on account of imperfection, even in health, they become sick. 121. For the same reason they die, (122) because the cause of death is the struggling of two competing propensities within one nature. 123. There where two competing propensities exist within one nature, the occurrence of sickness and death is known. . 124. If any one shall say that there are good and evil actions which, until they are done, do not exist, (125) then they may give this reply', (126) that the occurrence of an action apart from doing is as impossible as any propensity apart from a nature; and, as to the nature, (127) its a continuance and arrangement are then known thereby not to occur through its own self. 128. For when a man indulges in wrath, Vohumanis far from there ; (129) and when Vohuman holds the position, wrath is not there. 130. When a man tells a lie, truth is far from there"; (131) and when he speaks true, falsehood has no position there, and that man is called truthful. 132. So also when sickness has come, health is not there; (133) and when health has come, sickness has gone. See $ 95 n. ? Reading adinasas, then its thereby' (with a double pronominal suffix), which is the original Pahlavi indicated by Paz. ainas (see Mkh. IX, 6 n). * The archangel 'good thought,' who is said to hold the position and vanquish 'evil thought,' while the angel Srosh does the same as regards 'wrath' (see Dinkard, quoted in Dd. XCIV, in; also Bd. XXX, 29). Sans. adds and that man is called false,' which JE also inserts in Pazand in the margin, but all other manuscripts omit. [24] m Digitized by Google

Page #627
162 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. 134. Just as a substance which is not moving can exist, (135) but movement, except in a substance, cannot exist. 136. About this chapter, too, collected as a summary, (137) do you reverently and discreetly observe and instruct thereon. CHAPTER IX. 1. Other information about the existence of the competitor, similarly testified by the Dinkardmanuscript (nipik), is here well noted for you. 2. For both this which is written above and that which is written here are all grown from the seed which the glorified Atur-padiyavand sowed, (3) and from the original thanksgiving (spas) of the supremely learned Atur-frobag, son of Farukh-zad, himself. 4. The fourths subject, which is from the Dinkard, is about the existence of an opponent of the creatures and of an opponent earlier than the creatures, and is from the exposition of the good religion *. * Assuming that Paz. daramaiha (Sans. sukshmataya) is a misreading of Pahl. garamikiha. It would more easily be a misreading of sharmakiha, 'modestly, but this term seems rather less likely to be applied by the author to his readers. ? See Chap. IV, 106, 107 for the names in these $$ 1, 2. 8 Assuming that Paz. ard ium (Sans. balishtho me) is a misreading of Pahl. arba um. The first subject (see Chap. II, 1) consisted of the three questions of Mitro-aiyyar discussed in Chaps. II-IV. The second subject, about the existence of God, is contained in Chaps. V, VI. And the third subject, about the existence of an evil spirit competing with the creator, is debated in Chaps. VII, VIII. 4 The third book of the Dinkard, which treats of a multitude of subjects from the exposition of the good religion,' does not appear Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VIII, 134-1x, 18. 163 5. That is, a knowledge of the existence of an opponent of the creatures is obtainable from the innermost recesses of the body of man even to the outermost objects of which ? sight is susceptible, (6) and beyond those, within the certain limits of analogy. 7. The innermost recesses of man are the innermost of life, (8) and are seen through complete observation, within the same limits. 9. This is, as ignorance is to erudition, (10) deceit to good disposition, (11) and falsehood to truth, (12) other defects of the capabilities which are the source of erudition, good disposition, and truth are the opponent, (13) and the cause of the wickedness of the soul. 14. Again, these irregularities of the rules of arrangement of the body, within the compass of the body, are the opponent, and the cause of the disintegration of the body. 15. Again, as to these among the emanations, cold is the opponent of heat, dryness is of moisture, and the other doers of mischief are opponents of the operations of existence. 16. Within time darkness is the opponent of light, stench of perfume, ugliness of handsomeness, unsavouriness of savouriness, poison of its antidote, noxious creatures and the wolf of the well-yielding cattle, and the vile felon (mar) of the good man. 17. Beyond time the brigand planets (gadugan)2 are the opponents of the work of the divine bestowers. 18. Beyond the knowledge obtainable of all these to contain the materials for this chapter. The author is, therefore, probably alluding to one of the two earlier books which have not yet been discovered. Assuming that Paz. anda ne (for be) tham-i vas (Sans. yavat bigam asya) stands for Pahl. vad baratum-i agas. ? See Chap. IV, 10. M 2 Digitized by Google

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164 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. champions susceptible to sight, are those who are within the limits of analogyl and the certain information of multitudes, the demons who are the opponents of the sacred beings.. 19. The existence of an opponent before the creation of the creatures, and his coming to the creatures (20) after the creation of the creatures, and also to the creator, are presented comprehensibly through reasons which are suitable' and presentable, and through the provision of a remedy, a creation which is for a purpose. 21. This one statement (vakak) possesses five arguments (sam an). 22. One is the being presented comprehensibly. 23. One is the being presented through reasons. 24. One is the reasons which are presentable and suitable that the creation existed. 25. One is the remedy appointed for the creation. 26. And one is the creation of the creatures of the creator for a purpose. 27. The existence of these five arguments is manifest through the creations and achievements themselves. 28. The presenting comprehensibly is wisely arranging the testimony of the effects of the creatures, (29) through the reasons presented, which are a declaration owing to the same sagacity. 30. The reason obtainable, that the creation existed, (31) with the arrangement of the creation so methodically, ought to arise from the suitable state of the Referring. to the two kinds of evidence, direct and indirect, mentioned in $$ 5, 6. ? So in & 24 and in Sans., though Paz. has obtainable' here. * Assuming that the Paz. a war dugae of AK stands for Pahl. bar gokas (or gokasih). MH19 has duvae, and PB3, JE have dusa e, while Sans, means about the magnitude.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER IX, 19-45. 165 creation ; (32) and the suitable design of the creation itself possesses the testimony, through its appearance. 33. The remedy appointed is a comprehensible and presentable demonstrator, (34) because it becomes a desire of knowledge and an appearance of the desire. 35. The being created for a purpose is manifest through the desire of activity of the creation, both severally and naturally. 36. The evidences of the existence of an opponent before the creation of the creatures are many. 37. And one of them is the suitable state of the creation of the creatures, (38) because the limit of suitability is not well fitted for anything except necessity. (39) That which is inferred from suitability is necessity, from necessity haste, and from haste the existence of an opponent who is before the suitable work which is the creation. 40. The evidence of the coming of the destroyer to the creatures, after the creation of the creatures, is the formation of the means of the creator, for encountering an opponent, before the arrival of the opponent, (41) which are omnisciently a provision before creation by the creator. 42. And there is a demonstrator of these same means of the creatures that is prepared, which is the struggling opposed to the opponent through the arrangement of their nature. 43. One duty of the nature of the creatures is the subduing of so much vexation. 44. Their preparation, too, is like a contest that is forming an enemy opposing the opponent, (45) and their natural desire for duty is removing all haste. Digitized by Google

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166 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. - CHAPTER X.. 1. Another subject is about the deliberating of the deliberators on unity, from which even the preparation of the duality is manifested. 2. It should be known, that whoever wishes to understand a creator, except when he gives trouble to his own life, (3) should meditate reverently!. 4. First, he fully understands his own body and soul, (5) that is, who produced them, out of what, and for what purpose ? 6. Also, who is his accuser and adversary; (7) and who is his friend and helper ? 8. Likewise, who instigates him to commit crime, (9) of what nature is he, (10) and how is it possible to escape him? 11. Then he is not able to understand him? as the creator through his nature and his coming to himself. 12. For when he bore the name of creator, then, with it, he brought these three creations :-(13) creation, religion, and soul. 14. Because the name of creator is known from the occurrence of creation. 15. This implies that the creator of the creation created the creations for duty, (16) but does not release them from duty. 17. And the duty of the creatures is to understand and perform the will of the creator, (18) and to abstain from what is disliked by him. 19. To act by the will of the creator, and to abstain from what is disliked by him, is to preserve the soul. 20. The will of the creator is not under 1 See Chap. VIII, 137 n. His accuser and instigator. 9 All MSS. have "he bore these three names;' but Ner. has evidently misread sem, name,' instead of dam, creature,' both words being written alike in Pahlavi. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER X, 1-32. 167 stood, except from the religion of the creator. 21. And the religion is appointed by the creator free from doubt. 22. Now it is expedient to know that the sacred being appointed the religion for the understanding of his will, (23) and from the understanding of his will for the preservation of the soul are manifested the compassion and mercifulness of the sacred being. 24. From the preservativeness of the religion for the soul are manifested the grandeur and valuableness of the religion ; (25) from the necessity of preserving the soul are manifested the defilement and delusion of the soul; (26) and from the defilement and delusion of the soul is manifested a defiler and deluder of the thoughts, words, and deeds of mankind. 27. On the whole a corrupter of souls is manifest. 28. And now it is expedient for us to well recogniseand know, as to that defiler who is a corrupter of souls, of what nature he is. 29. Because, if the creation and achievement of the sacred being are said to be of a like nature, then how did the sacred being appoint the religion for the preservation of the soul ? 30. That is not expedient for him- if a defiler and deluder of souls--to produce as his own creation and will4. 31. For if he be himself the creator, and be himself the defiler and corrupter of souls, and nothing occurs except by his will, (32) i Paz. vya wani (see Chap. III, 22 n). ? Assuming that Paz. huzvardan (Sans. samsodha yitum is a misreading of Pahl. hu-zin hardano. 3 Sans. 'to announce.' . Because it (the religion) is opposed to his supposed work as a deluder. Digitized by Google

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168 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. then, when it is necessary for us to write of preservation from the sacred being?, whom shall we make as a refuge?? 33. Now it is necessary for every intelligent person to understand and to know thus much, (34) that is, from whom it is necessary for us to flee and to abstain, (35) and with whom is the hope, and with whom the maintenance, of our protection. 36. The method for this acquisition is nothing else but to understand the sacred being in his nature, (37) because, as I wrote above, it is not only to know his existence, but it is necessary to understand his nature and his will. 38. And I have observed, in the world, the sectarian belief of all maintainers of sects who hold (the two fundamental doctrines] 39. One is that which asserts that all the good and evil, which are in the world, are owing to the sacred being. 40. And one is that which asserts that all the good of the world, besides the hope of preserving the soul, is owing to the sacred being ; (41) and the cause of all evil of the body, besides the risk of the soul, is owing to Aharman; (42) and all things have started from appointment by these two origins into various formations and various subdivisions. 43. Now I have been an enquirer everywhere, for understanding the sacred being, as written above 5, 1 As it would be, if he were the corrupter of souls. 2 The exclamation of the wicked soul after death, derived from Yas. XLV, 1 (see Mkh. II, 159). 3 See Chap. V, 6-9. 4 The words in brackets are omitted in AK, PB3, MH19, but occur in Sans, and the later MSS. * Chap. I, 36, 37. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER X, 33-56. 169 fervent-minded in the investigation of his religion and will; (44) as likewise I have wandered, for the sake of investigation, to the region without and the land of the Hindus, and to many different races. 45. Because, as to religion, I did not admire that which was in supremacy?, (46) but I sought that which was more steadfast and more acceptable in wisdom and testimony. 47. I went also into association with many different races, (48) until a time (49) when, owing to the compassion of the sacred beings, and the strength, glory, and power of the good religion, I escaped from much gloomy depth and ill-solvable doubt. 50. By the united power of knowledge of the religion (51) and the well-reflecting writing of the wise, (52) the marvellous allegorical writings of the learned Atur-padiyavand, (53) and by that writing which the glorified Roshan", son of Atur-frobag, prepared--(54) for which he appointed the name of the Roshan manuscript (nipik)--(55) and likewise that for which the supremely learned and righteous Atur-frobags, son of Farukh-zad, (56) who was the 1 Probably a guarded allusion to Muhammadanism which it was then unsafe to disparage openly, as is evident from the rarity of its name in Pahlavi writings. 2 Or the miracle-resembling.' 9 See Chap. IV, 106. * A commentator whose opinions are often quoted in Pahlavi writings (see Sls. I, 4 n). His father was probably the early editor of the Dinkard mentioned in 88 55-57, though it is hazardous to rely upon a single name for identifying an individual. In that case he must have been a younger brother of the Zaratust-i Atur-frobagan who succeeded his father as 'leader of the good religion,' and revised the Dinkard, as mentioned in the last paragraphs of its third book. 6 See Chap. IV, 107. Digitized by Google

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170 SIKAND GOMANIK VIGAR. leader of those of the good religion, (57) appointed the name of the Dinkard manuscript-owing to its explaining the religion-(58) I am saved from the many doubts, delusions, deceits, and follies of sects, (59) and, especially, from those of the deceivers, the very great and very mighty, very evil-teaching and empty-skulled Manicheans, (60) whose devotion is witchcraft, whose religion is deceitfulness, and whose teaching is folly and intricate secret proceedings. 61. I have been deliberately confirmed by the power of wisdom and the strength of knowledge of the religion, (62) not through obstinate faith", but by the pure revelation opposed to the demon", which is the decision of Adharmazd (63) that was taught by the creator Adharmazd to the righteous Zaratust . 64. Zaratust came alone, on a true mission, to the lofty portal of Kal Gustasp?, (65) and the religion was taught by him, with a powerful tongue, to Kai Gustasp and the learned, through the speech of wisdom, through manual gestures, through definite words, through explanation of many doubts, and through presentation of the visible testimony of the 1 The probable meaning of dinkard is acts of the religion.' See also Chap. IV, 107 n. ? Reading rat-mastarg. For rat Ner, has read rad, pontiff,' which is written in the same manner; his translation being Sans. guru, while his Paz. rad has become rae in AK, PB3, MH19, but has again become rad in JE. 3 See Chap. XVI. * Assuming that Paz. sakht-virodasniha stands for Pahl. sakht-viroyisniha. 6 That is, the Vendidad. See Mkh. I, 10. ? See Mkh. XIII, 14, XXVII, 68-76. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER X, 57-71. 171 archangels, together with many miracles. 66. And a greatness in power which is not the destiny of worldly existences was theirs who saw him of the vehement guardian spirit. 67. And Kai Spenddadi and Zargar? and other royal sons (zadak), instigating the many conflicts and shedding the blood of those of the realm, accepted the religion as a yoke 5, (68) while they even wandered to Arum and the Hindus, outside the realm, in propagating the religion. 69. Owing to progress onwards it came in succession to the descendants of the divinities 5, the rulers who were those of the Kayan race who were exalted ones. 70. And still onwards even until the achievement with melted metal pouring upon the chest of the glorified Atar-pade, son of Maraspend, in the reign of that divinity (bagh). Shahpur, the king of kings who was the son of Adharmazd?, in a controversy with apostates of different species of many kinds. 71. He was preserved from those most * Misread Spudakht by Ner. He was a son of Kai Gustasp, and called Spento-data in the Avesta, and Isfendiyar in Persian, Av. Zairivairi, Pers. Zarir, a brother of Kai Gustasp (see Bd. XXXI, 29). 8 Literally for the neck,' assuming that Paz. 8-ka oi is an erroneous reading of Pahl. val ka varman, as in Mkh. XXXIX, 30. * Asia Minor was so called from having been a portion of the Roman empire in Sasanian times. o Paz. baya na (Sans. mahat) is evidently a misreading of Pahl. baganan, a term referring to the Sasanian kings who adopted the title of bagi, divinity,' in their inscriptions (see also $ 70), and claimed to be descended from the old dynasty of Kayan kings. * The supreme high-priest and prime minister of king Shahpur II (A.D. 309-379), who underwent the ordeal of melted metal for the sake of proving the truth of the religion. King Adharmasd II (A.D. 300-309). Digitized by Google

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172 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. mighty apostates, who are called even by the name of their desires ? 72. And the Arumans, who have been, at various periods, termed untruthful", have asked many ill-solvable questions of this religion ; (73) but there has been no doubtfulness of any question that is explained by this religion, (74) and the learned of the country of Iran have always been sustainers of victory among them. 75. Not like other sects whose religion is secretly progressive and deceiving, delusively for the deceived, and undutifully among the customs and assemblages of the less-informed, unintelligent, and demon-natured whose information was nothing whatever of knowledge and understanding of wisdom. 76. Then, so far as the assemblages that are very secretly deceived and deluded by them, nobody is presented for detection (askarakih); (77) but afterwards, owing to the capture of the many of little knowledge and unintelligent opinions who are deluded by them, it is discovered they are provided with much mutually afflicting speech, falsehood, and disconnection, which are their religion. 78. So that I here 4 notice some of their much inconsistency and disconnection, for informing the judgment of new learners, (79) for the reason that when the writings of the learned ancients have specially minutely and reverentlyo discoursed of That is, they are called ashmog (Av. ashemaogha, 'perplexing righteousness'). 2 The Greeks of the eastern empire of the Romans. 8 Paz. anast may be either irreverent,' or else stand for Pahl. arast, untruthful.' Sans. has 'atheistical.' * In the next chapter. Or, perhaps, modestly' (see Chap. VIII, 137 n). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER X, 72-X1, 8. 173 what is most astute in evil, to impel one to good knowledge, (80) you should observe with kind regards what is ordered. CHAPTER XI. 1. Henceforth I writer of the inconsistency of their twaddle, and of just observations (2) you should estimate with wise regard. 3. First, as to the full consideration of that one original evolution (4) which they state thus: 'The sacred being is one, doing good works, wise, powerful, compassionate, and merciful, (5) so that good works and crime, truth and falsehood, life and death, good and evil are 2 owing to him 3.' 6. Now do ye ask of them (7) thus: "Is the sacred being always compassionate and showing mercy, doing good works and judicious, and does he know all that is, was, and will be; and is he advancing the desire of one's wishes in everything, even in this where judiciousness is interference, or when such is not so ? 8. Because, if he be compassionate, doing good works, and showing mercy, why then are Aharman and the demons and all these evil faiths * of hell admitted 6 1 Paz. I have written.' ? Sans, and JE insert all.' 8 Most of this statement can be found in the Qur'an in isolated texts, such as God there is no god but he ... He knows the unseen and the visible; the mighty, the wise ... verily God is forgiving, compassionate ... It is God who created you ... and then will make you die.' (Qur'an LXIV, 13, 18, 14, XXX, 39; SBE. vol. ix.) * Assuming that Paz. virosaa (Sans. amnaya) is a misreading of Pahl. viroyak. * Tracing Paz. awagad (Sans. avakirat) to Av. aiwi+gata. Digitized by Google

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174 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. by him to his own creatures, through his own compassion, doing of good works, and showing of mercy ? 9. If not known by him, where are that knowledge and omniscience of his ? 10. If he did not wish to keep misery and evil away from the creatures, and to produce only happiness for every one, where are that judiciousness and interference of his ? 11. If it were not possible that it should not be produced by him, for what is that omnipotence of his (12) which wel every one, as it were, observe and well consider?' 13. Whenever they say that every good and evil has arisen from the sacred being-except when they separate from him these four attributes (hunar), requisite for divinity, which are omniscience, omnipotence, goodness, and mercifulness--(14) there is then no possibility of it. 15. When, indeed, they separate from him only one of these four attributes, even then he is not complete in divinity. 16. For if a sacred being be he who is omniscient, omnipotent, good, and merciful, then he who is not omniscient, or not omnipotent, or not good, or not merciful is not a sacred being. 17. Again, observe this, that when he is a ruler, advancing desires in every person and thing, why are that country and empire of his own not so kept, without help, from every enemy and adversity apart from his own work, so that there would not be anything whatever of distress, oppression, injustice, and complaint for any one in his empire ? 18. Since the So in Sanskrit ; but, as the two Paz. verbs end in -un, the original Pahlavi termination may have been -yen (3d pers. optative), and we might read 'which every one may, as it were, observe.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XI, 9-28. 175 rule and empire of a man, who is ruler and emperor, are then commendable when it is possible for him so to protect and keep his own country and empire, through his own wisdom, that they may not assist his enemy to detract from his work, and to produce sin and harm. 19. Or, when his enemy covets some of his work, he is enabled to keep him away from his own thoughtful friends, and to make every one free from distress. 20. Again, observe this, that when he is triumphant, victorious, and prevailing, (21) over whom are that triumph, victory, and prevailing of his ? 22. Since triumph and victory are over enemies, a competitor exists. 23. It is not expedient to become himself a competitor and enemy to his own; (24) while when there is no enemy and competitor of his, over whom does he become triumphant and victorious ? 25. That sort of triumph and victory is not spoken about, (26) because even cattle and sheep, when they have no opponent and injurer, are victorious and triumphant over themselves. 27. Again, observe this, is a wise being contented with his own divinity and grandeur, or not? 28. If the wise being be contented, then he-has become contented to produce an enemy and criminal, and to admit all that is devastating into a country, through his own knowledge and will, for the benefit of the 1 K28 inserts shayad, and possible,' and JE inserts Paz. tva, which has the same meaning; but these insertions have probably originated in a blunder of the writer of AK, who first wrote Sans. saknoti, the usual equivalent of Paz. shayad, but afterwards interlined Sans. samy ugyate to correspond with sazed, it is expedient,' the word he had written in the Paz. text. Digitized by Google

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176 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. country and creatures. 29. But why is it expedient to seek a disposition of crime and evil, to become himself an enemy and curser as regards them, and to provide a hellish existence, becoming the misery of mankind ? 30. Again, observe this, as to whatever he says, does he speak truly and credibly, or not? 31. If he speaks that truly and credibly which he states thus : I am a friend of good works and an enemy of crime,' (32) and always produces more crime and criminals than good works and doers of good works, (33) where is that truthful speaking of his ? 34. Again, observe this, is his desire goodness, or vileness ? 35. If his desire be vileness, whence is that divinity of his ? 36. If his desire be goodness, then why are the vile and vileness more than the good and goodness? 37. Again, observe this, is he merciful, or not? 38. If he be not merciful, whence is that divinity of his ? 39. If he be merciful, then why does he speak thus : * The hearts, ears, and eyes of mankind are bent about by me, so that it is not possible for them to think, speak, or do anything but that which is wanted by me?; (40) be it what has made them great and noble, through being without want; (41) or be it what has admitted them to eternal hell, slain and exterminated by death of many kinds. 42. So that while those whom I force back become good and more active in good works, (43) yet still those who 1 Assuming that Paz. ki, "what?' stands for kim. Sans. has how?' (Paz. kun.) * <Page #642
CHAPTER XI, 29-52. 177 are forced back do only a little?, (44) and are much more criminal and more sinful than those who are forward. 45. Again, observe this, that if, whatever he does, he does wisely and for a purpose, (46) then, when no opponent and adversary of his existed, why did the first achievement which was prepared by him become servants to demoniacal disobedience, who are perverted thereby, among mankind, to wickedness and a hellish existence? 47. If it were not known by him that they would become perverted, it was expedient (sazid) for him to order the making of a trial of them, (48) because now many thousands and myriads who are prepared by him, so that they may serve him and exhilarate (mastend) his rule, have become in every mode disobedient and unhappily advised. 49. For with that scanty knowledge that mankind possess, which is not so prepared and organized as is the wish of mankind, (50) if even anything arises, that they construct and prepare, which does not so come on and becomes as is their wish, they do not stop again, a second time, for the preparation of that thing, but they refrain from it. 51. As to him, that omnipotent and omniscient ruler, of the abundant and innumerable things he has hitherto made and prepared not even one comes on and becomes such as is his wish, yet still he never refrains from the preparation and production of many new things. 52. Just as when he was the creator of 1 Assuming that Paz. khvazar stands for khugarak; but, as Sans. has 'injury,' the Pazand may b * Referring probably to the fall of man, detailed in $$ 61-77. * So in Sans. and JE, as in $ 51; but AK and MH19 have 'go' here. [24] Digitized by Google

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178 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. that one of his first angels whom, on account of affection, he prepared out of fire, and for several thousand years, (53) as they say, they always performed his worship; (54) at last that one was undone by one command that was given by him (the creator) thus: 'Offer homage to this first of mankind, who is prepared by me out of clay. 55. And deliverance, as to what is not expedient to offer, was expressly mentioned by him. 56. Then that one acted scornfully and contemptibly as to his clay and curse and wrath; (57) and, being perverted to devilry and fiendishness, he was forced out of heaven, (58) and was given a life of millenniums and an eternal dominion, (59) so that he said, "I will go and make my servants and worshippers astray and deluded?' 60. And he was made an injurer and adversary at his own will. 61. At last also that man, to whom he, the supreme angel, was ordered to offer homage with many worshippers, for the sake of affection and respect, (62) is appointed to the garden of paradise (vahist), (63) 1 And we did create man from crackling clay of black mud wrought in form. And the ginns had we created before of smokeless fire. And when thy lord said to the angels, "Verily I am creating a mortal from crackling clay of black mud wrought into shape; and when I have fashioned it, and breathed into it of my spirit, then fall ye down before it adoring." And the angels adored all of them together, save Iblis, who refused to be among those who adored. ... He said, "Then get thee forth." ... Said he, "O my lord ! respite me until the day when they shall be raised." He said, "Then, verily, thou art of the respited." ... He said, "O my lord! for that thou hast seduced me I will surely make it seem seemly for them on earth, and I will surely seduce them all together, save such of thy servants amongst them as are sincere."' (Qur'an XV, 26-40; SBE, vol. vi.) Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XI, 53-77. 179 so that he may cultivate it and eat all the fruit, (64) except of that one tree of which it is ordered thus : Ye shall not eat of it.' 65. And with them (mankind) the deceiver, who is the deluder prepared by him (the creator), (66) is let into the garden. 67. There are some who say he is a serpent, and there are some who say he is Aharman3. 68. And an inclination for eating and greediness is given by that same one himself to mankind. 69. Then, being deceived by that deluder saying: 'Eat of that tree' (70) there are some who say he spoke to Adam-(71) they ate through that inclination for eating. 72. After eating they became so imbued with knowledge that good and evil were understood and known by them. 73. Deprived of that so-great respect and affection, through that one injunction which was forgotten by them--(74) and that forgetfulness being likewise owing to that cause--(75) they are forced out of the garden of paradise 6-he with his wife--by grievous wrath and disrespect, (76) and are delivered into the hand of that enemy who is a deceiver and deluder ; (77) so that he has propagated 1. And the Lord God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden, to dress it and to keep it. And the Lord God commanded the man, saying, "Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat: but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it". (Gen. ii. 15-17). 3. Now the serpent was more subtle than any beast of the field which the Lord God had made' (Gen. iii. I). 3 <Page #645
180 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. his own will among them, and has fashioned it upon them. 78. Now which was unjust, the unreasonable command, the after-wisdom, or the scanty knowledge that was more faulty and more mischievous than these? 79. Also this, that is, why was that garden not made by him fortified and strong, so that that deluder could not have gone into it? 80. Even now he (the deceiver) has made and makes multitudes of his (the creator's) servants and worshippers deluded; (81) and, for the same reason, multitudes of apostles and prophets (vakhshvaran) are appointed by him (the creator) for the worldly existence at various times, (82) so that, as he says: * They may save my servants from the hand of that deluder, (83) and bring them into the true path and way!' 84. And even those worshippers of his, in every way through their own will, have slain and subdued (kh vaft), by a wretched . death, his own apostles?, whose diligence had brought mankind into the proper path and doctrine. 85. That original deluder and misleader is allowed an eternal life. 86. And, even till now, his will is more triumphant and absolute than that of the sacred being, through deluding and misleading, (87) because those deluded and astray are much more numerous than those in the true path and undeluded. 7. 88. Again, observe this, does he do whatever he 1 For the Lord will not forsake his people for his great name's sake; because it hath pleased the Lord to make you his people... but I (Samuel) will teach you the good and the right way' (1 Sam. xii. 22, 23). "I will send them prophets and apostles, and some of them they shall slay and persecute' (Luke xi. 49). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XI, 78-102. 181 does for a purpose, or not? 89. If he does it without a purpose, he is working foolishly; (90) and it is not proper to praise him who is working foolishly as a sagacious divinity. 91. If he does it for a purpose, (92) then, when no opponent and adversary of his existed, why is the production of all these creatures which are even like demons, disobedient men with the opposing will of that contentious deluder, and innumerable unprofitable creatures ? 93. Again, observe this, that, if he knows all that is, was, and will be, it was not expedient for him to produce, through his own knowledge and will, anything of that of which he may be sorry, and which remains opposing his will and command, (94) and becomes an adversary of his apostles and the doers of his will. 95. If they say that this adversary was produced good and virtuous from the beginning, and afterwards became an evil and a misleading of the creatures, (96) that implies, you should say, that, when he is all-powerful, the purpose and will of the adversary, in changing into an evil and a misleading of the creatures, are more successful and more powerful than those of the sacred being ; (97) because the evil in any period is stronger than the good. 98. Again, observe this, that when a criminal arises wholly through his will ?, (99) and the minds of criminals are defiled by him himself, (100) and the seed of crime is sown by him himself, (101) when it has grown who has maintained its origin? 102. * The will of the adversary is probably meant (see $ 95). So in Sans, and JE, but AK has so that.' Digitized by Google

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182 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. And by what power of adjudication is one executed and one rewarded 1 ? 103. Again, observe this, was this world made and created by him (the creator) for a purpose, for his own pleasure and for the sake of the comfort and happiness of mankind, or without a purpose, for his own discomfort and the hurry, trouble, pain, and death of mankind ? 104. For if made by him without a purpose, he was acting foolishly; (105) a thing without a purpose being not acceptable by the wise. 106. If made by him for a purpose, and created by him for his own pleasure and the comfort and happiness of mankind, (107) why was it not made by him prosperous and full of happiness? 108. If his pleasure and happiness arise from the preparation of mankind and the creatures, what is the advantage from their slaughter and devastation? 109. If thoughts of crime are not given by him himself to mankind, who is he who gives thoughts of crime different from his command and will ? 110. If they are given by him himself, and he now considers them a fault, what is that justice and arbitration of his owing to ? 111. For when mankind, with little knowledge and little wisdom, even then, so far as they are able, do not let the lion and wolf and other noxious creatures in among their own young ones and pregnant females, (112) so long as they can destroy them, (113) why has the merciful sacred being now let 2 Aharman and the demons in upon his own creatures, (114) so that they have 1 That is, why is the sinner punished while the adversary, who occasions the sin, remains unmolested and triumphant ? AK has let' written above admitted.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XI, 103-125. 183 made them vile !, defiled, wicked, and hellish? 115. If done for the sake of experiment, just as that which they assert, that evil was created by him for the sake of an experiment as regards the creatures, (116) why was it not understood by him before those men and creatures existed ? 117. Because he whose custom ? is experiment is not to be called omniscient. 118. The conclusion is this, that the sacred being, if there existed no opponent and adversary of his, was able to create all those creatures and creations of his free from misfortune; why did he not so create them ? 119. Or was it not possible for him to wish it? 120. If it were not possible for him to wish it, he is not completely capable. 121. If it were possible for him not to wish it, he is not merciful. 122. If it were known by him that he might say: Something or some one will arise, from these creatures and creations which I create, that will not be according to my will,' (123) and ultimately he made them, (124) then to attach now all this wrath and cursing and casting away for punishment in hell, discontentedly to his own performance, is un reasonable. 125. Again, observe this, that if all the crimemeditating and crime-committing sin which mankind think and speak and do, as well as pain, sickness, poverty, and the punishment and misery of hell, cannot arise, except by the will and command of the 1 Paz, khor, which Ner. seems to have identified with Pers. kar, as his Sans. gives .deaf.' It may, however, mean 'blind' (Pers. kar), as in Chap. XII, 64, 70. The Sanskrit takes Paz. dastur in its more usual sense of high-priest.' Digitized by Google

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184 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. sacred being--126) the will and power of the sacred being being eternal ?, (127) because his self-existence is also eternal--128) the hopelessness of eternally saving any one whatever from misery and punishment is now certain. 129. For it is repeatedly declared that there is no learned teacher whatever who keeps one away from these mischievous evil desires, (130) if the worshipper be even of the same kind as those worshippers and high-priests who have issued to mankind this admonition : Commit no crime and sin. 131. Because they wish to set aside the will and command of the sacred being 2. 132. Observe this, too, that, as both are his will, alike crime and alike good works, it is not manifest whether he approves the good works of doers of good works more, or the crimes of criminals. 133. Likewise observe this, those physicians who, on account of the hope of the soul, prepare the medicine of the sick, (134) and remove and dismiss their pain and disease, (135) so that merit is possessed by them (the physicians) owing to that practice; (136) yet they are prepared for the punishment of hell. 137. And those who, on account of affection for the soul, give something to poor, begging, suffering people, (138) and thereby scatter and dismiss their want and poverty, (139) so that merit is possessed by them (the charitable) 1 Sans. has the will of the sacred being being powerful and eternal.' .: Without whose will and command the sin and evil cannot arise, as assumed in $ 125. The sick are probably meant, but the original text is ambiguous. * Assuming that Paz. hugarend stands for Pahl. a u kalend.. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XI, 126-149. 185 owing to that practice; (140) yet it becomes grievous sin for them?, through anxiety. 141. If they say that those physicians and the remedies which they offer, and also those who give something to the poor and suffering, all exist by the will of the sacred being, (142) it is easier, more reasonable, and more adapted to divinity, when the sacred being is without an adversary and without an opponent, for him not to create that disease and poverty (143) than that, as to those that he himself is to make sick and poor, he should have commanded mankind thus: 'Ye shall make them healthy and free from want. 144. If they say that his desire is this, that he may occasion the happiness of those physicians and givers by the recompense for it, (145) and make them proceed to the eternal happiness of heaven (vahist); (146) you should observe, as to that, since he acts injudiciously and incapably when, on account of the existence of a complete desire for happiness and prosperity: among others, he is an attainer of misery for multitudes of the innocent who are distressed, poor, necessitous, and sick, (147) this may also be said, that if it be not possible for him to occasion happiness and prosperity* as regards one, except by the distress, pain, and vexation of some other, (148) that shows that his absolute power and freedom from opposition are not adapted for effectual operation. 149. If they say * Probably the poor, but the original text is ambiguous. * Assuming that Paz. gamined stands for Pahl. gamined. The old MS. AK ends with this section, and the remaining half of the extant text has been found only in modern copies, having been formerly separated from AK and lost 8 So in JE, but JJ has 'nobility,' and MH19 has pleasure.' * JJ has 'nobility: Digitized by Google

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186 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. that he makes those sick and poor proceed to the eternal happiness of heaven in the spiritual existence, as a recompense for it, (150) that implies, if it be not possible, or not completely possible, for him to give the recompense in the spiritual existence, except through the misery of the worldly one, (151) also this, that--his production of distress in the worldly existence arising unquestionably and unreasonably, through its previous occurrence, (152) and the recompense of the spiritual existence arising doubtfully and incredibly after the production of the distress--(153) just as the previous distress is unreasonable, the after recompense occurs alike unreasonably and foolishly. 154. This also may be said, that no after nobility is obtained for previous distress without a cause. 155. Again, observe this, that the existence of one of these three doctrines is inevitable :-(156) Every single thing that is, or was, or will be in this world is all by his will, or it is not, (157) or there are some that are by his will and there are some that are not. 158. Because nothing whatever is found which is not good, or evil, or a mixture of both. 159. If they say that all things are by his will, the good and evil are both his desire. 160. If good and evil are both his desire, he is not of perfect will ; (161) it is not perfect even as to a single thing. 162. And he who is of imperfect will must be himself imperfect, (163) as is shown abovea. 164. If nothing be by his will, (165) on account of nothing being by the will there is no will. 166. He in whom there is no will is working constitutionally, 1 Assuming that Paz. hamekhtaa stands for Pahl. am ikhtak. ? Compare Chap. VIII, 108-116. That is, 'instinctively.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XI, 150-188. 187 (167) and he who is working constitutionally is constituted and made. 168. If there be some things which are by his will, and there be some which are not by his will, (169) and nothing is found in the world which is not good and not evil, (170) from that it is known that, if the sacred being be of good will, he is not desirous of that evil of it, (171) and that which is evil is not by his will. 172. If his will be evil he is inevitably not desirous of that good of it, (173) and that which is good is not by his will. 174. If that which is good be by the will of the sacred being, it is known that that which is evil arose from another will. 175. If that which is evil be by his will, that which is good arose inevitably from another will. 176. And the inevitability of a rival of the will of the sacred being is manifest. 177. If one says the evil springs from mankind, (178) that implies the inevitability-since mankind is not perpetually a self-existence-that evil either arose before mankind, or after, (179) or it arose with mankind. 180. If they say it arose before mankind, (181) that implies-since, apart from the sacred being, there was no other creator and producer(182) that either the sacred being produced that evil, or it produced its own existence itself, or it was itself eternal. 183. If they say it arose after mankind, (184) as to that, when human nature is likewise a production of the sacred being, (185) and the sacred being did not produce evil in the nature of mankind, (186) how has it sprung into action from them ? 187. If the evil was set in action by them, apart from the will of the sacred being, (188) and a knowledge, as to their setting about it, existed in Digitized by Google

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188 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. the sacred being, (189) that implies that the sacred being is imperfect in his own will, (190) and mankind are victorious and triumphant in setting aside the will and command of the sacred being, and doing the evil competing with the will of the sacred being. 191. Also the power of the sacred being in his own will and his own servants is manifestly unprevailing. 192. If they say that he makes them proceed afterwards to the awful punishment of hell, (193) as to that, if the sacred being be a powerful doer, and not to allow the committal of crime, but to convey it away from their minds, be more advantageous and more adapted to the compassion of a sacred being than if he allowed the committal, (194) yet he has become helplessly contented with it, (195) and, afterwards, contentedly punishes his own creatures, (196) then, as to the one matter I am well considering, either incapability, or scanty knowledge, or scanty goodness is thereby manifested. 197. If they say that the sacred being produced and created evil for the reason that so mankind may fully understand the value of goodness, (198) as to that you should observe that, if evil be requisite and advantageous for understanding goodness, that evil exists by his good will. 199. And if evil exists by his good will, and is requisite and advantageous for him of whom they say that evil is not his wish, it is inconsistent. 200. As to that also which they say, that death, pain, and poverty are produced by him for the reason that so mankind may much better understand the value of life, health, and opulence, (201) and become more grateful unto the sacred being, (202) as to that So in MH19 and Sans., but JE omits that.' Digitized by Google

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LEEN UT180 CHAPTER XI, 189-215. CAUR you should observe that it is as it were acting unreasonably, in the mode of him who gives poison to mankind for the sake of increasing the value and price of an antidote, (203) so that he may sell the antidote dearer and more costly. 204. To what is this intermeddling action owing, that, for the sake of an understanding of the value of the goodness of other things, he allows pain, death, and misery in some one else? 205. Again, as to that which a multitude of them say, that the sacred being is a ruler over every creature and creation, (206) because his creations are all his own. 207. And he acts about them as is desirable for him, because it is desirable for him, and he is not a causer of distress. 208. Since distress is that which they inflict upon anything that is not their own, (209) then he who, all things being his own, acts about them as is desirable for him, is not a causer of distress!. 210. As to that you should know that, if, on account of sovereignty, he who occasions distress is not to be called a causer of distress, (211) that is as though even he who is a sovereign and tells a lie is speaking truthfully, (212) and he who, on account of sovereignty, commits crime, sin, theft, and plunder is not to be called a sinner. 213. Such as that which the glorified Roshan?, son of Atur-frobag, related as a parable (anguni-aitak), (214) that they saw a man who was defiling an ass, (215) when they enquired of him 1 Compare Rom. ix. 20, 21 : Shall the thing formed say to him that formed it, "Why hast thou made me thus ?" Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honour and another unto dishonour?' See Chap. X, 53. Digitized by Google

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190 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. thus : Why dost thou commit this execrable action?' 216. And he spoke thus, in excuse : 'The ass is my own.' 217. Again, you should ask this of them, (218) that is : 'Is the sacred being a friend, or an enemy, to these creatures and creations which are made by him ?' 219. If he be a friend of the creatures, that implies that it is not proper for him to desire and to produce the evil and misery of the creatures ; (220) yet, as regards the devastation and misery of his own achievements, he has never even become tired of them. 221. If he be an enemy of the creatures, that implies that it is not proper for him to create and produce, through his own competent knowledge, that thing which is his enemy and disablement, and struggles against his will. 222. This, too, you should ask, (223) that is: 'Is the sacred being always a well-understanding, good sovereign, occasioning prosperity?, (224) or an evilunderstanding, bad sovereign, occasioning distress ? 225. Or is there a time when he is a well-understanding, good sovereign, occasioning prosperity, (226) and is there a time when he is an evil-understanding, bad sovereign, occasioning distress ?' 227. If he be always a well-understanding, good sovereign, occasioning prosperity, (228) that implies that there are not, in his country and sovereignty, any oppression, distress, and complaint; (229) and his affection for the creatures and the affection of the creatures for him are pure. 230. Owing to the Assuming that Paz. a padvah stands for Pahl. apatogih; the two words being nearly alike in Pahlavi letters. * Reading avadih-kar instead of Paz. a zadigar, producing freedom, or nobility,' which two words are alike in Pahlavi writing. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XI, 216-245. 191 same reason he is merciful as regards his own creatures, (231) and his creatures are recounting his praise, utterers of thanksgivings and pure friends towards him. 232. His title of divinity, moreover, is worthily his own. 233. If he be an evil-understanding, bad sovereign, occasioning distress, (234) that implies that he is himself a purel enemy to the creatures, and his creatures are also of a like nature towards him. 235. Owing to the same reason he is an injurer, destroyer, and deluder of the creatures, (236) and his creatures are complainers of him, strugglers concerning him, and pure enemies. 237. His title of divinity, moreover, is the equivalent of an unworthy name; (238) and, even on account of his eternity, the creatures are hopeless of becoming free from the risk of distress and misery for an unlimited time. 239. If there be a time when he is a good sovereign, well-understanding, and occasioning prosperity, and there be a time when he is turned away from this; (240) that implies that his affection for the creatures is mingled. 241. From a mingled affection arises mingled action, (242) and from mingled action a mingled individuality is also manifested. 243. And his creatures also are mingled friends to him. 244. Of one's associates there is none who, if a friend, is not one's enemy, no praiser who is not complaining of one, no glorifier even who is not scorning one; a character of this description is manifest among all creatures. 245. Again, observe this, that since all things which are in the world are not outside of these two terms, 1 The word avezak, pure,' is here used idiomatically for 'mere,' precisely as 'pure' is often used in English. Digitized by Google

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192 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. good and evil, (246) that implies, if good and evil are both said to arise from the sacred being and through the will of the sacred being, (247) that the troublesome Aharman is unreasonably defamed; that, being innocent and without an original evolution, he never was, nor will be, evil and headstrong? 248. That which is mentioned in scripture (nipik)?, that Aharman became headstrong, and was put out of heaven by them, is unreasonable, (249) because even that headstrongness and disobedience were likewise through the will of the sacred being. 250. If even it be said that the good arises from the sacred being and through the will of the sacred being, and the evil from mankind, still Aharman is without an original evolution and innocent, and curses and scorn for him are unreasonable. 251. If all this misery and evil be sent down, not from a different nature, but from the individuality and individual nature of the sacred being himself, (252) that implies that the sacred being is an enemy and adversary to his own tendencies (run). 253. Observe this, too, that to speak of the existence of criminality apart from a nature of crime is very deluding ; (254) and as it is deluding to imagine a nature of crime that is good, is it more deluding to imagine Aharman--who is the origin and original evolution of every crime-apart from the creation and achievement of the sacred being ? 255. The conclusion is this, that if at first there be anything which is not within the will of the sacred being, provided everything be through the will of the sacred being, no one whatever is a sinner; (256) 1 Literally with averted head.' * Probably referring to the Qur'an XV, 26-40 (see SS 59 n). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XI, 246-267. 193 and the apostle and religion were appointed without a purpose. 257. If it be expedient to ruin any one for sinfulness, it is more expedient to ruin him who is the original doer, maintainer, and creator of every evil and crime. 258. And if it be said that evil and crime arise from Aharman or mankind, that implies, as they are likewise created and produced by the sacred being, that he is the source of them; in like manner, he who is the cause of the origin of evil (259) is worse than evil. 260. This, too, you should observe, that sects (keshan) of every kind assert this maxim, handed down by their own high-priests, when it is mentioned and prescribed by them to their own congregation (ram), that is: 'Perform good works and abstain from crime.' 261. On account of delusion they do not consider this, that is, from where and what origin ought the crime to arise, about which it is thus commanded : 'Ye shall not commit it, and I will cast him who commits it into eternal hell.' 262. So that, if that same be owing to the sacred being, it would be easier for him not to produce it, than, after its production, to have brought it to notice and commanded us to abstain from it. 263. So far, indeed, I do not understand any advantage and motive in the production and creation of evil. 264. Again, in their scriptures, he speaks inconsistently about good works and crime (265) thus : 'Good works and crime are both owing to me. 266. Neither demons, nor wizards, are unrestricted in causing the ruin of any one. 267. No one has accepted the religion and done good works, and no one has walked in infidelity and committed crime, except through my will.' 1 Zaratust. [24] Digitized by Google

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194 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. 268. In the same scripture he adduces many things which one has to connect, and inflicts curses on the creatures, (269) thus : 'Why do mankind desire and commit that crime which I design for them ?' 270. It occurs concerning the will and work of his own hand, and yet he frightens them with punishment in body and soul. 271. In another place he speaks thus : 'I myself am the deluder of mankind, for if it should be my will they would then be shown the true path by me, but it is my will that they go to helli,' 272. And in another place he speaks thus: Man himself is the causer of crime." 273. In these three modes the sacred being gives evidence of different kinds about his own creatures. 274. One is this, that he himself is Aharmana; (275) one is this, that he is himself the deluder of the creatures 3 ; (276) and, in the other, he makes his own creatures confederates involved with Aharman in deluding4; so that he implies : 'There are instances when I occasion it, and there are instances when Aharman does. 277. Through that which he states, that mankind themselves occasion crime, they are made by him confederates with Aharman; he himself being at a distance from the crime. 278. For if mankind commit crime owing to their own nature and their own delusion, that implies that the sacred being, with 1 Texts to this effect are numerous in the Qur'an, such as 'whom he pleases does God lead astray, and whom he pleases he places on the right way. . . God leads the wrong-doers astray; for God does what he will ... in hell they shall broil' (Qur'an VI, 39, XIV, 32, 34; SBE, vol. vi). * As deduced from the passage quoted in $ 269. 8 As stated in the passage quoted in SS 271. * As implied in the passage quoted in SS 272. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XI, 268-293. 195 Aharman, is far from the criminality, (279) because it is as it were not owing to the sacred being, nor yet owing to Aharman. 280. Again, you should ask of those whom they call Mutazaliki (281) thus : Is it the will of the sacred being for all mankind to abstain from crime through their own free willa, to escape from hell, and to make them proceed to heaven, or not?' 282. If one says that it is not, (283) that implies that an 3 opinion is formed by him as to the little goodness of the sacred being and the evil of his will ; (284) and, for the same reason, it is not fitting to glorify him as the divine existence. 285. If one says that it is his will, (286) that implies that an opinion is formed by him as to the good will of the sacred being ; (287) and, for the same reason, it is fitting to glorify him as the divine existence. 288. Ask this, too, that is: 'If it be his will, is he capable of performing it, or not?' 289. If one says that he is not, (290) that implies that an opinion is formed by him as to the incapability of the sacred being as regards that will of his; (291) and, for the same reason, it is not fitting to glorify him as the divine existence which is almighty. 292. If one says that he is capable of performing his will, (293) that implies that an opinion is formed by him as to his 1 Which is doubtless the original Pahlavi form of Paz. muthzari. It is an adjective, meaning seceding, schismatic,' derived from Ar. mu'htazil, and applied specially to Muhammadan schismatics. 2 Assuming that Paz. awad-kami stands for Pahl. azadkamih, which would be identical with the former word in Pahlavi writing 8 JE has 'no' in Paz. but not in Sans., which negative is evidently a modern blunder. 02 Digitized by Google

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196 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. capability for that will of his; (294) and, for the same reason, it is fitting to glorify him as the divine existence which is almighty 295. Again, ask this, that is: 'When he is capable of performing his will, does he perform it, or not?' 296. If one says that he performs it, (297) that implies that the abstaining from sin, escaping from hell, and bringing to heaven 1 would be manifested unto all mankind; (298) but this is that which is not manifest by his existence, and is falsifying even his own revelation (dino). 299. If one says that he is capable of performing his will, but does not perform it, (300) that implies that an opinion is formed by him as to the unmercifulness of the sacred being, his enmity to mankind, and the inconstancy of his will. 301. For if he performs it, it is no harm to him himself and is an advantage to mankind; his own will is also continuous thereby. 302. But if he does not perform it, it is no advantage to him himself and is harm to mankind; his own will is also discontinuous thereby. 303. Again, ask this, that is: 'Does he not perform it through will, or without will ?' 304. If one says that he does not perform it through will, (305) that implies that an opinion is formed by him that the sacred being is good-willed, but has no will to do good; (306) and this is even to consider him faulty through inconsistency. 307. If one says that he is without will, and therefore does not perform it, (308) that implies that an opinion is formed by him as to the weakness of the sacred being in his own self, or the existence of an injurer of his will. 309. The conclusion is this, that, with a manager * JJ has 'saving from hell and escaping to heaven.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XI, 294-319. 197 of this worldly existence who may be without an opponent, without competition, and perfect in sagacity, goodness, and capability, there should not be all these unworthy actions, trouble and misery, pain and vexation, especially of mankind and the other creatures. 310. Because, when a manager, without an opponent, is perfect in sagacity, he knows means for evil not to occur and also remedies for carrying off evil. 311. When he is perfect in goodness and merciful, he has no wish for the occurrence of evil at first, but a wish for its extinction. 312. When he is perfect in capability, he is capable of not really becoming equally the origin of evil. 313. Now, as in the worldly existence, whose manager is the sacred being, the existence of evil is unquestionably visible, then thus much is not separable from this, either where the manager is provided with an opponent, or is without an opponent:-314. If he does not know means for evil not to occur, and remedies for carrying off evil, the imperfect sagacity of the sacred being is thereby' manifested. 315. Or the evil exists with his good will, and the imperfect goodness of his will is manifested. 316. Or he is not capable of not allowing the occurrence of evil, and of carrying it off, and the imperfect capability of the sacred being is manifested. 317. And when he is imperfect even in one-in sagacity, or goodness, or capability--it is not fitting to glorify and worship him as the divine existence who is almighty, all-good, and all-wise. 318. This, too, you should know, that since any existing thing, which is acting, is provided with a will, but its nature has not become unrestricted, (319) that 1 Reading agas instead of the similarly-written afas, and by it.' Digitized by Google

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198 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. shows that, if the original existence of the creator be divinity, and his nature be light and beauty, fragrance and purity, goodness and sagacity, then such things as darkness and ugliness, stench and pollution, vileness and ignorance--the demoniacal nature itselfought to be far from him. 320. If his original existence be anything demoniacal, and his nature be darkness or stench, ugliness or pollution, vileness or ignorance, then the nature of divinity remains strange to him. 321. If there be any one by whom indecision about all this is insinuated into his own self, that implies that, owing to his indecision about it, there is no discrimination in him as to goodness, amid his own evil. 322. Now, moreover, the hope of the hopeful is absorbed, (323) for even he who goes to heaven through doing good works is, even there, in evil and misery, (324) because there is no distinct discrimination of good from evil, even there, (325) if there be the goodness which is devoid of evil, and there be also the evil which is devoid of goodness, represented as really of the same origin. 326. This is known, that the difference of good and evil is owing to difference of nature. 327. When the two origins of their difference and distinction from the other of different nature are manifest, that hope of the hopeful is just, (328) and sagacity is their passport (parvanak). 329. This, too, you should know, that every statement which is not unconfused by its own limits is unenquiring (apad-khvah). 330. Likewise this, that the limit of divinity is specially sagacity. 331. And also this, that the limit of sagacity is only 3 1 Sans. has undesirable.' ? JJ and Sans. omit these four words. 8 Literally 'one.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XI, 320-350. 199 advantageous action. 332. Advantageous action is not doing injury; (333) and the modes of doing injury are three. 334. One is that which, being no advantage to oneself, is the injury of another also. 335. [One is that which, being no advantage to another 1), is the injury of oneself also. 336. And one is that which is the injury of oneself and the injury of another also. 337. And from the creation of Aharman and the demons there is no advantage to a wisely-acting sacred being himself, and there is injury of others also; (338) the non-advancement of even his own will, owing to his own work, is always manifested thereby. 339. This, too, you should know, that if the will of the sacred being be goodness, (340) his will is also eternal. 341. And he should be capable of a suitable will, (342) so that, from the beginning even to the end, all the goodness and virtue of the will of the sacred being would have proceeded in the world. 343. Now it is manifest that vileness and vice always proceed much more. 344. Therefore the cause is one of these, either they always proceed through the will of the sacred being, or without his will. 345. If they always proceed through some will of the sacred being, it is evident that his will is also for vileness as well as for goodness, (346) or he is inefficient and changeable in will. 347. Since a will does not change, unless owing to a cause, or unless owing to a changer, (348) that implies one of these two, either it is through some cause, or there exists some other being with him as a changer of his will. 349. If they always proceed not through the will of the sacred being, (350) from that it is evident that the 1 The words in brackets are omitted, both in Paz. and Sans., by JE and JJ, the only two MSS. available. Digitized by Google

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200 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. sacred being is suffering in his own will, and his will is not perfect, (351) or there exists some diminisher of it who is a possessor of will. 352. As to this, too, which they assert, that the sacred being commanded Adam thus: "Thou shalt not eat of this one tree which is in paradise (vahist)?,' (353) you should ask of them (354) thus : 'Was the command which the sacred being gave to Adam, thus : "You shall not eat of this tree," good or evil ?' 355. If the command were good it is evident that the tree was evil, (356) and it is not befitting the sacred being to create anything that is evil. 357. If the tree were good the command was evil, and it is not befitting the sacred being to give an evil command. 358. If the tree were good, and the command as to not eating were given by him, it is not ? adapted to the goodness and mercifulness of the sacred being to allot a benefit away from his own innocent servants. 359. As to this, too, which they assert, that the sacred being brings every one whom he wills unto faith and the true way, and, as the recompense, he makes him proceed to the happy progress which is eternal; (360) and him whom he does not will he leaves in irreligion and ignorance of the sacred being, and, for that reason, he casts him into hell and eternal misery 8; (361) you should ask of them (362) thus : 'Is he good whose desire and will are for the religion and faith of the sacred being and the true way, or he whose desire and will are for going astray, irreligion, and ignorance of the sacred being ?' 363. If one says that he is good whose desire and will 1 See $ 64. Reading Paz. ne instead of Paz. be, 'quite,' as the Sanskrit has a negative participle. 3 See $ 271. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XI, 351-371. 201 are for the religion of the sacred being and the true way, (364) now as to that man about whom this is the will of the sacred being, that he shall leave him in irreligion, going astray, and ignorance of the sacred being, and to whom an apostle, or some other person who is a friend, recites the revelation (dino) of the sacred being and the true way, (365) does that show that the sacred being is thereby better and more beneficial to him, or are that apostle and that person so ? 366. If one says that the will of the sacred being about him is good, it is thereby asserted by him, that not understanding the sacred being, not accepting the religion, and going astray are good; but this is not acceptable (and not to be taught], on account of error. 367. If one says that his coming to the true religion and understanding the sacred being are thereby better and more beneficial, (368) it is thereby obviously asserted by one that the apostle and person are thereby better to him than the sacred being. 369. Because a person through whom the true way and an understanding of the sacred being are wanted among mankind, and his will is bent upon it, is much better than he who is a sacred being (370) by whose will backsliding (avazrasih), misunderstanding, and irreligion exist among them; and the sacred being is much worse than that person. 371. Observe this, too, that if the criminal thought and criminal action of man are by the will of the sacred being, that already implies that the sacred being produced criminal thought, and sowed crime 1 The man mentioned in $ 364. The words in brackets have no equivalent in the Pazand text, but are indicated by a svadyanka in Sans. Digitized by Google

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202 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. in his mind, (372) and Aharman merely invites and instigates him to the committal of crime; that shows that the criminal thought traced to the sacred being and also his desire for it are more violent and worse than the invitation of Aharman. 373. When, too, his listening to what proceeds from Aharman, as to the committal of crime, is likewise due to the criminal thought which the sacred being produced, and so also is his desire for it, it is already obvious that the sacred being is much worse and more sinful than Aharman. 374. As regards these statements, which are enumerated by us, (375) one of these two opinions must arise, (376) either that all are true or that all are false, (377) or there are some which are true and there are some which are false. 378. If all be true, every statement that is not adapted to these statements is false, or something of the two, truth and falsehood. 379. If all be false, every statement that is not adapted to these statements is true, or something of the two together. 380. If there be some that are true and there be some that are false, (381) then of those which are true-derived from the nature and nucleus (naf) of truth (382) and of those which are false--derived from the nature and nucleus and original evolution of falsehood--(383) the origins are two, one from which arises truth, and one from which arises falsehood. CHAPTER XII. 1. Again, about the inconsistency of their assertions there are several statements from the Dinkard2 1 Sans. has something mingled twofold.' 2 See Chap. IV, 107. As the inconsistent statements which Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XI, 372-XII, 21. 203 manuscript, (2) as to that which they say, that the sacred being is around everything, but nothing is within him ; (3) and within everything, but nothing is around him. 4. That he is above everything, but nothing is below him ; (5) and below everything, but nothing is above him. 6. That he sits upon a throne, but is possessing no resting-place; (7) and is inside heaven, but is possessing no whereabouts. 8. That he does not exist in any place, and yet he does exist there. 9. That he exists everywhere, and yet his place does not exist. 10. Also that everything of his becomes fit for his own by his own will, (11) his original evolution being both malice and good; (12) and he is eternally unforgiving and compassionate, (13) preparing distress and not distressing. 14. Likewise that he has commanded him who is incapable of performing or neglecting the divine command, (15) and he has created him who is innocent for hell, not the distresser. 16. That he is aware of the hellish existence of mankind, owing to wickedness, and his will is for it; (17) and he is good-willed, or it has become not his will. 18. That he has produced a remedy, and is not himself distressing ; (19) or no remedy, but want of remedy, is produced by him, and yet he is not possessing an opponent. 20. That he is wanting experience, and yet omniscient; (21) neglecting commands, and yet follow in the text are not to be found in the portion of the Dinkard known to be extant, they were probably contained in the first two books of that work, which have not yet been discovered. Chap. 132 of the third boak (130 in Dastur Peshotan's translation, pp. 176-178) is the nearest approach to our text in style, but not in matter. It is about him who is in all and over all, over and not lower than anything nor through anything, that is, even owing to management he is over all, and all is manageable by him.' Digitized by Google

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204 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. they are themselves his will ; (22) and he who neglects, and provides a restricted evolution, is yet a good sovereign. 23. Also that his commands are all continuous, (24) and yet the setting aside of his commands is obtainable. 25. And that there is some of his will which is not continuous, (26) and neglect of his will is not an injurer of the will. 27. Likewise that he has commanded that which is not his will, (28) and the command which is not inconsistent with his will and also the command which is inconsistent with his will are both proper. 29. Also that his good will is not a discontinuous will, (30) and as to his evil will, which makes evil things, that is judicious. 31. And many other inconsistencies which are in the assertions of various sects. 32. If it be not possible for an orderly (padmanik) religion to exist, without rescue from these inconsistent assertions of many kinds, (33) they then2 say this of it, that to the supposers of two original evolutions : the work of the sacred being is weak and unresisting ; (34) and they say it is not as it were adapted to the grandeur of the sacred being. 35. Upon this subject, too, there are some matters, which I shall clearly state, that should be dictated and known. 36. That is, does he* make divine things weaker and more unresisting, (37) where it is he who says that the sacred being's own achievements, * Reading bandak-gastih instead of Paz. banda yasti; compare Chap. IV, 73 n. * Reading adinas,' then of it,' for Paz. aina, as in Chap. IV, 81. That is, those who hold the orthodox Mazda-worshipper's opinion, that the producer of evil is independent of the producer of good, so long as the former continues to exist. * The believer in a single original evolution without any independent producer of evil. Connect $$ 36, 37 with $$ 52, 53. . Digitized by Google .

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CHAPTER XII, 22-51. 205 which were created by him, have all lapsed into being intolerant of command and deaf to admonition, (38) till even the most tender-bodied creatures struggle against his will ? 39. And so they have slain or impaled those many prophets (vakhshvaran) and apostles (petkhambaran) of his, who are appointed by him; (40) and there are some who have acted scornfully, contemptibly, and irreverently. 41. This, too, is where he has not only not protected his own dominion from the vile creatures which were created by him himself, but he has himself afflicted his own dominion also; (42) and he himself destroys his own productions without a reason, (43) and himself renders his own creations useless. 44. Through his own culpability he himself destroys his own innocent servants. 45. He himself makes his own peculiar friends weak, needy, sinful, and deluded. 46. And his wrath, inflicted upon a single innocent servant, which is like Aharman's?, makes his own innumerable creatures unobservant and deluded. 47. For a sin that is limited, which is owing to his own actions, he puts the innocent to unlimited punishment ? 48. The door of forgiveness is finally shut up, (49) and he is not satiated with the pain, distress, and misery of his own creatures, (50) but maintains them perpetually in action and excitement. 51. And yet he is not able to insist upon the commands which he * Aharman being supposed to be the producer of the demon of wrath, who is one of his most powerful auxiliaries. * Sans. has 'he puts another unlimited punishment upon the innocent;' Ner. having read hano, another,' instead of avo, 'to,' which two words are written alike in Pahlavi. As the author's interpretation of his opponent's argument assumes that everything, including sin, is produced by the sacred being, he naturally concludes that the sinners themselves are innocent. Digitized by Google

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206 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. gives in the beginning, middle, or end. 52. Or is it hel who says that that one is the sacred being who is perpetually a ruler, all-knowing and almighty; (53) whose dominion and knowledge and power are perpetual and for unlimited time? 54. Owing to him, too, is the happiness of any goodness; (55) his actions also are for a purpose, his commands are advantageous, (56) he is compassionate and forgiving as regards his own servants, (57) and is an abundant bestower of recompense, too, on that servant who is a carrier off of victory. 58. As to him who is a sinner, who, on account of his own sinfulness, becomes captive in the hands of the enemy?, he is forgiving upon atonement for the sinfulness and cleansing from iniquity and pollution. 59. In the end he is no leaver of any good creature captive in the hands of enemies *; (60) and is their protector, maintainer, and cherisher, in body and life, amid their contest and struggle with enemies. 61. He is a complete defender of his own empire from opponents of a different nature, (62) and his champions and troops become victorious in the struggle and contest. 63. And in the end he is a bringer of victory to his own creatures, as regards every iniquity. 64. When it is observed as to light, knowledge, sight, life, health, and other divine creations, that they are fully resistant and prevailing over darkness, 1 The believer in two original evolutions, good and evil; the producer of the latter being independent of the producer of the former for a limited period of existence. This producer of evil is not clearly described here, but is mentioned in $$ 58-61, 72 as an enemy and opponent. $8 52, 53 are to be read in connection with $$ 36-38. The spiritual enemy, Aharman. Compare Chap. IV, 100. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XII, 52-78. 207 ignorance, blindness, death, sickness, and other demoniacal peculiarities-(65) because this is known, that light is the putting aside of all darkness, (66) knowledge is victorious over ignorance, (67) and life is powerful? and increasing over death, (68) for, owing to the powerfulness and increase of life, the incalculable progress of the creatures arises from two persons, (69) and multitudes are confident about it; (70) so also sight and health are manifestly as much victorious and powerful over blindness and sickness -(71) such being observed, it is also expedient to observe this, that is, what does the opposing fiend want, and about what do the troops of the sacred being struggle? 72. That opponent wants this that he speaks of thus: 'I will make this earth and sky and the creatures which are luminaries 2 extinct, (73) or I will bring them into my possession, and will pervert them from their own nature 3, (74) so that the sacred being shall not be able to occasion the resurrection and the renovation of the universe, and to restore his own creatures.' 75. The troops of the sacred being struggle about this, that the opponent shall not attain to his will through his desire. 76. Observe this, too, that the troops of Adharmazd have been valiant in struggling and successful in will ever since the original creation. 77. From this it is manifest, when it happens that this earth and sky are formed, (78) that it would be possible for him to make all creatures and creations extinct; but he is incapable of making even one of the most tender-bodied creatures of the sacred being 1 Assuming that Paz. ava zmand stands for Pahl. aog-homand. Sans, has of the luminaries.' s Compare Bd. I, 14. Digitized by Google

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208 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. extinct. 79. Because, if even, by reason of death, the body be separated from life, it is not extinction and change of nature from its own self, but decay 1 of peculiarities and a necessity of going from place to place, from duty to duty ? 80. Then each one of the qualities of one's body and life is to subsist again, in its own nature, for other duties, as is revealed. 81. And the existence of these creatures and creation, fully continuously and perpetually active, is advantageously manifest during a suitable period. 82. Thus far is considered complete upon this subject. CHAPTER XIII. 1. Again, about the inconsistency and faulty statements of the first scripture 3, (2) which they call holy (azad)-(3) and as to it they are, in every way, unanimous that the sacred being wrote it with his own hand, and gave it to Moses (Mashae)-(4) so that, as it is full of delusion, I will here publish, for your information, a story out of all its stupidity and of much that is in it. 5. It states, in the beginning of the scripture, (6) that there first arose earth, without form and void 5, 1 Assuming that Paz. nyarasni is a misreading of Pahl. niharisno. ? Compare Chap. IV, 87. The Old Testament. - Paz. nihang-e (Pahl. nisang-I, Av. ni+sangha) appears to mean "a tale, tract, or essay,' and is connected with farhang, learning. Sans, has somewhat, a little.' Assuming that Paz. av khun u tan (which Ner. seems to have understood as av-i khun-vatan, 'water containing blood') is a misreading of Pahl. afam va tahan. Ner. may have been thinking of Mkh. IX, 8. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XII, 79-XIII, 17. 209 darkness, and black water; (7) and the breathing 1 of the sacred being ever yearns 2 over the face of that black water 3. 8. Afterwards the sacred being spoke thus: 'Let there be light,' (9) and there was light4. 10. And stooping he considered that light below him, (11) and the light was transmitted by him to the day, and the darkness to the night 6. 12. In six days this world and sky and earth were also created by him, (13) for during the seventh day he was reposing (khaspan) and comfortable. 14. Through that same mystery (raz) even now the Jews are enjoying repose on the Sabbath day! 15. This, too, is stated, that Adam and his wife Eve (Hava e) were created by him, (16) and put into a garden of paradise (vahist); (17) so that Adam 1 Reading vaya, air, breath,' instead of Paz. vakhsh, growth, expanse;' these two words being written alike in Pahlavi. Sans. has 'eyes ! Reading niya zed instead of Paz, nyaved. Sans. has 'looks.' 8. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters '(Gen. i. 1, 2). + 'And God said, "Let there be light :" and there was light! (Gen. i. 3). 0 And God saw the light, that it was good : and God divided the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night' (Gen. i. 4, 5). 6 And the evening and the morning were the sixth day. Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them. ... And he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made' (Gen. i. 31; ii. 1, 2). ? But the seventh day is the sabbath of the Lord thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work. ... For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the Lord blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it' (Ex. xx. 10, 11). [24] Digitized by Digitized by Google

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210 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. should perform cultivation in that garden, and should keep watch? 18. The Lord ?, who is the sacred being himself, commanded Adam (19) thus: 'Eat of every tree which is in this garden, except of that tree of knowledge; (20) because when you eat thereof you die 3.' 21. Afterwards a serpent was also put by him into the garden ; (22) and that serpent deceived Eve and spoke thus : 'Let us eat of the gathering from this tree, and let us give it to Adam' 23. And she acted accordingly, (24) and Adam likewise ate 6. 25. And his knowledge became such that good was distinguished by him from evil, and they did not die 6. 26. He also saw and knew that he was naked, (27) and became concealed under the trees; (28) he likewise covered over his own body with leaves of trees, on account of the shame of nakedness? 29. Afterwards the Lord went to the 1.So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. ... And the Lord God took the man and put him into the garden of Eden, to dress it and to keep it' (Gen. i. 27; ii. 15). Paz. a dino is evidently a misreading of the Pahlavi form of Heb. adonai, Lord.' 8. And the Lord God commanded the man, saying, "Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat: but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die"' (Gen. ii. 16, 17). 4 Now the serpent was more subtle than any beast of the field which the Lord God had made. And he said unto the woman, ... "ye shall not surely die"' (Gen. iii. 1, 4). 0 She took of the fruit thereof, and did eat; and gave also unto her husband with her, and he did eat' (Gen. iii. 6). 66"For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened ; and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil" (Gen. iii. 5). ? 'And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked : and they sewed fig leaves together, and made Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIII, 18-38. 211 garden, and called Adam by name thus: 'Where art thou?' 30. Adam replied thus : 'Here I am, under the trees, for this reason, because I am naked 2. 31. The Lord indulged in wrath, (32) and spoke thus : * Who could have informed thee that thou art naked ? 33. Mayest thou not ever yet: have eaten of that tree of knowledge, of which I said that you shall not eat* ?' 34. Adam spoke thus: 'I have been deceived by this woman, who was given to me by thee, and I ate 6' 35. And the Lord enquired of Eve thus : Why was it so done by thee?' 36. Eve spoke thus : 'I have been deceived by this serpent. 37. And Adam and Eve and the serpent are, all three, forced out of the garden of paradise by him with a curse?. 38. And he spoke to Adam thus: "Thy eating shall be through the scraping off of sweat 8 themselves aprons ... and Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the Lord God, amongst the trees of the garden' (Gen. iii. 7, 8). 1 And they heard the voice of the Lord God walking in the garden in the cool of the day. ... And the Lord God called unto Adam, and said unto him, "Where art thou?"' (Gen. iii. 8, 9). s And he said, "I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself"' (Gen. iii. 10). 8 Assuming that Paz. agarat stands for Pahl. akvarikat; see SS 139. 4 And he said, "Who told thee that thou wast naked? Hast thou eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat?"' (Gen. iii. 11). 16 And the man said, "The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat" (Gen. iii. 12). 6 And the Lord God said unto the woman, "What is this that thou hast done?" And the woman said, "The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat"' (Gen. iii. 13). ? Therefore the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken. So he drove out the man' (Gen. iii. 23, 24). & Sans. has through the spreading of sleep.' P2 Digitized by Google

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212 . SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. and the panting of the nostrils, (39) until the end of thy life; (40) and thy land shall grow all bodily refuse and dung 1' 41. He also spoke to Eve thus : 'Thy pregnancy shall be in pain and uneasy, and thy bringing forth in grievous hastening?' 42. And he spoke to the serpent thus: "Thou shalt be accursed from amid the quadrupeds and wild animals of the plain and mountain ; (43) for thee also there shall be no feet, (44) and thy movement shall be on thy belly, and thy food dust. 45. And betwixt thy offspring, with those of the woman, there shall be such hatred and conversion to enmity that they will wound the head of that offspring 3.' 46. This, too, they say, that this worldly existence, with whatever is in everything, was made and produced by him for mankind; (47) and man was made by him predominant over all creatures and creations, wet and dry. 48. Now I will tell you a story (nisang-I) about 1 And unto Adam he said, "... cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life: thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; ... in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground" (Gen. iii. 17-19) 3.Unto the woman he said, "I will greatly multiply thy sorrow, and thy conception: in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children"! (Gen. iii. 16). 9. And the Lord God said unto the serpent, "Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life: and I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel"' (Gen. ii. 14, 15). 4 And God said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth" (Gen. i. 26). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIII, 39-64. 213 the contents of their twaddle and the faultiness of their statements, (49) that is, where and with what limits did that earth without form and void", the darkness, the sacred being and his breathing?, and the black water arise ? 50. Or of what description was the sacred being himself? 51. It is manifest that he was not light, (52) because, when the light was seen by him, (53) stooping he considered its, for the reason that he had not seen it before. 54. If they say that he was dark, that manifestly implies that the origin of darkness is utteringa word and there is light. 55. If they say that he was not dark, but light, (56) why, when the light was seen by him, did he admire and consider it, though he was light himself? 57. And if they say that he was neither light nor dark, (58) it is necessary for such to specify that third state which is not light and not dark. 59. Then as to him whose position and abode were in darkness and black water, and light was never seen by him, how was it possible for him to look at that light? 60. And what was his divinity owing to ? 61. Because even now it is not possible for any one who remains in darkness to look at the light. 62. Observe also this, that if his origin and abode were darkness, how was it possible for him to remain opposite the light ? 63. Because this is known, that it is not possible for darkness to remain opposite the light, since the latter puts it aside harmless. 64. Again, I ask this, that is, was that earth, which 1 See $ 6 n. * See $ 7 n. : See 10. The scripture merely says that God saw the light, that it was good;" but this difference does not really affect the author's argument as to the previous non-existence of light. * Assuming that Paz. frai is a misreading of Pahl. paras. Digitized by G Digitized by Google

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214 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. * was without form and void, limited or unlimited ? 65. If it were limited, what was there outside of it? 66. If it were unlimited, whither did that unlimitedness of it go, (67) when, as we see, this earth and worldly existence are not those of the first existence? 68. As to that which the Lord spoke, (69) that is: "Let there be light,' and it was so, (70) it is thereupon appropriate to understand that the Lord existed before the time that the light arose ; (71) and when he was wishing to make the light, and he gave the command for it to arise, he then considered mentally in what way the light is of good appearance or evil appearance. 72. And if the light, through its own nature, reached into the knowledge and consideration of the Lord, it is evident that the light was existing alike within the knowledge and mind of the Lord, (73) and alike outside of him. 74. For it is not possible to know and obtain anything, unless it be a manifestation of an existence. 75. If the light was existing is it", on that account, a creation of the Lord ? 76. And if they say that the light was not, through its own nature, within his knowledge, that light was demanded by him, who did not know of what nature it was, very unwisely. 77. Or how is it possible to consider in the mind that which one has never even thought of or known ? 78. And observe this, too, that that command for the arising of light was given either to something or to nothing, (79) because this is certain, that it is necessary to give a command to a performer of commands. 80. If it were given by him to something existing, which was light, that implies that the light Or, perhaps, 'it is.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIII, 65-89. 215 itself existed. 81. And if the command were given by him to something not existing, then how did the something not existing hear the command of the Lord ? 82. Or how did it know that the will of the Lord was thus, that 'I should become light?' 83. Because the command of the Lord is not heard by what does not exist, in the same manner as though it were not given by him. 84. Since it is not possible for the non-existent even to think in any way, (85) it was that which is appointed nonexistent, so that it does not exist, but yet exists', that was really before the sight of the sage?; by which it was known in what manner the Lord is demanding that it shall arises, and in the manner which was demanded by him it arose. 86. If they say that the light arose from the word of the Lord, which was spoken by him thus : 'Thou shalt arise,' and it was so--(87) that being when the Lord and his belongings (kh u dih) were dark, and light had really never been seen by him-in what way is it possible for that light to arise from his word ? 88. Because this is known, that speaking is the progeny of thinking. 89. If they say that his word became light, that is very marvellous, because then light is the fruit of darkness, and the source of darkness is thereby the essence of light; 1 That is something produced as a nonentity which, being produced as nothing, is considered to be something different from nothing at all, which is not produced. Something analogous to the prototypes of the creatures, which remained three thousand years in a spiritual state, so that they were unthinking and unmoving, with intangible bodies' (Bd. I, 8). 9 Who wrote the account of the creation in the book of Genesis. & Literally that I shall arise.' Digitized by Google

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216 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. or else it is this, that the light was concealed in the darkness. 90. As I have said?, it is evident that it is of no use to give a command, except to a performer of commands, (91) so that it should be that the light existed, and then the command was expedient and given. 92. Again, I ask this, as to these creatures and creations, sky and earth of his, since they were prepared and produced by him in six days, (93) and the seventh he reposed (khaspid) therefrom, (94) then, when this world was not produced by him from anything, but merely arose by his command, 'thou shalt arise,' and it was so, (95) to what was that delay of his of six days owing ? 96. For when his trouble is merely as much as to say thou shalt arise,' the existence of that delay of six days is very ill-seeming. 97. It is also not suitable for trouble to arise for him therefrom. 98. If it be possible to make the non-existent exist, and he be capable of it, it is possible to produce it even a long time back. 99. And if he be incapable of producing except in the period of a day, it is not fitting to speak of his producing it from nothing. 100. And, again, I ask this, that is, when the number of the days should be known from the sun, whence then is the number of the day, besides the names of the days, known before the creation of the sun ? 101. For they say that the sun was produced by him on the fourth day, which is itself Wednesday 3. 1 In $ 79. ? See $$ 12, 13. 3 Paz, kihar sumbad, Sans. katuhsanais kariya. And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the Digitized by Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIII, 90-112. 217 * 102. I also ask this, to what was it owing that it was necessary for him to make himself comfortable and reposing on the seventh day? 103. When the delay and trouble in his creation and production of the world was merely so much as that he spoke thus: "Thou shalt arise,' (104) how are those days accounted for by him, so that it was necessary to make him reposing whose trouble is recounted ? 105. For if thou shalt arise' were spoken by him at once, that is his trouble, and he ought to become comfortable immediately. 106. Again I ask this, that is, for what purpose and cause is Adam produced by him, together with Eve", (107) so that while they practise his will, the purpose of it is not so presented by him that they shall not turn away from the performance of his desire ? 108. For when it is known by him, before the fact that they will not be listening to his command, and yet they are finally produced by him, that shows that for him now to become exhausted, and to indulge in wrath about them, is unreasonable, (109) because it is evident that the Lord himself was not fully proceeding with that which is desirable for his own will, and is manifestly an opponent and adversary to his own will. 110. If they are not understood by him before the fact, and it is not even known by him that they will not listen to his command, then he is ignorant and badly informed. II. If they say that his will itself was fornon-performance, why then is the command for performance given by him? 112. Also what is the sin in not performing lesser light to rule the night. ... And the evening and the morning were the fourth day' (Gen. i. 16, 19). See SS 15. The command mentioned in 8$ 19, 20. Digitized by Google

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* 218 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. it, and how goes (113) a horse whom they yoke with another in confinement (lag) and hurry on with a whip (tazanak)? 114. From this statement signs and tokens of deceivers are manifested, (115) whose will and command are inconsistent and unadapted, one to the other. 116. And if his will and desire were this, that they shall not turn away from his will, (117) still their power and desire for turning away from his will are much stronger and more resistant than those which he gave for not turning. 118. If the will for their turning away from his will, and also the knowledge of it, were his, and the command for not turning away were given by him, how was it still possible for the distressed Adam to act so that they should not turn away ? 119. Also, the origin and maintenance of his will ought not to exist, (120) because by turning away from his command one merely falsifies (draged) it as a command, while by not turning away it becomes a falsification of both his will and knowledge. 121. Again, I ask this, that is, on what account and for what advantage was that garden, prepared by him, produced2 ? 122. And as to the tree of knowledge itself, about which he commanded thus: Ye shall not eat of it, and also as to the injunction for not eating of it, which was issued by him, why was it necessary for him to make them ? 123. It is also evident, from his injunction and 1 Illustrating the inconsistency of determining or permitting that anything (such as the abstaining from fruit, or the trotting of a horse) shall not be done, and yet urging its performance by whip or command. 2. See $$ 16, 17. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIII, 113-138. 219 command, that scanty knowledge and ignorance are more loved by him, (124) and his desire for them is more than for knowledge and wisdom. 125. And that even his advantage from ignorance was more, (126) because while the tree of knowledge was not tasted by them they were ignorant, and not disobedient and without benefit unto him, (127) but just as their knowledge arose they became disobedient unto him. 128. There was also no anxiety for him from their ignorance, but just as their knowledge arose (129) he became exhausted and wrathful about them, (130) and, forced out of paradise by him, with grievous discomfort and disgrace, they are cast 1 to the earth. (131) The sum total is this, that the cause of this birth of man's knowledge, in the worldly existence, was owing to the serpent and deceit. 132. They also say this, that things of every kind were created for mankind-on account of which it is evident that even that tree was created by him for mankind-(133) and man was made by him predominant over every creature and creation 2 134. If that be so, why were they now to incline their desires away from that tree which was their own ? 135. From this following statement this, too, is evident, that knowledge was not really originating with him, (136) because if he came forth to the gardens and raised his voice, and called Adam by name thus : 'Where art thou,' it is just as though he were unaware of the place where he existed; (137) and if he had been unanswered by him, he would have been unaware of the place where Adam existed. 138. If it were not owing to his (agas) Or admitted.' See $$ 46, 47. See SS 29. Digitized by Google

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220 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. outcry, too, before seeing him, he would have been unaware that he had eaten of that tree, or not; and of this also, that is, by whom and how it was done, who ate and who deceived. 139. If he were aware, why had ke to make that enquiry of him,' mayest thou not ever yet have eaten of that tree, of which I commanded that you shall not eat??' 140. And at first, when he came forth, he was not exhausted, but afterwards, when he knew that they had eaten, he became exhausted about them and was wrathful. 141. His scanty knowledge is also evident from this, when he created the serpent, which was itself his adversary, and put it into the garden with them? ; (142) or else why was not the garden made so fortified by him, that the serpent, and also other enemies, should thereby not go into it ? 143. Even his falsity is also evident from this, when he spoke thus : 'When you eat of this tree you die 3 ;' and they have eaten and are not dead, but have become really intelligent, (144) and good is well recognised from evil by them. 145. I also ask this, that is, how is his knowledge inconsistent and competing with his will and command ? 146. For if it were willed by him to eat of that tree, and the command for not eating were given by him, the knowledge about it was that the fruit would be eaten. 147. Now it is evident that the will, knowledge, and command are all three inconsistent, one towards the other. 148. This, too, is evident, that, though Adam committed sin, the curse which was inflicted by Him (the Lord)* reaches unlawfully over people of every kind See $ 33. See $ 21. 3 See SS 20. See $$ 37-41. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIII, 139-XIV, 13. 221 at various periods, (149) and I consider it, in every way, a senseless, ignorant, and foolish statement. 150. On this subject, on account of tediousness, thus much is considered complete. CHAPTER XIV. 1. My desire is also that I write a story (nisang-I) out of the accompanying inconsistency and full delusion of the same scripture, (2) that is full of every iniquity and demonism ; and I will disclose a summary of one part out of a thousand of what is declared thereby, (3) so as to notice the commands therein. 4. First, this is what he says about his own nature, (5) that is, 'I am the Lord, seeking vengeance (6) and retaliating vengeance', (7) and I retaliate vengeance sevenfold upon the children(8) and one does not forget my original vengeance.' (9). Another place states that, 'having acquired wrath and grievous thoughts, (10) his lips are also full of indignation", (11) his tongue is like a blazing fire, (12) and his breath (vaya) is like a river of rapid water (arvand nak)". 13. His voice, too, as though for causing 1.To me belongeth vengeance, and recompence' (Deut. xxxii. 35). Or, as it is quoted in Rom. xii. 19, Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord.' 3 "Therefore whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold' (Gen. iv. 15). s Perhaps ayaftak is a misreading of a shuftak,' distracted by.' 4 Literally venom.' 6 Behold, the name of the Lord cometh from far, burning with his anger, and the burden thereof is heavy; his lips are full of Digitized by Google

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222 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR, weeping, is more resembling the shouting of a demon", (14) and his seat is in the gloom?, the dew, and the clouds. 15. His charger, also, is the drying (khuskak) wind", (16) and from the motion of his feet is the arising of a whirlwind of dust5. 17. When he walks the arising of fire is behind him. 18. And, elsewhere, he speaks about his own wrathfulness, (19) thus: 'I have been forty years in wrath about the Israelites ?,' (20) and he said that the Israelites are defiled in heart. 21. Elsewhere he speaks thus: 'Who is blind", indignation, and his tongue as a devouring fire: and his breath, as an overflowing stream, shall reach to the midst of the neck '(Is. xxx. 27, 28). 1 And the Lord shall cause his glorious voice to be heard, and shall show the lighting down of his arm, with the indignation of his anger, and with the flame of a devouring fire, with scattering, and tempest, and hailstones' (Is. xxx. 30). * Assuming that Paz. guam (Pers. gum, 'invisible') is a misreading of Pahl. tom, gloom,' as the Sanskrit is dhumalatvam, smokiness. 9.He made darkness his secret place: his pavilion round about him were dark waters and thick clouds of the skies' (Ps. xviii. 11). Clouds and darkness are round about him ' (Ps. xcvii. 2). 4 Who maketh the clouds his chariot; who walketh upon the wings of the wind' (Ps. civ. 3). 0 The Lord hath his way in the whirlwind and in the storm, and the clouds are the dust of his feet' (Na. i. 3). 6 For, behold, the Lord will come with fire, and with his chariots like a whirlwind, to render his anger with fury, and his rebuke with flames of fire' (Is. Ixvi. 15). 7 Paz. Asarasara is evidently a misreading of Pahl. Asrayilan. 8 'Forty years long was I grieved with this generation, and said, "It is a people that do err in their heart, and they have not known my ways;" unto whom I sware in my wrath, that they should not enter into my rest' (Ps. xcv. 10, 11). Sanshas whoever is needy,' both here and in $23. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIV, 14-31. 223 unless it be my servant ? 22. Who is deaf?, but the messenger (firistak) I am appointing ? 23. Who is blind like the king 2?' And it is declared that their king is the Lord himself 24. Elsewhere it also says this, that the worshippers (parastakan) of his fire are defiled. 25. Also this, that his deeds bring blinding smoke, (26) and his fighting is the shedding of blood. 27. And this, that is, 'I pour forth mankind one upon the other, (28) and I sit upon the sky, over their limbs.' 29. Likewise this, that, in one night, a hundred and sixty thousand were slain by him, through a wretched death, out of the champions and troops of the Mazendaranse. 30. And, on another occasion, he slew six hundred thousand men, besides women and young children, out of the Israelites in the wilderness ; (31) only two men escaped?. * Sans. has whoever is prosperous.' 2 Who is blind, but my servant? or deaf, as my messenger that. I sent? who is blind as he that is perfect, and blind as the Lord's servant ?' (Is. xlii. 19). 3 The Lord is our king' (Is. xxxiii. 22). About five and twenty men, with their backs toward the temple of the Lord, and their faces toward the east; and they worshipped the sun toward the east. Then he said unto me, "Hast thou seen this, O son of man? Is it a light thing to the house of Judah that they commit the abominations which they commit here?"' (Eze. viii. 16, 17). 6 And when Joshua and all Israel saw that the ambush had. taken the city, and that the smoke of the city ascended, then they turned again, and slew the men of Ai' (Jos. viii. 21). o Then the angel of the Lord went forth, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians a hundred and fourscore and five thousand : and when they arose early in the morning, behold, they were all dead corpses' (Is. xxxvii. 36). ?! And the children of Israel journeyed from Rameses to Succoth, about six hundred thousand on foot, that were men, beside Digitized by Google

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224 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. 32. Again, it shows that his final result is all regret, (33) just as this which it states, that he became among the despondent (zardakan), and he spoke thus: 'I am repentant as to the making of men on the earth?.' 34. This, too, it states, that he sits upon a throne which four angels hold upon their wings, from each one of whom a fiery river always proceeds, owing to the load of his weight?. 35. Now, when he is a spirit, not formed with a body, why then are those four distressed by him, who have to sustain with toil the grievous load of that easy thing? 36. Again, it states this, that every day he prepares, with his own hand, ninety thousand worshippers, and they always worship him until the night time, and then he dismisses them, through a fiery river, to hell 3. 37. When trouble and injustice of this description are seen, how is it children' (Ex. xii. 37). "Doubtless ye shall not come into the land concerning which I sware to make you dwell therein, save Caleb the son of Jephunneh, and Joshua the son of Nun.... But as for you, your carcases, they shall fall in this wilderness' (Num. xiv. 30, 32). 1 And it repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth' (Gen. vi. 6). 2. Also out of the midst thereof came the likeness of four living creatures. ... Their wings were joined one to another. ... As for the likeness of the living creatures, their appearance was like burning coals of fire, and like the appearance of lamps: it went up and down among the living creatures. ... And under the firmament were their wings straight, the one toward the other. . . . And above the firmament that was over their heads was the likeness of a throne, as the appearance of a sapphire stone: and upon the likeness of the throne was the likeness as the appearance of a man above upon it' (Eze. i. 5, 9, 13, 23, 26). A fiery stream issued and came forth from before him' (Dan. vii. 10). * This statement may possibly be quoted from the Talmud. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIV, 32-47. 225 expedient for worldly beings to exist in duty, good works, and good deeds ? 38. When he casts distressed worshippers who are reverent, listening to commands, and pure in action, together with others who are sinners, into eternal hell, (39) it is like even that which another congregation asserts, that the sacred being, at the day of the resurrection, gives the sun and moon, together with others who are sinners, to hell for the reason that there are people who have offered homage to them. 40. Another place also states this, that when the eyes of the aged (masatval)2 Abraham, who was the friend of the Lord, were afflicted, the Lord himself came enquiring for him ; (41) and he sat on his cushion and asked for peace. 42. And Abraham called Isaac", who was his dearest son", in secret, and spoke (43) thus: 'Go to paradise (vahist), and bring wine that is light and pure.' 44. And he went and brought it. 45. And Abraham made many entreaties to the Lord (46) thus : 'Taste one time 6 wine in my abode.' 47. And the Lord spoke thus : 1 Probably the Christians, and referring to such texts as 'The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before that great and notable day of the Lord come' (Acts ii. 20). ? Ner. reads this word, as a title, Mehadar, of Abraham. It is, however, the Huzvaris of dad-mas (for dad-i mas, great age'), and appears to be a hybrid form, the first syllable being Iranian and the latter portion Semitic. & Upon his host; the usual Oriental salutation. 4 Ner. has read Asinak, which indicates a Pahlavi form that might be read Aisok, and points to Syr. 'Is'hoq as the original of this form of Isaac. Sans, has his whole-blood brother's son.' * Assuming that Paz. she stands for Pahl. gas-, both here and in $49. Ner. seems to have understood it as Ar. say, 'somewhat.' [24] Digitized by Google

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226 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. 'I will not taste it, because it is not from paradise, and is not pure.' 48. Then Abraham gave assurance thus: The wine is pure from paradise, and Isaac, who is my son, brought it. 49. Thereupon the Lord, on account of his freedom from doubt in Isaac, and the assurance given by Abraham, tasted the wine one time. 50. Afterwards, when he wished to go, he was not allowed until one of them had sworn to the other by a serious oath 1. 51. Observe this twaddle full of delusion; not even a single detail is adapted to a sacred being. 52. In what way was his coming in bodily form to the abode of Abraham and eating bread, of which not even a single detail is adapted to him ? 53. This, too, is evident from it, that the suffering of Abraham was nota from the Lord, but from another producer. 54. And even the faultiness which was owing to his want of understanding of knowledge was such, that the purity of the wine and whence it came were not known by him. 55. His falsity is also seen in this, when he spoke of not drinking the wine, and at last drank it. 56. Afterwards he is confessing that it is genuine and pure. 57. Now, how is he worthy of worship, as a divinity that is all-knowing and almighty, whose nature is this? 58. And another place states that there was one of the sick who, with his own wife and child, was 1 This tale is perhaps to be sought in the Talmud. * Reading la instead of rai. By reading the latter Ner. has the suffering, which was for Abraham, was from the Lord,' which is inconsistent with the context. 8 Assuming that Paz. bavani (Sans. vaikalyam) stands for Pahl. zifanih, which seems more probable than supposing it to be a miswriting of Paz, dewanagi, 'folly.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIV, 48-72. 227 particularly one that was suffering, poor, and without a stipend. 59. At all times he was very diligent and active in prayer and fasting and the worship of the sacred being. 60. And one day, in prayer, he secretly begged a favour thus : 'Give me any enjoyment that is in daily food (rozih), (61) that it may be easier for me to live.' 62. And an angel came down unto him and spoke thus: "The sacred being has not allotted thee, through the constellations', more daily food than this, (63) and it is not possible to allot anew; (64) but, as a recompense for worship and prayer, a throne whose four feet are of jewels is appointed for thee in heaven (va hist) by me, (65) and, if it be necessary, I will give unto thee one foot of that throne.' 66. That exalter of the apostles enquired of his own wife, (67) and the unfortunate one spoke thus : 'It is better for us to be content with the scanty daily food and bad living in the worldly existence, (68) than if our throne, among our companions in heaven, had three feet; (69) but if it may occur to thee then appoint us a day's food by another mode.' 70. At the second coming of that angel he spoke thus : 'But if I dissipate the celestial sphere, and produce the sky and earth anew, and construct and produce the motion of the stars anew, still thenceforth it is not clear whether thy destiny will fall out good or bad?' 71. From this statement it is, therefore, manifest that he is not himself the appointer of daily food and supreme, (72) distribution is not by his will, 1 Of the zodiac (see Mkh. XII, 5, 6, 8). . This tale is probably from the same source as the last. Q2 Digitized by Google

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228 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. he is not able to alter destiny, (73) and the revolution of the celestial sphere, the sun and moon and stars, is not within the compass of his knowledge, will, and command. 74. And also this, that the throne, as to which it was announced (nivikinid) thus: 'I will give it in heaven,' is not of his formation and creation. 75. And in another place he speaks about his own twaddle (76) thus: 'I have slain, in one day?, an assemblage (ram) of sinners, as well as innumerable innocents.' 77. And when the angels talked much of the unreasonable performance, he then spoke of it thus: 'I am the Lord, the ruler of wills, (78) superintending, unrivalled, and doing my own will, and no one assists or is to utter a murmur (drengisno) about me?' 79. Especially abundant is the twaddle that is completely delusive, which has seened to me tedious to write. 80. Whoever would investigate the backward opinions of these statements, should be, for that purpose of his, a high-priest speaking candidly (azad), (81) until he becomes aware of the nature of the same scripture, and of the truth of that which is stated by me. 82. Now if he be a sacred being, of whom these are signs and tokens, that implies that truth is far from him, (83) forgiveness strange to him, (84) and knowledge is not bestowed upon him. 85. Because this itself is the fiend who is leader of the hell which 1 Assuming that Paz. zum ae is a corruption of gume (see Chap. IV, 101 n) and stands for Huz. yom-1. But it may mean the whole of.' ? This seems to be quoted from the same source as the two preceding tales. Digitized by G Digitized by Google .

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CHAPTER XIV, 73-xv, 8. . 229 is the den (grestak) of the gloomy race, (86) whom the devilish defiled ones and evil people glorify by the name of the Lord, and offer him homage. 87. About this subject is here complete. CHAPTER XV. 1. Another thing I publish is a feeble story (nisang) about the inconsistency, unbounded statements, and incoherent disputations of Christian (Tarsak) believers. 2. Since, inasmuch as all threel are from the one origin of Judaism (3) that implying that, when anything is said within the one, it is for them mutually helping their own delusion of every kind--(4) you should know whence the original sect of Christianity came forth. 5. That in the town of Jerusalem? there was a woman of the same Jews who was known for incapacity3, (6) and pregnancy became manifest in her 4. 7. When asked by them thus: "Whence is this pregnancy of thine?' (8) she said in reply thus : 'The angel Gabriel6 came unto me, and he spoke thus: "Thou art pregnant by the pure wind (holy spirit) 6.") 1 The three defects mentioned in $ 1. ? Ner. reads Hurusarm for Pahl. Aurusalem. 8 Sans. has misconduct,' but this is more than Pahl. du sazakih seems to imply. * Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise: When as his mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Ghost' (Mat. i. 18). * Pahl. Gepril is misread Sparagar by Ner. These two names would be written alike in Pahlavi. 6 The angel Gabriel was sent from God... to a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph ... and the angel Digitized by Google

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230 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. 9. As to that, you should observe thus : Who, apart from that woman, saw the angel Gabriel ? And on what account is it expedient to consider that woman truthful ?' 10. If they say that, on account of the spiritual state of that angel, no one is able to see him, (11) that implies--if the cause of not seeing that angel be his spiritual nature--that the sight of that woman also, for the same reason, is not unrestricted. 12. If they say that the sacred being made him visible to that woman, and on account of the worthiness of that woman, (13) no other person being made worthy, (14) observe this, where is the evidence that the woman spoke truthfully ? 15. Or, if that woman were conspicuous to any one for truth, it is fitting for him to demonstrate that also to other persons, so that, through that evidence, she might be more fully considered as very truthful by them. 16. But now the showing of him (the angel), to that woman only, is not considered by any one as true. 17. Now you should also observe that the origin of their religion has all come forth from this testimony of a woman, which was given by her about her own condition. 18. Observe, again, that if they say the Messiah arose from the pure wind of the sacred being, that implies--if the only wind that is pure and from the sacred being be that one-that the other wind, which is distinct from that, is not from the sacred being and not pure, (19) and another producer is manifested inevitably. 20. If the wind be all from answered and said unto her, "The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee; therefore also that holy thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God"' (Luke i. 26, 27, 35). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XV, 9-33. 231 the sacred being and sacred, it ought to be all pure. 21. If only that one wind be pure, the other wind is polluted and not sacred. 22. As there is no producer whatever except the sacred being, that pollution and impurity of the other wind are likewise from the sacred being. 23. And if the other wind be that of the sacred being and sacred, it ought to be all pure. 24. Now, that one being considered as purity, why was the other polluted ? 25. Again, observe this, that, if the Messiah were the son of the sacred being for the reason that the sacred being is the father of all, through productiveness, creativeness, and cherishing, (26) that Messiah, through sonship to the sacred being, is not otherwise than the meaner creatures which the sacred being produced and created. 27. If he were born through the means of male and female, (28) that implies--if birth through male and female be suitable unto the sacred being--that it is also so unto the archangels and spirits; in like manner, on account of the existence of birth, the occurrence of death also is suitable. 29. Thus, about the arising of that same sacred being there is no doubt, (30) because there where birth of that kind exists, eating, drinking, and even death are certain. 31. And there are some even who say that the Messiah is the sacred being himself. 32. Now this is very strange, when the mighty sacred being, the maintainer and cherisher of the two existences, became of human nature, and went into the womb of a woman who was a Jew. 33. To leave the lordly throne, the sky and earth, the celestial sphere The Paz. of JE interpolates the words from a mother.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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232 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. and other similar objects of his management and protection, he fell (a u past), for concealment, into a polluted and straitened place, (34) and, finally, delivered his own body to scourging, execution on the tree (dar-kardih), and the hands of enemies, (35) while, apart from death, much brutality and lawlessness were arranged by them. 36. If they speak of his having been inside the womb of a woman for the reason that the sacred being exists in every place, (37) that implies that being inside the womb of a woman, through existence in every place, is not more antagonistic than being in any very polluted and very fetid place; (38) and, along with that, that the faultiness of speaking of all places as having been the property of the sacred being is manifold, (39) because, if they were so, in like manner the speaking of anything whatever that is devoid of the existence of the sacred being is strange2. 40. Again, as to that which they say, that death and execution on the tree were accepted by him, as a yokes, for the sake of demonstrating the resurrection to mankind, (41) that implies--if it were not possible for him to demonstate the resurrection to mankind, except through that disgrace' and death and brutal treatment of himself-that that omnipotence of his is not effectual. 42. Or, when no opponent and adversary whatever of his arose, why * Assuming that Paz. u vadang stands for Pahl. va tang. ? Assuming that Paz. vahar (Sans. anrita) stands for Pahl. nahar. 3 See Chap. X, 67 n. * Assuming that Paz. rasanai stands for Pahl. rusvaih. Sans. has binding with cords.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XV, 34-49. 233 are they not made without doubt of that sort of clear knowledge which is imparted by seeing the resurrection, so that there would not have been a necessity for this mode of demonstrating it brutally, disgracefully', distressingly, and through the will of his enemies. 43. If that death were accepted by him, as a yoke of a new description, through his own will, (44) that implies that now his outcry of woe and curses for the executioners?, and his considering those Jews as it were wrathfully are unreasonable. 45. He ought, indeed, not to cause curses and imprecations of woe upon them, but it is fitting for them to be worthy of recompense through that deed. 46. Again, as to this which they state, that the father and son and pure wind are three names which are not separate one from the other, (47) nor is one foremost, (48) and this, too, that, though a son, he is not less than the father, but in every knowledge equal to the father, why now is one to call him by a different name? 49. If it be proper for three to be one, that implies that it is certainly possible for three to be nine and for nine to be 1 Sans. ' by binding with cords.' 9 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites!... behold, I send unto you prophets, and wise men, and scribes: and some of them ye shall kill and crucify; and some of them shall ye scourge in your synagogues, and persecute them from city to city: that upon you may come all the righteous blood shed upon the earth. . . . All these things shall come upon this generation' (Mat. xxiii. 29, 34-36). 8 For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one' (1 John v. 7). And in this Trinity none is afore, or after other: none is greater, or less than another' (Athanasian Creed). Digitized by Google

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* 234 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. three; (50) and it is possible to speak of other numbers, in this sequence, unlimitedly. 51. Observe this, too, that if a son be not less than a father, that father also is not greater than the son. 52. That is possible if the father is said to be from the son, or the son not from the father. 53. And this is certain, that it is possible for every one originating from any one to be less than him from 1 whom he is, who is the essential origin of himself; (54) if he be so in point of time, and likewise if so in point of relationship. 55. If the son be not less than the father, that implies that the maker is not before the thing made, nor yet is greater; (56) both must be original evolutions, (57) and the creation is not less than the creator, nor the creator greater than the creation, (58) however he may be said to be unlimited. 59. Observe this, too, that if the son be equal to the father in all knowledge, that father also is as ignorant as the son who was unaware of his own death and execution on the trees, (60) until he was slain by their capturing him and causing his wretched death, brutal treatment, and disgrace 4. 61. He did not know about it because they enquired of him thus : 'When is the day of resurrection ?' And he answered thus: Of this no one is aware but the fatherB.' 62. Just as when the son is formed (tastik) . 1 Assuming that Paz. vas is a misreading of Pahl. agas. ? Literally the maternal source. 3 This is at variance with Mat. xxvi. 2:-- Ye know that after two days is the feast of the passover, and the Son of man is betrayed to be crucified.' But the author explains in $ 61 that he is thinking of another instance of want of knowledge. Sans, has 'binding.' 6 "Tell us, when shall these things be? ... Of that day and . Digitized by Google

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(UTVERSITY CALIF226A CHAPTER XV, 50-72. as it were ignorant, the father must be as it were just the same. 63. Observe this, too, that all the creatures and creation, and even his own adversary, being created and produced by him out of nothing, the executioners of his son are themselves deluded by him. 64. And if the sacred being himself created the executioners of his son, and even his own adversary, without a purpose and without a cause, (65) and the son was slain by them altogether with his knowledge, (66) that implies that it is now possible to be without doubt that the slayer of his son was he himself, (67) if he knew that when he produces a son they will then slay him, and in the end he produced him foolishly and unwisely. 68. If he did not know it, he is deficient in knowledge. 69. Again, observe this, that, if the sacred being created these creatures and creation out of nothing, and created and produced even his adversary similarly out of nothing, that implies that their nature ought to be one. 70. Now, why is not the adversary preserved in the same manner as the other creatures ? . 71. Another point is about the inconsistency of the statements derived from the scriptures of their high-priest?, (72) and that which he says that no one falls, nor anything from a tree, and no outcry arises in a districts, nor two birds fight together that hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels which are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father' (Mark xiii. 4, 32). 1 Literally "I produce.' ? In SS 91 Paul is called 'their high-priest,' but the term may be here applied to any other writer of the Christian scriptures. So in Sans., but the Paz. of JE has merely 'no district arises.' Digitized by Google

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236 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. without the command of the father", (73) which is a demonstration of these statements, that the original evolution is single and all things are by his will. 74. Now for what purpose was the Messiah appointed, who is his son; and which way is the demonstration, through that, of his (the father's) being unwilling ; (75) when all is by his will, and nothing whatever is said about his being unwilling ? 76. Even this is evident from the same explanation, that the Jews slew the Messiah, who is his son, through the will of the father. 77. Again, he speaks inconsistently about the free will (azad-kamih) of the faithful, (78) that mankind are produced by him with free will. 79. Thus the iniquity of the sin which mankind commit is freely willed, (80) and the freedom of will was produced by him himself for mankind. 81. That implies that it is fitting to consider him likewise a sinner who is the original cause of sin. 82. If mankind commit sin and crime by their own free will through the will of the sacred being, (83) through what free will and sin are the sin and crime of the lion, serpent, wolf, and scorpion-the stinging and slaying noxious creatures--which are the natural actions that ever proceed from them? 84. So also, who has maintained the origin of the deadly poison which is in the Besh herbs and other species of plants, the cause of which is not owing to free will ? 85. If they say that those poisons i Compare Mat. x. 29, 30:- Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing? and one of them shall not fall on the ground without your Father. But the very hairs of your head are all numbered.' * Literally demonstrator.' * A poisonous plant, Napellus Moysis (see Bd. XIV, 22, XXVII, I). Digitized by Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XV, 73-97. 237 are advantageous and suitable in many medicines which are removers of the disease of the sick, (86) it should be asked of them thus : Who produced the disease itself and the harm that arises from it, and what is the necessity of it, (87) that, afterwards, medicine and deadly poison were created by him for it, and were necessary ?' 88. Or, as to that disease, 'it would be more expedient if he had produced an antidotal (a nosh) medicine for carrying it away than a medicine of poison.' 89. Also this, that is, 'from what origin is the term itself " doing harm," and against whom is the advantageousness necessary?' go. On this subject it is possible to speak abundantly for a summary compiled. 91. Another instance is from the words of Paul (Pavaros), who was their high-priest-(92) that one who was afflictive with them at their own beginning 2--even this, they say, (93) is thus : 'Not the good works which I desire, but the iniquity (94) which I do not desire, I do 3. 95. And it is not I that do so, but that which is collected within me does it, (96) because I always see that it is striving with me day and night". 97. Again, they say, from the words of the 1 Reading hanbeshin, but it may be well-afflicting to' if we read hu-beshin. ''As for Saul, he made havoc of the church, entering into every house, and haling men and women, committed them to prison. . . . Saul who also is called Paul' (Acts viii. 3 ; xiii. 9). 3. For the good that I would, I do not : but the evil which I would not, that I do' (Rom. vii. 19). It is no more I that do it, but sin that dwelleth in me.... I see another law in my members, warring against the law of my mind, and bringing me into captivity to the law of sin which is in my members' (Rom. vii. 20, 23). . Digitized by Google

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238 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. Messiah, that the original evolution from the sacred being is light and goodness; (98) evil and darkness are separate from him?. 99. Also this, that is, 'just as a shepherd who provides protection for his hundred sheep, (100) and the wolves carry off one from him, (101) goes after that one which the wolves carried off until he leads it back to the flock, (102) and leaves the ninety-nine of them in the wilderness (dast)?, (103) even so I am come to take care of the defiled, not for the just, (104) because it is needless to bring him who is just into the right way.' 105. That implies, if the original evolution be one, and his will be wholly that no one whatever of it shall be astray and defiled, (106) that even the wolf's slaying the sheep is likewise his will, (107) and the wolf itself was also created by him. 108. The word of the Messiah is specially inconsistently a demonstrator as regards the two original evolutions. 109. As they say this is one of those same statements of the Messiah, that there is another original evolution, an enemy of my father, and I am of that sacred being doing good works?' 110. From this statement it is evident that his own father separates from that enemy, and acts differently. 1.God is light, and in him is no darkness at all' (1 John i. 5). 3.What man of you, having an hundred sheep, if he lose one of them, doth not leave the ninety and nine in the wilderness, and go after that which is lost, until he find it?' (Luke xv. 4). 3. For the Son of man is come to save that which was lost' (Mat. xviii. 11). "They that are whole need not a physician; but they that are sick. I came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance' (Luke v. 31, 32). * He that soweth the good seed is the Son of man: the field is the world: the good seed are the children of the kingdom ; but the tares are the children of the wicked one : the enemy that sowed them is the devil' (Mat. xiii. 37-39). . Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XV, 98-122. 239 111. This, too, he says, that is, 'I am produced by the sacred being for truth and through truth"; (112) and Aharman, the iniquitous, came for my death (vadardano), (113) and I am desired by him to deceive in many ways?' 114. Now, if the original evolution be one, and there be nothing competing with it, why was Aharman so powerful that he desired to delude the son of the sacred being ? 115. If the sacred being himself created that iniquitous one, then the producing of that delusion by the latter was with the knowledge and will of the former himself, (116) and the deluder of the son was in like manner himself. 117. This, too, it says, that, when the Jews stood disputing against him, he spoke to the Jews thus : You are from that which is a lower region, and I am from an upper region ; (118) you are of this country, I am not of it?' 119. And he also said this, that is, 'I know that you are of the seed of Abraham, and he+ who had slain mankind from aforetime (120) has wished to slay even me. 121. I do that which is seen of my father, and you do that which is seen by you as to your own father.' 122. This, 1. And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us . . : full of grace and truth' (John i. 14). * See the account of the temptation of Jesus in Mat. iv. 3-10. 3. And he said unto them, Ye are from beneath; I am from above: ye are of this world; I am not of this world' (John viii. 23). * The iniquitous one of $ 125, whom he calls their father, the devil. 0 I know that ye are Abraham's seed: but ye seek to kill me, because my word hath no place in you. I speak that which I have seen with my Father : and ye do that which ye have seen with your father' (John viii. 37, 38). Digitized by Google

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240 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. too, he said, 'If the sacred being be that father of yours, he would be a friend of me for your sake, (123) because I have sprung from the sacred being ; I have not come of my own will; (124) I am appointed by that sacred being doing good works? Why do you not hear those words of mine? 125. Only because you are from the iniquitous one it is not possible for you to hear them, (126) and you wish to do the will of your own father. 127. By him truth is not spoken; whatever he speaks he tells a lie of it, therefore you are false yourselves together with your father. 128. As for me, who speak the truth, you do not believe it of me?. 129. And he who is from the sacred being hears the words of the sacred being, but you, because you are not from the sacred being, do not hear my words' 130. By all these sayings it is demonstrated by him that there are two original evolutions, one by which I am produced, and one by which the Jews are,' (131) and that latter is not his doer of good works, but is called by him the iniquitous one. 132. And this, too, was said by him, that 'not 1. If God were your Father, ye would love me: for I proceeded forth and came from God; neither came I of myself, but he sent me' (John viii. 42). ? Why do ye not understand my speech i even because ye cannot hear my word. Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it. And because I tell you the truth, ye believe me not' (John viii. 43-45). 3. He that is of God heareth God's words: ye therefore hear them not, because ye are not of God' (John viii. 47). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XV, 123-143. unrestricted (atang) is the tree of merit (kirfak) to produce the fruit of offensiveness. (bazak), nor yet that of offensiveness as to the fruit of merit?' 133. This, too, he said, that'he either makes the whole tree with fruit of merit, or the whole tree with fruit of offensiveness, (134) for every tree becomes manifest by its fruit, if it be of merit and if it be of offensiveness 3. 135. And the whole tree was mentioned by him, not half the tree. 136. Now, how is it suitable for half a tree to be light and half dark, (137) half merit and half offensiveness, (138) half truth and half falsehood ? 139. When these remain both competing together, (140) they cannot become one tree. 141. And, again, a Jewish sect was called by him 'the hill-serpent of the Jews*,' (142) and he spoke thus : 'How is it possible for you to do good works when you are Jewish evil-doers ?' 143. And it was not his own father he called an evil-doer. 1' A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit' (Mat. vii. 18). * Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit; but a corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit' (Mat. vii. 17). 3 For every tree is known by his own fruit : for of thorns men do not gather figs, nor of a bramble bush gather they grapes' (Luke vi. 44). ''But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees come to his baptism, he said unto them, O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come?... Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers ! how can ye escape the damnation of hell ?' (Mat. iii. 7; xxiii. 33). 0.0 generation of vipers ! how can ye, being evil, speak good things?' (Mat. xii. 34). . As he would have implied if he considered him the father of those Jews. The author is still arguing that the New Testament really confirms the existence of two creators. [24] Digitized by Google

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242 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. 144. This, too, he says, that 'every tree which the father has not sown should be dug up, and should be cast into the fire?' 145. Wherefore it is fitting to understand from these words that there is a tree, which the father has not sown, that it is necessary to dig up and cast away. 146. Again, he says this, that I am come to my own, and I am not received by my own?' 147. Wherefore it is fitting to understand that what is his own and what is not his own are two things. 148. This, too, he says, that is, 'Our father, that art in the sky, let thy empire arise! And may it be thy will that shall take place on earth as in the sky! 149. Also give us daily bread! And do not bring us to a cause of doubts!' 150. From these words it is evident that his will is not so unalloyed (avezak) on earth as in the sky. 151. Also this, that the cause of the doubt of mankind is not owing to the sacred being. 152. And this, too, was said by him at first, that 'I am not come for the purpose that I may destroy the law of Moses (Mash a e), (153) but I am come for the purpose that I may make it altogether more completet.' 154. And yet all his sayings and 1 Every tree which bringeth not forth good fruit, is hewn down, and cast into the fire. . . . Every plant which my heavenly Father hath not planted, shall be rooted up' (Mat. iii. 10; xv. 13). ? 'He came unto his own, and his own received him not' (John i. 11). . 3 Our Father which art in heaven. ... Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. . . . And lead us not into temptation' (Mat. vi. 9-11, 13). 4. Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets : I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil' (Mat. v. 17). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XV, 144-XVI, 12. 243 commands were those that are dissipaters and afflictive for the rules and laws of Moses. 155. Upon this subject, however, as far as here is complete. CHAPTER XVI. 1. Again, about the delusion of Mani, one out of the thousands and myriads is written ; (2) for I am not unrestrained (anatang) as to writing more fully of the delusion, twaddle, and deceit of Mani and the Manichaeans, (3) and much trouble and long-continued daily work is necessary for me therein. 4. Now you Mazda-worshippers of Zaratust should know that the original statement of Mant was about the unlimitedness of the original evolutions, (5) the intermediate one about their mingling,. (6) and the final one about the distinction of light from dark, (7) that which is much more like unto want of distinction? 8. Again, he states this, that the worldly existence is a bodily formation of rudiments of Aharman; (9) the bodily formation being a production of Aharman. 10. And a repetition of that statement is this, that the sky is from the skin, (11) the earth from the flesh, (12) the mountains from the 1 Except the belief in the two original existences (whose main characteristics are, respectively, light and darkness) the account of Mani's doctrines, given in the Fihrist of Muhammad bin Is'haq (see Flugel's Mani seine Lehre und seine Schriften), appears to contain none of the details mentioned in this chapter. R2 Digitized by Google

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244 SIKAND-GOMANIK VIGAR. bones, (13) and the trees from the hair of the demon Kuni?. 14. The rain is the seed of the Mazendarans? who are bound on the celestial sphere. 15. Mankind are two-legged demons, and animals fourlegged. 16. And Kuni is the commander of the army of Aharman, (17) who, to be liberated by 3 his nails from the divinity Adharmazd in the first conflict, swallowed the light; (18) and, in the second conflict, the demon Kuni was captured by them, together with many demons. 19. And it is in binding the demon Kunt on the celestial sphere he is killed, (20) and these magnificent creatures are preserved from him and formed. 21. And the sun and moon are arranged in supremacy in the outer sky; (22) so that, as regards that light which the demons swallowed, they filter and excite* it, little by little, through the exciting and filtering of the sun and moon. 23. Then Aharman knew, through foresight, that they would rapidly filter and release this light through the exciting of the sun and moon. 24. And, for the purpose of not rapidly releasing the light from the darkness, he prepared this lesser world which, like mankind, cattle, and the other living creatures, is a wholly-copied similitude of the greater world 1 So read by Ner. in Paz. and Kani in Sans. But there is little doubt that he is the demon Kunda or Kundi of Vend. XI, 28, 36, XIX, 138, whose Pahlavi name is Kund in Pahl. Vend. XIX, 138, and Kundak in Bd. XXVIII, 42, in which latter he is said to be the steed of wizards.' Kundak is written like Kunik in Pahl., and this latter becomes Kuni in Paz. ? Who are called demons (see Mkh. XX * Sans. has having scratched it with.' * Assuming that Paz. a haraminend stands for Pahl. a-araminend, they do not leave at rest.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVI, 13-41. 245 with the other bodily creations? 25. He confined life and light in the body, and made them prisoners; (26) so that, while that light which is excited by the sun and moon is again exhausted through the cohabitation and birth of living creatures, (27) their release would become more tardy. 28. And the rain was the seed of the Mazendarans (29) for the reason that when the Mazendarans are bound on the celestial sphere2, (30) whose light is swallowed by them, (31) and, in order to pass it from them through a new regulation, discrimination, and retention of the light of Times, the twelve glorious onest show the daughters of Time to the household-attending male Mazendarans, (32) so that while the lust of those Mazendarans, from seeing them, is well suited to them, (33) and seed is discharged from them, (34) the light which is within the seed is poured on to the earth. 35. Trees, shrubs, and grain have grown therefrom, (36) and the light which is within the Mazendarans is discharged in the seed. 37. That which is within the earth is discharged from the earth as the cause of the trees. 38. Again, about the difference of nature of life and body, this is stated, that the life is confined and imprisoned within the body. 39. And as the producer and maintainer of the bodily formations of all material existences is Aharman, (40) for the same reason it is not expedient to occasion birth and to propagate lineage--(41) because it is co-operating The spiritual world and its inhabitants. ? As stated in SS 14. & Personified as Zurvan. * The signs of the zodiac, the celestial leaders appointed by Adharmazd (see Mkh. VIII, 18). Digitized by Google

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246 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. with Aharman in the maintenance of mankind and cattle, and in causing the exhaustion of the life and light within their bodies_nor yet to cultivate trees and grain. 42. Again, inconsistently, they also say this, (43) that the destroyer of the creatures is always Aharman; (44) and, for the same reason, it is not expedient to kill any creature whatever, (45) because it (killing) is the work of Aharman. 46. Again, they say this, that, as the world is maintained by Aharman, and in the end the sacred being is triumphant (47) through the departure of lives from bodies, (48) this worldly existence is dissipated in the end, (49) and is not arranged anew; (50) nor does there occur a restoration of the dead and a future existence. 51. Again, they say this, that those two original evolutions are perpetually remaining, and existed as contiguously as sun and shadow, (52) and no demarcation and open space existed between them. 53. Now I speak first about the impossibility of the occurrence of any existing thing that is unlimited, (54) except only those which I call unlimited, that is, empty space and time. 55. Those, indeed, which are for existence within them--that is beings and things in locality and time-are seen to be limited. 56. This, too, I say, that, if unity and duality be spoken of about them, it is owing to this, because unity, except through the perpetual encompassing of something, does not then exist therein. 57. For the one is this, namely, not two; (58) and the two 1 Reading nisanih; Ner. has Paz. nisami (for nisimi), Sans. asanatvam, resting-place.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVI, 42-75. 247 are these, namely, the original one and the one that is the difference of this one from the other (59) which is not called two. 60. When the one is not understood, except through the whole compassing of unity, (61) and duality cannot occur, except through the separation of unit from unit, (62) the one is that one in the unity, and is steadfast in unity. 63. One and two are in the pedigree (tokh mak) of quantity and numerousness; (64) and quantity, numerousness, aggregation, and separation, which, as I have said, cannot occur without limitation, (65) are clear even to medium understandings. 66. Again, I say this, the unlimited is that which is not compassed by the understanding. 67. When it is not possible to compass by any understanding, it is inevitable that it was not possible to compass in the understanding of the sacred being. 68. It is itself the peculiarity of the sacred being, and even that of the gloomy original evolution is not wholly compassed within the understanding. 69. To speak of him whose own peculiarity is not compassed within his own understanding as all-good and all-seeing is strange1, (70) because it describes a whole aggregate, (71) and an aggregate is called a whole on account of encompassment on all sides. 72. But what is encompassed on all sides is inevitably limitedness. 73. Is it fitting to account that as a sacred being when aware, from all its own encompassment, that it is limited ? 74. And if unlimited it is unaware of it. 75. The first knowledge of a sage is owing to his well-arranging a comprehension of his own pecu 1 See Chap. XV, 39 n. * Assuming that Paz. vas hvazirasni stands for Pahl. agas Digitized by Google

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248 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. liarity, nature, and quantity; (76) and to speak of him who was unaware of all his own peculiarity, nature, and quantity, and yet wise about another nature and quantity, is strangel. 77. This, too, I say, that as the unlimited, on account of non-encompassment, is not compassed by the understanding, (78) that implies this, that all its peculiarity may be wise, or there may be some that is ignorant; all may be light, or there may be some that is dark; all may be alive, or there may be some that is dead; and one is unaware of it. 79. Again, I say this, that the light and the life which I obtain here are an allotment that exists owing to the selfsame Time?, or they are not. 80. If they be an allotment that exists owing to a peculiarity of Time, that implies that men should well recognise this, that anything owing to whose allotment it is possible to ordain them must be provided with allotments. 81. As to what is provided with allotments, except when united it is then not possible even for it, (82) and as to what is united, except through the uniter by whom that united thing is united it does not then determine it. 83. And when the allotment made is seen to be limited, the origin from which the allotment is in like manner made is doubtless a limited existence. 84. As regards that, since they say that all allotment of a result is a giver of evidence as to its origin, (85) that implies, when I obtain an allotment made and limited, that an origin even of that, except when made and united hu-azirisn; the latter word can scarcely have been hu-azirisnih, 'good arrangement.' 1 See Chap. XV, 39 n. ? See $ 31. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVI, 76-99. 249 from allotments and limited, is then not possible to exist. 86. This, too, I say, that the unlimited is not bestowed, (87) because an allotment is bestowed from an aggregate, (88) and aggregation is an evidence as to limitation, (89) as I have shown abovel 90. So that as to the existence and nature of the origin, except by the likeness and similitude of the result, I do not then attain to them. 91. Whatever is obtained in the result (92) is certain to exist in like manner in the origin. 93. That implies likewise from this explanation, when the formation and limitation are obtainable in the result, that the origin also, from which the result arises, is without doubt as to limitation. 94. Again, I say this, that the unlimited is that which has an undisturbed position and an unbounded 2 individuality, (95) and there is no other position or resting-place for it disturbed apart from it. 96. That implies, when two original evolutions are said to be unlimited and of unbounded (a saman) individuality, that the skies and earths, the rudimentary bodily formations, growths, and lives, the luminaries, divinities, and archangels, and the many congregations (hambarisnan) whose different names are owing to the difference of each one of those two from the other, cannot be limited. 97. What produced all those within them, and where is it, (98) when the two original evolutions have been eternally in an undisturbed position ? 99. See $ 64. ? Assuming that Paz. avaman stands for Pahl. avimand, as it is translated by Sans. a maryada; otherwise it might be ag aman, undoubted.' Digitized by Google

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250 SIKAND-GUMANIK VIGAR. Unless that individuality of theirs, which is unlimited, be made limited, how is it possible for a place to exist for all these things that are and were and will be made ? 100. If a nature that is always unlimited can become limited, that certainly implies that it could even become nothing ; (101) and that which they say about the unchangeableness of a nature is strange! 102. This, too, you should understand, that the unlimited becomes that which has disturbed it, which was not appointed by it at first; (103) nothing different from it can exist separate from it. 104. Apart from the boundary of unlimitedness it is not understood, (105) or, stupidly, one does not know that thing, that is, of what it is he always speaks and contends and bandies words about, and thereby deludes those with a trifle of the trifles of knowledge into some way and whither. 106. If he uncritically2 says even this of it, that its individuality is unlimited, and its knowledge also, being unlimited, knows through unlimited knowledge that it is unlimited, (107) that is a strange thing which is twofold stranges. 108. One is this, that of knowledge, except about things acquired by knowledge and compassed within knowledge, (109) nothing whatever is understood until complete, except that which is wholly compassed within knowledge and acquired, (10) which knowledge of anything arises through entire understanding of the thing. II. And entire See Chap. XV, 39 n. The first part of this word is a blank in JE, as if copied from an original that was illegible here. I has a hvaraidiha. 3 See Chap. XV, 39 n. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVI, 100-111. 251 understanding of anything arises through entire compass of the thing within knowledge! 1 The most complete MSS., yet discovered, break off at this point, without concluding the subject. It is quite uncertain how much of the work is lost, but, supposing that all existing MSS. are descended from AK, supposing that that MS. was originally complete,' and supposing that it was divided into two equal portions (the latter of which is now lost) in consequence of some division of family property, we might then conclude, if all these assumptions were correct, that very little of the work is missing, because the portion of AK still extant extends no further than Chap. XI, 145, which is very little beyond the middle of the extant text. Digitized by Google

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SAD DAR, OR THE HUNDRED SUBJECTS. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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OBSERVATIONS. 1. The division into dars, chapters or subjects,' is indicated in the original manuscripts; but for that of the sections the translator is responsible, as the subdivisions of the alternating PersianGugarati text are often at variance with its meaning. 2-6. (The same as on page 2.) 7. All Arabic words are quoted in parentheses on their first occurrence in the text. And the spelling of names approximates more closely to modern Persian than to the older Pahlavi. 8. The manuscripts mentioned are : B29 (written A.D. 1679) in a Persian Rivayat, No. 29 in the University Library at Bombay. J15 (undated) Persian, No. 15 in the library of Dastur Jamaspji Minochiharji at Bombay. It has been only occasionally consulted for this translation. La (dated A. D. 1575) Persian, in Avesta writing, alternating with Gugarati, No. 3043 of the Persian manuscripts in the India Office Library at London ; upon the text of which this translation is based. Lp (undated) Persian, No. 2506 of the Persian manuscripts in the same library. Digitized by Google

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SAD DAR. INTRODUCTION. 1. In the name of Hormazd, the lord, the greatest and wise", the all-ruling, all knowing, and almighty. 2. This is a book (kitab), about the proper and improper, which is extracted from the good and pure religion of the Mazda-worshippers. 3. What is expedient (vagib) is this, for every one to know and keep this in practice. 4. And it is not desirable that he become independent ('hali) of this for a single hour (sa'hat). 5. Because, when one becomes independent, the sin for each one may become abundant; and when it is brought into practice the reward becomes abundant. 6. On this occasion (vaqt) I, a servant of the religion-like the mobad Eran-shah, son (bin) of It is possible to translate the original (which is the same as in Sg. I, I) as follows:- The name of Hormazd is "the lord, the greatest wise one,'' as though these epithets were the meaning of Hormazd, which is not far from the truth; but this would not be a probable form for an invocation. Lp and B29 have a different invocation. ? Lp, B29, J15 omit 'and pure.' 8 This is the name of the writer who composed the Sad Dar Nathm, or metrical Sad Dar, in A. D. 1495. He calls himself, however, a son of Malik-shah in the introduction to his verses (see Hyde's Historia Religionis Veterum Persarum, Oxon, 1700, p. 433); and in his postscript he mentions Mard-shah as his own name, which Dastur Jamaspji understands to mean Shah-mard, in the introduction to his Gugarati translation of the Sad Dar-i Ba'hr-i Tavil, or long-metre Sad Dar (2nd ed., Bombay, 1881). The date Digitized by Digitized by Google

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256 SAD DAR. Yazad-yar, son of Tistar-yar, son of Adar-bad, son of Maraspend!--have sent a reward to their souls, unto every one who reads and is bound by duty2. 7. Thus much (in qadar), which has come written, is a good work they know, whosoever are superior; but it is not possible for every one inferior to know of this. 8. If it were more (ziyadat) it is proper, but if (imma) less than this it is not proper to know3; while, in gratitude for the benefits (sukr-i ni'hmat) of the sacred being, they become increasing in action, and the sacred being, the most high (ta'halai)", makes benefits occur on the spot on that account. of composition of this long-metre Sad Dar is A. D. 1531, according to Dastur Tamaspji, and its authors state that they compiled it from the Sad Dar Natur, or prose Sad Dar, which was composed by three celebrated Dasturs near the time of the Arab conquest. The names in our text are found here only in La, which is either the original, or an early copy, of a version of the prose Sad Dar compiled by Rama, son of Kanhaksha, in which the Persian is written in Avesta letters, and alternates with an old Gugarati translation composed by his son Padama. This version was prepared A. D. 1575, and the occurrence of the name of Eran-shah, who lived only eighty years earlier, indicates that this part of the introduction was probably written by the editor Rama, and not copied from the original prose Sad Dar. In Lp the mobad Eran-shah, son of Yazad-yar,' is mentioned at the end of the work. 1 The last two names are introduced merely to show that Eranshah traced his ancestry back either to the celebrated Atur-pad Maraspend, prime minister of Shapur II (A. D. 309-379), or to another priest of the same name who lived about A. D. 900 (see Bd. XXXIII, 11); but very many intermediate names have been omitted in this genealogy. 2 J15 omits the whole of SS 6, and Lp, B29 have merely and a reward is sent to their souls, &c.,' to be read in connection with $ 5. & Lp, B29, J15 have so that no he 15 have so that no hesitation arises' instead of to know. * Lp, B29, J15 omit this epithet. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER 1, 3. 257 9. And, secondly, the kindness (lutf) and generosity (karm) of the sacred being, the most high", are manifest from this, that he created us with each member (alat) complete (tamam), and did not keep anything from the maternal nature. 10. And whatever was necessary for use he gave us. 11. At the head, likewise, he appointed a master, which is the wisdom for the purpose that they may keep these members in action. 12. May the peace of the sacred being, the most high, be on the souls of those acquainted with the religion of the pure Zaratust, the Spitaman, and of those who are pure and virtuous. 13. For the souls of those persons it is desirable that every duty they perform they shall perform through the authority (dastart) of the wisdom of the high-priests :. CHAPTER I. 1. The first subject is this, that it is necessary that they become steadfast in the religion, and do not introduce any hesitation (sakk) and doubt into the heart. 2. And that they make a statement (haqiqat) with confidence (i'h tiqad), that the good religion, the true and perfect, which the Lord sent into the world (halq), is that which Zaratust has brought; which is this I holde 3. Every time that mankind are like this, and do ? Lp, B29, J15 omit this epithet. ? J15 has 'who possessed.' * For $$ 12, 13 Lp, B29, J15 have merely the following :-'And peace is possible for that person who does every duty that he performs, through the authority of the high-priests.' Lp, B29 omit these five words. Lp, B29 have for every time.' [24] Digitized by Google

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258 SAD DAR. not introduce any hesitation and doubt into the heart, of every duty and good work that others have done, from the days of Zaratust until these days, and of whatever one does after this until the resurrection, there is a shared for that person. 4. When the soul, on the fourth night?, arrives at the head of the Kinvad bridge, the angel Mihir and the angel Rashn3 make up its account ('hisab) and reckoning. 5. And, if the good works it has done be deficient in quantity, of every duty and good work that those of the good religion have done in the earth of seven regions they appoint it a like portion (najib), till the good works become more in weight *; and the soul arrives righteous in the radiant locality of heaven. 6. For it is declared in revelation, that of the duty and good work which they perform in doubt, that is (ya'hni), they entertain a suspicion like this, that 'I do not know that this faith, which I possess, is better in comparison with other faiths'-no merit whatever comes to their souls. 7. Therefore, the first (avval) thing is to become steadfast in the religion; and this is the chief of all good works. CHAPTER II. 1. The second subject is this, that it is necessary to make an effort (gahd), so that they may not 1 Lp, B29 have an equal share.' . 9 The older books say at dawn on the fourth day (see Mkh, II, 115). :: See Mkh. II, 118, 119. * Lp adds, in the margin,' by one filament of the hair of the eyelashes; ' but this phrase seems to have been taken from Chap. II, 3. o Lp, B29 have' of every duty : Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER I, 4-III, 4. 259 commit any sin. 2. If even a trifling sin occurs it is not desirable to assume that this small quantity does not possess harm hereafter. 3. For it is said in revelation, that if such be the quantity of sin that the sin is one filament of the hair of the eyelashes more in weight than the good works are, that person arrives in hell. 4. And if such a quantity of good works be in excess, he arrives righteous in the radiant locality of heaven. 5. Therefore, even if a sin be trifling it is not desirable to commit it; and it is requisite to refrain, so that they may not commit it, and may become without doubt as to the religion. CHAPTER III. 1. The third subject is this, that it is necessary for man that he be continuously employed (masghal) on his own work, and then the work becomes his own. 2. For it is declared in revelation, that every one who hereafter becomes employed? on his own work, if in the midst of that work any trouble and discomfort happen to him, obtains in that other world twelve recompenses for every single instance. 3. If he becomes employed on iniquity (fasad), and in the midst of that work any trouble and harm happen to him, he so 4 obtains in that other world only torment ('huqubat) and punishment. 4. Similarly (mathalam), if any one be himself going, employed on his own work, and a robber falls ? Compare Mkh. II, 121. 8 La omits recompenses. ? B29 has 'hereafter may be.' Lp, B29 omit so. S2 Digitized by Google

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260 SAD DAR. upon him on the road, and carries off his property (qumas), or he be slain?, they give him back in that other world four things for each one of whatever they have carried off. 5. If he be slain he becomes righteous, any sin that he has committed goes clean away from him, and they convey him to heaven. 6. But (amma) if he becomes faulty (batil) in any duty, and a robber falls upon him on the roads, and carries off his wealth (mal), or he be slain, when he descends to that other world + all the property that other carried off from him becomes just as though it were his who has carried it off from that person ; and, besides, there occur, as a substitute ('hiva;) for that property, the punishment and torment they give him. 7. And if he be slain it is just as though he who has carried it off from that person were 'one who had innocently slain that person who arrives in hell as retribution (mukafat) for sin. CHAPTER IV. 1. The fourth subject is this, that it is not desirable for any one that he should become hopeless of the pity (ra'h mat) and forgiveness of Hormazd, and fix his heart outwardly on this, that our sin is excessive and it is not possible to arrive in heaven. 2. Because it happens that a small quantity of duty and good work is performed, and it may be that for that 1 Lp, B29, J15 have or they shall slay him anywhere.' 2 Lp, B29 omit the rest of this sentence. & Lp, B29 omit on the road.' - That is, to hell. * That is, the person robbed loses all claim to his property, on account of his neglect of duty. Lp, B29 omit 'outwardly.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER III, 5-IV, 13. 261 quantity Hormazd, the good and propitious, may have pity on him and may make him arrive in heaven. 3. For it is declared in revelation', that one time when Zaratust was in conversation with the sacred being, the most high, he saw a man whose whole body was in hell, and one foot--the right one 8--was outside of hell. 4. Zaratust enquired of the sacred being, the most high4, thus : 'What person has this man been?' 5. Hormazd, the good and propitious, gave a reply (gavab) thus : 'He has been a king, and possessed the sovereignty of thirty-three towns, and was conducting that sovereignty many years. 6. And he never did any virtuous action, but was committing much oppression, lawlessness, and violence (thulm). 7. By chance (qazara) he was one day going on the chase, and arrived out at a place (mauza'h) and saw a goat that was tied. 8. A morsel of hay was placed very far off, and that goat was hungry. 9. Owing to this the goat was trying to eat the hay, but did not reach the hay. 10. This the king saw, and kicked his foot at that hay and cast it in front of the goat. II. Now, in recompense for that, that one foot of his is outside of hell, and the remaining (baqi) limbs are in hell.' 12. Therefore, although a sin has happened to any one, it is not necessary for him to become hopeless. 13. And whoever has the power (taqat) 1 The Spend Nask (see Sls. XII, 29). The story is also told in AV. XXXII. ? Lp, B29 omit whole.' 8 Lp, B29 have and his right foot.' * Lp, B29 omit this epithet. o Lp has 'the rest,' and B29 has the whole body.' * Lp, B29 have for the same.' Digitized by Google

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262 SAD DAR. is to endeavour to perform good works, so that there may be an atonement for the sin thereby; because the sacred being, the good and propitious, is kind to every one. CHAPTER V. 1. The fifth subject is this, that it is necessary for all those of the good religion that they make a thorough effort, so that they celebrate the ritual and become Navazadi. 2. For in our religion there is no good work more ample than this. 3. And it is declared in revelation, that, although much duty and good work be performed, it is not possible to attain to the supreme heaven (gar odman)?, except on that one occasion when the Navazad ceremony is performed, or they have celebrated a Getf-kharids. 4. And on any occasion ('hal), if they are not able to perform it with their own hands, it is requisite to order it; and then it is inevitably necessary that the celebration of the Geti-kharid should be in the same manner as they would have performed it with their own hands. Apparently newly born' (see Sls. XIII, 2 n), a term applied to one who has been duly initiated. After preparatory performances of the Bareshnum purification and the ordinary ceremonial, the ceremonies are carried on four days longer by two priests. The first day's ceremony is that of the Nonabar, the second is the Srosh yast, the third is the Sirozah, and the fourth is the Visparad (see Vigirkard-i Dinik, ed. Peshotan, p. 147). * Ordinary good works, when in excess of the sins, are a passport only to the ordinary heaven (vahist). : Literally "purchased in the worldly existence' (see $ 11). A ceremony somewhat resembling the Navazudi (see Bd. XXX, 28 n), but celebrated either late in life, or after death. * Lp, B29 have that they celebrate.' Digitized by Google

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- CHAPTER V, 1-11. 263 5. Man and woman are both equal in this good work; therefore, it is not proper to neglect this duty, for it is the chief of all the good works of the religion. 6. Because it is declared in revelation, that on the day that they are performing the Navazad ceremony, or are celebrating a Geti-kharid on his account, three times the soul of that person arrives at heaven, and they show it a place therein, and offer it a profuse greeting (nithar) 3. 7. The explanation (tafsir) of the Gahs 4 is this, that a Gah-that is, that his own place-becomes visible to him in heaven that day. 8. And if one does not perform a Navazud ceremony, or does not order the celebration of a Getikharid, it is the same as when a poor (gharib) man makes foro a town, and does not obtain a spot where he may alight in that place. 9. Although it is his own town he is in this trouble. 10. Therefore, it is not possible to bring to hand a place in heaven through any good work, except by the performance of the Navazad ceremony, or by ordering the celebration of a Geti-kharid. 11. And a Geti-kharid is this, that heaven is purchased in the world, and one's own place brought to hand in heaven. Lp, B29 omit both.' 9 Lp omits therefore,' and B29 has certainly.' Lp, B29, J15 add 'and, afterwards they bring the Geti,' and Lp continues thus : 'the meaning is adduced in Pazand.' This explains the heavenly Gahs' of Bd. XXX, 28. The Sad Darband-i Hush (as quoted in B29, fol. 458 b) says that it is stated in revelation that the day when one celebrates the Geti-kharid of any one, the soul of that person seizes upon the heavenly Gahs three times in that one day, and is conveyed to heaven and the supreme heaven.' * Lp, B29 have 'is brought into sight.' . Lp, B29 have arrives at.' Digitized by Google

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264 SAD DAR. Chapter VI. 1. The sixth subject is this, that of the many good works there are those which, when they accomplish them, obtain great ('hathim) rewards; and if one does not perform them severe punishment seizes upon one at the head of the Kinvad bridge? 2. One is the celebration of the season festivals; the second is keeping the days of the guardian spirits 3; the third is attending to the souls of fathers, mothers, and other relations"; the fourth is reciting the Kharshed Nyayiso three times every day; the fifth is reciting the Mah Nyayiso three times every month, once when it becomes new, once when it becomes full, and once when it becomes slender?; and the sixth is celebrating the Rapithwin 8 ceremony once every year. 3. If not able to celebrate them oneself, it is requisite to order them, so that they may celebrate them every single time. 4. These six good works are things indispensable unto every one. 5. When any one of them is not performed--be it that which, if omitted at its own time 10, it is not possible to accomplish, or if it be that one time one omits an occasion, and another time 11 they accomplish twice as much-one should consider12 that as an advantage, which occurs in retri . be moon. See Sls. XII, 31. 3 See Mkh, IV, 5 n. 8 See Mkh, LVII, 13 n. <Page #730
CHAPTER VI, I-VII, 5. 265 bution for it, or as atonement for the transgression. 6. Because they call the transgression of each of these six a bridge-sin; that is, every one through whom a transgression of these may have arisen they keep back, at the head of the Kinvad bridge, till punishment for it happens to him, and no good work is possible in this place, which is torment and punishment for him. 7. Therefore it is necessary to make an effort, that they may be performed each one at its own time, so that they may obtain a recompense, and not a severe punishment. CHAPTER VII. 1. The seventh subject is this, that, when a sneeze ('hatsat) comes forth from any one, it is requisite to recite one Yatha-ahd-vairyos and one Ashem-vohu". 2. Because there is a fiend in our bodies, and she is an adversary who is connected with mankind, and strives so that she may make misfortune ('hillat) and sickness predominant (mustault) over mankind. 3 And in our bodies there is a fire which they call a disposition-in Arabic they say tabt'hat -and they call it the sneezing instinct (gharizi). 4. It is connected with that fiend, and they wage warfare, and it keeps her away from the body of man. 5. Then, as the fire becomes successful over failed to notice that retribution and atonement are advantageous in this case, because they save the soul from punishment. 1 Lp, B29 have no good work resides.' Lp, B29 have which will liberate him from torment and punishment.' s See Mkh. XXVII, 70 n, Sls. XII, 32. * A formula in praise of righteousness, which begins with these two Avesta words, and is in constant use (see Bd. XX, 2). Digitized by Google

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266 SAD DAR that fiend, and puts her to flight (hazimat), a sneeze comes because that fiend comes out. 6. Afterwards, because it is necessary, they recite these inward prayers and perform the benediction (afrin) of the fire, so that it may remain for a long period while thou art keeping 2 this fiend defeated. 7. When another person hears the sneeze, it is likewise requisite for him to utter the said prayers, and to accomplish the benediction of that spirits. CHAPTER VIII. 1. The eighth subject is this, that it is necessary to maintain the religion by rule (dastur), and to practise obedience to the commands of the highpriests; and every duty that people perform they should perform by their authority. 2. For it is declared in the good religion, that, if they accomplish as many good works as the leaves of the trees, or the sand-grains of the desert, or the drops (qatrah) of rain, which they do not perform by command of the high-priests, or to their satisfaction, no merit whatever attains to their souls, and for the good works they have done they obtain sin as a recompense. 3. While such a one is living it is not proper to call him righteous, and when he dies he does not attain to heaven, and not a single archangel comes - near him. 4. He does not make his escape from the hands of the demons and Aharman, and he 1 The formulas are muttered as a spell. 2 B29 has it is making.' In some parts of Europe it is still the custom to invoke a blessing, by means of some formula, on hearing a sneeze. * Lp, B29 have goes.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VII, 6-1X, 5. 267 does not obtain a release from hell. 5. Because duties and good works' attain to the soul on those occasions when they perform them with the authority of the high-priests and those acquainted with the religion, and when they give them one-tenth of those good works. CHAPTER IX. 1. The ninth subject is this, that it is necessary to practise abstinence from committing or permitting unnatural intercourses 2. For this is the chief of all sins in the religion: there is no worse sin than this in the good religion, and it is proper to call those who commit it worthy of death in reality. 3. If any one comes forth to them, and shall see them in the act, and is working with an axe", it is requisite for him to cut off the heads or to rip up the bellies of both, and it is no sin for him. 4. But it is not proper to kill any person without the authority of high-priests and kings, except on account of committing or permitting unnatural intercourse. 5. For it says in revelation that unnatural intercourse is on a par with Aharman, with Afrasiyab", with Dahak 5, with Tar-i Bradar-vakhsh 6 who slew 1 That is, the merit of performing them. ? The principles of blind submission of the laity to the priesthood, and complete abnegation of private judgment, which pervade the whole of the Sad Dar, are especially conspicuous in this chapter. They are the ideas prevalent in the darkest ages of the religion, which have now nearly disappeared with the spread of true knowledge as in other faiths. 3 Ghulam baragi u muagari. * B29, J15 have takes a look,' and J15 adds 'he shall kill them.' * See Mkh. VIII, 29 n. * One of five brothers of the Karap tribe (see Byt. II, 3, Dd. LXXII, 8). . Digitized by Digitized by Google

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268 SAD DAR. Zaratust, with Malkos? who will arise, with the serpent Sruvar which existed in the days of Sam Nariman", and as many sins as are theirs. 6. And Aharman, the evil one, becomes more joyful, owing to this practice, than owing to the other sins which have made high-priests. necessary> ; for the soul itself of that person becomes extinct. 7. And when they commit the sin with women, it is just the same as that with men. CHAPTER X. 1. The tenth subject is this, that it is incumbent on all those of the good religion, women and men, every one who attains to fifteen years, to wear the sacred thread-girdle4. 2. Because the sacred threadgirdle is to be a girding of the loins and to preserve obedience (ta'hat) to the Lord, may he be honoured and glorified ('hazza va galla)! 3. The first person who set the wearing of this sacred thread-girdle in view was Jamshed6. 4. And it may be the whole (gumlah) of the demons and fiends who are made extinct by the glory of wearing the sacred thread-girdle. 5. Every one who has tied the sacred threadgirdle round the waist is out of the department of Aharman, and is established in the department of 1 See Mkh. XXVII, 28 n. ? Sama and Naremanau are two titles of the hero Keresaspa who slew the serpent Srvara (see SBE, vol. xviii, pp. 369-371). In the Shahnamah he is called Sam, son of Nariman. 8 J15 has which the high priests have made manifest.' See Dd. XXXIX, in. A modification of the age is recommended in Chap. XLVI. Av. Yima khshaeta (see Mkh. XXVII, 24 n). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER IX, 6-x, 9. 269 Hormazd. 6. And also, while he keeps the sacred thread-girdle on the waist, there is a share for him of all those duties and good works which they perform in the earth of seven regions. 7. It is like that which occurs when they are performing hama zor and hama a shol, and have put on this sacred threadgirdle on that account, or when, similarly, some one in Kasmir, or Eran-veg, or Kangdez, or the enclosure formed by Jam?, performs a good work, and we are not able to perform it with ha ma zor, then they and we, who wear the sacred thread-girdle on the waist, are mutually connected and equally meritorious, one with the other. 8. As no good work attains to him who does not wear a sacred thread-girdle-excepting that which he performs himself--it is therefore necessary that any one of mankind should not put it3 away from the waist on any occasion, so that the associated good works of those of the good religion may attain to him. 9. And those four knots", with which they tie it on, are on this account, that it may give four attestations. * These words form part of a benedictory formula which concludes certain ceremonies (see Haug's Essays, pp. 407, 409), and the recital of them implies that the ceremony, which is a good work, has been fully and satisfactorily completed. If this good work be in excess of what is wanted to balance its performer's sins, it can be imputed to any other member of the good religion who may be in want of it, provided he wears the girdle. The MSS. have hama for hama. 3 These four localities are considered to be isolated from the seven regions to some extent (see Bd. XXIX, 4), probably implying that they were supposed to contain Mazda-worshippers independent of Iranian rule, or that their position had become unknown. (See also Mkh. XXVII, 27-31, 58, 62, XLIV, 17-35, LXII, 13-19.) 8 Lp, B29 have that mankind should not put the girdle.' * That is, two double knots, one before and the other behind (see SBE, vol. xviii, pp. 386, 387). Digitized by Google

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270 SAD DAR: 10. The first knot is that which preserves' constancy (qarar), and gives attestation as to the existence, unity, purity, and matchlessness of the sacred being, the good and propitious. 11. The second knot is that which gives attestation that it is the good religion of the Mazda-worshippers which is the word of the sacred being. 12. The third knot is that which gives attestation as to the apostleship and mission (rasali) in the just ('haqq) Zaratust, the Spitaman. 13. The fourth knot is that which adduces more pleasantly, gives assurance (iqrar), and openly accepts that I should think of good, speak of good, and do good. 14. And from the whole I become established ; and the pure, good 2 religion is this, that I persist in those views. 15. And, again, when the archangels came meeting Zaratust they likewise wore the sacred thread-girdle on the waist; and the distinctive characteristic (farq) amid the laws of the sacred being is the wearing of the sacred thread-girdle. 16. It is incumbent both on woman and on man, and it is altogether (albattah) improper when they do not wear it. CHAPTER XI. 1. The eleventh subject is this, that it is necessary to maintain the fire-places properly, and to keep watch", so that the fire shall not die out, and that nothing polluted and impure shall attain to the fire ; and it is necessary to make a menstruous woman avoid being within three steps of it. * Altered into 'brings' by a later hand in La, and so written in Lp, B29. .Lp, B29 omit good. Or, perhaps, the house-fire.' * B29 omits these four words, Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER X, 10-XI, 7. 271 2. Because every time that they maintain a fire properly, which is within a dwelling, every fire which is in the earth of seven regions becomes pleased with those persons, and, when they ask a favour, or beg a necessity ('hagat), it becomes quickly operative. 3. And every time that one does not maintain it properly, every fire which is in the earth of seven regions receives injury from that person, and the necessity he begs does not become operative. 4. If any one does not maintain the fire-place properly, if he gives a hundred dinars? to the fire Gusasp there is no acceptance of it, and that sin does not depart from him. 5. For it is declared in revelations, that the creator Hormazd has given sovereignty in heaven to Ardibahist", the archangel, and has spoken thus : 'As to every one with whom thou art not pleased, do not let him escape into heaven. 6. And this is also declared in revelation, that, every time that they do not maintain the fire properly, pregnancy becomes scarcer for the women, fewer male children are born, and honour (hurmat) in the vicinity of the king becomes less for the men, and there is no approbation (qabal) of their words. 7. For every single fire which dies out in a dwelling a loss of three dirhams and two dangs falls 1 The dinar is a gold coin which, if it contained a dirham weight of gold, and if the dirham were 63 grains (see Dd. LII, 1n), was equal to about half-a-sovereign. One of the three most sacred fires (see Bd. XVII, 7). * Lp, B29 have in the good religion.' * Av. asha vahista, perfect rectitude,' who is supposed to protect fire (see Bd. I, 26, Sls. XV, 12). That is, three dirhams and a half in silver, or nearly one rupee and a quarter, Digitized by Digitized by Google

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272 SAD DAR. on the property of that person, or it becomes the loss of this dwelling, or it does not reach him from the place whence wealth comes to him. CHAPTER XII. 1. The twelfth subject is this, that, when any one dies, an order is necessary that how much soever scantier clothing they are able to make a beginning of, the better they act. 2. Beside (illa) something become old and washed, anything new is not proper for the purpose that they may let it go upon a dead body. 3. For in the commentary of the Vendidadt it asserts that, if they shall pass on to a dead body as much as a woman's spindle makes for a single thread, with the exception of that which is unavoidable, for every single thread a black snake hangs, in that other world, on to the liver of that person who has made a beginning of the clothing. 4. Likewise, that dead person becomes his antagonist (hazm), and hangs similarly upon his skirt, and speaks thus : "This clothing, which thou hast put on my body, devours me, having become worms and noxious creatures. 5. My name was put upon a sacred cake, the fourth day, with a Yast, so that there * B29 has it is necessary to utter two orders.' Lp, B29 have older. Compare Sis. XII, 4. Lp, B29 have that is.' * Pahl. Vend. V, 170-177, where, however, the penalty here mentioned is not now extant. Lp, B29 omit similarly,' * Referring to the cake consecrated to the righteous guardian spirit on the fourth day after death (see Chap. LXXXVII, 2, Sls. III, 32 n, XVII, 5 n). Digitized by Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XII, I-XIII, 3. 273 might be alike a benefit therefrom for my soul, and it might be alike unnecessary for thee to bear this torment ('hanhab).' 6. Owing to that, many sorrows come to that person, and he has no advantage from it. 7. Therefore, it is necessary to act with caution (ihtiyat), so that, how much soever the clothing be scantier", they may make a beginning of it. 8. And as many as shall be able to walk after the bier (tabat) and corpse shall walk. 9. Because every step that they go after a corpse is a good work of three hundred stirsa; and every stir is four dirhams, in such manner that three hundred stirs are a thousand and two hundred dirhams 3. 10. For every single step there is thus much good work. Chapter XIII. 1. The thirteenth subject is this, that it is necessary to maintain the souls of fathers, mothers, and relations properly. 2. And, when any day of theirs 4 occurs, it is necessary to make an endeavour, so that they may accomplish the ceremonial (yazisn), the sacred feast (myazd), the consecration of the sacred cakes (dron), and the benedictions (afringan). 3. For it is declared in revelation, that, every time that any day of theirs occurs, they will bring with 1 Lp, B29, J15 have 'older.' * An amount which would counterbalance a Tanavar or Tanapuhar sin (see Sls. I, 2). 3 B29 omits these fourteen words. * That is, on the monthly and annual anniversaries of their deaths, when ceremonies are requisite (see Sls. XVII, 5 n). Com pare Chap. XXXVIL Digitized by Google

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274 SAD DAR, themselves 9999 guardian spirits of the righteous, like that case when any one goes home himself, and brings people (qaum) in hospitality. 4. And, when they utter? the consecration of the sacred cakes and sacred feast and the benedictions, those people become joyful and utter blessings on that house and master of the house, and on the house-mistress and any persons who are in that house. 5. But if they do not celebrate the sacred feast, the consecration of the sacred cakes, the ceremonial, and the benedictions, the spirits will remain for them in that place from dawn as long as the period of a day, and are maintaining a hope that 'perhaps they will have us in remembrance.' 6. Then, if they do not bring them into remembrance, the souls turn upwards from that place, go very quickly on high, and will say, 'O creator Hormazd! they do not know that we are such as we are, and that it is necessary for them to come into this world, and in this world they will not give any one acquittal. 7. For them there is need of the good works in consecrating the sacred cakes and celebrating the sacred feast and benedictions; there is no need of them for such as we. 8. Yet (va likin), if they would have maintained a place for the duty of those days, we should have turned away from them misfortunes of various kinds; but, as they have not maintained(r) observance of us in the day's duty, we are not able to come in friendship to this house.' 1 B29 has celebrate.' ? Literally "us. Lp, B29 omit this and the next two words. : Lp, B29 have that just like us are they.' * Lp, B29 omit for them.' * B29 has maintained observance of us in. * B29 inserts 'proper.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIII, 4-XIV, 5. 275 9. Thus much they say, and turn away in anger, and go away from that place. CHAPTER XIV. 1. The fourteenth subject is this, that, when the nails are pared according to custom (ba-'hilal)?, it is necessary that they put the parings into a paper. 2. And it is further necessary to take the Srosh-baz2 inwardly, and to utter three Yatha-ahu-vairyos 8, 3. And for the speaking of this to say with each Yatha-ahd-vairyo %the Avesta is this:- Paiti te, meregha Asho-zusta! imau srvau vaedhayemi, imau srvau awaedhayemi; imause te srvau, meregha Ashozusta! hyare arstayaska, karetayaska, thanvareka, ishavaska erezifyo-parena, asnaka fradakhshanya paiti daevo-Mazainyano; asha vohd manangha ya sruye pare magaono6. 4. Afterwards, one completes the Baz in the manner that it was taken inwardly. 5. At those two Yatha-ahu-vairyos, with which one completes the Baz, at each one, he makes lines (hattha) in a little dust in the midst of the nail 1 B29 has 'when the nails and a toothpick (hilal) are pared;' and the Gugarati translator takes 'hilal in the same sense. * A particular form of prayer. See Mkh. XXVII, 70 n. * B29 omits these eleven words. o Vend. XVII, 26-28:-Unto thee, O bird Asho-zusta ! do I announce these nails, do I introduce these nails' (or, according to the Pahlavi, 'do I make known these nails, these nails do I make thee known to '); 'may these nails be such for thee, O bird Ashozustal as spears and knives, bows, falcon-feathered arrows, and sling-stones against the demon Mazainyas.' 6 Yas. XXXIII, 7b:- Through the righteous good thought, by which I am heard before the mighty one.' T2 Digitized by Google

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276 SAD DAR. parings. 6. And, if he does not know this Bazi, on uttering the Srosh-baz and those three Yatha-ahdvairyos he is to furrow three lines, with the nail-cutter, around the nail-parings, and then he is to complete the Baz with those Yatha-ahu-vairyos, and to put the dust, with the end of the nail-cutter, into the midst of the nail-parings, and carry them to a desert spot. 7. It is necessary that he should carry a hole down through four finger-breadths of earth, and, having placed the nail-parings in that spot, he puts the soil overhead. . 8. For Hormazd, the good and propitious, has created a bird which they call Asho-zusts, and they call it the bird of Bahman4. 9. They also call it the owl, and it eats nails. 10. It is altogether necessary that they do not leave them unbroken, for they would come into use as weapons (sila'h) of wizards. 11. And they have also said that, if they fall in the midst of food, there is danger of pulmonary consumption. CHAPTER XV. 1. The fifteenth subject is this, when one sees anything that is welcome to the eyes, it is requisite to say 'in the name of the sacred being.'. 2. Because, if they do not say 'in the name of the sacred being,' and an injury happens to that 1 The formula quoted in $ 3. 9 B29 omits these four words. See Bd. XIX, 19, 20. * The archangel Vohuman (see Bd. I, 23, 26 n). His bird is the cock according to Sls. X, 9. o See Sls. XII, 6. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIV, 6-XVI, 4. 277 thing, or a disaster occurs, one becomes a sinner; so far is notorious (ma'hlum). CHAPTER XVI. 1. The sixteenth subject is this, that, when a woman becomes pregnant in a house, it is necessary to make an endeavour so that there may be a continual fire in that house, and to maintain a good watch over it. 2. And, when the child becomes separate from the mother, it is necessary to burn a lamp for three nights and days--if they burn a fire it would be better-so that the demons and fiends may not be able to do any damage and harm; because, when a child is born, it is exceedingly delicate for those three days. 3. For it is declared in revelation', that, when Zaratust, the Spitaman, became separate from his mother, every night, for three nights, a demon came on, with a hundred and fifty other demons, so that they might effect the slaughter (halak) of Zaratust, ard, when they had beheld the light of the fire, they had fled away, and had not been able to do any damage and harm. 4. During forty days it is not proper that they should leave the child alone; and it is also not proper that the mother of the infant should put her foot over a threshold in the dwelling, or cast her eyes upon a hill, for it? is bad for her menstruation. 1 Lp, B29 have 'in the good religion.' This is quoted probably from the Spend Nask (see Sls. X, 4, XII, 11). * B29 has which they have said.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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278 SAD DAR. CHAPTER XVII. 1. The seventeenth subject is this, that when they cut a toothpick (hilal), or a splinter which they wish to apply to the root of the teeth, it is necessary that they retain no bark. 2. For if a small quantity of bark be on it when they apply it to the teeth, and they cast it away, if a pregnant woman puts her foot upon it, the danger of that may be that the child comes to harm? CHAPTER XVIII. 1. The eighteenth subject is this, that it is necessary for mankind to make an endeavour, so that they may espouse a wife in their youth and beget a child. 2. And for women, in like manner, it is necessary that there should be a longing (raghbat) for espousing a husband. 3. Because it is declared in revelation", that every duty and good work a child performs becomes the father's and mother's, just like those which they have performed with their own hands. 4. The meaning (ma'hni) of pur ('a son') is that which signifies pal ('a bridge') s, for by this bridge they arrive at that other world. 5. If there be no child for any one they call him one with a severed bridge, that is, the * Owing to her fear of having stepped on dead matter (see Sls. X, 20, XII, 13). ? In the Spend, Nihadum, and Damdad Nasks (see Sls. X, 22, XII, 15). * This fanciful explanation must be derived from a Pahlavi source, as it is only in that language that the two words are written precisely alike. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVII, I-XVIII, 12. 279 way for him to that other world is severed, and he is not able to attain to that world. 6. At the head of the Kinvad bridge he shall remain ; although he has performed much duty and good works he is not able to make a passage over the Kinvad bridge, and they do not make up his account and reckoning. 7. And every archangel that comes forward to that place first asks these words, that is, 'Hast thou brought thy own substitute visibly into the world, or not?' 8. When he has not brought it, they will pass over him, and his soul will remain, in that place?, full of anguish and grief (gham). 9. A similitude (mithal) of it is like that which happens when any one may be in a wilderness, and there may be fear of wild animals and creatures, and near to him may be his own town, but a river of water is in front?, and it is not possible to make a passage over that river, as a bridge is fallen in, and he is not able to arrive at that town, but he is always upon the bank (sart) speaking thus 8 : Would that the bridge would become perfect!' 10. The duty as to children is in this aggregate(r). 11. Therefore, the creator Hormazd has granted unto men that, if there be any one to whom sickness from heaven may occur, and there be no provision of a child for him, he has commanded him that he should make some one a son of his own, as a friend of his soul, and should receive a child, because every duty can be delegated. 12. That person is in place of a 1 Lp, B29 add on the bridge.' %. La omits these eight words. Lp, B29 have always in regret ('hasrat) thus.' * Lp has 'as to the command.' 6 Lp has 'manner,' and J15 has endeavour.' * Lp, B29 have 'some one through his own affection.' . Digitized by Google

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280 SAD DAR. child, and every duty and good work that he performs shall be just like that which is performed by one's own hand. 13. And, finally, if any one departs from the world (dunya)' and possesses no adopted child, it is incumbent on the priests and high-priests and his relations to appoint his adopted son, and it is necessary to bring some one in sight on that account, so that his soul may spring away from the torment of hell. 14. Because, every time that his relations do not pay attention to this, when they proceed to that other world, the soul of that person hangs about them and speaks thus : 'I left with you something that I had collected and borne trouble for in many years, and you seized upon it, and put it into your own expenditure ('harg), and did not seek for? mercy (safqat) on my soul. 15. In the same manner as I have remained, delayed (ma uquf) in this place, I will not let you pass ; so that you will make no passage over the Kinvad bridge till the sacred being takes my rights away from you.' 16. Then the angel Rashn and the angel Mihir make up their reckoning, and, as to whatever those persons have seized upon from the other's property", for every single dinar the account makes four, and they take away the equivalent. 17. And, as in that world there are no gold and silver, they take away from their souls the good works that they have done, and they give them to the soul of this other. 18. Still, while others do not appoint the adopted son, they are not able to pass over the Kinvad bridge, nor to arrive at their own station. 1 La omits these nine words. B29 has 'bring.' See Mkh. II, 118, 119. * Lp, J15 insert and have expended.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVIII, 13-xix, 5. 281 19. There is no duty whatever more incumbent on relations than this duty, and every time that they appoint an adopted son for any one it is just as though they have made the deceased alive; and there are no limit (hadd) and end (nihayat) of their good works. CHAPTER XIX. 1. The nineteenth subject is this, that the performance of agriculture is like that when some one is performing the ceremonial of the sacred beings, and it is necessary to maintain much respect for agriculturists; it is also necessary to keep trouble and strife far from them. 2. For it is declared in revelation, that, as to every one who replants a shrub, while that shrub or tree exists at the place, every good work that every one, who eats of that shrub, does in that state of repletion becomes the agriculturist's, just like those which are done by his own hand. 3. If any one orders it, just as that good work occurs? much new repose (ra'hat) and comfort reach his soula 4. As to corn and grain (hubab) and whatever they sow, it is just like this, because, as regards every one who eats wheat, barley, and other grains, and performs duty and good works, they become those of the sower of those grains, just as those which are performed by his own hand. 5. Because, for the life of mankind a crop was necessary, the creation of a 1 Lp, B29 have 'is performed' Lp, Bag add "therefrom.' 3 B29 adds .way.' * La omits the rest of this chapter, as well as the words they become,' by mistake, Digitized by Google

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282 SAD DAR. creator: after the sacred being, the most high, owing to the work of the agriculturist. 6. For every one who eats anything dies, therefore, as regards that person by whose work the life of mankind is established, it is necessary to consider him valuable and precious. CHAPTER XX. 1. The twentieth subject is this, that it is incumbent on those of the good religion that they continually give something to the worthy to eat, on account (gihat) of that which it says in revelation 3 thus : 'When thou givest things to some one that he may eat, every duty and good work that he performs in that state of repletion become those of that person, who has given that bread or food to him, just like those which he has performed with his own hand.' 2. And if he commits a sin, he who may have given food to him is innocent. 3. But it is necessary that he be of the good religion and worthy; they should give something to one of a different religion only in case of extreme necessity (zarurat), lest it become as a sin. CHAPTER XXI. 1. The twenty-first subject is this, that, when they eat bread, it is necessary that one should recite 1 B29, J15 omit these five words. J15 has after its creation by the sacred being, the creator.' The alteration of this sentence, in B29 and J15, seems due to their writers' reluctance to attribute the power of creating, even figuratively, to the mere producer of a crop. 's In the Nihadum Nask (see Sls. X, 23, XII, 16). . . Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIX, 6-xxi, 6. 283 the Itha-ad-yazamaidei and three Ashem-vohus, especially (ba-hazjatam) in the benediction-ceremonies (afringan). 2. For it is declared in the good religion of the Mazda-worshippers, that, when they wish to celebrate the sacred feast (myazd) and benedictionceremonies, it is necessary that all persons who are seated at the feast should take up the inward prayer. 3. For each man an angel is stationed, on the righthand side, and two angels for the priests. 4. But when they eat chatteringly, or relate the news (hadith)s, the angels depart from them, and a demon seizes on the place of each angel4. 5. And in former times the custom ('hadat) of the people would have been in this manner, that, if any one should have come to the door in the middle of the feast, that person whose Afringan-precinct it might have been, or whoever should have gone to the expense of that Afringan, would have had words with that intruding person, and would have also spoken thus: 'As thou hast brought my feast to harm, give me back whatever has been the cost 6! 6. And in one place in revelation it is declared 1 Yas. V, 1, 2, of which these are the first three words. This, with the three Ashem-vohus, constitutes the inward prayer, or grace, before eating (see Dd. LXXIX, 1 n). See Chap. VII, 1 n. s By which they commit the sin of breaking the protective spell of the inward prayer. 4 Lp, B29 have a demon is (B29 stands) in place of the angel.' * B29 has would have spoken to that person who had uttered words, would have taken something away from him.' Lp merely adds would have taken something' to the words in the text. * B29 has only, 'As it is my feast, give it back. The interruption having destroyed the merit of the ceremony.. Digitized by Google

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284 SAD DAR. that from eating chatteringly itself is the sin, for? every one who is chattering during the eating of bread is just like him who is smiting and harassing the angels of the spiritual existences. 7. Therefore, if there be any one who is not able to consecrate a sacred cake?, it is necessary to eat bread with the inward prayer of Hormazd, that is, the archangels. 8. And, if he does not altogether know it, he recites the Itha-ad-yazamaides and three Ashem-vohus, and eats up the bread. 9. Afterwards he makes his mouth clean, and, four Ashem-vohas and two Yatha-ahu-vairyos being spoken out*, he is then to utter words. 10. For, every time that this custom (qa'hidat) is carried on in a place, through the first Ashem-voha so much good work has arisen that it has propitiated the sacred being, the good and propitious; through the second Ashem-vohd so much good work has arisen that it has reverenced and propitiated Srosh, the righteous O ; through the third Ashem-vohu so much good work has arisen that it has reverenced and propitiated Khurdad and Ameredad", the archangels; and through the fourth Ashem-vohu so much good work has arisen that whatever the creator Hormazd has created becomes reverenced and propitiated. II. And with each mouthful (luqmah) that is eaten, while the inward prayer subsists, they * B29 has from eating chatteringly is so much sin that.' See Mkh. XVI, 17 n. 3 See $ in. * These formulas begin the grace after eating, and, being uttered aloud, break the spell of the inward prayer now no longer necessary; after them the eaters are at liberty to speak. * B29 omits these two words. . See Mkh. II, 115 n. ? See Horvadad and Amerodad (Mkh. II, 34). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXI, 7-XXII, 3. 285 proclaim a blessing for Khurdad and Ameredad, the archangels. 12. But, if it be eaten without the inward prayer, as demons are in that place?, they say, * Thou mightest have eaten the poison of a serpent.' 13. Therefore, take notice as to which is the better of these two. CHAPTER XXII. 1. The twenty-second subject is this, that the performance of Gadangoi? (' intercession') is like that when some one is occasioning the ceremonial of the sacred beings. 2. Therefore, it should be expedient that it be continuous, and thats they perform Gadangoi as regards the priests and highpriests and the worthy. 3. For, in the commentary of the Hadokht Nask, it says that every one who performs Gadangoi, and extracts anything from a person on their account, and conveys it to them, is as much without dishonesty ("hiyanat), towards them, as he who may I See $ 4. * The original Pahlavi of this word can be read either da dogobih, a speaking of the law,' or ye dato-gobih, 'a speaking of the sacred being ;' in either case it implies 'pleading for the proper observance of religious duties,' especially the duty of supporting the priesthood and the poor, and it is for such purposes that the "intercession' with those possessing property must be understood as being exercised. As the traditional mode of reading Pahl. yedato is gatan, or gadan, it is evident that the Pazand inventors of the word in the text must have understood the Pahlavi in the latter of the two meanings mentioned above. : Lp, B29 have merely that continuously.' * Lp, B29 omit these two words. But the meaning of La seems to be that he who bestows charity out of the contributions of others, without mentioning the contributors, does not act dishonestly towards the recipients. Digitized by Google

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286 SAD DAR. have given to them out of his own property. 4. And in the spiritual existence they take account of that profit for him, and just as they make out the account of the good work of that person who may have given it, even so much is his good work. CHAPTER XXIII. 1. The twenty-third subject is this, that it is requisite to restrain a tethered animal from misbehaviour, and to keep watch over one's own creatures, especially at the time when they have eaten meat. 2. Therefore, if they have eaten meat and they commit an assault, every offence that the animal (haivan) commits may be that person's whose meat may be eaten. 3. For example, if a horse lashes out a kick (lakad) at any one, the offence may be that person's whose food may be eaten and caused the offence. 4. Therefore it is necessary to make an endeavour that they shall commit no offence whatever, especially at a time when they have eaten meat. CHAPTER XXIV. 1. The twenty-fourth subject is this, that when an infant is born from its mother it is necessary that they give it the consecrated Hom-juice?, on this account, that understanding ('haql), wisdom, and 1 Lp, B29 have the spirits take.' * See Mkh. LVII, 28 n, Sls. X, 16. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXII, 4-xxv, 4. 287 knowledge may more abundantly get to it, and the want (ablat) of them may come more scantily upon it. 2. If, at that time, they do not perform the consecration, they should take forth a little Hom for it?, and recites a Yatha-ahu-vairyo`, and put a trifle of water into it, and make Hom-juice of that, and give it to the infant, and afterwards.5 milk. CHAPTER XXV. 1. The twenty-fifth subject is this, that any agreement and promise (qaal) they make with any one it is necessary so far to perform and bring to pass. 2. Although many things may go to harm by means (sabab) of it, it is not desirable to perform that agreement with duplicity. 3. Because, in our religion, they call this a Mihirdrug (breach of promise'), and in revelation it decrees, as to any one who commits a Mihir-drug, that the way to heaven becomes closed for him, and that person himself goes discomforted out of this world, so that a warning ('hala mat) becomes quite manifest unto him. 4. And a Mihir-drug is attached in such a manner that, if fortune (tali'h) may have befallen any one 8 1 B29 omits these eleven words. * B29 adds in the Hom-mortar.' 3 B29 adds and utter.' See Mkh. XXVII, 70 n. * Lp, B29 insert they are to give.' * Lp, B29 have come.' ? Lp, B29 have understood,' and another copy in B29 has 'considered.' & Who has broken his promise. Digitized by Google

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288 SAD DAR. happily, or an insufficient quantity of his life ('humr) may have remained, the Mihir-drug extends to his children without opposition ('hilaf). 5. And every household that becomes extinct, or race whose issue fails, or any of the great misfortunes that happen to mankind--from which misfortune one obtains release with difficulty-may all be owing to the fact that they have committed a Mihir-drug. 6. If committed by oneself, it is declared, in one place in revelation, that the glorified Zaratust, the Spitaman, enquired of Hormazd, the good and propitious, thus: 'Of any of the sins that mankind commit which is the worst?' 7. Hormazd, the good and propitious, decreed thus : 'No sin whatever is worse than this, that two persons make a covenant with one another in such a manner that no one whatever is between them, except me who am Hormazd; and, afterwards one of those two persons deviates from it, and says, "I have no knowledge (habar) of it," and no one whatever is a witness, for that other person, except me.' 8. No sin whatever is worse than that, and that person himself will not go out of this world until retribution overtakes him, and in that other world his punishment is more severe than all; so that person becomes unfortunate in both worlds. 9. And it is the same if this covenant be with a righteous person or a wicked one. CHAPTER XXVI. 1. The twenty-sixth subject is this, that the wise and the ancients say that when a man becomes fifteen years of age it is necessary that he takes Digitized by G Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXV, 5-XXVI, 7. 1 289 one of the angelsi as his own protection, that he takes one of the wise as his own sage, and that he takes one of the high-priests and officiating priests as his own high-priest. 2. So that, if, any time, a bereavement (astanah) approaches, he may beg a favour from the archangels", in order that it may furnish - an escape from that bereavement. 3. Ands, any time any affair comes forward, and he has to have opinion (rat) and advice (masvarat), he holds a consultation with that sage, while the sage tells him his opinion (tadbir). 4. And, if any question as to proper and improper comes forward, he speaks with that high-priest, so that he may tell him in reply. 5. When the instructions of these three persons are brought to pass, carrying out the commands of the sacred being is accomplished. 6. Especially the instructions of the high-priests, because their satisfaction is connected with the satisfaction of the sacred being; and the high-priests possess so much dignity (martabat) in the presence of the sacred being, the good and propitious, that they are quite able to forgive any trivial one of the sins of mankind?, and Hormazd, the good and propitious, quickly: forgives that sin for the high-priest. 7. La, Lp have 'ancients,' but this seems inconsistent with $ 2. ? La has ancestor,'having read ba-niyah instead of panah. 8 Lp, B29, J15 add ' and they may provide health of body and safety.' * Lp, B29, J15 have that they may furnish him.' Lp, B29 insert 'if.' * Lp, B29 have it is necessary.' 7 B29 has to forgive one-third of the sins which mankind commit.' & Lp has likewise.' [24] Digitized by Digitized by Google

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290 SAD DAR, Therefore, carrying out the commands of the highpriests becomes incumbent on every one; and the fulfilment of this maxim is better than that of a whole assemblage of maxims. CHAPTER XXVII. 1. The twenty-seventh subject is this, that is, if any affair comes forward, that they should thoroughly understand? whether it be a good work, or a sin. 2. In that manner it becomes better that they make an evasion on the spot", until a time when they make it known with accuracy that that affair is a sin or a reward. 3. If they perform any affair without knowing this, although it be a good work, it becomes a sin for them. 4. For it is declared in revelation, that, except that which they enquire of the high-priests, no affair whatever is proper to perform. 5. Whatever wisdom there be for any one from his own head is only one; then, as two wisdoms are more than one 5, it therefore makes it expedient to enquire of the high-priests. CHAPTER XXVIII. 1. The twenty-eighth subject is this, that, when they teach the Avesta, it is in like manner neces 1 Lp, B29 have 'is.' * Lp has 'that they should be told,' and B29 has that one should realise. s See Sls. X, 25, 27. * Lp adds and truly,' and B29 has 'make known that it is false or true.' . Lp, B29 omit these eight words. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXVII, I-XXIX, 3. 291 sary that they teach it properly and truly, and recite it with deliberation and composure (sakini). 2. And it is necessary for those who are taught to recite it connectedly, and to keep it ever in remembrance. 3. For it is declared in revelation, that the sacred being has decreed thus : 'As to every one who puts the Avesta away from his memory, I will put his soul as far from heaven as the width of the earth.' 4. And in the commentary of the Avesta it is related that, in former times, as to any one who had been taught the Avesta and had put it away from his memory, until the time he had again made it easy, they would have given him bread like that which they give to the dogs. 5. And in another place I have read that they would have given bread to him on the point of a spear. act, CREESE NIVERSITY CALIFORNIA CHAPTER XXIX. 1. The twenty-ninth subject is this, that, when they provide any munificence (sa'havat) or liberality, it is necessary that they provide it for the worthy; and one is to consider thus : 'Is this person, to whom I am giving this thing, worthy or not?' 2. Therefore it is necessary to make an effort, so that they may not give to the unworthy. 3. For in revelation, as regards2 that person who provides any munificence for the unworthy, they call it a vain work and a gift without advantage; and day by day it is 3 Compare Chap. XCVIII, 3. 9 Lp, B29 have 'for in the good religion it is declared.' : Lp, B29 have it increases.' U 2 Digitized by Google

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292 SAD DAR. the punishment and torment of that person. 4. And, whatever they give to the unworthy, they have made that thing extinct. CHAPTER XXX. 1. The thirtieth subject is this, that it is not proper to pour away water at night, especially from the northern side (ganib) which would be the worst?. 2. Therefore, if it become a necessity in the end (ba-hatam), it is requisite to recite one Yathaahd-vairyo 3, and, when they make a light ready (hazir)*, to pour away the water gently. 3. In like manner it is not proper to swallow water at night, because it is a sin. 4. But, if a necessity arises, it is necessary to make a light ready, and one first eats some morsets of food (ta'ham) so that the sin may be less. CHAPTER XXXI. 1. The thirty-first subject is this, that, every time they eat bread, it is necessary to withhold three morsels from their own bodies, and to give them to a dog. 2. And it is not desirable to beat a dog. 3. For, of the poor no one whatever is poorer than Lp has side it would be,' to which B29 adds "bold. The reason of the impropriety is that the demons are supposed to come from the north, and anything thrown out northwards might be of use to them (see Sls. X, 7, XII, 18, 19). * B29 has necessity to pour.' 8 See Mkh. XXVII, 70 n. * Lp, B29 omit these seven words. Both the recitation and light are supposed to frighten away any demons. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXIX, 4-XXXII, 3. 293 a dog, and it is necessary to give a tethered animal bread, because the good work is great. 4. And in revelation it is declared in this manner, that, if a dog is asleep upon the road, it is not proper that they put a foot violently on the ground, so that he becomes awake. 5. And, in former times, an allowance (ratib) of bread would have been made every day for the sake of the dogs, three times in summer and twice in winter, on this account, that one wishes them to come to the assistance of his soul at the Kinvad bridge, 6. In the worldly existence they are the guard of men and cattle. 7. If there had not been a dog they would not have been able to keep a single sheep. 8. Every time that he barks, just as his bark goes forth, the demons and fiends run away from the place. CHAPTER XXXII. 1. The thirty-second subject is this, that, when a hen utters a crow in a house, or the cock crows unseasonably, it is desirable that they do not kill it', and do not consider it a bad habit (fa'h1). 2. Because it is uttering that crow for the reason that a fiend has found a way into that house, and the hen or the cock, alone, does not possess the power (ta qat) that would keep the fiend away from that house, and the hen is going to give the cock assistance, and utters the crow. 3. Therefore, if any time the chance (ittifaq) happens in that manner, it is requisite to bring another cock, so that they 1 See Sls. X, 30. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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294 SAD DAR. may drive away that fiend through the assistance of one another. 4. And if a cock crows unseasonably it is likewise not desirable to kill it, because the reason may be this which I have stated. 5. For it is declared in the good religion, that there is a fiend whom they call Seg?, and, in every house where an infant exists, that fiend strives that she may cause some misfortune to come upon that house. 6. So it is necessary that they should keep a cock on the watch for her, so that it may smite that fiend and force her to the road away from that house. Chapter XXXIII. 1. The thirty-third subject is this, that, when there is a place and any risk or fear exists that a corpse2 is concealed beneath the ground, one is to make it apparent and visibles, because it is a great good work. 2. For it is declared in the good religion, that, when they conceal a corpse beneath the ground, Spendarmad 4, the archangel, shudders; it is just as severe as a serpent or scorpion would be to any one in private sleep, and i is also just like that to the ground. 3. When thou makest a corpse Av. ith yego, Pers. sik. In Pahl. Vend. XIX, 4, 6 she is said to be a secret-moving deceiver ;' in Bd. XXVIII, 26 she is said to 'cause annihilation.' * Ordead matter.' 3 B29 has it is necessary to make it apparent.' 4 Av. spenta armaiti, 'bountiful devotion,' the female archangel who is supposed to have special charge of the earth (see Sls. XV, 20-24). 0 B29 has in a sleeping garment.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXII, 4--XXXIV, 6. 295 beneath the ground as it were apparent, thou makest the ground liberated from that affliction. CHAPTER XXXIV. 1. The thirty-fourth subject is this, that it is greatly necessary to refrain from much slaughter of animals and the cattle species?. 2. Because it says in revelationa that, for every one who slaughters many animals and cattles, every fibre of the hair of a goat becomes, in that other world, like a sharp sword, and adheres in the soul of that person. 3. And there are several things the slaughter of which is very bad, and the sin very abundant, as the lamb, the kid, the ploughing ox, the war horse, the swallow bird that catches the locust, and the cock; and of the whole of these the sin is most as regards the cock. 4. If it becomes a necessity, it is proper to kill a cock that does not crow", and it is necessary to consecrate their heads. 5. Any head of an animal, not consecrated, it is not desirable to eat, so that it becomes so fare a righteous gift. 6. If one be not able to consecrate the head, it is requisite to consecrate one kidney as a substitute (badal) for it. * Lp, B29, J15 omit 'species.' * In the Stadgar Nask (see Sls. X, 8, 9). 3 Lp has slaughters much.' * Lp, B29 have if it becomes inevitable.' * Lp has that has not crowed.' * Lp, B29 have when it is not along with.' Digitized by Google

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296 SAD DAR. CHAPTER XXXV. 1. The thirty-fifth subject is this, that, when they wish to wash the face', they should recite one Ashemvohu?, and set the mouth firmly closed, so that the water, not staying away from its, shall not go into the mouth. 2. And, as one washes over the face, they should recite the Kem-na-mazda", so that the fiend Nasrust may become smitten. Chapter XXXVI. 1. The thirty-sixth subject is this, that it is strictly incumbent on mankind, on mano and woman, to perform the Bareshnum ceremony?, because mankind feed on menstruous matter in the womb of the mother. 2. For that reason it is necessary to perform the Bareshnum once, so that one may become pure from that pollution. 3. For if one becomes fifteen years of age, and does not perform the Bareshnum, whatever he puts a hand on, the glory and purity of that thing will diminish; and it Compare Chaps. L, LXXIV. ? See Chap. VII, 1 n. B29 omits these five words. * A stanza of the Ustavaiti Gatha (Yas. XLV, 7) beginning with those three words (see SBE, vol. xviii, p. 443). 6 Or nisrust, contamination' (see Sls. X, 32); probably the same as the demon Nas or Nasu (see Bd. XXVIII, 29). Also mentioned in Chap. XXXVI, 7. 6 B29 omits 'on man.' A tedious ceremony of purification that lasts nine nights (see SBE, vol. xviii, pp. 431-453). Its name is Av. (acc.) bareshnum, 'top' of the head, the first part of the body to be washed. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXV, 1-XXXVI, 9. 297 is not proper that they put a hand on a sacred cake or any thing washed with ceremony. 4. In revelation it says, if any one who has not performed the Bareshnum shall die, the demons make him as though he were a corpse kept one month in the hot season. 5. And, when the soul arrives at the head of the Kinvad bridge, the archangels and angels complain of the stench of that soul, and are not able to make up its account and reckoning. 6. It remains at the Kinvad bridge and is not able to pass; it experiences much repentance and has no advantage from it. 7. If it be necessary for any one to perform the Bareshnum of the head, and he be able to do it, but does not do it, if he performs the ceremonial ablution of the head a thousand times, it does not become pure from that pollution, and that is the pollution of Nasrusts, which is amid the veins and sinews, and the flesh and bones; it does not become pure through any other thing except through the liquid consecrated by the religious formula". 8. And as to that person, also, who performs the Bareshnum for mankind, it is necessary that he be a man, a friend of the soul, a truthful speaker, and an abstainer, because through chastity and modesty (masturi) he becomes employed. 9. If complaint of any perfidy in him is publicly diffused, in that disgrace (malamat) it is necessary that the high-priests * B29 has it makes his soul. Lp omits 'pollution.' * See Chap. XXXV, 2. B29 has that is bodily refuse (hihar) and pollution.' * That is, bull's urine, the liquid that is first used, in a consecrated state, for sprinkling the body in the Bareshnum purification. Compare Chap. LXXVII, 9, 10. * That is, the purifying priest. B29 has publicly comes on.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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298 SAD DAR. should dislocate his joints one by one, and it is requisite that they give him as food to the dogs. 10. So that by this action they may make a man observe more chastely and continently, that this result ('hazil) of sin may not occur. CHAPTER XXXVII. 1. The thirty-seventh subject is this, that, when the days of the guardian spirits come on, it is necessary that all persons, among their own food and devotion, should order and provide the sacred cakes and ceremonial, the sacred feast and benedictions (afringan). 2. For these ten days it is incumbent on every one; and those are better which they prepare in their own houses, because the souls? go every one to its own house. 3. And they should have an ear for thems, so that they may prepare the sacred cakes and feast and benedictions. 4. Those ten days any one of all the souls--that are in this way" in every house where they provide the feast more abundantly-proclaims, as to that master of the house5, that family, and the whole who are in that house, and the year's affairs of every kind, that they are very good, and their entry (da'hl) and coming in are very good. 5. And every single 1 See Mkh. LVII, 13 n. 2 Which are supposed to revisit the earth during those days. s Or for these words' as the Gugarati translator assumes. * Lp, B29 have those ten days all the souls are in this worldly existence.' o Lp omits these five words, and B29 adds 'the mistress of the house.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVI, 10-XXXVII, II. 299 good work, on account of which we have spoken of the souls of the departed, becomes just like those we have done for our own souls. 6. And, when they pass away from this worldly existence, those souls come again, meeting them, and cause gladness, maintain their courage, and also render them honour in the presence of the creator Hormazd, and speak thus: * These righteous souls did not put us away from remembrance while they were in the world, and we have been satisfied with them; now we are unanimous that thou shouldest provide them equal shares of those good works of ours, and make their souls attain to the position of the righteous.' 7. They utter these words, and give those souls confidence, while they make out their account. 8. Afterwards, with them, they make the passage of the Kinvad bridge, till they arrive at their own position, and then they return. 9. Therefore it is necessary to make an effort, so that they may maintain the guardian spirits properly, and the souls of their fathers and mothers and relations may exist with honour from them. 10. For if they retire with dissatisfaction they utter a curse, and, as the soul departs from this world, they administer reproaches to it, and speak thus: "Thou thinkest that they wish continually to make a way? for thee to that place, but it is not necessary for thee to come into this worlds. 11. Now, hadst thou performed duty and good works on our behalf, and hadst thou recollected us, we would also have come to thy assistance, and would have released thee from 1 Lp, B29 have restore.' Lp, B29 have an escape.' * That is, into heaven. Compare Chap. XIII, 6, 8. Digitized by Google

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300 SAD DAR. this fearful position.' 12. And that soul experiences much repentance, and has no advantage whatever from it. CHAPTER XXXVIII. 1. The thirty-eighth subject is this, that, so far as effort and endeavour prevail ", it is requisite to abstain from the same cup as those of a different religion, and it is not desirable to drink the water of any goblet of theirs. 2. And if the goblet be of copper or of tin, it is requisites to wash it with* water, so that it may be proper to drink the waters. 3. If the goblet be of earthenware or wooden, it is altogether improper. 4. Because, when? any one drinks with a stranger, it makes his heart inclined (mail) towards him, for it would be a sin ; and, on account of the sin committed, he becomes bold, and his soul has an inclination for wickedness. 1 Lp has' are necessary,' and B29 has merely with the endeavour necessary.' 2 B29 has 'of metal.' * Lp inserts to expose it to fire, to polish it with ashes, and afterwards ;' J15 inserts 'to polish it with fire, and, afterwards.' B29, J15 insert ceremonial ablution and.' 5 Lp, J15 add 'if the cup or goblet be of copper or of brass, one makes the water that is drunk likewise pure in this manner; if it be earthen or wooden, one puts it far away from the house, or they present it to one of a different religion ; just like that one performs the ceremonial ablution of what is altogether polluted.' (J15 has what is polluted like a metal one.') o J15 adds to drink.' Lp, B29, J15 have every time that.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVII, I2-XL, 2. 301 CHAPTER XXXIX. 1. The thirty-ninth subject is this, that it is necessary to properly maintain the sacred fire? which they have established in a town or village. 2. And at night it is necessary to make it blaze up once, and by day twice. 3. For it is declared in revelation, that, if there had been no sacred fire, no one would have been able to go from town to town; because it is owing to the glory of the sacred fire that no one on the roads is able to commit an excess upon any one else. 4. It is necessary that they should present the whole of the firewood; and, as to the person who makes it blaze, they should give him bread and a salary (nafaqah). 5. For, every time that that fire is satisfied, and they maintain it properly, every fire that may exist in the earth of seven regions becomes satisfied with that person. CHAPTER XL. 1. The fortieth subject is this, that it is not desirable to distress one's priest, or father, or mother ; and, if people perceive much trouble, disquietude, and harm arising from them, it is certainly not desirable that they should give them back a reply with any aggravation. 2. Because their satisfaction is connected with the satisfaction of the sacred being, and every time that people distress them they have * Literally the fire of Bahiram. Compare Chap. XCII. Digitized by Google

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302 SAD DAR, distressed Hormazd, the good and propitious. 3. It is not possible for any duty or good work to extend to the spiritual existences while one does not make those guardians satisfied, and it is not possible (mumkin) that any one should repay these three persons all their dues. 4. In the commentary of the Hadokht Nask it says:-Ma azarayois, Zarathustra! ma Pourushaspem, ma Dughdhovam, ma aethrapaitis?, 'it is not desirable that thou, O Zaratust! shouldest distress thy father, or mother, or priest.' 5. Therefore, three times every day it is indispensable for one to fold his arms in the presence of these three persons, and to say :--What is your will (murad)? So that I may think and speak and do it. 6. If what was not proper has come from me of itself, it is necessary that you make a righteous gift on our behalf.' CHAPTER XLI. 1. The forty-first subject is this, that it is greatly requisite to avoid a menstruous woman, while they give her bread and food moderately. 2. As soon as 1 This Avesta passage is not known to be extant elsewhere, and its orthography has been corrected in accordance with the translation attached to it by the author of Sd. In La, Lp, J15 the first two names are in the genitive, and the third is accusative; B29 differs by putting the third name also in the genitive; the last word being accusative in all. Pourushaspa and Dughdhova () were the names of the father and mother of Zarathustra, and the latter name has not previously been found in the Avesta texts, but is known only from Pahlavi and Persian writings. ? That is, to stand in an attitude of obedient reverence. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XL, 3-XLI, 9. 303 she is not able to eat they should not give her more, and in the same manner as regards water, on this account, that whatever remnant comes from that menstruous woman does not come to any use. 3. When they wish to provide bread they put the hand into the sleeve, or they place something on the . top of the sleeve, and it is necessary that her bare hand should not come forth again in any place. 4. Because every drop of water that trickles on to a limb of a menstruous woman becomes a sin of three hundred stirs". 5. And it is requisite for a menstruous woman to avoid everything that is washed with ceremony by fifteen steps. 6. It is also necessary for her to be at least three steps distant from a righteous man, and on whatever her eye casts a look it diminishes the glory of that thing. 7. And on every woman the twelve ceremonials, atoning for the offence of menstruation, are incumbent. 8. One on account of the offence that has occurred as regards the spiritual existence?. 9. The second on account of the offence that has occurred 1 That is, as soon as her hunger is satisfied. Lp, B29 have it is not possible to make of any use.' * Lp, B29 have 'bring.' * The amount of a Tanavar or Tanapuhar sin (see Sls. I, 2). Lp, B29 add and purity.' . These resemble the celebration of the Homast, but are shorter and less onerous. The Homast consists of a Yasna each day for 144 days in honour of twelve angels, each angel being reverenced for twelve successive days. The angels are nearly the same as stated in the text, but the celebration of the Homast is twelve times as long. The cost of this latter is said to be 350 rupis (see Byt. II, 59 n). Occasionally a still more onerous celebration is said to be incumbent on such women as can afford it (see Chap. LXVI). ? Lp has the spirits,' and B29 has 'mankind.' Digitized by Google

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304 SAD DAR. as regards the stars? 10. The third on account of that which has occurred as regards the sun. II. The fourth on account of that which has occurred as regards the moon. 12. The fifth on account of that which has occurred as regards the spirit of fire. 13. The sixth on account of that which has occurred as regards the spirit of water. 14. The seventh on account of that which has occurred as regards the spirit of earth. 15. The eighth on account of that which has occurred as regards the spirit of the wind. 16. The ninth on account of that which has occurred as regards Khurdads. 17. The tenth on account of the offence that has occurred as regards Ameredads. 18. The eleventh on account of the offence that has occurred as regards meal-time (hurdak gah) 19. The twelfth on account of the offence that has occurred as regards bodily refuse and dead matter. 20. Therefore it is incumbent on every one in this manner(r); if any one be more opulent eighteen ceremonials are indispensable, and if she has silver in excess (ba-ghayat) there should be twenty-one, and in one place I have read that twenty-four are indispensable; but, for lesser people, this that I have noted is necessary. 21. That which they provide in their lifetime is better 8; and, just as would occur when any one * B29 has 'the rain.' * Lp, B29 use the same form of words in $$ 10-16 as in $$ 8,9. 8 See Mkh. II, 34. * Doubtful, and not understood by the Gugarati translator. * Lp, B29 have 'thus much.' * The author evidently implies, by this paragraph, that the celebration of these ceremonials was only occasional, perhaps once in a lifetime, but the earlier the better, so as to admit of a larger growth of merit before death. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLI, 10-XLII, 5. 305 - plants a tree anew, and is eating the fruit of it every year, even so much is that good work increasing every year. 22. If she shall live ten years, or if a hundred years, even so long it is becoming every year much more? 23. If they provide it after her lifetime, that which would be the increase departs ; and in her lifetime, also, that occurs which every one, who has done a duty on his own account, has seen, that the thing itself which others accomplish after his lifetime is very different; so that she should provide it with her own hands, not after her decease (vafat). CHAPTER XLII. 1. The forty-second subject is this, that it is necessary to practise strict abstinence from that sin which affects accusers 2. That would be when any one slanders (buhtanad), or any one commits a rape on the wife of some one, or causes a woman to occupy a separate bed from her own husband. 3. These are sins for which there is no retribution, except when thou beggest forgiveness of that person whom thy sin has assailed. 4. Afterwards, they keep back the soul, at the Kinvad bridge, till the time when its antagonist arrives and exacts justice from it; then it obtains release. 5. Every time that any one applies a falsehood or a slander to some person, so that people are after ? Lp, B29 have 'it is proceeding every year to a head!' * Any sin that injures another party who, thereupon, becomes an accuser and must be satisfied, by atonement, before the sin can be expiated (see Sls. VIII, 1 n). 3 Lp, B29 have applies falsehood and slander to any one.' * See Chap. LXIII, 11. Lp omits these twelve words. [24] x Digitized by Google

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306 SAD DAR. wards telling that falsehood again, and it vexes the heart of that person, they are bringing punishment ever anew on the soul of that former one. 6. The sin does not depart through the performance of duties and good works, so long as he does not make his antagonist satisfied. 7. This is a grave sin, and it is requisite to be careful that they do not commit it. CHAPTER XLIII. 1. The forty-third subject is this, that it is necessary to make an endeavour to kill noxious creatures and reptiles (hasarat) of the earth; because, in revelation?, it is put forth as a great good work. * 2. Especially these five things :-One is the frog in the water, the second is the snake and scorpion, the third is the ant (markis) that flies, the fourth is the common ant (morkah), and the fifth is the mouse. 3. Therefores, every time that they bring a frog up, out of the water, and make it dry, and, after (ba'hd) that, kill it, it is a good work of a thousand and two hundred dirhams in weight 4. 4. And every time that they kill a snake, and recite the Avesta that is appointed for that occasions, it is 1 See Vend. XIV, 9-17, XVIII, 144-146. If markis were Pahlavi, it would mean 'the deadly thing.' Possibly the locust' (mala'h) is meant, but the description in SS 6 is rather perplexing. 8 Lp omits therefore,' and B20 has and.' * See Chap. XII, 9 n. The frog is considered noxious because it is supposed to injure the water, being generally found in stagnant pools which are unwholesome. An Avesta passage of about thirty words, to be used on such occasions, is to be found in the Rivayats, but is still unedited. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLII, 6-XLIV, 2. 307 just as though they have slain an apostate (ashmogh). 5. For every one who kills a flying ant (markis) it is as much good work as for any one who is reciting inward prayer for ten days. 6. Among the creatures of Aharman nothing whatever is more harmful than this; for, if it dies in the air (hava) it becomes a gnat, if it dies in the dust it becomes a worm, if it dies in the water it becomes a leech', if it dies among the excavators of flesh it becomes a venomous snake (mar-i af'hai), and if it dies in dung it becomes creeping things. 7. For every one who kills a corndragging ant it is as much good work as for any one who recites the Hormazd Yast. 8. And for every one who kills many noxious creatures it is as much good work as for a priest who performs the ceremonial of the sacred beings; both good works are equal. 9. For every one who kills a mouse it is as much good work as if four lions are killed 10. Therefore, it is incumbent on every one to make an effort to kill a noxious creature. CHAPTER XLIV. 1. The forty-fourth subject is this, that it is not desirable for those of the good religion, so far as they are able to manage it, to put a bare foot upon the grounds, because it is a sin, and injuryt occurs to Spendarmad , the archangel. 2. And they call that the sin of running about uncovered. 1 B29 has 'hedgehog.' Ants and mice (or rats) are considered noxious on account of the damage they do to certain crops and farmers' stores. See Sls. X, 12. * Lp has only because injury.' See Chap. XXXIII, 2 n. x 2 Digitized by Google

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308 SAD DAR. CHAPTER XLV. 1. The forty-fifth subject is this, that it is continually necessary that people should keep in remembrance the accomplishment of repentance (tad bat). 2. Every time that a sin leaps from control it is necessary to act so that they go before the priests, high-priests, and spiritual chiefs, and accomplish repentance. 3. Andi in accordance with the sin should be the good work, just as though the good work were due to that occasion when they accomplish it. 4. While mankind are living, it becomes every year a further benefit. 5. Sin is also, in like manner, going on to a head every year; and when they accomplish repentance, so that it may not increase further, it is just like a tree that becomes withered, and they extirpate its further growth. 6. And that repentance is better which they accomplish before high-priests and spiritual chiefs, and when they accomplish the retribution that the highpriest orders every sin that exists departs from them. 7. The repentance that high-priests accomplish they likewise call repentance?. 8. If there be no highpriest it is necessary to go before some persons who are commissioned by high-priests; and if those, also, do not exist, it is necessary to go to a man who is a friend of the soul, and to accomplish the repentance. 1 Lp, B29 have 'for.' ? Here and throughout the rest of the chapter B29 has patit, renunciation of sin,' instead of taubat. The outward form of repentance consists of the recitation of the patit, in which all imaginable sins are mentioned and renounced. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLV, I-XLVI, 2. 309 9. At the time when one shall depart from the world it is incumbent on sons and daughters and relations, that they give repentance into the mouth of the afflicted one, and that they give the Ashemvoha1 into his mouth. 10. For the high-priests have said that, when they have accomplished repentance because they have committed many sins, they do not arrive in hell, but they administer punishment to them at the head of the Kinvad bridge, and afterwards conduct them to their own place. 11. Repentance is that when they accomplish repentance of the sin which they have committed, and do not commit that sin a second time; if they do commit it, that first sin then comes back?. CHAPTER XLVI. 1. The forty-sixth subject is this, that, when people become fourteen years of age, it is necessary to tie on the sacred thread-girdles, because the highpriests have said that it is likewise necessary to take into account those nine months that they have been in the womb of the mother. 2. For in our religion there is no duty better than wearing the sacred thread-girdle, and it is incumbent . See Chap. VII, 1 n. ? That is, repentance is not a mere penance, but requires a change of will, a veritable renunciation of that sin for the future; otherwise it is useless. See Chap. X, which mentions fifteen years in accordance with Vend. XVIII, 115, 120. But Sls. X, 13 recommends fourteen years and three months as more prudent, no doubt for the reason stated here in the text. Digitized by Google

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310 SAD DAR. on man and woman. 3. And, in former days, if any one should have become completely fifteen years of age, and should not have worn the sacred threadgirdle, they would have done for him by stoning, as bread and water are forbidden (haram) for him. CHAPTER XLVII. 1. The forty-seventh subject is this, that, when a child of seven years shall die, an order is necessary that it is requisite to perform a ceremony (yast) for Srosh? on account of it, and to consecrate the sacred cake of the fourth night". 2. For it says in revelation that the souls of children go with the souls of their fathers and mothers; if the father is fit for heaven the child goes to heaven with him, if he be fit for hell it arrives in hell; if the mother be fit for heaven it reaches heaven with her, if she be fit for hell it reaches hell with her. 3. Therefore, every time that they accomplish the ceremony for Srosh, the soul of that child becomes separated from the souls of its father and mother, and goes to heaven, and is imploring intercession (sifa'ha t) for its father and mother in the presence of the sacred beings in that other world. 1 See Mkh. II, 115 n. . That is, most of the ceremonies requisite after the death of an adult, as detailed in Chap. LXXXVII, are also to be performed in this case, for the reason here given. * Lp omits these twenty-three words. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLVI, 3-XLIX, 1. 311 CHAPTER XLVIII 1. 1. The forty-eighth subject is this, that, when they boil a cooking-pot, it is necessary to make the water two parts of one-third each, that one-third of the pot may be empty; so that, if at any time the pot shall boil, the water shall not go to the top? 2. For if they do not act so, and the water, owing to not stopping, goes into the fire", it is a sin of a thousand and two hundred dirhams in weight; therefore it is necessary to keep watch that this sin does not arise. CHAPTER XLIX. 1. The forty-ninth subject is this, that, when one 1 There is some confusion in the MSS. as to the arrangement of a few of the following chapters. The order here adopted is that of B29, J15, which is here in accordance with the metrical MSS., although Chaps. 48-56 are numbered 52-60 in the latter, owing to variations in the earlier part of the work. In La Chaps. 48-50 have been originally omitted, but part of 48, prefixed to a portion of 50, has been afterwards inserted in the margin, and Chap. 49 has been similarly added after the last chapter in the book. In Lp the chapters are arranged as follows:-48, 51-53, 49, 54, 56, while 50, 55 are omitted. Lp, B29, J15 add and the water not go into the fire.' La, Lp add ' at least one-third should be water in such a manner that it becomes wet from ear to ear. It is necessary to keep the mouth continually closed, so that the water shall not go into the mouth,' but the passage in brackets is clearly a portion of Chap. L, 2, 3; it was originally written also in J15, but has been struck out of that MS. 3 La has 'if a drop of' La has 'mouth ;' the passage in that MS. being evidently the end of Chap. L, 3. La has of three hundred stirs,' as in Chap. L, 3, and omits the rest of the text. The two amounts are identical, and are equivalent to a Tanavar or Tanapuhar sin (see Sis. I, 2). * Inserted in La after the last chapter in the book, and numbered C. In Lp it is numbered LII. Digitized by Google

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312 SAD DAR. gathers up a fire, it is requisite to leave it for a time, so that the ash-bed (bum) of the fire may become cold; afterwards, one is to take it up and carry it to the precinct of fire. 2. It is not proper that they carry the ash-bed (zamin) of a hot fire to the precinct of fire; so far is notorious. CHAPTER L? 1. The fiftieth subject is this, that, every day at dawn, when they rise up from sleep, it is not proper to wash the hands first with water. 2. The ceremonial ablution is to wash the hands, face, nose, eyes, and feet thoroughly, either with fruit (mivah)? or some grass upon which no water has come; afterwards, to make them dry, and to wash them three times with water in such a manner that it becomes wet from the face as far as the ears. 3. It is necessary to keep the mouth closed, so that the water shall not go into the mouth ; for if a drop, owing to not stopping, goes into the mouth, it is a sin of three hundred stirst. 4. Afterwards, one is to wash the hands three times with water, as far as the upper arms; first the right hand, and afterwards the left hand; and, in like manner, he is to wash the right foot and left foot. 1 Omitted in La, Lp, though the former contains a portion of this chapter annexed to part of Chap. XLVIII, and most of its contents are repeated, in other words, in Chap. LXXIV. ? Perhaps mivah may be taken as an adjective from miv,'hair;' in which case we should have' with something either hairy or grassy.' According to the long-metre Sad Dar, the liquid to be used for this first wetting is either goat's or bull's urine. La has from ear to ear' (see Chap. XLVIII, 1 n). * A Tanavar or Tanapuhar sin (see Sls. I, 3). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIX, 2-LI, 6. 313 5. Then they recite the Kem-na-mazda", for, every time that they wish to recite anything as an inward prayer, it is necessary that the hands be washed with ceremonial ablution?, and, if they are not, the Avesta is not accepted, and the fiend of corruption (nasus) does not rush away, and it becomes a Tanavar sin. CHAPTER LI. 1. The fifty-first subject is this, that it is incumbent on every one to send a child to school, and to teach it something. 2. Because every duty and good work that a child performs is just as though the father and mother had performed it with their own hands. 3. Therefore it is necessary to make an effort, so that they may teach them something good, and make them aware of good works and sin; for they are doing that on account of their own souls, so that those children may be courageous in doing good works. 43. If they are not taught, they then perform less duty and good works, and less reaches the souls of the father and mother. 5. And it also happens that if they do not deliver children to school, and do not teach them anything, and they become bold in committing sin, that sino becomes fixed on the necks of the father and mother. 6. Therefore they have decided rightly who teach See Chap. XXXV, 2 n, which chapter, as well as Chap. LXXIV, treats of nearly the same subject. 2 As described in $8 2-4. 8 Lp, B29 insert because.' * B29 has that commission of sin.' * B29 has 'rightly for the children, at the time when they.' Digitized by Google

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314 SAD DAR. them something, especially what is proper and improper according to revelation ; because the chief principle is this, whether, through the duty of this world, a good or bad result is coming hereafter. CHAPTER LII. 1. The fifty-second subject is this, that it is incumbent on every one that, every year when the month Fravardin comes on, he is to provide a sacred cake on the day Khurdadi, and whatever they are able to bring to hand, a little of everything, they are to place by that sacred cake, and to consecrate it with the dedicatory formula Ayaranamka', so that 1 That is, on the sixth day of the first month of the Parsi year, a day which is called Khurdad-sal and kept sacred, because it is said to be the anniversary of many remarkable events, of which the following are mentioned in a Pahlavi tract that is also translated in the Persian Rivayats (B29, fol. 401) :-On that day worldly life was created, Gayomard came into the world and slew Arezur, Mashya and Mashyoi grew up from the ground, Hoshang appeared, Takhmorup made Aharman his steed, Yim made the world free from death and decay, brought on a truce (? padmanak) with hell, and established depositories for the dead and new year's day, Fredun divided the world between his three sons, Manuskihar slew two of them, and rescued the world from Frasyak, Sam the Narimanian slew the demon Gandarepak (7), Kai-Khusroi slew Frasyak and went to heaven, leaving the sovereignty to Lorasp, Zaratust came to converse with Adharmazd and received the religion from him, KaiVistasp accepted the religion, eighteen things come in eighteen years to Khusro son of Allharmazd, Vahram the Vargavand comes from the Hindus, Peshyotanu, son of Vistasp, comes from Kangdez, Hushedar comes to converse with Adharmazd, Sam slays Az-i Dahak and rules till Kai-Khusroi reappears to reign for fifty-seven years, with Soshans as supreme high-priest, after which Kai-Vistasp resumes the sovereignty, and Zaratust the priestship, and the tesurrection takes place on the same day of the year. * Corrected from airyanamka in all MSS. See Af. I, 1 as far as saredhanamka, then gathabyo, &c. (Af. II, 1). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LII, 1-LIII, 4. 315 the affairs of that year may be better through that day's provision and the entry and coming in of guests. 2. For it is declared in revelation', that, every year, when the day Khurdad of the month Fravardin comes on, they allot a daily provision for mankind, and whatever one wishes to pass to the lot of mankind in that year they write down that day. 3. Therefore, when they shall consecrate this sacred cake, the archangel Khurdad is making intercession for that person. CHAPTER LIII. 1. The fifty-third subject is this, that, when, in formers times, any one wished to go on a journey (safar) that might have been at least twelve leagues (parasang), they would have consecrated a sacred cake, so that no affliction might happen in that journey, and affairs might be according to their wish, and employments (sughl): cheerful. 2. And it is still incumbent on every one that, when they wish to go on a journey, they are to consecrate this sacred cake. 3. And, while the person is on the journey, he should order the consecration of this sacred cake, in his house, every Bahiram day, so that that person may arrive in safety (sala mat) at his house. 4. 1 B29 has 'in the good religion.' * See Horvadad (Mkh. II, 34). 3 La, Lp omit 'former.' * B29 has less than.' 6 Lp, B29 insert might become.' & The twentieth day of the Parsi month. Digitized by Google

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316 SAD DAR. The dedicatory formula is this-Amahe hutastahel and is known to the priest himself. Chapter LIV. 1. The fifty-fourth subject is this, that if any one has a serving wife?, and if the acquisition of a male child results from her, it is suitable for adoption by that persona, and the bridge is not severed for that person. 2. But if it be a female child it is necessary that the man should not be negligent (ghafil) in appointing an adopted son for his own sake. 3. He should himself appoint a son of some relation, who is a friend of the soul, so that the bridge may not be severed for his soul. CHAPTER LV6. 1. The fifty-fifth subject is this, that when a Navazud? ceremony is performed, and it happens that it is not possible to consecrate a sacred cake, it is necessary that one should eat bread with the Hormazd inward prayer; and, afterwards, he should 1 The dedication to the angel Bahiram, which begins with these words (see Sir. I, 20). ? A childless widow who has married again, and half of whose children, by her second husband, belong to her first one, to whom she also belongs in the other world (see Bd. XXXII, 6 n). 3 B29 has if a male child be born.' * The child being considered to belong to its mother's first husband, can be only an adopted son of her second husband. * The Kinvad bridge, which is the passage to heaven. 6 Lp omits this chapter. See Chap. V, 1 n. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LIV, I-LVI, 5. 317 complete the prayer just as when they complete it as regards the sacred cake, so that the sin may be less. CHAPTER LVI. 1. The fifty-sixth subject is this, that, when any one wishes to make an evacuation of water, it is necessary that he should not make the evacuation of water while standing on his feet. 2. Because, in the commentary of the Vendtdad, it is said, concerning that, that it is a serious sin. 3. When they squat for evacuating water it is necessary that it extend only from the heel as far as the end of the toes; for, if it be more, every drop is a Tanavar sin. 4. And, when they wish to squat for the evacuation of water, they are to utter one Yatha-ahu-vairyo 3; and, when the action is over, they are to recite the Ashem-vohu + three times, the Humatanam twice, the Hukhshathrotemaie three times, the Yatha-ahu-vairyo four times, and the Ahunem-vairim? to the end. 5. Because, every time that they act like this, they are pleasant in the eyes and hearts of mankind, and their words are more approved in the vicinity of kings. 1 Pahl. Vend. XVIII, 98. Lp, B29 have that they do not make the evacuation of water more than.' * See Mkh. XXVII, 70 n. See Chap. VII, 1 n. The recitation of this and the four following formulas is commanded in Vend. XVIII, 97. 6 Yas. XXXV, 4-6. . Yas. XXXV, 13-15. ? Yas. XIV, end. Digitized by Google

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318 SAD DAR. CHAPTER LVII. 1. The fifty-seventh subject is this, that it is not proper to kill a hedgehog; and, everywhere that they see it, it is necessary to take it up and carry it into the wilderness (sa'hra), so that it may go into a hole, which is ever considered a great good work. 2. Because, when a hedgehog is in their nest?, some ants will die; it will also catch and eat thousands of snakes and other harmful creatures, and it eats all noxious creatures. 3. Therefore, owing to the whole of this, these words are expedient. CHAPTER LVIII. 1. The fifty-eighth subject is this, that it is ever necessary that those of the good religion should make an effort that they may celebrate a ceremony for their living souls. 2. For the soul, for which they have celebrated a ceremony 3, just as much good work as it then becomes each year, it is twice as much good work the second year. 3. So that, in this manner, the merit of the ceremony for the living soul is increasing just so much every year, while the man is living. 4. And, after that, this also occurs, that, if at the time when that person becomes an immortal soul there be no one at hand-Srosh being the angel when the ceremony for the living soul is celebrated-Srosh, the righteous, receives the soul by 1 Lp, B29 have 'goes into an ant's nest.' 2 B29 omits these four words. * B29 has for every time that they have celebrated a ceremony for the living soul.' + See Mkh. II, 115 n. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LVII, 1-LVIII, 9. 319 himself, and is keeping watch over it during the three days, and does not forsake it, so that no danger or harm happens to it. 5. And the fourth night he is a helper, with the angel Rashn?, at the Kinvad bridge, while they make up its account and reckoning, and it goes to its own place. 6. And this ceremony for the living soul is appointed for the reason that, just in the manner that, when an infant becomes separated from the mother, a midwife (qabilat) is necessary for it, so that they may keep watch over it, and just in the manner that she takes up the infants from the ground-and, at the time when it is born, it is ever necessary that there be a woman present ('hazirat), or they may perform work for the infant at a time fit for the demon in this same manner, when the soul is becoming separated from the body it is like an infant (tifl), and does not know any way to its place. 7. When they celebrate a ceremony for the living soul, and have propitiated. the righteous Srosh, the righteous Srosh becomes like the midwife, so that he receives that soul by himself, and keeps watch that it is out of the hands of Aharman and the demons. 8. When they do not celebrate a ceremony for the soul when living, but, after that", the priests perform it before Srosh, it is like that which occurs when a woman brings forth a child, and after that they set her before the midwife. 9. And it happens that while some one is coming in, who takes up that child and wraps it up, it has perished. 1 While it is supposed to stay near the body. 9 B29 adds and the angel Mihir. See Mkh. II, 118, 119. 8 Lp, B29 have merely and she takes it up.' Lp adds it is necessary that.' Lp adds they make no enquiry (talab) about it before her.' Digitized by Google

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320 SAD DAR. 10. Therefore, as she does the needful which they should do earlier by the hand of some one, in this same manner it makes it incumbent on every one to celebrate a ceremony for his own living soul, so that it may be free (iman) from these misfortunes. 11. And that, if his decease occurs in any place where there may be no one who will celebrate a ceremony for his soul, since a ceremony for the living soul is celebrated, there are no arrears for him, and he is free. 12. And, in many things, it is that ceremony for the living soul which is expedient, especially in these times when the priests have remained few in number; and, when it is celebrated by one's own hands, it is a great duty. CHAPTER LIX. 1. The fifty-ninth subject is this, that, in the good and pure religion of the Mazda-worshippers, they have not commanded the women to perform the Nyayises?. 2. And their Nyayises are these, that three times every day, at dawn, mid-dayt prayer, and evening prayer, they stand back in the presence of their own husbands, and fold their arms and speak thus : What are thy thoughts, so that I may think them; what is necessary for thee, so that I may speak it; and what is necessary for thee, so that I may do it?' 3. For, any command, and whatever the husband 1 B29 adds 'this also happens.' ? Periodical salutations of the sun and moon (see Chap. VI, 2), fire and water. Lp, B29 have 'for.' * Literally former, early.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LVIII, 10-LX, 5. 321 orders, it is requisite to go about that day. 4. And, certainly, without the leave (riza) of the husband she is to do no work, so that the Lord may be pleased with that wife. 5. For the satisfaction of the sacred being is in a reverence (ya st) for the satisfaction of the husband; so that every time that they perform work by command of the husband they call them righteous in the religion; and if not, what do they call them? CHAPTER LX. 1. The sixtieth subject is this, that we are keeping the good and pure religion of the Mazda-worshippers with us, so that escape from hell may be possible for our souls 2. And we are completely united in hope, and through investigation (ta'hqiq) we fully understand that, when we are steadfast in the good religion, we arrive in heaven. 3. And we know that arrival in heaven occurs through virtuous actions, and through them we are saved; so that we think of good", speak of good, and do good. 4. And no doing of good is better than that which offers itself when a difficult duty comes before one of the good religion as his soul wishes to depart. 5. Since it comes to thee, do thou give help to that which has escaped his hand, so that he may come out of that hindrance; and do thou not forsake him 1 Lp has merely 'is in,' and B29 has 'is connected with.' * Lp has through hope.' * B29, J15 have that in the good and pure religion of the Mazdaworshippers it is declared that we are maintaining a hope that the ,,soul may obtain escape from hell.' 4 La puts the thinking of good last of the three... ... . [24] Digitized by Google

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322 ,SAD DAR. so that he relinquishes the religion. 6. For after that, while he is in the religion, and while his children, after him, are in the religion', every duty and good work that he does--and his children-is just like those which are done by thine own hand. 7. And it is just like that with regard to poll-tax, it is also indispensable to give it in semblance of help, so that they may give that person his release (hala:), and he may stay in his own place, and the advantage of a good work (Thavab) may come to that other person. CHAPTER LXI. 1. The sixty-first subject is this, that it is requisite to abstain strictly from speaking falsehood; so that, every time that mankind indulge in the speaking of falsehood with fondness?, it is not proper to do so; and falsehood is the chief 4 of all sins. 2. Zaratust enquired of Hormazd thus: 'Who is a liar like?' 3. Hormazd, the good and propitious, said: *A liar is a co-operator with Aharman.' 4. In revelation it says that there is no hereafter (a'hirat) for the speakers of falsehood, and in the midst of mankind they are contemptible ('haqir). 5. If such a man be powerful (mu'htasim), and there be no avoiding (hadhar) him in the vicinity - * B29 omits these ten words. | Lp omits these fourteen words. * B29 omits these twenty words. * This seems to have been the meaning intended, judging from $$ 2-6; otherwise it might be translated end' or 'result,' especially as the writer has characterised other sins as the chief' (see Chaps. IX, 2, XXV, 8). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LX, 6-LXII, 5. 323 of mankind, they do not have any respect for him, and he is clearly (farzam) an evil liar. 6. Although he possesses much wealth, it will all depart from his hands, and, finally ('haqibat), begging of mankind occurs to him, and his progeny also becomes scanty'. CHAPTER LXII. 1. The sixty-second subject is this, that it is necessary to take early to the speaking of truth and doing of justice, and to maintain oneself therein, for nothing whatever is better among mankind than truth. 2. Owing to truth Hormazd created this world and that other world, and truth has remained on the spot, and on account of truth it becomes pure. 3. And the accursed Aharman, being devoid of anything good, does not issue from that which is owing to truth. 4. It is requisite to occasion the resurrection owing to truth; and, as to every place where truth is not taken up, the glory in that place has found a way out, and as to every household where much of this resides, it is on account of truth, and Aharman does not find a way into that place. 5. It is said in revelation that one truthful man is better than a whole world ('halam) speaking falsehood; and Gavah of Ispahan 2--when he kept his stand upon the truth, and was speaking words with truth until the time when Dahaks, who possessed the His revolt against Dahak is 1 Lp omits these six words. B29 adds he was a blacksmith. detailed in the Shahnamah. $ See Mkh. VIII, 29 n. Y 2 Digitized by Google

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324 SAD DAR. whole realm, and the whole of the demons and mankind have been afraid of him, through the truth of the words spoken-was bold with them in every speech, and became victorious (muthaffar) over them, by reason of the true words that he was speaking. 6. The accursed Aharman, when he perceived the spirit of truth, had fallen senseless three thousand years 1. 7. From fear of truth he never managed to hold up his head, and from fear of truth he did not manage to come into this world . 8. And everything that thou settest thy gaze (nathar) upon therein, that has remained on the spot when thou seekest again an examination of it, has remained through truth. 9. And the interpretation of the Ashem-vohus is in truth, and, for that reason, they recite the Ashem-vohu frequently. CHAPTER LXIII. 1. The sixty-third subject is this, that it is necessary to practise strict abstinence from adultery on this account, that through every one who beguiles the wife of another, and commits iniquity with her, that woman becomes, in a moment, unlawful as regards her husband. 2. And, after that, every time her husband comes round about her, it is just as though she had gone near to a strange man. 3. The righteous bestowalt of herself on her own husband, in this 1 See Bd. I, 22. The spirit of truth was his opposite, the spento mainyus or 'bountiful spirit' of Hormazd. ? See Bd. III, 1-5. * See Chap. VII, 1 n. * Lp inserts "he shall wish.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXII, 6-LXIII, IO. 325 situation is always worse than his going with women of a different religion, on this account, that, if that wife becomes pregnant, it is just as though one of the good religion had fallen away into a different religion, and thereby that man becomes worthy of death. 4. And it also happens, when that wife becomes pregnant, that she may effect the slaughter of the infant, from fear of a bad reputation. 5. Then, for that person whose child it is, it is just as though he had effected the slaughter of the child with his own hand; therefore, he is worthy of death. 6. If the infant be born, and it remains in the religion, every sin that that child of his commits is, for that person, just as though it were committed by his own hand. 7. And if a woman of those of the good religion commits adultery, she becomes in a condition unlawful as regards her husband; and if an infant be born it is illegitimate. 8. And the sin owing to this will depart at the time when that person goes near to her husband and shall say: "What is there in me befitting thy wife ? 9. A calamity (ak) has occurred, and a crime ('hata) has come into my body; thou knowest if thou wilt exercise forgiveness ('hafu), and if not, when it is not for me, do thou kill me; my blood is lawful (halal) unto thee.' 10. If he shall kill her, her sin will depart owing to this; * B29 has 'it never becomes a righteous bestowal of herself on her husband, and if, in this situation, he is also.' * B29 omits 'and. Lp, B29 have it does not remain,' but the text seems to be assuming that the illicit origin of the child is unsuspected, in which case it would undoubtedly remain in the religion, as it would probably do in any case. Digitized by Google

Page #791
326 SAD DAR. otherwise, this sin will not depart from her in any manner (naval). II. And one calls this sin a sin affecting antagonists, and, so long as the antagonist does not become satisfied, the sin flows ons, and they keep his soul back at the head of the Kinyad bridge, till the time that its antagonist shall arrive and himself accomplishes his antagonism, and they give him back a reply: Chapter LXIV. 1. The sixty-fourth subject is this, that it is necessary to practise great abstinence from committing theft and seizing anything from mankind by force. 2. For it is declared in revelation that, as to every one who steals one dirham away from another, when they really know it, it is necessary to take two dirhams away from him; one dirham being that which was carried off, and one dirham as the fine of him who committed the theft. 3. It is also requisite to cut off one ear, and it is necessary to strike ten blows with a stick, and to detain him one period in prison. 1 B29 omits these eleven words. ? Or accusers (see Chap. XLII, 1, 2). 3 B29 has 'it flows on,' if we read bi-rezad; but the Gugarati translator seems to take gunah-barezad (Av. berezant) as a technical epithet for the soul, as though he would say they keep back the soul of him whose sin is rampant.' That is, the investigating angels announce their decision as to the proper fate of the soul they have detained. 5 B29, J15 have 'violence.' :. A silver coin of 63 grains in weight, or about 5$ annas (see Dd. LII, 1 n); say, seven-pence. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXIII, 11-LXIV, 10. 327 4. And if he shall steal another dirham, in the same manner one is to take away two dirhams", to cut off the other ear, to strike twenty blows with a stick, and to detain him two periods: in prison. 5. And if he shall steal three dirhams and two dangs, it is requisite to cut off his right hand. 6. If he shall steal five hundred dirhams 5, it is requisite to hang him. 7. On the spot the punishment is this, and among the spirits it brings punishment on the soul itself. 8. And, if the other person does not know it, they take away twice as much good work, among the spirits, from that thief, and give it to the soul of this person. 9. If the thief possesses no good works, they give the compensation from the constantlybeneficial treasurye, and exhibit the punishment on the soul of that thief. 10. As to that person who has seized anything 1 Lp has 'two.' ? Lp has 'to take four.' & The Gugarati translator takes 'one period as one ghadi (24 minutes),' but 'two periods' as 21 ghadi (one hour).' The word sa'hat, 'period,' means also an hour,' but so short a term of imprisonment seems improbable. 4 That is, 31 dirhams, nearly it rupi, or, say, two shillings. 6 That is, 175 rupis, or, say, PS 14 12S. o Where all supererogatory good works are supposed to be kept in store by the angels, for the purpose of granting them to souls who deserve them, but have been unable to acquire a sufficiency. It is said to be situated in the endless light' of heaven, and is the misvano gatus hvadhato, 'ever-benefiting place, the self-sustained,' of Vend. XIX, 122. Perhaps gang, 'treasury,' may have been originally gung, space,' which would better suit the idea of a 'self-sustained place' (see Dd. XXVI, 3, XXXI, 24, XXXVII, 22, 24, XXXVIII, 3). The term 'treasurer,' applied to the female personifications of conscience who meet the soul with the stores of its good works and sins (see Sg. IV, 92-96), seems to have no connection with this treasury of other people's good works. Digitized by Google

Page #793
328 SAD DAR, from another by force, among the spirits they seize back four things as compensation for every single one. 11. And if, on the spot where people capture him, he makes it convenient to return four things in compensation for one, when they have fully understood, as they capture that person who is committing highway-robbery, that he makes it convenient", they may kill him at once. CHAPTER LXV. 1. The sixty-fifth subject is this, that every one is to practise thanksgiving continually, and it is requisite that he maintains it through good and bad; and he is to keep in view the benefits of Hormazd. 2. Because the creator: Hormazd demands two things from mankind, the one is that one should not commit sin, and the other is that one should practise thanksgiving. 3. And how much soever more grateful mankind become, through virtue and worthiness as regards him, they grant more abundant daily provision for the grateful than that which is for other persons. 4. And as to every one who is not grateful to him, the bread that he eats becomes unlawful, and it is not proper for any one to do good in connection with him. 1 Twice as much as in cases of theft without violence (see SS 2). * So that they may not interfere with such benefit for his soul as he may obtain by atonement. These old priestly laws having much more consideration for the soul than for the body. 3 La has 'to portray.' * Lp omits these fourteen words. 5 The angels. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXIV, II-LXV, 12. 329 5. And it is declared in revelation that when an unthankful person dies, wherever they deposit his corpse, the archangel Spendarmadi is trembling like a sheep that sees a wolf. 6. And as to a bird that eats that corpse, on whatever tree it rests and settles, it makes that tree wither away, and the person who sits down in the shadow of the tree becomes ill. 7. There are different things that it is necessary for those of the good religion to make predominant over themselves. 8. One is to exercise liberality in connection with the worthy; the second is to do justice; the third is to be friendly unto every one; and the fourth is to be sincere and true, and to keep falsehood far from themselves. 9. And these four habits ('hajlat) are the principles (a31) of the religion of Zaratust, and it is necessary, when thou listenest to them thyself, that thou dost not listen to any one else: 10. Because the creator Hormazd says, 'O Zaratust! if thou wilt that thou become pure and saved, and that thou arrive at the place of the pure, do thou accomplish these two duties :--11. One is this, that thou prefer the friendship of the spiritual existence to that of the worldly one, and consider the things of the world as contemptible and those of the spirit precious; on this account the glory of the world is sought* with scorn, and do not thou let the spirit escape. 12. The second is this, that thou speak truly with every one and act justly with me, * See Chap. XXXIII, 2 n. Lp, B29 omit archangel.' Lp omits these nine words. Lp has that what thou listenest to thyself, thou listenest to as regards any one else.' B29 has that what thou dost not approve for thyself, thou dost not do to any one else' (see SS 12). - B19 has on this account the world is sought again.' Digitized by Google

Page #795
330 SAD DAR. that is, whatever thou dost not approve for thyself do not approvel for any one else; when thou hast acted in this manner thou art righteous.' CHAPTER LXVI. 1. The sixty-sixth subject is this, that it is incumbent on all women ? to order the days (ayyam) of the Dvazdah-homasts, because the whole of any sin that may have arisen during menstruation, and at other times, becomes cleared away thereby. 2. And in the commentary of the Vendidad it says that every one becomes sanctified in the days of the Dvazdah-homast, and all sins become cleared away from her, like that which occurs at harvest time, when a great wind comes on and carries it off; just like this the sin departs from her, and the person becomes clean and pure. 3. And, for women 4, there is no duty more indispensable than this; for it is declared in revelation that, when they celebrate a Dvazdah-homast, it is a good work of a hundred thousand Tanavars, and if 1 B29 has perform. * B29 has on the wives of every one,' and J15 has on every one.' In the Gugarati version (p. 310) of the long-metre Sad Dar Dastur Jamaspji states, in a foot-note, that the Dvazdah-homast consists of a Yazisn ceremony every day for 144 days, in honour of twelve angels, so that each angel is reverenced for twelve successive days. He stated formerly (see Byt. II, 59 n) that this celebration was a Homast, and that a Dvazdah-homast was a similar celebration for 264 days in honour of twenty-two angels for twelve days each. It appears, however, from Chap. XLI, 7, 20, that the number of ceremonies may vary with the wealth of the individual. Lp omits these thirteen words. See Sls. XVI, 6. Digitized by Google

Page #796
CHAPTER LXVI, I-LXVII, 7. 331 it be the days of the Dvazdah-homast it is a good work of a thousand thousand Tanavars, and when they celebrate it by day it is a good work just like this. CHAPTER LXVII. 1. The sixty-seventh subject is this, that it is necessary for women to practise great abstinence from committing adultery. 2. For it is declared in revelation, as to every woman who has lain with a strange man, thus: "What is it necessary to call her, and why is the explanation that she is of one nature with all wizards and sinners ?' 3. And in the commentary of the Vendidad it says "" every woman who consorts with two strange men is the first down upon me, who am Hormazd. 4. For if she takes a look into a river of water it will make it diminish, if she takes a look at a tree or shrub the fruit of the trees becomes scanty, and if she speaks a word with a righteous man it will make the glory of the man diminish." 5. Zaratust enquired of Hormazd, "What occurs on her account ?" 6. The creator Hormazd spoke thus: "It is necessary to kill her sooner than a biting serpent and similar creatures and wild beasts, because she is more harmful to my creatures." 7. Therefore, since she is like this, it is necessary for women to keep themselves with great effort, so that they may not become unlawful unto their own * B29 has' and it is by reason of that fault.' What follows is a free paraphrase of Vend. XVIII, 123-132. Lp omits these four words. * Lp, B29 add 'and purity.' * Lp, B29 have what is necessary. Digitized by Google

Page #797
332 SAD DAR. husbands. 8. For, every time that one of them gives herself four times to another person, she is, after that, unlawful as long as she may be in the house of her husband, and new sin is increasing in connection with her souls. CHAPTER LXVIII. 1. The sixty-eighth subject is this, that for a menstruous woman who casts an eye upon a fire it is a sin of twelve dirhams in weight 4; and if she goes within three steps of the fire it is a sin of a thousand and two hundred dirhams in weight for her; and when she puts her hand to the fire it is a sin of fifteen Tanavars for her. 2. In like manner, if she takes a look at running water it is a sin of twelve dirhams in weight for here; if she goes within fifteen steps of running water it is a sin of fifteen dirhams in weight for her; and when she sits down in running water it is a sin of fifteen Tanavars for her. 3. And when she walks in the rain, through every drop that drops upon her limbs there arises a sin of one Tanavar for her. 4. If she comes to a Khurshed Nyayis?, to observe it, it is not proper for her to speak a word with a 1 B29 has unlawful when.' 2 This seems to be the author's interpretation of the following commentary (Pahl. Vend. XVIII, 124a) :-And it is no matter to her; for, when cohabitation is three times conceded by her, she is worthy of death. Gogosasp said that this is an adulteress who is kept within bounds.' 9 B29 has 'increasing as to water and fire.' * About 756 grains, possibly four Farman sins (see Sls. XI, 2). * A Tanavar or Tanapuhar sin (see Sls. I, 2). * B29 omits this clause. ' Or salutation of the sun. Digitized by Google

Page #798
CHAPTER LXVII, 8-LXVIII, 11. 333 righteous man'. 5. It is not proper for her to put a bare foot on the ground. 6. It is not proper for her to eat any food with a bare hand; it is not proper for her to eat bread when satisfied. 7. It is not proper for two menstruous women to eat together; it is not proper for them to sleep so 3. 8. And so long as three days have not elapsed it is not proper to wash the hands, and three days after that, if she has perceived herself clean, it is requisite to remain another day, and so until the lapse of nine days, when, if she has perceived herself clean, it is not necessary to remain to the end of 5 another interval of time. 9. If menstruation occurs for twenty-nine days, it is necessary to consider that she is menstruous a second time, and during three other days it is not proper to wash again, and it is necessary to exercise care, just like that which? I first wrote about. 10. If she be doubtful whether menstruation is come to her, it is requisite for her to strip off her dress, and then to take notice if she has become menstruous, or if the dress that is stripped off be clean. 11. If she has an infant to feed with her milk, 1 SS 4 in B29 is as follows :-- It is not proper for her to take a look at the sun, or at a righteous man.' ? La, B29 have ser, but Lp has sir, 'milk,' which is also the reading taken by the Gugarati translator who must have understood the clause as follows:- It is not proper for her so to eat bread and milk.' 8 B29 adds and it is not desirable for their limbs to touch each other.' + B29 has head.' 6 B29 has it is requisite to remain for.' . La omits these ten words, as well as a second time' further on. 7 B29 has merely the care which.' Digitized by Google

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334 SAD DAR. one puts away the dress from the infant, and gives it to the mother till it has fed on the milk, and then it is proper to give it to other persons. 12. It is pure, but when the mother washes her head she also washes the head of the infant. 13. And it is necessary for a menstruous woman that she should not pass by the end of? anything ceremonially washed, for, if it be a thousand cubits (gaz) in length, she makes the whole of it polluted, and it becomes unclean. 14. With any one who holds a sacred-twig stands she should not speak a word; and if a priest holds the sacred twigs in his hand, and a menstruous woman speaks some (ba'hze) words from afar, or he walks within three steps of a menstruous woman, she makes it unclean. CHAPTER LXIX. 1. The sixty-ninth subject is this, that it is not proper that sunshine should fall on a fire, for, every time that sunshine falls upon a fire(r), it is a' sin. 2. If thou expose a fire to the sun it is a sin of three 1 Lp, B29 have ' it is also requisite to wash.' B29 has pass a look over.' 3 This consists of two metal tripods with crescent-shaped tops, to support the small faggot of sacred twigs or wires that are bound together by a girdle of narrow strips of a date-palm leaflet; the girdle being tied on the faggot in the same manner as that on the waist of a Parsi (see Sls. III, 32 n). The sacred twigs must always be present at ceremonies, sometimes held in the hand of the officiating priest, and sometimes lying on their stand. 4 B29 has and if she speaks words with him.' * B29 has it becomes.' * B29 omits these eight words. ? B29 has 'much.' Digitized by Google

Page #800
CHAPTER LXVIII, 12-Lxx, 6. 335 stirs 1; and, if thou set down anything on the top of the fire, it is necessary that it should not have any hole--so that the light (nur) and strength of the fire might become less--so far as thou knowest. CHAPTER LXX. 1. The seventieth subject is this, that, as to any persons, when they carry a corpse to the appointed place, it is necessary that two suits of clothes be put on, on account of this work. 2. It is requisite for those clothes to be on?, and it is necessary to make a dog gaze at the corpse twice, once at the time when life becomes separated from it, and once at the time when they wish to take it up. 3. Then it is necessary that both those persons be connected, and each of them is to tie a cord on one of his own hands, so that the hand may go away * from that of the other one. 4. And, when they are moving, it is necessary for him to be prepared and not to speak a word with any one. 5. And if it be a pregnant woman they are to take her up by four persons, because there are two corpses. 6. When, avoiding dead matter, one comes again upon it, he has, in the end, to wash with ceremonial ablution, and that is requisite for the reason that he 1 The same as the twelve dirhams in Chap. LXVIII, 1, 2. Lp, B29 have to dress in those clothes.' * B29 omits it is necessary.' 4 That is, the cord must hang quite slack, though B29 states that 'the hand may not go apart. * See Sls. X, 10. * B29 has he has to wash his head and body.' LP, B29 add and water.' Digitized by Google

Page #801
336 SAD DAR. may not thereby be rapidly a cause of wickedness or death for any one?. 7. And if one does not show a dog to the corpse, and they take it up, how many soever there be, the whole of them become polluted? 8. In the commentary of the Vendidad it is asserted, that every one who takes up a corpse that a dog has not seen is polluted and worthy of deaths, and never becomes clean; his soul also would be wicked. CHAPTER LXXI. . 1. The seventy-first subject is this, that, forasmuch as it is not desirable for any one to eat dead matter for the sake of medicine and remedy, let them beware (zinhar) when they eat ito. 2. For it asserts, in the commentary of the Vendidads, that it is requisite to demolish the habitation, house, and abode of any one who has 6 eaten dead matter, and to fetch his heart out of his body, and it is necessary to scoop out his eyes. 3. And along * with these torments, which they accomplish on him, his soul is in hell till the resurrection. CHAPTER LXXII. 1. The seventy-second subject is this, that when any one carries dead matter to water, or to fire, he is 1 Lp, B29 omit for any one.' * B29 has merely and if, to make a dog gaze at the corpse, they take it up, it is on how many soever there be.' 3 Compare Sls. II, 65. B29 has beware that they do not eat it.' * Perhaps alluding to Pahl. Vend. VII, 59-64. * B29 has to demolish his house and abode if any one has.' Digitized by Google

Page #802
CHAPTER LXX, 7-LXXIV, 1. 337 worthy of death?. 2. Anda it asserts in revelation, that any year when the locust comes profuselys, it comes for the reason that dead matter is brought to water and fire. 3. And, in like manner, the winter is colder, and the summer is hotter. CHAPTER LXXIII. 1. The seventy-third subject is this, that, when a cow or a goat has eaten dead matter", in any place, nothing whatever of its flesh, or milk, or hair, should come into use for one year. 2. After that one year it is clean : and, if it be pregnant, its young one is likewise not clean for one year. 3. And if a domestic fowl has eaten dead matter, its flesh and eggs are, in like manner, not clean for one year. CHAPTER LXXIV. 1. The seventy-fourth subject is this, that at dawn, when they rise up from sleep, it is first necessary to throw something on the hands, that is the hand 1 See Pahl. Vend. VII, 65-71. Lp, B29 have 'for.' . La has sal, and B29 san for year; ' Lp has that when the bes and locust come profusely. The bes may be either a poisonous plant (Napellus Moysis), or distress.' * See Pahl. Vend. VII, 189-192, Sls. II, 109. & According to the long-metre Sad Dar this something' (as in Chap. L) is Nirang, the ritualistic liquid or consecrated bull's urine (see Chap. XXXVI, 7 n). This chapter is, to some extent, a repetition of Chap. L. [24] Digitized by Google

Page #803
338 SAD DAR. cleansing? 2. Afterwards, they are to wash the hands quite clean with water, in such manner that they are to wash the hands three times from the forearm (sa'hid) to the end of the hand; and the face is washed from behind the ears to below the chin and up to the crown of the head; and one washes the feet three times thoroughly, as far as the leg (saq); then one recites the Kem-na-mazda 2. 3. If it be a place where there is no water, and the risk be that the time for the Nyayis3 should pass by, it is requisite to cleanse* the hands three times with dust, and to perform the Nyayis. 4. Afterwards, when one arrives at water, he is to wash the hands and face a second time, and to accomplish the Nyayis 6. 5. Before the time when one throws something on the hands it is not proper to wash the hands and face, and it is a Tanavar sin; it is also not possible to work at anything whatever with the hands and face not washed. CHAPTER LXXV. 1. The seventy-fifth subject is this, that, when they wish to provide a supply of water for any cultivated land, it is first necessary that they make 1 Lp adds or some grass upon which no water has come, or fruit, is also to go into the nose and eyes, and make them clean' (see Chap. L, 2). * See Chap. XXXV, 2 n. : The salutation of the sun (see Chap. VI, 2). * B29 inserts the face and.' 8 B29 omits $ 4. Digitized by Google

Page #804
CHAPTER LXXIV, 2-LXXVI, 4. 339 an inspection through every course and channel of the water, to ascertain whether there be dead matter therein, or not; and, after that, through the water in like manner. 2. If they be in the middle of it, when the water is within their cultivated land, and dead matter comes in sight, if it be possible to ward it off one wards it off, and if it be possible to divert the water one diverts it. 3. And if the water arrives with dead matter unawares, it is no sin for them. 4. But if no inspection of the stream and cultivated land be made, and the water arrives with dead matter, those people are polluted, and it is necessary to perform the Bareshnum ceremonya as regards their heads. CHAPTER LXXVI. 1. The seventy-sixth subject is this, when a woman brings forth, it is necessary that she should not wash her head for twenty-one days, nor put her hand again on anything, nor walk on a terrace-roof, nor put her foot on a threshold in her habitation. 2. And after the twenty-one days, if she sees herself in such a state that she is able to wash her head, she washes her head. 3. And, after that, until the coming on of the fortieth day, it is requisite to abstain from the vicinity of a fire and anything that is woodens or earthen; it is also requisite to abstain from everything of her cooking and potboiling-. 4. Afterwards, when it is forty days, she is 1 B29 has when any one wishes to enter into participation of a cultivated field, it is first necessary to observe in every course.' * See Chap. XXXVI, i n. 3 La 'has, B29 kobin; Lp has 'huris, 'food.' * B29 omits these thirteen words. 22 Digitized by Google

Page #805
340 SAD DAR. to wash her head, and it is proper for her to do every kind of work. 5. Till the lapse of a secondi forty days it is not proper for her husband to make an approach to her, for it is a great sin, and it is possible that she may become pregnant a second time, as within a period of forty days women become very quickly pregnant. 6. And if after the first forty days she sees herself impure, unless she knows with accuracy that it has come from the infant, it is necessary to consider if she be menstruous. CHAPTER LXXVII. 1. The seventy-seventh subject is this, that, when a woman's infant is still-born, it is necessary to give her first something washed with ceremony and brought with fire-ashes, so that it may make the heart within her pure. 2. After that, for three days, it is altogether improper to give her water, or anything in which there is water or salt. 3. And these three days are from period to periodo, in such a * Only B29 and the Gugarati have a second.' ? B29 omits these twelve words. 8 So in B29, which agrees with Vend. VII, 163, but La, Lp are. defective. The 'something' means consecrated bull's urine, as in Chap. LXXIV, 1; this, mingled with ashes, is prescribed as the first thing to be tasted by the woman. 4 That is, from the given hour to the same hour on the third day, although, from what follows, it appears that, if the given hour were in the middle of any period of the day, the third day would expire at the beginning of the third similar period. Whether the three days are to be inclusive, or exclusive, of the day when the term begins, that is, whether the term is to be nearly 48 or 72 hours, is not very clear. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXXVI, 5-LXXVIII, 1. 341 manner that, if the duty of mid-dayl prayer has occurred, they extend till the mid-day prayer itself, and she is to pass over one other hour and it is then proper to swallow water. 4. After that, till the lapse of forty days, she is to sit apart again, and, afterwards, to undergo the Bareshnum ceremony. 5. On the infant's becoming a four-months' child, whenever it is still-born it is a dead body 3, for the reason that so long as it does not reach the fourth month life does not come to it. 6. And if after three months this affair occurs, one is to exercise great caution (ihtiyat) and to insist strictly on this matter. 7. For our religion has reiterated on this matter that, if one be polluted and do not keep himself pure, so long as he is living he never becomes clean from that pollution. 8. That, if he wash his head ten thousand times in ceremonial ablution, he certainly does not any way become pure from it4. 9. Because this pollution is not from without; it is from within every bone and vein and tendon; and water makes clean only anything that is on the skin. 10. Impurity which is in the bones, except through the liquid consecrated by the religious formula', does not otherwise become clean. CHAPTER LXXVIII. 1. The seventy-eighth subject is this, that in every habitation where any one departs, passing away from 1 Literally former, early. ? See Chap. XXXVI, 1 n. 9 And, therefore, to be treated with all the precautions necessary in dealing with a corpse to avoid the pollution alluded to in $8710. Hence the necessity of careful enquiry in doubtful cases, as recommended in $ 6. * B29 omits $ 8. o See Chap. XXXVI, 7 n. Digitized by Google

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342 SAD DAR. the world, it is necessary to endeavour that they may not eat and not consecrate fresh meat for three days therein?. 2. Because the danger is that some one else may depart, passing away; so the relations of that former person should not eat meat for three days. Chapter LXXIX. 1. The seventy-ninth subject is this, that it is necessary to make an effort that they may exercise munificence and liberality towards the good and the worthy. 2. For the exercise of liberality is grand, in such manner as it is better and pleasanter, in like manner, for the ground on which a liberal man walks, better for the wind that blows upon a liberal man, better for the horse on which a liberal man sits, better, in like manner, for the cow and goat thata liberal man eats, and pleasanter for the sun and moon and stars that shine upon a liberal man. 3. To such an extent is a liberal and munificent man precious ('ha ziz), that Hormazd speaks thus : 'I have wished that I might give a recompense to a munificent man, if it be suitable for him, but I have not found any recompense and happiness that are suitable for him, except a blessing. 4. And virtuous men and the united archangels are perpetually uttering blessings on account of the liberal man who maintains no refusal of his own things to a stranger. 1 See Sls. XVII, 1, 2. * B29 has 'whose milk,' and Lp further adds and butter.' * B29 inserts better and.' Lp, B29 have asserts.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXXVIII, 2-LXXX, 5. 343 5. For it is declared in revelation, that the creator Hormazd spoke to Zaratust, the Spitaman, thus : I have created the supreme heaven of heavens for the sake of any of the liberal who provide for the worthy and give them something; and gloomy hell is for all those persons who give anything to the unworthy.' 6. In like manner it is declared in revelation, that there are thirty-three ways to heaven, besides that of the souls of the liberal. 7. If the soul be of any one else, it is not able to arrive in heaven? by that way. 8. Besides this happyway, a soul of the liberal is able to arrive in heaven by means of the thirty-three ways. 9. For no one is it easier to arrive in heaven than for the liberal. CHAPTER LXXX. 1. The eightieth subject is this, that there is a time when thou recitest one Ashem-vohas, and the merit of it may be as much as that of ten. 2. There is a time when thou recitest one Ashem-voha, and the merit of it may be as much as that of a hundred. 3. A time may be when thou recitest one", and the merit of it may be as much as that of a thousand. 4. A time may be when the merit of one Ashemvohuy may be as much as that of ten thousand. 5. 1 B29 omits in heaven.' B29 has 'besides by the one.' 8 See Chap. VII, I n. The contents of this chapter are derived from Hn. I, 11-35 (Yt. XXI, 6-15). - B29 adds * Ashem-vohu.' * La omits the merit of;' and B29 has 'when thou recitest one Ashem-vohu, and the merit of it,' both here and in $ 5. Digitized by Google

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344 SAD DAR. A time may be when the merit of one Ashem-vohu is as much as the value (qimat) of this world and that other world? 6. As for that Ashem-vohu whose nature is as much as ten, that is when they recite it as they eat bread. 7. That which is, from nature, as much as a hundred is when they recite it after eating 4. 8. That which is so much by nature that, having turned side over side, they recite it correctly may be a merit of a thousand 6. 9. That which is of the nature of ten thousand is that which thou recitest when thou risest up from sleep 10. And that whose nature is as much as this world and that other world? is when they recite it at the time of the dissolution of life; for, if he be not able to recite it himself, friends and relations give it into his mouth. 118. If he be fit for hell he becomes fit for the ever-stationary, if he be fit for the ever-stationary he becomes fit for heaven, and if he be fit for heaven he becomes fit for the supreme heaven'. CHAPTER LXXXI. 1. The eighty-first subject is this, that every duty and good work, which it is requisite to perform, they should accomplish while within that day, and not postpone for the morrow. * So Lp, B29, Hn., but La has qismat, 'share, destiny.' 2 B29 omits these four words. & B29 has 'value,' both here and in s 7, 9, 10. * La has 'sleeping.' 6 B29 omits $ 8. * La omits SS 9. ? B29 has merely is the price of this world.' 8 Lp, B29 insert for.' 9 See Pahl. Hn. I, 35 a. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXXX, 6-LXXXI, 8. 345 2. For it is declared in revelation, that the creator Hormazd spoke to Zaratust thus : 'O Zaratust! I have created no one better than thee in the world, and after thee I shall likewise not create one; thou art my chosen one, and I have made this world apparent on account of thee. 3. And alli these people ('halatq) whom I have created, and the whole of these monarchs who have existed and do exist, have always maintained the hope that I should create thee in their days, so that they should accept (qabul kunand) the religion, and their souls should attain to the supreme heaven. 4. "Nevertheless I have created thee at the present time, in the middle period; for it is three thousand years from the days of Gayomard till now, and from now till the resurrection are the three thousand years that remain; therefore, I have created thee in the middle. 5. For whatever is in the middle is more precious and better and more valuable, in the same manner as the heart is in the middle of the whole body and is unquestionably (la-garm) very precious?, in the same manner as the land of Erans is more valuable than other lands, for the reason that it is in the middle. 6. And the country of Eran, which is in the fourth climate (iqlim)", is better than other places, for the reason that it is in the middle. 7. Therefore, I have created thee in the middle, in the manner of what is precious, and I have given thee the apostleship, and have sent thee to a monarch, a friend of knowledge and a friend of religion. 8. 'Afterwards, I have sent thee, with thus much * B29 omits 'all. B29 omits these twenty-five words. * The Gugarati pronunciation of Iran. 4 The middle one of the seven. Digitized by Google

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346 SAD DAR. preciousness, to the people; and the knowledge of the good works that mankind perform in life, and have not been able to bring to hand without trouble (mi'hnat), I have made clear and plain unto thee; and I have made thee aware of the whole of knowledge. 9. I have taught it to thee in the Avesta, in a language that no one in the world considers plain and easy; and I have told thee its interpretation (zand) in a language that is more current among mankind, and thou likewise hast more eloquence (faz'h) therein. 10. While thou hast all this greatness that I have given to thee, O Zaratust! I enact a precept for thee, that "every good work which thou art able to do to-day do not postpone for to-morrow, and accomplish with thine own hand the counsel of thine own soul." 11. Do not be proud (gharrah) on the score that it is still the time of youth, and it is quite possible to do it hereafter, while thou thinkest thus : "I will do it after this." 12. For there have been many people whose remaining life was one day, and they have been taken away in the presence of fifty years' works. 13. Therefore, make an effort, so that thou mayest not postpone to-day's duty for to-morrow. 14. Because Aharman, the evil wicked one, has intrusted two fiends with this matter, the name of one is Tardy (der) and the name of the other is Afterwards (pas). 15. Both these fiends are united, and they 1 B29 has the knowledge that mankind practise.' * Lp, B29 have taught the whole of knowledge.' 8 It is quite uncertain whether Hormazd's exhortation ends here, or elsewhere. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXXXI, 9-LXXXII, 3. 347 make an effort and exertion with man, so that his duty falls back behindhand? 16. For, as to every duty and good work which comes forward, that fiend whose name is Tardy speaks thus: 'Thou wilt live long, and it is possible to perform this duty at all times;' and that fiend whose name is Afterwards says: 'Pass on now; it is possible to perform it afterwards.' 17. And these two fiends united keep the soul away from its own duty, till the end arrives; all duties have fallen back behindhand, and it has to experience regret ('hasarat) and penitence. 18. It has no benefit through duty and good works, and departs from this world. CHAPTER LXXXII. 1. The eighty-second subject is this, that, when thou risest up from the bed-clothes, it is necessary to tie the sacred thread-girdle3 again at that same place, and it is not desirable to put forth a step without the girdle. 2. For it is declared in revelation, that every single step which one puts forth without the sacred thread-girdle is a Farman sin", and through four steps it becomes a Tanavar sin which would be a weight of a thousand and two hundred dirhams5. 3. Therefore, it is necessary to keep watch over oneself, as regards this sin, and to tie on the sacred thread-girdle. 1 Lp has conflict.' B29 omits behindhand.' s See Chaps. X, XLVI. * See Sls. I, 2, IV, 10, XI, 2. The dirham being probably about 63 grains (see Dd. LII, 1 n). Digitized by Google

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348 SAD DAR. CHAPTER LXXXIII. 1. The eighty-third subject is this, that it is requisite to abstain from the keeping of fasts. 2. For, in our religion, it is not proper that they should not eat every day or anything, because it would be a sin not to do so. 3. With us the keeping of fast is this, that we keep fast from committing sin with our eyes and tongue and ears and hands and feet. 4. Some people are striving about it, so that they may not eat anything all day, and they practise abstinence from eating anything. 5. For us it is also necessary to make an effort, so that we may not think, or speak, or commit any sin; and it is necessary that no bad action should proceed from our hands, or tongue, or ears, or feet, which would be a sin owing to them. 6. Since I have spoken in this manner, and have brought forward the fasting of the seven members of the body, that which, in other religions, is fasting owing to not eating is, in our religion, fasting owing to not committing sin. CHAPTER LXXXIV. 1. The eighty-fourth subject is this, when they wish to sleep, it is requisite to utter one Yatha-ahuvairyo and one Ashem-vohu, and to accomplish repentance one is to speak thus: 'I am sorrowing for, and repentant and in renunciation of all that sin which I have spoken and was imagined by 1 See Chap. VII, i n. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXXXIII, 1-Lxxxv, 2. 349 me, and has assailed me; of these actions I am in renunciation?' 2. Afterwards one is to lie down; and every time that one acts in the manner that I have mentioned, and wears the sacred thread-girdle on the waistwhile he is equally sharing the whole of the good works which they are performing in all the world during that night, and he is of similar merit-every single breath that he inhales and exhales is a good work of a weight of three dirhams. 3. And when he turns from side to side he should, in like manner, recite one Ashem-vohu s. CHAPTER LXXXV. 1. The eighty-fifth subject is this, that, in every matter that comes forward, it is necessary to enquire of the wise and relations, so as to have their advice, and not to transact any business according to one's own idea and opinion. 2. For it is declared in revelation, that the sacred being, the good and propitious, spoke to Zaratust thus: 'As to every business that thou wishest to transact, do thou receive wisdom and knowledge at one place with the wise who reply, and cast away what is unconsidered, so that Aharman may not reach it midway, and injury (halal) may not occur to that business.' 1 This is the general form of a Patit or renunciation of sin. * B29 omits these six words. * See Chap. LXXX, 8. This chapter nearly corresponds to Sls. X, 24. Digitized by Google

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350 SAD DAR. 3. In like manner the archangel Spendarmad", at the time when her gaze passed on to Minokihar", issued to him this admonition and precept (vaziyat), and said: 'O Minokihar! although there be deliberation in an affair, this may be no reason for it as regards the spirits 3; although a horse may be good, there may be no resource except a whip for it; and although one may be a wise man, there should be no retreat on his part from having advice, so that his business may become complete.' CHAPTER LXXXVI. 1. The eighty-sixth subject is this, that it is not proper to kill a beaver 4; but, if they see it in any place, it is necessary to take it up and carry it to running water. 2. For, in the commentary of the Vendidad it is ranked as a great sin for the killer 6 ; and, as to every one who kills a beaver, the source of his seed becomes exhausted. CHAPTER LXXXVII. 1. The eighty-seventh subject is this, that, when 1 See Chap. XXXIII, 2 n. * Pahl. Manuskihar (see Mkh. XXVII, 41 n). It appears from Sls. X, 28, where a portion of this tale is quoted, that it comes originally from the Kidrast Nask. 3 B29 has although a knife be sharp, there may be no resource except a whetstone for it,' which follows the next clause in Sls. X, 28. In the original text this change of meaning is produced by a difference in only four words, and the author of the Sad Dar has probably misunderstood the Pahlavi original when translating it. * Literally a water dog. B29 has decreed.' As shown by the excessive atonements prescribed in Vend. XIV, in default of which he is said to go to hell till the resurrection. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXXXV, 3-LXXXVII, 6. 351 any one departs from the world', it is necessary to make an effort, in those three days, so that they may continuously perform the ceremonial of Srosha and make the fire blaze, and may recite the Avesta ; because the soul is three days in this worlds. 2. The fourth night it is requisite to consecrate three sacred cakes; one with a dedication to Rashn 4 and Astad, one with a dedication to the spirit Ram(r), and one with a dedication to the righteous guardian spirit; and one is to consecrate a dress and something as a righteous gift for that soul?. 3. It is necessary that the dress be new and of uniform quality (gins), and such as turban, shirt, vest, girdle, trowsers, shoes (pasandil), and mouthveil. 4. Since they give those among the spirits a counterpart of those garments, therefore, whatever is more beautiful, and more surpassing in grandeur for the soul in that place, is necessary where that place is, because our fathers and mothers and the whole of our relations are in that place. 5. And since the souls recognise and ask after one another in that world, they are, therefore, more joyful on account of every one whose dress and grandeur are more surpassing. 6. In a similar manner, when the dress is old and ragged, they are ashamed, and exhibit heaviness of heart. * La omits from the world.' ? See Mkh. II, 115 n, Sls. XVII, 3. See Mkh. II, 114, 158. * See Mkh. II, 118, 119, Sls. XVII, 4. * Av. arstad, 'uprightness ;' the angel whose name is given to the twenty-sixth day of the Parsi month. * The angel of the upper air, often called Vke the good. ? B29 has on that cake. 8 B29 has muzah, .boots,' and places them last. * B29 inserts is more beautiful.' Digitized by Google

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352 SAD DAR. 7. They call that dress a righteous gift because they consecrate it; and it is necessary to give it to the priests and high-priests, as it is a righteous gift on account of their position. 8. And it is suitable for them to keep it for the reason that the souls are nearer to them; people should also make an effort that the dress may be stitched like the dress of a priest. 9. The sacred beings make up the account and reckoning for the soul when the priest recites frasasti ahurahe mazdau' and removes the Frasasta from this side to that side. 10. The soul passes over the Kinvad bridge when, on the fourth night, it arrives from the world at the Kinvad bridge. 11. First it goes to the abode of fire (atas-gah) 3; afterwards, one step reaches to the star station, the second step reaches to the moon station, the third step to the sun station, and with the fourth step it reaches the Kinvad bridge', and they convey it to its own place. 1 Glory be to Ahura-mazda.' Lp adds 'a hunahe vairyehe as far as a shaya no paiti-gamyad,' that is to the Ahuna-vairya formula,' &c. as far as may he come to us in righteousness' (Yas. VIII, 1-3). * A Frasast is a sacred cake marked on the upper side with nine superficial cuts (in three rows of three each) made with a fingernail while repeating the words humat hakht huvarst, wellthought, well-spoken, well-done,' thrice, one word to each of the nine cuts. It is placed before the consecrating priest, but to his right, while the ordinary sacred cakes are to his left (see Haug's Essays, pp. 396, 407, 408). * That is, when it leaves the vicinity of the body, after hovering about it for three nights (see Sls. XII, 5). * In other accounts the soul has to pass over this bridge before it steps forwards to the stars and moon and sun (see Mkh. II, 123, 145, VII, 9-12, Dd. XXXIV, 3, AV. V, 2, VII-IX, 1). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXXXVII, 7-LXXXIX, 3. 353 CHAPTER LXXXVIII. 1. The eighty-eighth subject is this, that, as to any piece of wood on which they carry a corpse, or on which they wash it, and that which may be defiled with blood and impurity, that on which menstruous defilement, or a bare limb, is deposited by a menstruous woman, and that on which they impale a human being, it is necessary to avoid the whole of these pieces of wood, and not to work with them again, because one's dress becomes impure; and it is not proper to burn them. 2. It is necessary to put them in a place where any one, who pulls them up and stirs them, will not? bring them into the use of mankind. CHAPTER LXXXIX. 1. The eighty-ninth subject is this, thats Hormazd keeps watch when any one, through imposition ('hilat) and unawares, eats dead matter, or gives it to one of the good religion, or throws dead matter upon one of the good religion. 2. While his will and command are, that it is necessary that such a person should undergo the Bareshnum ceremony", and accomplish repentance before the spiritual chiefs and high-priests. 3. So that, after that, one may indicate to him the sin in these actions, and he may perform the retribution which the high-priest mentions, in order that, owing to this, his sin may depart. La has 'to eat on,' Lp'to buy with,' B29 'to touch on.' 2 B29 has any one will not take them up and not stir them about, so that he does not.' 3 B29, J15 insert the religion of.' See Chap. XXXVI, i n. See Chap. XLV, 7 n. [24] A a Digitized by Google

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354 SAD DAR. CHAPTER XC. 1. The ninetieth subject is this, that it is not proper that they should give anything to a sinful person or one worthy of death, because it is like that they have placed in the jaws of a destructive serpent (azdaha). 2. And, if this be food which he devours and they give, they pass into the committing of sin ; and that person who may have given food to him is a participater with him. 3. In eating food, if there be no danger and fear of them?, it is not desirable to give anything to them, for it would be a great sin. CHAPTER XCI. 1. The ninety-first subject is this, that is, in what mode is it necessary to wash everything that becomes polluted by dead matter? 2. Gold one is to wash over once with ceremonial ablutions to make it dry once with dust, and to wash it over once with water. 3. Silver (nuqrah) one is to do twice; copper, tin, lead, and brass articles three times; steel four times; stone articles six times ; turquoise, ruby (ya qut), amber, carbuncle, cornelian ('haqiq), and, like these, whatever is from a mine (ma'h dan) are all to be washed six times in the manner which I have stated. 4. Afterwards they are clean in that manner, when every single time one washes them over with ceremonial ablution, makes B29 omits these six words. ? That is, if the sinners begging assistance be not dangerous. That is, with consecrated bull's urine (see Sls. II, 112-117). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XC, 1-XCII, 4. 355 them dry with dust, and washes it off?; and just like this on the occasion of the other times--up to three times, or four, or six-as far as whatever is ordered. 5. For pearls two modes? are ordered, but the conclusion is this, that they should wash them six times, just like stone articles. 6. The whole of wooden and earthen ware it is requisite to throw away. 7. All clothing of the body it is requisite to wash six times in the manner that I have stated, and, after that, to put them in a place where the sun and moon must shine on them for six months 3 ; after that they are fit for a menstruous woman. CHAPTER XCII. 1. The ninety-second subject is this, that it is necessary to properly maintain the sacred fires and some one who will work with assiduity (kah dan) to provide maintenance and sympathy for it. 2. And the supply of its firewood is entirely in such a manner that they burn this year the firewood of last year 6. 3. At midnight they make it blaze up, and put incense upon it in such a manner that the wind carries off its scent. 4. The demons and fiends rush away, because there is the glory of the sacred fire that we are able to make a living existence in the midst of this i Lp, B29 add with water.' 2 Pahl. Vend. VII, 188 gives three opinions. * See Pahl. Vend. VII, 36. Literally the fire of Bahiram. Compare Chap. XXXIX. * Lp, B29, J15 have so that some one may keep watch over it, and is to provide proper.' So that it may be quite dry, as to put anything damp into a fire would be considered sinful (see AV. X, 6-14). A a 2 Digitized by Google

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356 SAD DAR. people. 5. For, if no fiend and the glory of the archangels and the day of the sacred fire had not existed, it would not have been possible to produce the living existence any day. 6. And, therefore, it makes it expedient that they supply a fire-attendant to maintain the firewood and fire, so that a seeking for its safety ('hafiyat) may come into operation, and they may know a support and protection for it that would be acceptable. CHAPTER XCIII. 1. The ninety-third subject is this, that it is necessary for all those of the good religion to practise abstinence from uttering slander (ghaibat) behind. one's back 2 2. In the commentary of the Vendidad it states, that3 slander is the greatest of all sins. 3. Every one who perpetrates slander about any one is like him who has eaten dead matter--and the eating of dead matter is a sin that has likewise been mentioned, before this, in this book 5_but the statement is like this, while they do not indicate any punishment for it in this world, it does not go without it in that other world. 4. Therefore it is necessary for those of the good religion to make an effort, so that they may guard themselves from this slander. 5. In order that they may show thy soul, when? resigning life, the satisfaction (igza) for the sin, it 1 That is, the absence of fiends. B29 has if the splendour.' * Literally face.' B29 inserts 'the perpetration of.' B29, J15 have a great sin.' See Chap. LXXI, . Thereby differing from the sin of eating dead matter. ? Lp, B29 have show at the time of.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XCII, 5-xcv, 1. 357 states, in the commentary of the Vendidad, as to any one by whom slander is perpetrated, if the injured person goes before him and begs a righteous gift from him, and he provides a righteous gift for that person, the sin departs from him. CHAPTER XCIV. 1. The ninety-fourth subject is this, when a person confers a benefit or kindness upon any one, it is necessary that the latter should understand the value of it, and lay the obligation (minnat) upon himself; and, if he be able, he should provide a benefit to that amount (miqdar) for that person. 2. It is declared in revelation, that, when a person confers a benefit upon any one, Hormazd" gives him ten times as much, as an equivalent. 3. And, if the other be not understanding the justice of this, it is related in the commentary of the Avesta in this manner, that it is a great sin for him. 4. And Aharmanspeaks like this, namely: 'That sinner is akin to me; in the end he will come into my hands; I will not give him into the hands of any demon, but I will inflict punishment with my own hands.' 5. And the chief priest* says it is necessary for all Zaratustians that they keep themselves far from this sin. CHAPTER XCV. 1. The ninety-fifth subject is this, that it is necessary that it be expedient for all those of the 1 Lp, B29 add the good and propitious.' . ' Lp, B29 have 'praising.' Lp, B29 add the accursed.' * Probably meaning the commentator. Digitized by Google

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358 SAD DAR. good religion to perform the salutation of the sun! three times every day. 2. If one performs it once, it is a good work of one Tanavara; if he performs it twice, it is twice as much ; and if he performs it three times, it is thrice as much. 3. And if he does not perform one repetition, it is a sin of thirty stirs 3; if he does not perform two repetitions, it is twice as much sin; and if he does not perform three repetitions, it is thrice as much sin. 4. And it is the same as this with regard to the salutations of the moon and fire. 5. Therefore it is expedient, in the religion, for every one of the good religion to bring the salutations into practice. CHAPTER XCVI. 1. The ninety-sixth subject is this, when any one departs to that other world it is not proper for others that they should utter an outcry, maintain grief, and make lamentation and weeping. 2. Because every tear that issues from the eyes becomes one drop of that river before the Kinvad 1 The Khurshed Nyayis (see Chaps. VI, 2, LXVIII, 4). * That is, sufficient to counterbalance a Tanavar or Tanapuhar sin (see Sls. I, 2). s Equivalent to an Aredus sin, or blow with a weapon (see Sls. I, 1, 2). + The Mah and Atash Nyayis. B29 also interpolates the Mihir' Nyayis. 0 This river is the many tears that men shed from their eyes, as they make lamentation and weeping for the departed. They shed those tears unlawfully, and they swell to this river. Those who are not able to cross over are those for whom, after their departure, Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XCV, 2-XCVIII, 1. 359 bridge, and then the soul of that dead person remains at that place; it is difficult for it to make a passage there, and it is not able to pass over the Kinvad bridge. 3. It is therefore necessary that they recite the Avesta and celebrate the ceremonial, so that the passage of that place may become easy for it. CHAPTER XCVII. 1. The ninety-seventh subject is this, that it is expedient for those of the good religion, that they converse, according to their own ability, in the presence of officiating priests, high-priests, spiritual chiefs, and priests, and hearken cordially to whatever they say. 2. And they should understand their statements, and, during them, they should not utter any reply or question (sual). 3. For in the commentary of the Avesta it says, as to every one who brings altercation ('huggat) into any statement of the elders of the religion, one breaks out his tongue, or he goes out from this world abortively (mubattala).' CHAPTER XCVIII. 1. The ninety-eighth subject is this, that it is necessary for all those of the good religion, that they learn the Avesta characters in the presence of much lamentation and weeping were made; and those who cross more easily are those for whom less was made' (AV. XVI, 7-10). 1 Lp, B29 insert all.' Digitized by Google

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360 SAD DAR. priests and teachers, so as to read, and that no error may continue in the Nyayises and Yasts. 2. And it is still more expedient for priests and teachers, that they teach the Avesta characters to all those of the good religion?; and if a priest, while teaching, shows incompetence (taqzir), it is a great sin for him. 3. For Hormazd, the good and propitious, spoke to Zaratust thus: 'As to every priest and teacher who commits a blunder in teaching ? those of the good religion, I make him just as far from heaven as the width of the earth 3.' CHAPTER XCIX. 1. The ninety-ninth subject is this, that it is not proper for officiating priests, high-priests, spiritual chiefs, and priests, that they teach Pahlavi to every one. 2. For Zaratust enquired of Hormazd thus : 'To whom is it proper to teach Pahlavi ?' 3. And Hormazd, the good and propitious, gave a reply thus : 'To every one who is of thy family (nasl), an officiating priest, a high-priest, a spiritual chief, and every one who is an intelligent priest. 4. * Besides these that I have mentioned, if one teaches it to others 5 it is a great sin for him; and if he has performed many duties and good works, the end for him may still be hell.' 1 B29 omits these seven words. * Lp, B29 insert the Avesta to.' 3 Compare Chap. XXVIII, 3. * B29 inserts it is not proper for any other person.' 6 Lp has 'if there be any one of the others, it is not proper that one teaches him.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XCVIII, 2-C, 4. 361 CHAPTER C. 1. The hundredth subject is this, when a person molests or smites any one who is innocent, it is a sin of one Tanavar every day for that person, as long as he lives?. 2. And, when he departs from this world, the angel Mihir and the angel Rashn make up his account and reckoning. 3. He is2 full of affliction, and experiences much regret and penitence, and has no advantage from it 3. 4. It is therefore necessary to keep oneself far from this sin 4. 1 See Sls. X, 17. ? Lp, B29, J15 have "afterwards, he remains in that place.' B29, J15 add in that place. * B29, J15 add and to do good to every one.' In La this chapter was originally numbered XCIX, and Chap. XLIX was subsequently inserted after it, and numbered C. In Lp it was numbered XCVIII, and occurs again as Chap. C, while Chap. XCIX is a repetition of XLIX (which is numbered LII in Lp). The discrepancy in the numbering of the chapters, of one in the case of La, and two in Lp, extends backwards as far as the confusion mentioned in p. 311, note 1, and was evidently due to that confusion. Digitized by Google

Page #827
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Page #828
INDEX. Digitized by Google

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OBSERVATIONS. 1. The references in this index are to the pages of the introduction, and to the chapters and sections of the translations; the chapters being denoted by the larger ciphers. 2. Though different forms of the same name may occur in the translation only one form is usually given in the index, to which the references to all forms are attached; except when the forms differ so much as to require to be widely separated in the index. 3. Abbreviations used are:- Av. for Avesta; com. for commentary or commentator; Dr. for Doctor; Gug. for Gugarati; Had. for Hadokht; Int. for Introduction; m. for mountain; Mkh. for Dina-i Mainog-i Khirad; MSS. for manuscripts; n. for foot-note; Par. for Parsi; Per. for Persian; Pl. for Pahlavi; Prof. for Professor; Pz. for Pazand; rev. for revelation; scrip. for scripture; sd. for Sad Dar; Sg. for Sikand-gumanik Vigar; Sk. for Sanskrit ; Test. for Testament; Vd. for Vendidad. Digitized by Google

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INDEX Abalis, man, Int. 27. Abraham, Sg. 14, 40, 42, 45, 48, 49, 52, 53; 15, 119. Adam, Sg. 11, 70, 352, 354 ; 13, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 29, 30, 34, 37, 38, 106, 118, 136, 137, 148. Adaraka, man, Int. 40. Adar-bad, priest, Int. 44; Sd. 0, 6. Adoption, Mkh, 36, 8; 37, 13; Sd. 18, 11-19. Aeshm, demon, Mkh. 2, 115, 117; 8, 14; 27, 35, 36. Afrasiyab, king, Mkh. 8, 29 n; Sd. 9, 5. See Frasiyak. Afringan, rite, Mkh. 18, 19 n; Sd. 13, 2, 4, 5, 7; 21, 2, 5; 37, 1, 3. Aghrerad, man, Mkh. 27, 44 n; 44, 35 n. Ahunavar, Mkh. 27, 70. Ahunem-vairim, Sd. 56, 4. Airan-yego, land, Mkhi 44, 17, 18, 24, 35 n; 82, 14, 15, 31, 37 n; Sd, 10, 7. Airik, prince, Mkh. 21, 25; 27, 42. Alburz m., Mkh. 27, 33 n; 44, 16; 49, 12, 14 n, 20; 56,7; 57, 13; 82, 20 n. Alexander the Great, Mkh. 8, 29. Al-Mamun, Int. 27. Amalshah, man, Int. 32. Amerodad, angel, Mkh. 2, 34; 16, 56, 65 n; 62, 42n; Sd. 21, 10, II; 41, 17. Amul, town, Mkh. 27, 44 n. Anahid, planet, Mkh. 62, 13 n. Andreas, Dr., Int. 18; Mkh. O n. Anoshak-ruban, man, Int. 18. Anquetil Duperron, Int. 21, 22, 24, 30, 45. Antares, star, Mkh. 62, 13 n. Aral sea, Mkh. 44, 14 n, 15 n. Ardashir, man, Int. 44. Ardibahist, angel, sd, 11, 5. Ardvisura, angel, Mkh. 36, 10n. Aredus sin, Sd. 95, 3 n. Arezura, demon, Mkh. 27, 15; Sd. 52, in; m., Mkh. 6, 2 n. Armenia, Mkh. 44, 13 n. Arum, land, Mkh. 27, 15 n; Sg. 10, 68. Arumans, Mkh. 21, 25; Sg. 10, 72. Arzah, region, Mkh. 16, 10; 44, 12, 13 n; 62, 25. Asa, priest, Int. 33. Asadin, priest, Int. 31, 32, 34. Ashem-vohu, sd. 7,1; 21, 1, 8-10; 35, 1; 45, 9; 56, 4; 62, 9; 80, 1-10; 84, 1, 3. Asho-zust, bird, Sa. 14, 3, 8. Asman, day, Int. 40. Asmodeus, demon, Mkb. 2, 115 n. Aspendiyar, priest, Int. 19. Astad, angel, Sd. 87, 2; day, Int. 42. Asto-vidad, demon, Mkh. 2, 115, 117, 153. Atas Nyayis, Sd. 95, 4 n. Atheists confuted, Sg. 6, 1-34. Atur-frobag, dastur, Int. 26, 27; Sg. 1, 35 n; 4, 107; 5, 92 n; 9, 3; 10, 53, 55; 11, 213. atur-pad-i Hemidan, Int. 27; Sg. 1, 35n; 4, 107 n. - - i Maraspendan, Sg. 10, 70. Atur-padiyavand, dastur, Int. 26; Sg. 1,38; 4, 106; 9, 2; 10, 52. Atur-patakan, land, Mkh. 44, 17 n. Allharmazd, king, Sg. 10, 70; Sd. 52, in; planet, Mkb. 49, 12 n. Atharmazd-dad, man, Int. 25; Sg. 1, 35. Aurvad-aspa, king, Mkh. 27, 64 n. Avan, month, Int. 18. Avaush, demon, Sg. 4, 53. Avesta, Mkh.1, 27; 16, 15; Sd. 14, 3; 28, 1, 3, 4; 43, 4; 50, 5; 81, 9; 87, 1; 96, 3; 97, 3; 98, 1, 2. Az-i Dahak, king, Mkh. 8, 27 n, 29 n; 27, 34, 39; Sd. 52, in. See Dahak. Azo, demon, Mkh. 8, 15. Bagh nask, Mkh. 32, 2 n. Bahman, angel, Sd. 14, 8; month, Int. 32, 34; priest, Int. 44. See Vohuman. Digitized by Google

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366 PAHLAVI TEXTS. Bahmanji, priest, Int. 34. Dimavand m., Mkh. 27, 39n, 44 n; Bahman Yast, book, Int. 18. 62, 20. Bahram, day, Sd. 53, 3; priest, Int. Dina-i Mainog-i Khirad, age, Int. 21. 16, 17; described, Int. 15-17; Bareshnum, rite, Sd. 36, 1-4, 7, 8; MSS., Int. 18-34. 75, 4; 77, 4; 89, 2. Dinkard, book, Int. 18, 26, 27; Baresom, see Sacred twigs. Mkh. 16, 15n; Sg. 1, 210, Bengal, Mkh. 44, 13 n. 35n; 4, 107; 5, 92; 9, 1, 4;: Bevarasp, title, Mkh. 8, 29; 27, 34, 10, 53 n, 57; 12, 1. 35, 39. . Dog's gaze, Sd. 70, 2, 7, 8. Bhrigu-kakkba, town, Int. 40. Dagako, land, Mkh. 27, 44. Buddhist, Sg. 6, a n. Dughdhova, woman, Sd. 40, 4. Bundahis, book, Int. 18, 29. Dvazdah-homast, Sa. 66, 1-3. Burial of corpses, Mkh. 6, an, 9. Burnouf Collection, Int. 22, 34. Eating chatteringly, Sd. 21, 4, 6. Bushasp, fiend, Mkh. 16, 57 n. Eclipses, Sg. 4, 46 n. Edalji, priest, Int. 34. Canzaca, Mkh. 27, 44 D. Eran, land, Sd. 81, 5, 6. See fran. Caspian sea, Mkh. 27, 207, 44n; Eran-shah, priest, Int. 37, 41, 44, 44, 14 n-16 n. 45; Sd. O, 6. Ceremonial, Mkh. 1, 56; 4, 6; 21, Eran-veg, land, see Airan-vego. 35, 36, 41; 31, 5; 52, 2, 5; Eve, woman, Sg. 13, 15, 22, 35-37, 62, 34, 36; Sd. 13, 2, 5; 19, 41, 106. 1 ; 37, 1; 41, 7-20; 87, 1. Ever-stationary, Mkh. 7, 3, 7, 18, Ceremonies, Mkh. 2, 64; 5, 9, 13 ; 19; 12, 14. Sd. 47, 1, 3. Ch in Oriental words is printed K. Faramruz, priest, Int. 24. China, Mkh. 44, 13 n. Farman sin, sd. 82, 2. Christianity, Sg. 15, 4. Farukh-zad, priest, Int. 26, 27; Sg. Christians, Int. 25; Sg. 15, 1. 4, 107; 9, 3; 10, 55. Comets, Sg. 4, 47 n. Fomalhaut, star, Mkh. 49, 12 n. Constantly-beneficial treasury, Sd. Four-legged demons, Sg. 16, 15. 64, 9. Fradadafsh, region, Mkh. 16, 10. Frasast, cake, Sd. 87, 9. Dadar bin Dad-dukht, man, Mkh. Frasiyak, king, Mkh. 8, 29; 27, 34, 2, 115 n. 35, 44, 60; Sd. 52, in. See Dahak, king, Mkh. 57, 25; 62,20n; Afrasiyab. Sd. 9, 5; 62, 5. See Az. Fravardin, month, Sd. 52, 1, 2. Dai, month, Int. 42. Frazisto, demon, Mkh. 2, 115. Damdad nask, Sd. 18, 3 n. Fredun, king, Mkh. 8, 27; 27, 38; Darab, priest, Int. 24, 42. 57, 21; Sd. 52, in; priest, Darabji, dastur, Int. 21. Int. 33. Darashah, man, Int. 23. Free will, Sg. 15, 77-90. Darmesteter, Prof. J., Mkh. 1,7n; Future existence, Mkh. 2, 95, 193; 27, 50 n. 27, 36, 53, 63; 37, 11; 57, 7, Demi-demon, Mkh. 42, 5, 12-16. 31; 62, 7; 63, 6 n; Sg. 16, 50. Demi-man, Mkh. 42, 5, 10-11. Demon-worship, Mkh. 2, 93, 131, Gabriel, angel, Sg. 15, 8, 9. 172; 36, 19. Gadman-pirug, man, Int. 19. Demon-worshippers, Mkh. 27, 20 n. Gadug (brigand), Sg. 4, 1o, 25, 29, Depository for the dead, Mkh. 6, 37, 47; 9, 17. 2n; 27, 33 n. Gah (place in heaven), Sd. 5, 7. Der, fiend, Sd. 81, 14, 16. Gandarep, demon, Mkh. 27, 50; Design in the creation, Sg. 5, 46-91. Sd. 52, in. Dharpal, priest, Int. 32 n. Gangako, Mkh. 27, 44 n. Dhaval, priest, Int. 20, 24, 31, 33, 42. Garden of paradise, Sg. 11, 62, 66, Digitized by Google

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INDEX. 367 Homast, Sd. 41, 7 n. Hom-juice, Sd. 24, 1, 2. Hormazd, day, Int. 34. - baz, Sa. 55, 1. - yast, Sd. 43, 7. Hormazyar, priest, Int. 24, 32 n, 42. Horvadad, angel, Mkh.2, 34; 16, 56. See Khurdad. Hoshang, king, Mkh. 27, 2, 19; Sd. 52, 1 n. Hoshangji Jamaspji, dastur, Int. 31, 33, 34, 36; Mkh. 14, I n. Hukbshathrotemai, Sd. 56, 4. Humatanam, Sd. 56, 4. Hush, elixir, Mkh. 2, 152 n. Hushedar, apostle, Mkh. 2, 95; Sd. 52, 1 n. Hushedar-mah, apostle, Mkh. 2, 95. 75, 79, 352; 13, 16, 17, 19, 21, 29, 37, 121, 130, 136, 141, 142; 14, 43, 47, 48. Gathas, Mkh. 2, 114 n, 159 n. Gavah, man, Sd. 62, 5. Gayomard, man, Int. 25; Mkh. 27, 2, 14; 57, 20; Sd. 52, 10; 81,4. Geiger, Dr., Mkh. 62, 13 n. Geti-kharid, rite, Sd. 5, 3, 4, 6, 7 n, 8, 10, 11. Gilan, land, Mkh. 27, 44 n. Gogosasp, com., Sd. 67, 8 n. Gokarn, tree, Mkh. 62, 28 n, 30 n, 37 D. Gopaitoshah, chief, Mkh. 44, 35; 62, 8, 31. Grades in heaven, Mkh. 2, 145, 146; 7, 9-12; 57, 13. - in hell, Mkh.2, 182, 183; 7, 20, 21. Greeks, Sg. 10, 72 n. Griffon bird, Mkh. 62, 10, 37. Guardian spirits, Mkh. 16, 19n; 27, 17; 40, 30; 49, 15, 22, 23; 57, 13; 82, 23, 29; Sg. 5, 87; 8, 6o n; Sd. 6, 2; 87, I, 9; 87, 2. Guise, Dr. Samuel, Int. 21. Gusasp fire, Sd. 11, 4. Gustasp, king, Mkh. 13, 14 n. See Kai-Vistasp and Vistasp. - man, Int. 44. Gadangoi, Mkh. 2, 69 n; 15, 20n; Sa. 22, 1-3. Gaya, man, Int. 40. Hadesa namu, book, Int. 32 n. Hadhayos, ox, Mkh. 2, 152 n. Hadokht nask, Int. 17, 38; Sd. 22, 3, 4; 40, 4. Hama asho, sd, 10, 7. Hama zor, Sd. 10, 7. Hamkara padam, priest, Int. 24. Hamun lake, Mkh. 27, 44 n. Haptok-ring, stars, Mkh. 49, 19-21; Sg. 4, 29, 32, 33. Haug, Prof., Int. 15, 16, 35. Hemid, priest, Int. 27; Sg. 1, 35n; 4, 107 n. Hindus, Int. 19; Sg. 10, 44, 68; Sd. 52, in Hiraka, man, Int. 40. Holy Ghost, Sg. 15, 8, 18. Holy water, Mkh.5, 13; 62, 34-36. Hom, Mkh. 2, 152n; 57, 28; 62, 7, 28; Sd. 24, a. Idols, Mkh. 2, 93, 95; 38, 11. Idol-temples, Mkh. 2, 95; 6,7; 27, 61. Inward prayer, Mkh. 2, 33 n; Sd. 7, 6, 7; 21, 2, 7, 11, 12; 50, 5. tran, land, Mkh. 47, 44, Br, I6; Sg. 10, 74. See Eran. Iranians, Mkh. 21, 25. Iran-shah, see Eran-shah. Isaac, Int. 28; Sg. 14, 42, 48, 49. Isfendiyar, prince, Sg. 10, 67 n. Ispahan, town, Int. 26; Sg. 2, 2 n; Sd. 62, 5. Israelites, Sg. 14, 19, 20, 30. Itha-ad-yazamaide, Sd. 21, 1, 8. J in some words is printed G. Jam, see Yim. Jamasp, dastur, Int. 33. Jamaspji Minochiharji, dastur, Int. 37, 42; Sd. O, 6 n. Jamshed, king, sd. 10, 3. See Yimshed. -dastur, Int. 33, 34. Jerusalem, Mkh, 27,67 ; Sg. 15, 5. Jews, Int. 25; Mkh. 27, 67; Sg. 13, 14, 15, 5, 32, 44, 76, 117, 130, 141, 142. Judaism, Sg. 15, 2. Jupiter, planet, Mkh. 49, 12n; Sg. 4, 30, 33, 41. . Kabul, town, Mkh. 27, 44 n. Kai-Gustasp, king, Sg. 10, 64, 65. - Kavad, king, Mkh, 27, 45. - Khusro, dastur, Int. 35. Digitized by Google

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368 PAHLAVI TEXTS. Kai-Khasroi, king, Mkh. 2, 95; 27, Lorasp, see Kai-Loharasp. 58, 59; 57, 7; Sd. 52, in.. Lord, the, Sg. 13, 18, 29, 31, 35, 68, Loharasp, Mkh. 27, 64 ; Sd. 52, 70, 72, 75, 81-83, 85-87, 109; in. 14, 5, 23,40,45,47,49, 53, 77, 86. Qubad, priest, Int. 24, 42. Lord's prayer, Sg. 15, 148, 149. Spend-dad, prince, Sg. 10, 67. - Us, king, Mkh. 3, 95 n; 8,27; Mah Nyayis, Sd. 6, 2; 95, 4 n. 27, 54; 57, 21. Mahmad, man, Int. 26; Sg. 2, 2. - Vistasp, king, Mkh. 87, 67; Sd. Mahrkuse, demon, Mkh. 27, 28 n. 52, in. See Vistasp. Mah-vindad, man, Int. 19. Kaka, priest, Int. 31, 32, 34. Mahyar, man, Int. 21. Kamak, bird, Mkh. 27, 50. Maidhyo-zarm butter, Mkb. 2, Kamdin, priest, Int. 32 n. 152 n, 156. Kangdez, land, Mkh. 27, 58, 62; Mainog, reading of, Int. 15, 16. 62, 2, 13; Sd. 10, 7; 52, i n. Mainyo-i Khard, Int. 20-22; Mkh. Kanhaksha, man, Int. 39, 40. On. Kansai sea, Mkh. 27, 44. Malik-shah, priest, Int. 37, 45 ; Sd. Kapud, wolf, Mkh. 27, 50. 0,6 n. Kar fish, Mkh. 62, 9, 30. Malkos, Mkh. 27, 28; Sd. 9, 5. Karsipt, bird, Mkh. 61, 9 n. Manekshah, Int. 3a n. Kasmir, land, Sd. 10, 7. Mani, man, Sg. 16, 1, 2, 4 Kavulistan, Mkh. 62, 20 n. Manichaeans, Int. 25, 28; Mkh. Kayans, Mkh. 27, 48; Sg. 10, 69. 36, 16 n; Sg. 10, 59; 16, 2. Kem-na-mazda, Sd. 35, 2; 50, 5; Manuscripts described, Av.-Per.74, 2. Gug., Int. 39-41; Pl., Int. 18, Keresasp, hero, Mkh. 27, 49 n, 50 n, 19, 20, 28; Pl.-Pz., Int. 32; 63 n. Pl.-Pz.-Sk., Int. 30 ; Pl.-Pz.Khurasan, land, Int. 37. Sk.-Per., Int. 29; PI.-Per., Int. Khurdad, angel, Sd. 21, 10, 11; 41, 29; Par.-Per., Int. 22, 23; Pz., 16; 52, 3; day, Sd. 52, 1, 3. Int. 35; Pz.-Gug., Int. 22, 35; See Horvadad. Pz.-Sk., Int. 20-22, 31-35; Khurdad-sal, Sd. 52, in. Per. prose, Int. 41-45; Per. Khurshed Nyayis, Sd. 6, 2; 68, 4; verse, Int. 23, 24. 95, in. Manfiskihar, king, Mkh. 8, 29 n;. Khurshedji Jamshedji, dastur, Int. 33. 27, 41, 44 n; Sd. 52, in; Khusro (Parvez), Sd. 52, i n. 85, 3. Khusroi-shah, priest, Int. 19. Maraspend, angel, Mkh. 2, 34n; Khvaniras, region, Mkh. 27, 40; 44, priest, Sg. 10, 70; Sd. O, 6. 13 n; 62, 31. Mardan-farukh, man, Int. 25, 27, 28; Kirman, town, Int. 37. Sg. 1, 35. Kuni, demon, Sg. 16, 13, 16, 18, 19. Mard-shah, priest, Int. 37 n, 45; Sd. 0, 6 n. Kangashah, man, Int. 32. Mars, planet, Mkh. 49,15 n; Sg. 4, Kekast lake, Mkh, 2, 95; 27, 61. 30, 34. Kidrast nask, Int. 17; Mkh. 21, 25 n. Marzuban, man, Int. 23. Kiharav, bird, Mkh. 61, 9. Mas'audi, Mkh. 36, 16 n. Kinamros, bird, Mkh. 61, 9 n; 62, Mashya, man, Mkh. 27, 2n; Sd. 11, 40. 52, In. Kinvad bridge, Mkh. 2, 115, 162; Mashyoi, woman, Sd. 52, i n. 21, 19 n; 40, 31; 41, 12; 57, Mazendar, land, Mkh. 27, 20, 40. 13; Sd. 1, 4; 6, 1, 6; 18, 6, Mazendarans, Sg. 14, 29 ; 10, 14, 15, 18; 31, 5; 36, 5, 6; 37, 28, 29, 31, 32, 36. 8; 42, 4; 45, 10; 54, 1; 58, Medyomah, dastur, Int. 37. 5; 63, 11; 87, 10, 11, 96, 2. Menstruous woman, Sd. 11, 1; 16, 4; 41, 1-23; 86, 1; 18, 1-14; Lakhmidar, priest, Int. 32 n. 91, 7.: Digitized by Google

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INDEX. 369 1 Mercury, planet, Mkh. 49, 5 n; Sg. Old Testament, Sg. 13, i n. 4, 30, 36, 42. Orion, Sg. 4, 29 n. Mesopotamia, Mkh. 44, 13 n. Oxus river, Mkh. 27, 44 n. Messiah, Sg. 15, 18, 25, 26, 31, 74, 76, 97, 108, 109. Padama, man, Int. 21, 39, 40. Mihir, angel, Sa. 1, 4; 18, 16; 100, Padashkhvargar m., Mkh. 27, 44. 2. See Mitro. Pahlavi, Sd. 99, 1, 2, Mihir-drug, Sd. 25, 3-5. Pahlavi Farhang, Int. 15. Mihrbanji, man, Int. 23. Palhan, priest, Int. 21. Mihrvan, man, Int. 21. Pandnamak-i Buzurg Mihir, book, Minokhirad, Int. 23; - abridged, Mkh. 13, 10n. Int. 24, 25. Parable of the gardener and his Mitokht, demon, Mkh. 19, 6 n. snares, Sg. 4, 63-80. Mitro, angel, Mkh. 2, 118; 8, .15; Pars, district, Mkh. 62, 15 n; Sg. 12, 5n; 53, 4, 8; sun, Sg. 4, 5, 18. 39. See Mihir. Pas, fiend, Sd. 81, 14, 16. Mitro-aiyyar, man, Int. 26; Sg. 2, 2; Paul, apostle, Sg. 15, 91. 9,4 n. Pazag nask, Int. 17; Mkh. 16, 15 n. Mitro-apan, man, Int. 18. Pehino, wolf, Mkh. 27, 50. Modes of acquiring knowledge, Sg. Persian Gulf, Mkh. 44, 14 n. 5, 10-45. Pesandas plain, Mkh. 62, 20. Mordtmann, Dr. A.D., Int. 17. Pes-dad, title, Mkh. 27, 2, 19. Moses, Sg. 13, 3; 15, 152, 154. Peshyotanu, priest, Sd. 52, i n. Mourning for the dead, Mkh. 6, 13; Poley, Mr., Int. 29. Sd. 06, 1-3. Pourushaspa, man, Sd. 40, 4. Muhammadanism, Int. 16, 26; Mkh. Pregnant woman, Sd. 16, 1; 17, 2; 1, 18 n. 70, 5; 76, 5. Muhammadans, Int. 25. Primitive faith, Mkh. 44, 33 ; Sg. Mulla Behzad Rustam, Int. 37. .5, 93. - Rustain Isfendiyar, Int. 37. Pust-I Vistaspan, Mkh. 62, 20 n. Muller, Prof. M. J., Int. 29, 30. Patik sea, Mkh. 44, 14, 15. - Prof. Max, Int. 29. Muspar, fiend, Sg. 4, 47 n, 48 n. Qavamu-d-din, priest, Int. 24, 42. Matazalik sect, Int. 26; Sg. 11,280. Quotations from Av., Mkh. 1, 28-32. -- Gathas, Mkh.2, 159; Sd. 14, 3. Naga-mandala, district, Int. 21, 32. -- good religion, Sd. 8,2; 32, 5. Naremahan, man, Int. 19. -- Had., Sd. 40, 4. Nariman, title, Sd. 9, 5; 52, 1 n. - New Test., Sg. 11, 209 n; 14, Nasrust, fiend, Sd. 35, 2; 36, 7. 39 n; 15, 6 n, 8 n, 44 n, 46 n, Nausari, town, Int. 32 n, 33 59 n, 61 n, 72 n, 9a n, 94 n, Navazud, rite, Sd.5,1,3,6,8,10;55, 1. 96 n, 98 n, 102 n, 104 n, 109 n, Neryosang, priest, Int. 19-22, 24, III n, 113 n, 118, 121 n, 124 n, 31, 33, 35, 42; his Sk, int., Int. 128 n, 129 n, 132 n-134 n, 141 n, 20, 22, 30, 33, 34, 39. 142 n, 144 n, 146 n, 149 1,153 n. Next-of-kin marriage, Mkh. 4, 4; - Old Test., Mkh. 7, 31 n; Sg. 36, 7; 37, 12. 11, 39 n, 64 , 67 n, 71 n, 72 n, Nihadam nask, Sd. 18, 3 n; 20, 1n. 75 n, 83 n, 84 n; 13, 7n, 9 n, Nizisto, demon, Mkh. 2, 115. II n, 13 n, 14 n, 17 n, 20 n, Nonabar, rite, Sd. 5, 1 n. 22n, 24 n, 25 n, 28 n, 30 n, Norris, Mr., Int. 29. 33 n, 34 n, 36 n, 37 n, 40 n, Noxious creatures, Mkh. 5, 8; 6, 41 n, 45 n, 47 n, Ion; 14, 5n, 10; 62, 35, 36; Sg. 3, 21; 4, 7 n, 12 n-17 n, 20 n, 23 n, 24 n, 17, 18, 21, 22, 55; 5, 79 ; Sd. 26 n, 29 n, 30 n, 33 n, 34 n. 43, 1-10. -- Pl. Had., Sd. 22, 3. Nyayises, Mkh. 53, 8 n; Sd. 59, 1, -- Pl. scrip., Sd. 28, 4; 94, 3; 2; 74, 3, 4; 98, 1. 97, 3: [24] v' Digitized by Google

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370 PAHLAVI TEXTS. Quotations from Pl. Vd., Sd. 12, 3; 56, 2; 86, 2; 67, 3-6; 70, 8; 71, 2; 86, 2; 93, 2, 5. - Qur'an, Sg. 11, 5n, 59 n, 248 n, 271 n. - rev., Mkh. 1, 46-50; 13, 9, 10; 21, 25, 26, 29; Sd. 1, 6; 2, 3, 4; 3, 2, 3; 4, 3-11; 5, 3, 6, 9, 5; 11, 5, 6, 13, 3; 16, 3; 18, 3; 20, 1; 21, 6; 25,6, 7; 27, 4; 28, 3; 29, 3; 31, 4; 36, 3; 47, 2; 52, 2; 61, 4; 62, 5; 84, 2; 65, 5; 66, 3; 72, 2; 79, 5, 6; 81, 2-12; 82, 2; 85, 2; 94, 2. -- vd., Mkh. 44, 19-24; 57, 24 29; Sd. 14, 3. -- other sources, Mkh. 2, 49, 66 90, 95; 57, 30-32. Sacred feast, Sd. 13, 2, 4, 5, 7 ; 21, 2,5; 37, 1, 3. fire, Mkh, 36, 9n; 53, 5n; Sd. 39, 1-5; 92, 1-6. shirt, Mkh. 2, 35 n. thread-girdle, Mkh. 2, 35 n; Sd. 10, 1-8, 15; 46,1-3 ; 82, 1-3; 84, 2. - twigs, Mkh. 57, 28; Sd. 68, 14. Sad Dar, long-metre, Int. 37; S. 0, 6n. Ram, angel, Sd. 87, 2. Rama, priest, Int. 39, 4o. Ramyar, priest, Int. 32 n. Rapithwin, rite, Sd. 6, 2. Rashnu, angel, Mkh. 2, 118, 119, 163; 8, 15 n; 22, 6 n; Sd. I, 4; 18, 16; 58, 5; 87, 2; 100, 2. Ravar, town, Int. 23. . Regulus, star, Sg. 4, 29 n. Renovation of the universe, Mkh. 21, 23, 26; 27, 17; 57, 6, 31; Sg. 1, 28; 4, 11. Renunciation of sin, Mkh. 52, 3, 16, 17; 53, 8; Sd. 45, 1, 2, 5-11; 84, 1. Resurrection, Mkh. 2, 95, 193 ; 21, Ion; 27, 36, 53; 37, 11; 57, 7, 31; 82, 28 n; 63, 6 n; Sg. 14, 39; 15, 40-42; Sd. 1, 3; 62, 4; 81, 4. Rivayat, Pl., Mkh. 27, 15 n. - Per., Mkh. 27, 33 n, 50 n; Sd. 52, in. River of tears, Sd. 96, 2. Romer, Mr. J., Int. 29, 39, 41. Roshan, com., Int. 26, 27; Sg. 1, 35 n; 10, 54; priest, Int. 26; Sg. 10, 53; 11, 213. Rustam, man, Int. 18, 44. -- metrical, Int. 37, 43-45; Sd. 0,6n. -- prose, Sd. O, 6n; age, Int. 37-39, 44, 45; described, Int. 36-39; MSS., Int. 39-45. Sad Darband-i Hush, book, Int. 45; Sd. 5, 7 n. Sahm, hero, Mkh. 27, 49; 62, 4, 20, 23; Sd. 9, 5; 52, in. Salm, prince, Mkb. 27, 43. Sangan, town, Int. 22, 24, 42. Sasanian nobles, Mkh, 1, 7 n. Sataves, star, Mkh. 49, in; 62, 13; Sg. 4, 29, 35. Saturn, planet, Sg. 4, 30, 32, 41. Savah, region, Mkh. 16, 10; 44, 13; 62, 25. Season-festivals, Mkh. 4, 5; 57,13; Sd. 6, 2. Seg, fiend, Sd. 32, 5. Seno murus, see Griffon bird. Shahnamah, Mkh. 8, 27 n, 29 n; 27, 21 n, 45 n; Sd. 9, 5 n. Shahpur, king, Sg. 10, 70. Shahrivar, day, Int. 32; month, Int. 40. Shatro-aiyyar, man, Int. 18, 19, 21. Shatvairo, day, Int. 18. Simurgh, see Griffon bird. Sindh, land, Int. 23. Sirius, star, Mkh. 49, 5n; Sg. 4, 53 n. Sirozah, rite, Sd. 5, in. Sistan, land, Mkh. 27, 44 n. Siyavakhsh, prince, Mkh. 2, 95 n; 27, 55, 57; dastur, Int. 37. Son of God, Sg. 15, 25-28. Sophistry answered, Sg. 6, 35-45. Soshans, apostle, Mkh. 2, 95; 27, 63; 57, 7; Sd. 52, in. Spahan, town, Sg. 2, 2. Spend nask, Sd. 4, 3n; 16, 3 n; 18, B 3 n. Spendarmad, angel, Sd. 33, 2; 44, 1; 65,5; 85, 3. Sabbath, Sg. 13, 14. Sachau, Prof., Int. 23; Mkh. 27,67 n. Sacred cake, Mkh. 16, 17; Sd. 12, 5; 13, 2, 4, 5, 7; 21, 7; 37, 1, 3; 52, 1, 3; 55, 1. Digitized by Google

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INDEX. 371 sa Spenzagar, demon, Sg. 4, 52. Tur, land, Mkh. 27, 34. Spiegel, Prof., Int. 24. Turanians, Mkh. 21, 25. Spirit of wisdom, described, Int. 16. Tur-i Bradar-vakhsh, man, Sd. 9, 5. Spitaman, see Zaratust. Two-legged demons, Sg. 16, 15. Srosh, angel, Mkh. 2, 115, 118, 124, 141, 143, 162; 8, 14; 27, 33 n; Ukhshyad-ereta, apostle, Mkh. 2, 44, 35; 62, 5, 25; Sg. 8, 128n; 95 n. Sd. 21, 10; 47, 1, 3; 58, 4, 7, - nemangh, apostle, Mkh. 2, 95 n. 8; 87, 1; day, Int. 33. 'Uman gulf, Mkh, 62, 13 n. - baz, Sd. 14, 3, 4-6. Unnatural intercourse, Mkh. 8, 10; - yast, Sd. 5, in. 36, 4, 5; Sd. 9, 1, 4, 5. Srovar, snake, Mkh. 27, 50 ; Sd. Ursa Major, Mkh. 49, 15. 9, 5. Urumiyah lake, Mkh. 2, 95 n. Stars of various germs, Mkh. 49, 7-11. Vadakan, title, Mkh. 57, 25. Sudkar nask, Mkh. 44, 35 n. Vae the bad, demon, Mkh. 2, 115; Sultan Muthaffar-shah, Int. 32. 47, 8. Supreme heaven, Mkh. 7, 11; 57, - the good, angel, Mkh. 2, 115; 9,13; Sd. 79, 5; 80, 11. Sd. 87, 2 n. Syriac, Int. 28; Sg. 14, 42 n. Vaekereta, town, Mkh. 27, 44 n. Vag, see Inward prayer. Sikand-gumanik Vigar, Sg. 1, 38; Vabram, angel, Mkh. 2, 115; 36, age, Int. 26, 27; described, Int. 9; 53, 5; planet, Mkh. 49, 25-28; MSS., Int. 28-36. 15 n. - i Vargavand, king, Sd. 52, 1 n. Takhmorup, Mkh. 27, 21, 33 n; Vanand, star, Mkh. 49, 12; Sg. 4, Sd. 52, in. 29, 34. Talmud, Sg. 14, 36 n, 50 n. Vardast, dastur, Int. 37. Tanavar good work, Sd. 12, 9; Varkash sea, Mkh. 44, 15; 62, 26, 28. - sin, Sd. 41, 4; 48, 2; 50, 5; Vazist fire, Sg. 4, 53. 56, 3; 66, 3; 68, 1-3; 74, 5; Vega, star, Mkh. 62, 13 n. 82, 2; 100, 1. Vegan, priest, Int. 19. Taparistan, Mkh. 27, 44 n. Venus, planet, Mkh. 62, 13 n; Sg. Tehmuras Dinshawji, priest, Int. 18. 4, 30, 35, 42. Three-legged ass, Mkh. 62, 6, 26, 27. Vidadafsh, region, Mkh. 16, 10. Three-nights' punishment, Mkh. 21, Vikaji, priest, Int. 22. 10. Virod religion, Sg. 4, 1. Thrita, hero, Mkh. 27, 49 n. Visparad, Sd. 5, in Time, personified, Mkh. 27, 10; Vistasp, king, Mkh. 13, 14; 27, 2, Sg. 18, 31, 79, 80 ; unlimited, 68; 57, 20, 21; Sd. 52, in. Mkh. 8, 8, 9, 15; Sg. 6, 6. See Kal-Vistasp. Tir, planet, Mkh. 49, 5 n. Vivangha, man, Mkh. 27, 24. Tistar, Mkh. 49, 5, 6, 10 n-12n; Vizaresh, demon, Mkh. 2, 161, 164, 62, 41, 42; Sg. 4, 29, 36, 52. 166. Tistar-yar, priest, Int. 44; Sd. 0,6. Vohu-fryan fire, Mkh. 16, 39 n. Tobit, Mkh. 2, 115 n. Vohuman, angel, Sg. 8, 128, 129; Treasurers for the soul, Sg. 4, 92- Sa. 14, 8n; month, Int. 33. 96. See Bahman. Tree of knowledge, Sg. 13, 19, 22, Vorubarst, region, Mkh. 16, 10. 33, 122, 126, 132, 138, 139, Vorugarst, region, Mkh. 16, 10. 143, 146. Tree opposed to harm, Mkh. 62, Wednesday, Sg. 13, 101. 37, 41. Westergaard, Prof., Int. 18. Trinity, Sg. 15, 46-62. Wilson, Prof. H. H., Int. 29. Tug, prince, Mkh. 27, 43. Windischmann, Mkh. 27, 15 n. B b 2 95, 2. Digitized by Google

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372 PAHLAVI TEXTS. Wisdom, acquired, Mkh, 1, 49 n. - innate, Mkh. 1, 49 n; 2, 195; 57, 5. Yast, Sd. 12, 5; 98, 1. Yatha-ahd-vairyo formula, Sd.7, 1; 14, 2, 3, 5, 6; 21, 9; 24, 2; 30, 2; 56, 4; 84, 1. Yazad-yar, priest, Int. 22, 41, 44, 45; Sd. o, 6. Yazd, town, Int. 23. Yim, king, Mkh. 8, 17; 27, 33 n; 57, 21; Sd. 52, in; his enclosure, Mkh. 27, 27, 29; 61,90; 62, 3, 15; Sd. 10, 7. Yimakan m., Mkh. 62, 15 n. Yimshed, king, Mkb. 27, 24. See Jamshed. Zad-sparam, Int. 27. Zand, Sd. 81, 9. Zandik, Int. 27; Mkh. 36, 16 n. Zarafsan river, Mkh. 44, 17 n. Zarah lake, Mkh. 87, 44 n. Zaratust, apostle, Mkh. , 95 n; 57, 20, 24, 26; Sg. 10, 63, 64; 11, 256 n; Sd. 1, 2, 3; 4, 3, 4; 9, 5; 10, 15; 52, in; 61, 2; 66, 9, 10; 67, 5; 81, 2, 10; 85, 2; 98, 3; 99, 3; the Spitaman, Mkh. 1, 10, 13, 15; Sd. 0, 12; 10, 12; 16, 3; 85, 6; 79, 5; supreme, Sg. 1, 18. - priest, Int. 32 n. -i Atur-frdbagan, Int. 27; Sg. 10, 53 n. Zargar, prince, Sg. 10, 67. UVEIS!!! Digitized by Google

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TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS ADOPTED FOR THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. MISSIONARY ALPHABET. CONSONANTS. Sanskrit. Zend. Pehlevi. Persian Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese. I Class. II Class. III Class. kh Gutturales. 1 Tenuis .......... 2 , aspirata ..... 3 Media .......... 4 , aspirata ...... 5 Gutturo-labialis ..... tot Be F : w 6 Nasalis ........... . |h (ng). ***|| ng war 7::9 obing : -- www: :: :: .- www: bon TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS. Anamn : E%AE: . ago >> . 7 Spiritus asper...... 8 , lenis ......... asper faucalis .. lenis faucalis .. asper fricatus .. ,, lenis fricatus .. mw ::::: . . . . Digitized by G Digitized by Google Gutturales modificatae (palatales, &c.) 13 Tenuis ............ 14 ,, aspirata ..... 15 Media .......... 16 , aspirata ...... 17 Nasalis ... 2: 373 :mmm :: ww: ::::: 3 :: ::

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MISSIONARY ALPHABET. CONSONANTS (continued). Sanskrit. Zend. Pehlevi. Pers'an. Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese. I Class. II Class III Class. 374 18 Semivocalis ... Joc ! 10 :4: 22 , 19 Spiritus asper........ 20 ,, lenis ....... >>. asper assibilatus .. lenis assibilatus .. Dentales. 23 Tenuis .......... 24 aspirata ....... 25 , assibilata ..... 26 Media ....... 27 , aspirata ....... 28 ,, assibilata .... 29 Nasalis .......... 30 Semivocalis ........ 31 , mollis 1... mollis 2... 33 Spiritus asper 1 ..... ,, asper 2..... , lenis ...... >> asperrimus 1.... asperrimus 2 .... TII : 13: 9:0) :34 2:1, no:933 :.. :: 3:ns: TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS : * -OE:: vuityisy ::: ::::*: 8 34 21:40:42 DII Digitized by Google | bd | ( th) s 3 0 ....... ? (3)

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Cup of a Dentales modificatae (linguales, &c.) 38 Tenuis ......... 39 aspirata ..... 40 Media .......... 41 , aspirata ...... 42 Nasalis .......... 43 Semivocalis ....... 44 ,, fricata. ... diacritica .. 46 Spiritus asper ...... 47 lenis ....... EUR: 7: : :::*:*RE :: :: :::::::: :sin :: :: : 4:16 45 :: R $:: N . : e Labiales. 48 Tenuis ....... 49 , aspirata .. 50 Media ...... 51 , aspirata .. 52 Tenuissima ........ 53 Nasalis .......... 54 Semivocalis ........ 55 aspirata. 56 Spiritus asper ...... 57 , lenis ..... 58 Anusvara ......... 59 Visarga .......... FOR THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. :::: : : 0 : wwuu :: ::: : **::::: Digitized by Google 3:7:: 0:33::94: : ::o : 4 4. 375

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MISSIONARY ALPHABET. VOWELS. Sanskrit. Zend. Pehlevk Persian Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese. I Class 11 Class. III Class. fi . ..... . . . 376 o xxo as a .- - S A winit. 1 Neutralis ......... 2 Laryngo-palatalis .... 3 labialis .... 4 Gutturalis brevis ..... 5 , longa ....... 6 Palatalis brevis ...... 7 , longa ........ 8 Dentalis brevis ...... 9 , longa .... 10 Lingualis brevis .... 11 >> longa ....... 12 Labialis brevis ...... 13 , longa ........ 14 Gutturo-palatalis brevis ...! 15 ,, longa ... e (ai) 16 Diphthongus gutturo-palatalis di A4 | all into em 4 . : E O. 2a ::::::::::::::: :: 10. : : ::2: : : ::::::*::::9Yol:::9151: : : | 1 :::vali b : : : inch ::: : : : : :1. Inbal :::1-lat: : : : : : : : : : : : TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS. ,, oi (ou) 19 Gutturo-labialis brevis .... 0 longa .... 10(au) 21 Diphthongus gutturo-labialis au 20 Digitized by Google :::::: 99: :: MM: (0) (au) sw (au) 22 ou (ou) 23 24 Gutturalis fracta ....... 25 Palatalis fracta ...... 26 Labialis fracta ........ 27 Gutturo-labialis fracta ..

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14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. - . REC'D LD AY 3065-3 PM vz.96 REECB +486584 Reeb asb 3166-1 PM ICC SEP 14 1967 8 2 RESEP 767-3 PM OAN DEPT. APR 24 1999 LD 21A-60m-3,'65 (F2336510)476B General Library University of California Berkeley

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YC 54595 U. C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES COL1332794

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Google This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project to make the world's books discoverable online. It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover. Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you. Usage guidelines Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying. We also ask that you: + Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for personal, non-commercial purposes. + Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help. + Maintain attribution The Google "watermark" you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it. + Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe. About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at http://books.google.com/

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TEE 120 E. & UC-NRLF

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REESE LIBRARY OF THE Received UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Ime , 1888 Accessions No. 36854 Shelf No. 665 M9146 V, 31

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T EE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST [31] [31] a Digitized by Digitized by Google

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London HENRY FROWDE 3833308 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE AMEN CORNER, E.C. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST TRANSLATED BY VARIOUS ORIENTAL SCHOLARS AND EDITED BY F. MAX MULLER VOL. XXXI Orford AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1887 ( All rights reserved ] Digitized by Digitized by Google

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THE ZEND-AVESTA PART III THE YASNA, VISPARAD, AFRINAGAN, GAHS, AND MISCELLANEOUS FRAGMENTS TRANSLATED BY L. H. MILLS OF THE TESE LIPSA UNIVERSITY) CALIFORNIA Orford AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1887 ( All rights reserved ] Digitized by Digitized by Google .

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CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE . . INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . ix-xvi xvii-xlvii xlviii ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . TRANSLATIONS. THE GATHAS (YASNA XXVIII-XXXIV, XLIII-LI, LIII) 1-194 Yasna 1-XXVII, XXXV-XLII, LII, LIV-LXXII. 195-332 VISPARAD I-XXIII . . . . . . . . 333-364 AFRINAGAN I-III . . . . . . . 365-375 GAHs I-V . . . . . . . . . 377-388 MISCELLANEOUS FRAGMENTS . 389-393 INDEX : : : : : : : : 395-400 Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the Translations of the Sacred Books of the East . 401-404 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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EESE LIRPA UNIVERSITY CALIFORNIA PREFACE. It would savour of affectation for me to say very much by way of meeting the necessary disadvantages under which I labour as in any sense a successor of Professor Darmesteter. It is sufficient to state that I believe myself to be fully aware of them, and that I trust that those who study my work will accord me the more sympathy under the circumstances. Professor Darmesteter, having extended his labours in his University, found his entire time so occupied that he was obliged to decline further labour on this Series for the present. My work on the Gathas had been for some time in his hands, and he requested me, as a friend, to write the still needed volume of the translation of the Avesta. Although deeply appreciating the undesirableness of following one whose scholarship is only surpassed by his genius, I found myself unable to refuse. As to my general treatment, experts will not need to be informed that I have laboured under no common difficulties. On the one hand, it would be extremely imprudent for any scholar not placed arbitrarily beyond the reach of criticism, to venture to produce a translation of the Yasna, Visparad, Afrinagan, and Gahs, without defensive notes. The smallest freedom would be hypercriticised by interested parties, and after them condemned by their followers. On the other hand, even with the imperfect commentary which accompanies the Gathas here, the generous courtesy of the Delegates of the Clarendon Press has been too abundantly drawn upon. One does not expect detailed commentaries in this Series. My efforts have therefore been chiefly confined to forestalling the possible assaults of unfair or forgetful critics, and so to spare myself, in so far as it may be possible, the necessity for painful rejoinder. 1 See the Revue Critique, Nov. 26, 1883. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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THE GATHAS, ETC. To print a commentary on the Yasna, &c., which would be clear to non-specialists, and at the same time interesting, would occupy many times more space than could be here allowed. In treating the Gathas however, even at the risk of too great extension, I have endeavoured to atone for the necessary obscurity of notes by ample summaries, and a translation supported by paraphrase, as such matter has more prospect of being generally instructive than a commentary which must necessarily have remained obscure. These summaries should also be read with the more indulgence, as they are the first of their kind yet attempted, Haug's having been different in their scope. With regard to all matters of mere form, I expect from all sides a similar concession. It will, I trust, be regarded as a sufficient result if a translation, which has been built up upon the strictest critical principles, can be made at all readable. For while any student may transcribe from the works of others what might be called a translation of the Yasna, to render that part of it, termed the Gathas, has been declared by a respected authority, the severest task in Aryan philology?' And certainly, if the extent of preparatory studies alone is to be the gauge, the statement cited would not seem to be an exaggeration. On mathematical estimates the amount of labour which will have to be gone through to become an independent investigator, seems to be much greater than that which presents itself before specialists in more favoured departments. No one should think of writing with originality on the Gathas, or the rest of the Avesta, who had not long studied the Vedic Sanskrit, and no one should think of pronouncing ultimate opinions on the Gathas, who has not to a respectable degree mastered the Pahlavi commentaries. But while the Vedic, thanks to the labours of editor and lexicographers, has long been open to 1 Es bilden diese funf Gathas, die insgesammt metrisch abgefasst sind, den sprachlich wichtigsten, aber auch den weitaus schwierigsten teil des ganzen Avesta, ja man kann sagen, ohne dass man furchten muss der ubertreibung geziehen zu werden, sie bilden den schwierigsten teil der ganzen indogermanischen philologic. Altiranisches Verbum ; von C. Bartholomae; Einleitung, s. 3. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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PREFACE. hopeful study, the Pahlavi commentaries have never been thoroughly made out, and writer after writer advances with an open avowal to that effect; while the explanation, if attempted, involves questions of actual decipherment, and Persian studies in addition to those of the Sanskrit and Zend; and the language of the Gathas requires also the study of a severe comparative philology, and that to an unusual, if not unequalled, extent. The keen observer will at once see that a department of science so circumstanced may cause especial embarrassment. On the one hand, it is exposed to the impositions of dilettanti, and the hard working specialist must be content to see those who have advanced with studies one half, or less than one half completed, consulted as masters by a public which is only ignorant as regards the innermost laws of the science; and, on the other hand, the deficiencies of even the most laborious of specialists must leave chasms of imperfection out of which the war of the methods must continually re-arise. In handling the Gathas especially, I have resorted to the plan of giving a translation which is inclusively literal !, but filled out and rounded as to form by the free use of additions. As the serious student should read with a strong negative criticism, he may notice that I strive occasionally after a more pleasing effect; but, as we lose the metrical flow of the original entirely, such an effort to put the rendering somewhat on a level with the original in this respect, becomes a real necessity. I have, however, in order to guard against misleading the reader, generally, but not always, indicated the added words by parenthetical curves. That these will be considered unsightly and awkward, I am well aware. I consider them such myself, but I have not felt at liberty to refrain from using them. As the Gathas are disputed word for word, I could not venture to resort to free omissions; and what a translation would be without either additions or omissions, may be That is approximately so; absolute literalness, even when treated as I propose, would be unmanageably awkward. In another work, I give a word for word rendering of the Gathas. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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xii THE GATHAS, ETC. seen from the occasional word for word renderings given. Beyond the Gathas, I have omitted the curves oftener. I have in the Gathas, as elsewhere, also endeavoured to impart a rhythmical character to the translation, for the reason above given, and foreign readers should especially note the fact, as well as my effort to preserve the colour of original expressions, otherwise they will inevitably inquire why I do not spare words. To preserve the colour and warmth, and at the same time to include a literal rendering, it is impossible to spare words and syllables, and it is unwise to attempt it. Non-specialists may dislike the frequency of alternative renderings as leaving the impression of indecision, while, at the same time, a decision is always expressed by the adoption of a preferred rendering. The alternatives were added with the object of showing how nearly balanced probabilities may be, and also how uninportant to the general sense the questions among specialists often are. In transliterating, I have followed the plan used in the preceding volumes to avoid confusion, but since the first volume was published, great progress has been made in this particular, and in a separate work I should have adopted a different arrangement. As to other unimportant variations from the preceding volumes in matters of usage and fashion, I trust that no one will dwell on them for a moment. As regards the usual and inevitable differences of opinion on more serious questions, see the remarks in the Introduction". I would also state that I have often avoided rendering identical passages in identical language, as irksome both to reader and writer. I have also not invariably cited the obviously preferable variations of text which have been adopted, and which are so familiar to the 1 Chiefly as to , , , , , , , , ; but I write , b 7. ? As in Aramaiti, Vohu Manah, &c. I also write Neryosangh, and in a sew places Gatha a), Ahunavaiti(1), &c. I regret not to have written Mazdah everywhere. 3 Where I differ from Professor Darmesteter, I desire to be considered as merely proposing alternative renderings. I have therefore omitted a mass of references to the previous volumes as unnecessary. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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PREFACE. xiii eye in Westergaard, Spiegel, and Geldner. The texts of Westergaard have been followed necessarily as to extent of matter, as this work is printed before the completion of Geldner's text. The oft-recurring formulas and prayers at the ends of chapters and sections have been left unrendered, and finally for the most part unnoticed, by striking out the useless notes. Citations of the Pahlavi and Sanskrit translations have been given occasionally in full, in order to meet the extraordinary statements which sometimes appear to the effect that they have not been vital to the interpretation of the Gathas. But by giving these extracts and by frequently citing the Pahlavi, Neryosangh, and the Persian, I have perhaps exposed myself to the misconception that I am an extreme advocate of the so-called tradition !, whereas all conscientious critics will acknowledge that I follow the indications of these works with more reserve than any writer who professes to have studied them; in fact I may well apprehend censure from 'traditionalists' in this particular. These Asiatic renderings are cited by me the more fully when those who neglect them agree with their indications; and they are therefore cited to show that, whereas those most opposed to them are nevertheless forgetfully indebted to them in nearly every line, therefore in all cases of great difficulty they should be studied as an absolute necessity before rash conjectures are adopted. For it is exactly where we are all most in doubt, that their indications become of most worth, when rationally considered. These translations should be examined for the relics of the truth, the hints, and traces of original explanations, which may most abound where they are themselves most faulty as translations. I therefore never search them for exact reproductions. But the citations which I give The relics of a 'tradition' direct from the fountain-head are present in the Asiatic commentaries, and also the relics of a tradition from later, and, as it were, modern scholarship; and, lastly, there are also present the direct results of an ancient scholarship; but to speak of the Pahlavi translations as 'tradition,' is merely to use a convenient phrase. I know of no scholar who supposes these commentaries to be in a simple sense tradition from the earliest Zend writers. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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xiv THE GATHAS, ETC. here constitute only a very small fraction of those needed. An argument should be built up on the fullest statements of the circumstances, elucidated with scientific completeness. This alone would have any prospect of obliging investigators to acknowledge the truth; for not only inertia and prejudice are arrayed on the other side, but even interest. This much is said of the Pahlavi translations; for Ner. is properly cited only as a translation of a translation, and, as such, of the highest authority; so of the Persian. Zendists will observe that I by no means abandon explanations merely because they are old, a practice which seems almost the fashion. I, however, fully approve of testing and assailing again and again all suggestions whether old or new. I would simply assert that, while the tasks before us remain still so very extensive, it would be better for scholars to exercise their sagacity upon passages which call loudly for wise conjecture, leaving those which are clear as they stand, for later assaults. It will be seen that I myself by no means approve of refraining from conjecture, but I would only in all humility insist that we should not abandon ourselves to unprepared conjecture. As is known 3, I have attempted the present rendering after more than ten years of close labour, and after a full trans -- -- - 1 It is to be hoped that our occupations are sufficiently serious to allow as to pass over the imperfections of Neryosangh's Sanskrit style. He was especially cramped in his mode of expressing himself by a supposed necessity to attempt to follow his original (which was not the Gathic but the Pahlavi) word for word. His services were most eminently scholarly, and, considering his disadvantages, some of the greatest which have been rendered. Prof. R. v. Roth and Dr. Aurel Stein have kindly transcribed for me valuable variations. It will be regarded, however, as especially desirable that, in a report from a specialist to the learned public in general, the texts should on no account be violated by conjectural improvements where they are at all translatable; alternatives are therefore added. As has been remarked by a recent reviewer on the new version of the Scriptures, there is scarcely a line of very ancient writings which scholars are not tempted to amend; but such emendations are seldom agreed to among specialists. A first translation should always be attempted with the texts as they stand. See the Athenaeum, April 12, 1884; and the Academy, Sept. 13, 1884. On the entire subject in its connection with the Gnostic and modern philosophies, my special labours have included a much longer period of time than that mentioned. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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PREFACE. XV lation of the Pahlavi and Sanskrit translations, together with an edition of the Zend, Pahlavi, Sanskrit, and Persian texts of the Gathas. It is proper to add that for the purpose of keeping the judgment free from prejudice, and open to honest conviction from the influence of the Rig-veda, I have followed the practice for a number of years of transcribing the Hymns of the Veda into English in word for word written studies, having already so treated by far the greater part of them; some of these are in curtailed statement, others needlessly full. I have also, on the other hand, turned a large portion of the Gathas into Vedic Sanskrit. (This, however, is practically a universal custom, as all words are compared with the Vedic, so far as analogies exist between the Gathas and the Riks.) If therefore the opposed schools regard me as erring in too implicit a reliance on the hints of the Asiatics on the one side, or in too decided a tendency to read the Gathic as Vedic on the other, they may be assured that I have not erred from interest or prejudice. That my results will please both parties it is folly to expect, in fact perfection in the rendering of the Gathas (as of some other ancient works) is for ever unattainable, and not to be looked for; moreover, it would not be recognised, if attained; for no writer, whosoever he may be, can produce a rendering of the Gathas without meeting the assaults of ignorance or design. However imperfect my results may be supposed to be, it is to be hoped that they will contribute some little toward establishing a convention among scholars as to what the Gathic and Zend writings mean; meanwhile it is confidently expected that they will fulfil the requirements of the science of comparative theology. Whatever may be the ultimate truth as to questions of close detail, the Yasna, as well as the rest of the Avesta, is clear as to its creed. My list of obligations is a long one, in fact so long that I fear I can express but little compliment in naming advisers, as I have made it a practice to consult all available persons, as well as books. Making one exception, I will therefore reserve to myself the pleasure of recalling them to a future occasion. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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xvi THE GATHAS, ETC. It is sufficient to say here that while I follow a new departure in the treatment of the Asiatic commentaries, yet the most prominent writers of the opposing schools have courteously favoured me with their advice. Availing myself of the exception named, I would take the liberty to express my gratitude, here especially, to Dr. E.W.West, our first authority on Pahlavi, for placing at my disposal various readings of the Pahlavi text of the Yasna, of which we have hitherto only possessed a single MS. in the Pahlavi character, that contained in the oldest Zend writing, the Codex numbered five, in the Library of Copenhagen. The variations referred to were transcribed by Dr. West from the venerable MS., the hereditary property of Dastur Dr. Gamaspgi Minokihargi Asana of Bombay, and written only nineteen (or twentytwo days later than that numbered five in the Library of Copenhagen. By this generous loan I have been enabled to print elsewhere the first text of the Pahlavi of the Gathas yet edited with comparison of MSS., likewise also for the first time translated, in its entirety, into a European language. For this Dr. West, during an extended correspondence, has furnished me with information on the Pahlavi not obtainable elsewhere, together with corrections and revisions. There is another eminent friend whose sacrifices of time and labour on my behalf have been exceptional, but I will defer the mention of Zend scholars. I take this opportunity to express my acknowledgments to Professor Dr. von Halm of the Hof- und Staatsbibliothek, in Munich, for allowing me the free use of Codex 12b, of Haug's Collection, both at Stuttgart and Hanover; also to Professor Dr. Wilmanns of Gottingen; Geheimrath Dr. Forstemann of Leipsic; and Herr Rath Bodemann of Hanover, for the loan of a large number of valuable works from their respective public libraries, often, with great liberality, renewed. L. H. MILLS. HANOVER, February, 1886. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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THESE LIERAPY (UNIVERSITY CALIFORNIA . INTRODUCTION. MANY readers, for whom the Zend-Avesta possesses only collateral interest, may not understand why any introductory remarks are called for to those portions of it which are treated in this volume. The extent of the matter does not appear at first sight a sufficient reason for adding a word to the masterly work which introduces the first two volumes, and, in fact, save as regards questions which bear upon the Gathas, I avoid for the most part, for the present, all discussion of details which chiefly concern either the sections treated in the first two volumes, or the extended parts of the later Avesta treated here. But the Gathas are of such a nature, and differ so widely from other parts of the Avesta, that some words of separate discussion seem quite indispensable, and such a discussion was recommended by the author of the other volumes. A second reason why a word of introduction is necessary, when the translation of the successive parts of the Avesta passes from one hand to another, is a reason which bears upon the subject with exceptional force. It is this : the Avesta, while clearly made out, so far as the requirements of comparative theology are concerned, yet presents difficulties as to minute detail so great, that as yet no two independent scholars can entirely agree as to their solution. Master and pupil, friend and friend, must differ, and sometimes on questions of no trivial moment. The preliminary studies requisite to the formation of ultimate opinions are so varied, and of such a nature, involving the rendering of matter as yet totally unrendered with any scientific exactness in either India or Europe, that no person can claim to have satisfied himself in these respects. Scholars are therefore obliged to advance biassed by the fact that they are preponderatingly Iranists, or preponder(31) b Digitized by Digitized by Google

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xviii THE GATHAS. atingly Vedists, and therefore certain at the outset that they must differ to a certain degree from each other, and to a certain degree also from the truth. It was also, as might well be understood without statement, with a full knowledge of the fact that I was inclined to allow especial weight to a comparison with the Veda, and that I modified the evidence of tradition somewhat more than he did, that Professor Darmesteter urged me to accept this task. But while I am constrained to say something by way of a preparatory treatise here, a sense of the fitness of things induces me to be as brief as possible, and I must therefore ask indulgence of the reader if my mode of expressing myself seems either rough or abrupt. As to what the Gathas are in their detail, enough has been said in the summaries and notes. From those representations, necessarily somewhat scattered, it appears that they comprise seventeen sections of poetical matter, equal in extent to about twenty-five to thirty hymns of the Rig-veda, composed in ancient Aryan metres, ascribing supreme (beneficent) power to the Deity Ahura Mazda, who is yet opposed co-ordinately by an evil Deity called Aka Manah, or Angra Mainyu. In all respects, save in the one particular that He is not the Creator of this evil Deity, and does not possess the power to destroy him or his realm, this Ahura Mazda is one of the purest conceptions which had yet been produced. He has six personified attributes (so one might state it), later, but not in the Gathas, described as Archangels, while in the Gathas they are at once the abstract attributes of God, > or of God's faithful adherents upon earth, and at the same time conceived of as persons, all efforts to separate the instances in which they are spoken of as the mere dispositions of the divine or saintly mind, and those in which they are spoken of as personal beings, having been in vain. We have therefore a profound scheme, perhaps not consciously invented, but being a growth through centuries; and this system is the unity of God in His faithful creatures. It is not a polytheism properly so-called, as Ahura forms with his Immortals a Heptade, reminding one of the Sabellian Trinity. It is not a Pantheism, for it is especially Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xix. arrested by the domain of the evil Deity. It might be called, if we stretch the indications, a Hagio-theism, a delineation of God in the holy creation. Outside of the Heptade is Sraosha, the personified Obedience (and possibly Vayu, as once mentioned); and, as the emblem of the pious, is the Kine's soul, while the Fire is a poetically personified symbol of the divine purity and power. As opposed to the good God, we have the Evil Mind, or the Angry (?) Spirit, not yet provided with full personified attributes to correspond to the Bountiful Immortals. He has, however, a servant, Aeshma, the impersonation of invasion and rapine, the chief scourge of the Zarathustrians; and an evil angel, the Drug, personified deceit, while the Daevas (Devas) of their more southern neighbours (some of whose tribes had remained, as servile castes, among the Zarathustrians) constitute perhaps the general representatives of Aka Manah, Aeshma, the Drug, &c. The two original spirits unite in the creation of the good and evil in existence both actually in the present, and in principles which have their issue in the future in rewards and punishments. The importance of this creed, so far stated, as the dualistical creation, and, as an attempted solution, of the hardest problem of speculation, should be obvious to every enlightened eye. If there existed a supreme God whose power could undo the very laws of life, no evil could have been known; but the doctrine denies that there is any such being. The good and the evil in existence limit each other. There can be no happiness undefined by sorrow, and no goodness which does not resist sin. Accordingly the evil principle is recognised as so necessary that it is represented by an evil God. His very name, however, is a thought, or a passion ; while the good Deity is not responsible for the wickedness and grief which prevail. His power itself could not have prevented their occurrence. And He alone has an especially objective name, and one which could only be applied to a person. These suggestions, whether true or false, are certainly some of the most serious that have ever been made !, and we find them originally here. Haug long since called attention to the likeness of Hegelianism to the b 2 Dialized by Google Digitized by

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XX THE GATHAS. As to the nature of religious rewards and punishments, we have suggestions scarcely less important in the eye of scientific theology, and, as a matter of fact, very much more extensively spread. To say that the future rewards held out in the Gathas were largely, if not chiefly, spiritual, and in the man himself, would be almost a slur upon the truth. The truth is, that the mental heaven and hell with which we are now familiar as the only future states recognised by intelligent people, and thoughts which, in spite of their familiarity, can never lose their importance, are not only used and expressed in the Gathas, but expressed there, so far as we are aware, for the first time. While mankind were delivered up to the childish terrors of a future replete with horrors visited upon them from without, the early Iranian sage announced the eternal truth that the rewards of Heaven, and the punishments of Hell, can only be from within. He gave us, we may fairly say, through the systems which he has influenced, that great doctrine of subjective recompense, which must work an essential change in the mental habits of every one who receives it. After the creation of souls, and the establishment of the laws which should govern them, Aramaiti gives a body, and men and angels begin their careers. A Mathra is inspired for the guidance of the well-disposed. The faithful learn the vows of the holy system under the teaching of the Immortals, while the infidel and reprobate portion of mankind accept the seductions of the Worst Mind, and unite with the Daevas in the capital sin of warfare from wanton cruelty, or for dishonest acquisition. The consequence of this latter alliance is soon apparent. The Kine, as the representative of the holy people, laments under the miseries which make Iranian life a load. The efforts to draw a livelihood from honest labour are opposed, but not frustrated, by the Daeva-worshipping tribes who still struggle with the Zarathustrians for the control of the territory. The Kine therefore lifts chief ideas in the Zarathustrian philosophy as centring in its dualism. And I think that it is quite evident, and I believe conceded by experts, that the Hegelian sublated dualism is a descendant from the Zarathustrian through the Gnostics and Jacob Boehme. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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INTRODUCTION. xxi her wail to Ahura, and His Righteous Order, Asha, who respond by the appointment of Zarathustra, as the individual entrusted with her redemption; and he, accepting his commission, begins his prophetic labours. From this on we have a series of lamentations, prayers, praises, and exhortations, addressed by Zarathustra and his immediate associates to Ahura and the people, which delineate the public and personal sorrows in detail, utter individual supplications and thanksgivings, and exhort the masses assembled in special or periodical meetings. Here, it must be noted, that the population among whom these hymns were composed were chiefly agriculturists and herdsmen. Circumstances which affected their interests as such were of course paramount with them, and as their land and cattle represented their most valuable property, whatever threatened them was the most of all things to be dreaded. Accordingly rapine, and the raid, whether coming from Turanians or Daeva-worshippers, were regarded as the most terrible of visitations. But their moral earnestness in their determination to avoid rapine on their part, even when tempted by a desire for retaliation, is especially to be noted 1. It was as awful when regarded as a sin as it was when suffered as an affliction; and their animus in this particular was most exceptional. While the above facts explain to us, on the one hand, the principal deities, and the peculiar hopes and fears which inspired their worship, they lead us also, on the other hand, to wonder the more that so subtle a theology as we have found expressed in the documents, should have arisen amid so simple a community In the course of the recitations we have also special intimations of an organised struggle of the Daeva-party to overwhelm the Zarathustrians. At times they seem very nearly to have accomplished their object. A distinct reference to a battle in the lines occurs, while sanguinary violence is alluded to more than once as in They pray against Aeshma without qualification. They might practise desolating havoc in time of war; but the raid, as in times of nominal peace, seems to have been foreign to them. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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xxii THE GATHAS. the line, or in skirmish. We conclude from the prevalence of a thankful tone that the Zarathustrians gained the upper hand during the Gathic period, but although the result may have been assured, the struggle at the time of the last Gatha was by no means over. In the latest Gatha, as in the earliest, we have signs of fierce and bloody conflict. The same type of existence prevailed greatly later, in the time of the Yasts, but the scene seems very different, and Zarathustra's human characteristics are wholly lost in the mythical attributes with which time and superstition had abundantly provided him. By way, then, of summarising the chief characteristics of his original system, we may say that he and his companions were struggling to establish a kingdom under the Sovereign Power of God, whose first care was to relieve suffering, and shelter the honest and industrious poor. This kingdom was to be conducted according to His holy Order, or plan of salvation, to be permeated by living Piety, and with the ultimate object of bestowing both Weal and Immortality. This high ideal was also not left as an abstract principle to work its way. Society was far too rudimental, then as ever, for the efficient survival of unsupported principles. A compact hierarchical system seems to have existed, the sacramental object being the fire, before which a priesthood officiated with unwavering zeal; but the traces of this are very restricted in the Gathas, and, according to all probability, it was greatly less elaborated at their period than later. Such, in very brief outline, is the system which meets us as Zarathustrianism in that period of Mazda-worship when Zarathustra lived and composed the Gathic hymns. As to the further question, 'Who was Zarathustra, and when and where did he live?' diversity of opinion still pre The practical operation of this prime principle seems to have been at times beneficial to a remarkable, if not unparalleled, extent. Under the Sasanids the lower classes enjoyed great protection. See the remarks of Professor Raw. linson, The Seventh Oriental Monarchy, page 440 ff. Also recall the extraordinary treatment of the poor during the drought and famine under Perozes. The account is, however, exaggerated. See Tabari II, p. 130, cited by Professor Rawlinson, p. 314. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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INTRODUCTION. xxiii vails, so much so that as regards it I differ slightly even from my eminent friend and predecessor. As such differences on the subject of the Avesta are however matters of course, I freely state my impressions. Who was then the person, if any person, corresponding to the name Zarathustra in the Gathas? Did he exist, and was he really the author of these ancient hymns ? That he existed as an historical - person I have already affirmed; and as to the hymns ascribed to him and his immediate associates, I have also no hesitation. Parts of these productions may have been interpolated, but the Gathas, as a whole, show great unity, and the interpolations are made in the spirit of the original. And that Zarathustra was the name of the individual in which this unity centres, we have no sufficient reason to dispute. The name is mentioned in the most sacred connections, as well as in those which depict the reality of the prophet's sufferings; and there is no reason at all why it should have come down endeared to humanity, unless it belonged to one, who, in the presence of a Sovereign and a kingdom, could impress his personality with greatly more defined distinctness upon his contemporaries than either that Sovereign or any of his adherents 1. That any forgery is present in the Gathas, any desire to palm off doctrines upon the sacred community in the name of the great prophet, as in the Vendidad and later Yasna, is quite out of the question. The Gathas are genuine in their mass, as I believe no scholar anywhere now questions. For the characteristics of this great teacher, I refer to the hymns themselves, which stand alone, of their kind, in literature. Nowhere, at their period, had there been a human voice, so far as we have any evidence, which uttered thoughts like these. They are now, some of them, the great commonplaces of philosophical religion ; but till then they were unheard (agusta). And yet we must say of Zarathustra, as of all our first announcers, that while he antedates all whose records have come down to us, he was probably only the last visible link -- - See especially the remarks preceding Y.L. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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xxiv THE GATHAS. in a far extended chain. His system, like those of his predecessors and successors, was a growth. His main conceptions had been surmised, although not spoken before. His world was ripe for them, and when he appeared, he had only to utter and develop them. I would not call him a reformer; he does not repudiate his predecessors. The old Aryan Gods retire before the spiritual Ahura ; but I do not think that he especially intended to discredit them. One of the inferior ones is mentioned for a moment, but the great Benevolence, Order, and Power, together with their results in the human subject, Ahura's Piety incarnate in men, and their Weal and Immortality as a consequence, crowd out all other thoughts. His mental insight is as evident from his system as his deep moral inspiration. As to his secondary characteristics, his manner of thought and expression, we find them peculiar to the last degree. He has given us writings in which every syllable seems loaded with thought, sometimes much repeated, and to us of the present day, very familiar; but then, when he wrote, one would suppose that he intended to 'utter his dark speech.' Succinctness is carried to an unexampled extreme, while the wonderful idea that God's attributes are His messengers sent out into the human soul to ennoble and redeem, makes him at times so subtle that the latest scholars cannot tell whether he means Asha and Vohu Manah personified as Archangels, or as the thoughts and beneficent intentions of the Deity reproduced in men. I can recall no passage whatsoever in which Vohu Manah, Asha, Khshathra, &c., are not strongly felt to mean exactly what they signify as words, while at the same time they are prayed to, and besought to come, as Gods or angels. Either the personification is purely poetical, which would make it, as found in the Gathas, considering their age and place, a very remarkable phenomenon, or else, having dogmatically personified the divine attributes, Zarathustra never forgets to express a respect which is higher than a respect for persons,' that is, 'I regard it as most unfortunate that Zendists should search for easy and natural expression in the Gathas, and the expression of commonplace detail. It is only in passionate utterance that their style becomes simple. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. XXV a respect for the principles which they represent. In making every laudatory statement, however, I take for granted, what I fear is nevertheless far from uniformly granted, and that is, that the reader will weigh well what makes all the difference, namely, the very remote period at which we are obliged to place the Gathas, and the comparatively rude civilisation amid which we must suppose them to have been composed. We must set the ideas which lie before us in this framework of time and place. If we fail to do so, as a matter of course the thoughts and their expression will contain for us nothing whatever new; but as viewed in the light of relation, after long weighing the matter, I cannot refer to them in any other terms than those which I use, without becoming aware that I am recoiling through fear of exaggeration from stating what I believe to be the truth. As to the personal sentiment of Zarathustra, we can only say that it was devoted. His word zarazdaiti gives the keynote to his purposes. We are certain that he was a man of courage; but that he was not scrupulous at shedding blood is also evident. He was not reticent under misfortune, while yet endowed with rare persistence to overcome it. His sphere was not restricted. The objects which concern him are provinces as well as villages, armies as well as individuals. His circle was the reigning prince and prominent chieftains, a few gifted men deeply embued with religious veneration for the sacred compositions which had come down to them from primeval antiquity in ancient metres; and these, together with a priesthood exceptionally pure, leading on a sobered population, were also his public. But three orders appear in it, the king, the people, and the peers. That the times were disturbed is involved in what has already been said. One feature alone needs mention, . it is that the agitations involved the tenure of the throne. Vistaspa had no easy seat, and the prospect of revolution in the sense of supersedure was continually before him. As to the family life of Zarathustra, we can only say that he commanded respect; nothing whatever is further known. It will be seen from the above sketch that I make the widest distinction between the Gathic period and that of the Digitized by Digitized by Google +

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xxvi .:THE GATHAS. later Avesta. I do so, not influenced very greatly by the fact that the Gathas are cited in the later Avesta. Most of these citations are indeed genuine and valid as proofs of priority, while others are mere displacements of the Gathas made for liturgical purposes, as Genesis is read in churches sometimes after portions of later matter. But a book may be cited by another when it is merely prior to it, and not much older. Nor do I lay too much stress upon the difference between the Gathic dialect and the so-called Zend; but I do lay very great stress upon the totally dissimilar atmospheres of the two portions. In the Gathas all is sober and real. The Kine's soul is indeed poetically described as wailing aloud, and the Deity with His Immortals is reported as speaking, hearing, and seeing ; but with these rhetorical exceptions, everything which occupies the atten tion is practical in the extreme. Grehma and Bendva, the * Karpans, the Kavis, and the Usigs(-ks), are no mythical mon sters. No dragon threatens the settlements, and no fabulous * beings defend them. Zarathustra, Gamaspa, Frashaostra, and Maidhydmah; the Spitamas, Hvogvas, the Haekataspas, are as real, and are alluded to with a simplicity as unconscious, as any characters in history. Except inspiration, there are also no miracles. All the action is made up of the exertions and passions of living and suffering men. Let the Zendist study the Gathas well, and then let him turn to the Yasts or the Vendidad; he will go from the land of reality to the land of fable. He leaves in the one a toiling prophet, to meet in the other a phantastic demi-god. However ancient the fundamental ideas in the myths of the Yasts and Vendidad may be (and some of them were certainly older than the Gathas or the oldest Riks) in the forms in which they now stand, they are greatly later. As we enter into further and necessary detail, this seems to be the place for a word as to the relative ages of the several sections which make up these hymns. We see struggle and suffering, fear and anger in some of them, and we naturally group these together as having been composed at a particular stage in Zarathustra's career. We read expressions of happy confidence, and we refer them to a Digitized by Digitized by Google

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FTIRRARE REESE INTRODUCTION CNIVERA XXyil CALIFIKA period of repose, as we do those sections where meditation, speculation, or dogmatic statement, are prominent; but nothing is certain except that Y. LIII must have been written after Zarathustra had attained to a sufficient age to have a marriageable daughter. An ancient leader may have reached a position of influence from doctrinal productions, and afterwards expressed the vicissitudes of an active political career. One circumstance must, however, be held in view ; and that is, that neither the Gathas, nor any other ancient pieces, which were hardly at first committed to writing, have been preserved in the form in which they were delivered for the first time. The poet himself would file them into better) order at each subsequent delivery, and verses which referred originally to one period of time would, if especially striking, be reproduced in subsequent effusions. And pieces which the composer may have left in one shape, his early successors would be likely to modify by interpolations, excerptions, or inversions. I believe that the Gathas show the presence of less foreign matter than is usual, and that the interpolations which are present in them, are themselves of great antiquity, or even practically synchronous with the original. Certainly few of them show anything like an ingenious attempt at imitation. If there exist any interpolations, and we may say a priori that all existing compositions of their antiquity are, and must have been, interpolated, the additions were the work of the author's earliest disciples who composed fully in his spirit, while the position of sections in this or that Gatha has little or nothing to do with the question of their relative age, the metres being all ancient, and the Ustavaiti, Spenta-mainyu, &c., showing as decided evidence of originality as any parts of the Ahunavaiti. (See remarks on the Gatha Ustavaiti, p.91 ff.) As we proceed from the question of the relative age of the particular sections as compared with each other to that of their age considered as a whole, we are first met by the question as to place. Were the Gathas first sung in the East or the West of Iran? I would here say that I regard this point as especially open, as I am even inclined to differ in one particular from my eminent friend - Digitized by Digitized by Google Ple

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xxviii THE GATHAS. --- Professor Darmesteter, but let it be understood, only or chiefly, as to the place of origin of the Gathas. I think that the scene of the Gathic and original Zarathustrianism was the North-east of Iran, and that the later Avesta was composed during the hundreds of years during which the Zarathustrian tribes were migrating westward in Media. One certain fact is the occurrence of geographical names in Vendidad I, which are obviously intended to describe the earliest homes of the Iranian races whose lore was the Avesta. The present forms of those names, as they appear in the Avesta, are indeed not the most ancient, but they occur in passages which plainly repeat very ancient myths. These names describe a region from the middle of the North of Iran to the East of it, including ancient Bactria, but extending as far West as Ragha ; and, as the Gathas are unanimously acknowledged to be the oldest portion of the Avesta, dealing as they do with Zarathustra as an historical person, we naturally look for the scene of his life in the oldest seats. The Zarathustrian Ragha, much further West than the other places mentioned, seems to have a special claim to be regarded as his birthplace, as it possesses so firm a hold upon his name, but the epithet Zarathustrian, together with the special eminence of the governor of Ragha as needing no. Zarathustra' over him, that is, no imperial chief (see Y. XIX, 19), may both be attributed to successors of Zarathustra. From some reason, probably the migration of Zarathustrian influence toward the West, Ragha became a stronghold of his descendants; or his name, entirely apart from all family connection, may have become a title for leading politico-ecclesiastical officials (compare the Zarathustrotema). There is no mention of a foreign origin of Zarathustra in the Gathas, nor is there any expression from which we might infer it. His family seems as settled as himself. The Spitamas are mentioned with the same familiarity as the Hvogvas, and the persons named are, some of them, related to him. He was no isolated figure among the people whom he influenced. Unless then we can place Vistaspa and Gamaspa, Frashaostra, and Maidhyomah, in Ragha, we cannot well place Zarathustra there, Digitized by Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxix for he is to be placed beside them. Tradition of a late and dubious character places Vistaspa in Bactria ; but it is better to leave the exact region undecided, as certainty can never be reached. The other circumstances which are imperative with many for a decision for the East as the region where Zarathustra laboured, have been stated with perhaps the greatest power and beauty by Darmesteter, who still inclines to the West. These are the strong analogies existing between the Zend language and the Vedic Sanskrit on the one side, and between the gods, heroes, and myths of the Avesta, and those of Veda, on the other. As bearing, however, in favour of a western origin of the Gathic, as well as of the later Avesta, we must confess that the West Iranian of the Cuneiform Inscriptions possesses the same analogies with the Vedic which the language of the Avesta possesses with it; and no reader should need to be reminded that the West Iranian as well as the East Iranian was in no sense derived from the Vedic. The old Aryan from which all descended was once spread without distinction over both West and East, while, on the other hand, the mythological features of the Avesta, kindred as they are to those of the Eastern Veda, are yet reproduced for us, some of them, in the poetry of the mediaeval West as drawn from the Avesta ; and the name of Mazda, unknown (?) to the Riks?, appears cut in the rocks of Persepolis and Behistun, while all the sacred books of the Zarathustrians, including the Gathas as well as the later Avesta, together with their interpretations, have come down to us from the West, where the Greeks also found their system from the time of Herodotus down. Added to which we must acknowledge that the differences in dialect between the Avesta and Veda make a wide separation as to place far from startling, while myths as well as religions migrate as by a law. We must therefore consider well before we venture to differ from those who decide for the West as the scene of Zarathustra's life. See the Introduction to the first two volumes, and also Ormuzd and Abriman. * But cp. Rv. VIII, 20, 17, divo-asurasya vedhasah (medhasah (?). Digitized by Digitized by Google

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XXX THE GATHAS. But as we mention the Inscriptions, we must make a very careful distinction. Is their theology that of Zarathustra? If it is, this would certainly constitute a point in conjunction with the descriptions of the Greeks, in favour of a still more extensive prevalence of Zarathustrianism in the West at the dates which the Inscriptions cover. As to this disputed point, I would answer that their theology may be the Zarathustrian in a sense as yet too little applied to the term, for it may be Gathic Zarathustrianism, or at least a Mazda-worship at a stage of development corresponding to the stage of Mazda-worship in which it stood when Zarathustra left it; but that it was the later and fully developed Zarathustrianism, provided with all the regulations of the Vendidad, seems out of the question. In the first place there is no certain mention of Angra Mainyu, or of the Amesha Spenta, in the Inscriptions; and this silence must be accounted for in any case . The ready and just suggestion is made that the documents are exceedingly limited ; that many deities would not be named on so narrow a space, while the statements of Herodotus and his successors make it probable that the entire system of Zarathustra was known in the near neighbourhood, and must have been very familiar to the persons who ordered the Inscriptions to be cut. To this the necessary rejoinder might be made, that the familiarity of Darius with the later, or indeed with the original, Zarathustrianism, if he was familiar with it, renders the absence of the name of Angra Mainyu at least all the more striking. What more imperative call could there be for the use of that name than in denouncing the opponents whose overthrow forms the theme of the mighty writings? As the 'grace of Auramazda' is mentioned on the one Some relief is given by a mention of the Draogha, but the bagahya are probably Mithra and Anahita (see the Inscription of Artaxerxes Mnemon, 4) rather than the Amesha Spenta. As we notice the name of Mithra, however, we must remark that, as the Mithra worship undoubtedly existed previously to the Gathic period, and fell into neglect at the Gathic period, it might be said that the greatly later Inscriptions represent Mazda-worship as it existed among the ancestors of the Zarathustrians in a pre-Gathic age or even Vedic age. ? Angra Mainyu and the Amesha are also prominent in the Gathas. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxxi side, one naturally expects to see some reference to the 'opposition of His chief adversary on the other, and one also expects to trace some certain recognition of the Bountiful Immortals. I think that both were omitted because their names retained less weight, as we cannot suppose that they were unknown, or, if once known, then forgotten. But allowing that it is not quite fair to reason from such scanty texts, we are met by the positive fact that an important Inscription is written on a tomb?; and, as the burial of the dead was one of the most flagrant violations of the Zarathustrian ceremonial law, it is not conceivable that Darius could have been a Zarathustrian according to the later Faith. He was either a heretical schismatic departing from a sacred precept, or he was following the creed of his fathers, a Mazda-worshipper, but not of Zarathustra's order,' or, if a Zarathustrian, then a partial inheritor of Zarathustra's religion at an undeveloped stage, while burial was not as yet forbidden by it; and at the same time he neglected also prominent doctrines of the Gathas. It is not possible that he could have been an isolated schismatic as to such a particular. If he composed the Inscriptions as a monarch of another religion than that of the later Avesta, it would seem to prove either that he was an adherent to a cruder, or half effaced, form of Gathic Zarathustrianism, which had found its way during the long periods of its existence westward before the later Zarathustrianism arose in the western settlements, or else that it, the religion of the Inscriptions, simply originated where we find it, from an original and wide-spread Mazdaworship which had not yet forbidden the burial of the dead . 1 And all are the Inscriptions of buried men. See also the statements of Professor de Harlez on the subject. And perhaps it had also not forbidden cremation. Geiger (see 'The Civilisation of the Eastern Iranians in Ancient Times;' English translation by Darab Dastur Peshotan Sangana, B.A., p. 90) conjectures that the dakhma were originally places for cremation. If this is a correct surmise, both burial and cremation may have been permitted at the Gathic period, being forbidden long after. At least the original Mazda-worship did not recoil from cremation, otherwise the story of the attempt to bum the Lydian Craesus could not have arisen. The earlier Persians had no abborrence of either burial or burning. Only the developed Zarathustrian Magism of the Medes obeyed the Vendidad. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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xxxii THE GATHAS. That such a Mazda-worship once existed in primeval Iran seems certain, and that it was greatly earlier than Zarathustrianism. It is also very probable that some form of it survived unadulterated by Zarathustrianism. And this is as probable a priori when we reflect on what might have happened, as it is when we seek for an explanation of the burial of a Mazda-worshipper in a tomb. As the Asura (Ahura) worship extended into India with the Indians as they migrated from Iran, a form of Asura worship arose in Iran which added the name of Mazda to the original term for God. In the East it began to acquire additional peculiarities out of which, when Zarathustra arose, he developed his original system, while in other parts of Iran, and with great probability in Persia, it retained its original simplicity. At subsequent periods only, the Zarathustrian form spread, first at the Gathic stage, and later a second time, and from a centre further West, as the Zarathustrianism of the later Avesta which is reported by the Greeks. Either then Darius was a Mazda-worshipper, like his fathers, following an original and independent type of Mazda-worship, or he was following a mutilated Gathic Zarathustrianism, which may not yet have forbidden burial?, he and his chieftains adhering to this ancient form, while the masses yielded to the novelties, as the patrician Jews held to Sadduceeism after the masses had become Pharisees, and as the patrician Romans clung to Paganism after Rome had become Catholic. In either case it seems to me that the Mazda-worship of the Inscriptions might be severed from the later Zarathustrianism; and that it must be so severed on some theory or other, all with one voice seem to agree. In deciding for the North-east 3 as the scene of Zarathustra's personal labours, and for the Gathic dialect as its more particular form of speech, I am not, I trust, solely 1 Compare even the Scythic name Thamimasadas, cited by Professor Rawlinson (Herod. 3rd edit. iii, p. 195). Were branches of the Scyths themselves in a sense Mazda-worshippers, or could the name have been borrowed ? And which insisted less upon the personality of Satan. * The name Bactrian cannot be considered as more than a convenient expression. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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INTRODUCTION. xxxiii or unduly influenced by the occurrence of the eastern names in the first chapter of the Vendidad, for those names may indicate primeval homes from which the ancestors of Zarathustra migrated toward the west centuries before his appearance. I merely say that the occurrence of the names shows that the ancestors of the Zarathustrian Mazda-worshippers once lived in East Iran; and if that is the case, their descendants may have still lived there when Zarathustra developed his system, and it is also possible that masses of Zarathustrians may long have remained behind in the East Iranian mountains after the Zarathustrians of the later Avesta had gone west. The descendant may have arisen in the home of his ancestors, and in fact, other things being equal, there is a stronger probability that he arose there. I do not think that the appearance of a later Zarathustrianism in the west, is a sufficient reason for doubting that the founder of the system laboured nearer the land of the Vedas, where a Vistaspa once ruled (?), where a Daeva-worship long lingered, and where the common names of the Irano-indian gods were heard as household words, and which, we may add, was precisely the place where we should suppose the Indo-aryans to have left the Irano-aryans, as they descended into the Pungab. Having formed an opinion as to the place where Zarathustra laboured, and proceeding to the question as to when he lived and wrote the Gathas, we find ourselves under the necessity to form our estimate first as to the age of the later parts of the Avesta. While interpolated passages, or indeed whole Yasts, may be very late, I cannot place the later Avesta in its bulk later than the Cuneiform Inscriptions of Darius, for the fact that the Inscriptions preserve either a pre-Zarathustrian Mazdaism, or the Zarathustrianism of the Gathas long previous as it was in its origin to that of the Vendidad, has nothing whatever to do with the relative age of the Inscriptions themselves. The later Avesta, with its forbiddal of burial and cremation, must have existed for a long time side by side with that religion which has left sepulchral monuments, and [31] Digitized by Digitized by Google

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xxxiv THE GATHAS. whose adherents could contemplate the burning of captives; and analogous facts are universal. But aside from the seeming difference in the type of Mazda-worship, which simply severs the religion of the Inscriptions from that of the more developed Zarathustrianism, and which has, as we have seen, nothing whatever to do with the question of the relative ages of the Inscriptions and the later Avesta, I think that we have some signs of a later age in the language of the Inscriptions apart from their contents. As, however, Darmesteter is inclined to regard the West Iranian, or Cuneiform, as better preserved than the Zend of the later Avesta, I make my few remarks only with great hesitation. The termination Yeww-, which would otherwise be justly considered as an evidence of degeneration in the Zend, I regard as merely a wrong writing for -ahya=Gathic ahya. The letter is a relic of the time when the Avesta stood in the Pahlavi character; I think that it is here merely a lengthened Ng=ya? Terminations also seem much mutilated in the Cuneiform, and the name Auramazda written as one word, does not seem to me so original. We must indeed remember that a later generation, owing to an isolated position, often preserves an older dialect, as it may an older form of religion, whereas an earlier generation, if its predecessors have lived in a compact society in smaller districts, varies the ancient forms, as the old Indian developed into Sanskrit and Prakrit. Still we have little reason to be certain that the civilisation of Media and Also 680 is simply ayam, and should be so transliterated; so also in a throng of other words. Salemann has noticed the origin of K = e, but gives no other indication in the present sense. I think that X and also , where they equal Aryan ya, should be corrected everywhere, like all other instances of miswriting. Unless indeed we can regard the , for which you were often clearly miswritten, as itself of double significance, as in Pahlavi. Ny might then regularly and properly equal both e and ya ; sou may equal long e or ya (aya). Other instances of miswriting in Zend would be dat. dual-bya. The Aryan -am was first written as the nasal vowel -a, and still further carelessly reduced to a, but never so spoken. On the contrary, in the acc. fem. &c., the nasalisation was over-written, too much expressed. The final nasal caused the scribes to write the preceding letter as if nasalised, '' but it was never nasalised in speech. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. XXXV Persia was either more or less condensed and social than that of Bactria and the East. But beside a priority to the Inscriptions, we are obliged to consider the time needed for developments. The Greeks of the time of Herodotus probably, and those later certainly, found a form of Zarathustrianism in full development in Media ; but if the contemporaries of Herodotus heard familiarly of a Zarathustrianism there, a long period of time must be allowed for its development if it originated in Media, and a still longer period if it found its way there from the East. If, then, the bulk of the later Avesta existed at the time of Herodotus and at that of Darius, how long previously must it have been composed; for such systems do not bloom in a day? We have the evidence of historical tradition that the Magi1 were influential even at the time of Cyrus, not dwelling upon the possibility of their existence at the carliest mention of Medes as the conquerors and rulers of Babylon. Can we then, considering the recognised stagnation of ancient Eastern intelligence, ascribe to the development of the Median Zarathustrianism a shorter period than from one to three centuries? If, then, the bulk of the later Avesta must be placed so long before the Inscriptions of Darius, where shall we place the earlier Avesta with its most important remaining fragments, the Gathas ?? After studying the Gathas carefully in detail, and becoming also familiar with them as a whole by frequent perusal, we must measure the time needed for the change from their tone to that of the later Avesta. Could it have been less than a century, or centuries? Was not as much time needed for the Zarathustra of the Gathas to become the Zarathustra of the later Avesta, as was afterwards consumed by the migration of the creed from the North-east, if it really originated there? As there is undoubtedly a This old Mazda Darius 6.dialect is 'I regard the Magi as representing the Zarathustrianism of the Vendidad. This the false Bardiya endeavoured to introduce, demolishing the temples which the old Mazda-worship permitted in Persia. See the Cuneiform Inscription of Behistun II; Darius 61. * All in the Gathic dialect is old. C2 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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xxxvi THE GATHAS. -- - - - - - difference of several centuries between the dates of the newest and oldest parts of the later Avesta, so we must think of a considerable interval between the oldest parts of the later Avesta and the latest parts of the older Avesta, for there is the other consideration which imperatively constrains us to avoid concluding for short periods in the stages of development. The Vedic Hymns, sung in metres closely similar to those in both the Gathas and the later Avesta, and naming gods, demons, and heroes so closely related, not to speak of myths, challenge us to say whether they are, the oldest of them, older or later than the oldest parts of the Avesta, and, if there exists any difference as to the ages of these ancient productions, how great that difference is. The oldest Riks have now an established antiquity of about 4000 ; were the hymns sung on the other side of the mountains as old? The metres of these latter are as old as those of the Rig-veda, if not older, and their grammatical forms and word structure are often positively nearer the original Aryan from which both proceeded. If it were not for two circumstances, we should be forced to ask very seriously which were the older, and to abandon altogether our mention of later dates. Those circumstances are the absence of the Aryan gods from the Gathas; and, secondly, their abstract conceptions. These latter are so little offset with expected puerilities that it is often hard to believe that the Gathas are old at all. Their antiquity is placed beyond dispute by the historic mention of Zarathustra. But, if Zarathustra were not indisputably a living man in the Gathas, their depth and refinement, together with the absence of Mithra, Haoma, &c., would, in themselves considered, force us to place them rather late. As it is, the absence of Mithra and his colleagues, who reappear in the later Avesta, permits us to place the Gathas considerably later than the oldest Riks. For no sudden and intentional dismissal of the ancient gods is to be accepted with Haug, nor any religious schism as the cause (!) of the migration of the Indians toward the south. The process was of course the reverse. The migrating tribes, in consequence of their separation Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxxvii from their brethren in Iran, soon became estranged from them, and their most favoured Gods fell slowly into neglect, if not disfavour. We need time to account for this change, and no short interval of time. We can therefore place the Gathas long after the oldest Riks. While, therefore, in view of the established age of the Rig-veda, the Gathas may possibly have been composed as early as about 1500 B.C., it is also possible to place them as late as (say) 900-1200 B.C., while the fragments in the Gathic dialect must be considered somewhat later. The dates of the composition of the several parts of the later Avesta, on the other hand, must be supposed to extend over many centuries, as the various sections in the Zend dialect are so much more numerous than those in the Gathic, the Gathas themselves representing practically but one date. Placing then the oldest portions of the later Avesta somewhat earlier than Darius, we are obliged to extend the period during which its several parts were composed so far as perhaps to the third or fourth century before Christ, the half-spurious matter contained in them being regarded as indefinitely later. It seems necessary to state here for the information of non-specialists, and as bearing very seriously upon all the questions involved, that a very unusually severe controversy prevails upon the exegesis of the Avesta, and that it centres in the question as to the value of the Asiatic translations of it. A similar debate was once held on the Rigveda, but that is now silenced, all agreeing that the traditional renderings are neither to be slavishly followed, nor blindly ignored. Very different has been the fate of Zend philology, and in one important particular the studies are poles apart; for whereas the commentaries on the Riks are written in Sanskrit, which is clear to experts, those on the Zend-Avesta are written in a language upon which the lexicography is most incomplete, and the elucidation of these explanations themselves remains by far the most Digitized by Digitized by Google

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xxxviii THE GATHAS. difficult task now before us. Professor von Spiegel has accomplished much toward breaking the rough road of science in this direction, and scholars of the first order have followed his leading, while all with one accord express to him their acknowledgments. But Professor von Spiegel has not intended his editions and citations to represent full translations. He has, as a matter of course, taken it for granted that those who oppose him, as well as those who follow him, have studied his Pahlavi editions, not paying him the undesired compliment of making his commentaries the sole source of their knowledge of tradition. Moreover in no branch of science does scholarship make more rapid strides than in Pahlavi, several important works having appeared since Spiegel's commentaries. In the attempt to master the Pahlavi translations of the Avesta we must consider many and difficult problems. In the first place, and as a matter of course, they cannot be at all reasonably attempted without a full knowledge of the Gathic and Avesta texts so far as they have been as yet otherwise and approximately elucidated. The two problems hang together like the arches of a circular building, and they should be studied together word for word; for the Pahlavi used is not fully that of the books. It is often turned quite out of its course, as Pahlavi, by an effort to follow the more highly inflected Zend literally. * Then, again, a question of the utmost importance meets us in estimating the glosses, which are often, but not always, from a later hand. A translation of the Pahlavi must of course first be considered as in the light of the glosses, for the language is so indefinite as to many of its grammatical forms, that such an indication as a gloss, if it be proved to have been written by the same person who composed the text, would be decisive in determining the rendering; but a final translation should be made more strictly in the light of the Gathic, so far as it affords on its side positive indications, and the glosses, where they do not correspond, should be set apart as from a later hand. Then, once more, and on the contrary, where the gloss is obviously right, and the text erroneous, the former should be appro Digitized by Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxxix priated unencumbered by the latter 1. We must recognise the traces of former accurate scholarship whether we see them in text or gloss, and, from the accumulation of the correct surmises, we should construct an argument for the probability of the correctness of the hints of the Pahlavi in cases of great difficulty. In rendering the Pahlavi as a necessary prelude to rendering the Avesta, all possible help should of course be sought from the Asiatic translations of the Pahlavi, from those of Neryosangh in Sanskrit, and from the still later ones in Parsi and Persian. Here, again, those who read the Pahlavi only as rendered by Neryosangh need great caution. If Neryosangh is simply read like the classical Sanskrit, great errors will be committed. He needs a glossary of his own, and should be read solely in the light of the Pahlavi which was chiefly his original. So of the Parsi Persian translations, they must be read with especial attention to their originals. After these original translations have been fully mastered, and compared with an improved rendering of the Gathic, likewise also studied in the full light of the Veda, the patient scholar will be surprised at the result. He will find that to a certain extensive degree, the two sources of information coincide when reasonably estimated, and, moreover, that where the Pahlavi gives us an indication differing from that derived from the Vedic, the surmise of the Pahlavi is the more often correct. I say 'reasonably estimated,' for not only is the Pahlavi, as a less highly inflected language, incapable of rendering the Avesta literally, but its authors do not uniformly make the attempt to do so; nor do they always follow the order of the Gathic or Zend. Their translations generally run word for word as to their outward forms, for the ancient interpreters probably regarded such a following as essential to a complete rendering, but they found them 1 I would here state to the distinguished scholars who have done me the honour to study my work on the Gathas, that the Pahlavi translations contained in it are those made in the light of the glosses. Here and there final ones will be added in a later volume, as from the Pahlavi texts sometimes considered apart from the Pahlavi glosses, and in consequence often much nearer the Gathic than those from both text and gloss. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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THE GATHAS. selves compelled to resort to the most important exceptions. And, lastly, the rejection, or total neglect of the Pahlavi translations and their successors, on the ground that they contain errors, is a policy which seems to me defective, and to the last degree. What absurdities can Sayana be capable of, and yet who would utter final opinions upon the Rig-veda without either the ability, or the attempt, to read Sayana ?? It is hardly necessary to mention that the restoration of texts goes hand in hand with translation. For how are we to interpret a passage before we know that it exists? And of what inestimable worth are the Pahlavi translations as evidence to texts! Who does not see that where the ancient scribe is most free or erroneous as to form, or root, his rendering often shows plainly which of two words stood before him in his manuscripts. Our oldest MS. (that of Copenhagen, numbered 5) dates from the year 1323 A.D. ; and what were the dates of the ancient documents before the eyes of the Pahlavi translator who writes in it? We must now ask whether our present Pahlavi translations are improvements upon their predecessors, or the reverse. That they are improvements in some few instances is undeniable, for, as we have seen, some of the glosses to them from later hands give the truth where the text is wide. But the glosses which show a later origin are, for the most part, inferior in richness to the texts. Here and there a talented, or fortunate, Parsi threw new light on the subject, but the general tendency was one of deterioration; that is, before the revival of Parsi-learning under Neryosangh (400-500 years ago). This deterioration would naturally decrease as we approach successive periods in going back to the time when MSS. of the Gathas existed according to positive evidence, that is, to the time when, according to the Arda Viraf, Alexander's servants found skins at Persepolis on which the Avesta had been traced in 1 Well has Geldner mentioned the 'epoch-making' Etudes Iraniennes of Darmesteter (KZ, vol. xxviii, p. 186). It is to be hoped that these brilliant pieces will stimulate the study of the relation between the Zend and the New Persian through the Ancient Persian and the Pahlavi. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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INTRODUCTION. xli gilded letters (for it is not positively proved that the informants of Herodotus heard the Magian priests singing their 'theogonies' from written books). At each of these periods scholarship is proved to have been competent by the results which it accomplished. The first of them we must place in the sixth century when, on Spiegel's estimate", the Zend characters were modified into their present lucid form from the Pahlavi, and distinct short vowels took the place of the unknown signs which existed previously. Then all MSS. which were to be found must have been collected and copied, and, so to speak, re-edited ; and here we must accordingly place a period when the Pahlavi translations were more valuable than those of any later date. As we go further back we come upon another period, when, under Shapur II, Adarbad Mahraspend brought the surviving portions of the Zend-Avesta together (about A.D. 330). Still earlier the servants of Artaxerxes, the Sasanian, collected yet more abundant writings, when Zarathustrianism was instituted as the state religion. Then, under the Arsacids (possibly under Vologeses the first), those most competent in the realm were directed to gather the then extant documents. While, if we hold that the entire Avesta was written originally in some character different from the Pahlavi, we must finally infer the existence of an early epoch, when the entire Avesta was brought over in its bulk from the earlier East (or West ?) Iranian character in which it was first inscribed. If this character differed radically from the Pahlavi, this transliteration must be regarded as one of the most remarkable of literary events. Notwithstanding all the now rapidly corrected errors, the texts have been handed down with the minutest distinctions of dialect preserved ?, and this proves the existence of competent interpreters at a period practically contemporaneous with the composition of the later portions of the later Avesta. What commentaries must then have existed, not free from Eranisches Alterthumskunde III, s. 767. * See Hubschmann, KZ. bd. 24, s. 326. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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xlii ..,, THE GATHAS. error, as we see from the Land of the Avesta, but, as to language and general sense, how close! Even if the degree of linguistic knowledge increases only gradually or steadily in going back, without any epochs from the time of Neryosangh to the inferable date of the latest Zend writings, and if the character in which the Avesta was first recorded (after a lengthy life as an orally extended lore) differed only as to mode and fashion, and not radically, from the Pahlavi (which, so far as the later Avesta is concerned, is most probable), we have yet the transliteration of the Gathas to account for, which perhaps were brought over (after long oral life) from the so-called Aryan character, while the existence of a gradual tradition of a scholarship does not refute the fact that this scholarship must have been at times of the highest character; it makes high scholarship more probable. What translations, we again remark, may have existed among these early sages! And, if they could once make translations fresh from the exegesis of the latest Zend writers themselves, is it not practically certain, considering the tenacity of life manifested by Zoroastrianism, that their explanations still lurk in the commentaries which have come down to us. And if these inferences be at all correct, how should we labour to discover from our present translations what these predecessors were; and what scholar cannot perceive that gems of evidence as to texts and sense may yet linger in those of our present Pahlavi translations which may yet be otherwise most filled with phantastic error? And shall we not therefore conclude that their expected inaccuracies, whether small or great, cannot destroy their inherent value? What, then, are we to think of it, when the New Persian, a quasi-daughter of the Pahlavi, is superficially referred to for linguistic analogies, when even the Armenian is also scanned, while the Pahlavi is left unmastered? Is a quasi-mother language of the New Persian any the less likely to afford linguistic analogies because an actual translation of the Avesta has been attempted in it, and because the Avesta once stood in its characters, while it may also present claims to be considered to a certain limit a daughter language to both the Gathic and Zend? Digitized by Google Digitized by

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INTRODUCTIONEESE LIERA DI xliii tNIVE: STU And should the acknowledged difficulty of the chalacter continue to be a reason for avoiding ett efforts to make it out? In the endeavour to divide our Avesta texts into originals and gloss, we are greatly aided by the metre. Interpolated words and phrases are often obvious at a glance, and we should never suspend our efforts to discover all the traces of metre which exist in the Avesta, as a necessary step to the restoration of the documents to their first form; but we should avoid exaggeration, and a carelessly dogmatic procedure in insisting upon reducing lines to an exact, or to a supposed exact, number of syllables? I regard it as unwise to suppose that the metrical lines of the Avesta, or indeed of any very ancient poetical matter, have been composed with every line filed into exact proportions. The ancient poets would have brought out the measures in many a place by accent and a sandhi which are no longer known to us. The Vedic Hymns may, to a great extent, form an exception, but who would not say that where uniform evenness is at hand, an effort to improve the metre has often corrupted the text. Priests or reciters of intelligence would here and there round off an awkward strophe, as year after year they felt the unevenness of numbers. Metre must inevitably bring a perfecting corruption at times, as a deficiency in the metre must also prove a marring corruption. Cases should be carefully discriminated. The expression of passionate feeling, for instance, would he likely to cause One of the most powerful tributes ever paid to the Pahlavi translators was Haug's conversion to them. Before studying them he lost no opportunity to stignatise their deficiencies; later, however, he followed them in many an important place, and sometimes with little reserve. As writers of the opposed extremes seem honestly convinced of the radical error of each other's views, it is obvious that association and interest have much to do with decisions. A scholar should put himself fully under the influence first of one school and then of the other. The necessity for well-balanced studies is extremely great. * It is only lately that the variation from eleven to twelve syllables in the lines of Trishtup has been applied to the Gathic metres, nor has the possibility of a shifting caesura been acceded to till lately. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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xliv THE GATHAS. unevenness in lines. The language would be vigorous and idiomatic. and of unusual value as a fragment of ancient phrase, but the metre would have suffered. Then as to conjectured texts; after texts have been improved from all available relics of ancient tradition, or scholarship, as afforded by the Pahlavi translations, and from the evidence of metre, we are at times still left with readings before us which could not have been original. The composers have indeed here and there constructed sentences which they either could not, or would not, make easy, but as a general thing we may say, that where the text, as it stands, gives no satisfactory sense to us, after we have exhausted the resources of previous Asiatic scholarship, or direct analogy, in our efforts to explain it, it is in that case not the text as the composer delivered it. We are then reduced to conjecture, for how are we to translate a text before we are certain that it is integral? Our first efforts should be directed to the detection of losses; for a text may still be of great value when considered as a mass of broken sentences, for, if we are certain that such is its character, we can often fill out the missing members with much probability. But whether we insert supplementary conjectures, or merely bracket later interpolations, we must by all means in cases of real necessity make the effort to amend the text (as also in the Veda). Even if we fail in our attempted improvements, we are often little worse off than before, for whereas it is possible, or even probable, that the composers wrote what we suggest, it is sometimes not possible that they wrote exactly what stands in our texts. We should even suggest alternative readings where our present ones are only less probable (for the suggestion of an alternative is not the wholesale destruction of a sentence), while even when we declare their outcoming meaning totally unsatisfactory, the MSS. still remain to other writers to begin on afresh. And in estimating what would be reasonable meanings, we should guard carefully against both extremes, and we should especially exercise a strong negative criticism against the recognition of Digitized by Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xlv too much meaning, or too subtle a meaning. Profound and subtle conceptions placed where we are obliged to place the Gathas, and other ancient portions of the Avesta, are indeed precious relics, as such conceptions at any age show a higher mental power, but we must doubt them only so much the more, and doubt, if we would be scientific and conscientious, till doubt becomes no longer possible. Beyond that we should turn our suspicions against our doubts themselves, which is the proper course if we would exhaust the meanings of the Gathas. Unless these are a fortuitous concourse of syllables, religiously profound modes of thought are manifest throughout. It is therefore strictly unscientific to force parts of them to express shallow details, and it is above all deplorable to change the text itself in order to produce out of it less enlarged meanings 1. I say to force parts of them, for the great mass of them confessedly defies all attempts to reduce them to the statements of simple commonplace. They can never possess the rich colour of the Riks; it is therefore the more to be deplored if we fail to see their deep, but awkwardly expressed, and oft-repeated thought. I must express my regret that until lately, when the enclitics have been more carefully considered, the form of sentences in the Gathas does not seem to have been noticed, writers conjecturing infinitives and simple accusatives at the ends of sentences. Both may, of course, fall there, but when we wish to reconstruct a word, we should not change it to a form which is not placed according to prevailing analogies. Infinitives and accusatives generally, both in the Gathas and the Rig-veda, avoid the end of the sentence. The accusative, when it falls there, is generally preceded by qualifying words often in apposition or agreement with it. Also in the conception of translations, authors seem to sup * Non-specialists must not suppose that our texts are more apparently uncertain than (say) many portions of the Old Testament. Large portions of them are also as clear, at least, as the Rig-veda; and the emendations referred to need very seldom affect the doctrines. Let the learned public, however, insist on scholars making honest attempts to render the texts as they stand before their emendations, and greater harmony would result. ter tempts to render learned public, has referred to Digitized by Digitized by Google

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xlvi THE GATHAS. pose it impossible that the lines can contain anything but lengthened prosaic sentences (too often with an accusative, or infinitive, pushed awkwardly out to the end). To me the Gathic sentence is often very short, and so better adapted to poetic expression. It has been already implied, and it has been taken for granted throughout, that the Avesta should be closely compared with the Veda, but let it never be forgotten, in the name of science, that the force and meaning of analogous words in the Gathic and the Vedic cannot be expected to be uniformly identical, considering the extent of territory, and the length of time, by which those who spoke the two languages were separated. The meanings of the Vedic words could not hold their own even in India, developing into the Sanskrit and Prakrit which differ widely, how truly misguided is it therefore to attribute necessarily the same shades of meaning to the terms of the two sister tongues. If even the Gathic hymns stood in the Indian forms, and had been discovered in India, having also reference to Indian history, no thoughtful writer would have rendered them in complete analogy with the Rig-veda. The Gathic usages would have been added in our dictionaries to those of the Vedic, just as the Sanskrit definitions are added. An additional word seems called for as to the results of Zarathustrian theology. Besides its connection with the modern philosophy through Gnosticism which has been already noticed?, a relation between it and the Jewish theology since the Captivity has long been mentioned. The hagiology, the demonology, the temptation, the parables, the eschatology, have all been supposed to show traces of the time when Persian power was dominant in Jerusalem, and with it, Persian literature ; but the discussion of such questions requires separate treatises. As to the general benefit which has resulted from Zarathustrianism in the past, few reflections need to be added. If the mental illumination and spiritual elevation of many millions of mankind, throughout long periods of time, are of See remarks in the Preface, p. xv. See note on p. xix. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xlvii any importance, it would require strong proof to deny that Zarathustrianism has had an influence of very positive power in determining the gravest results. That men should be taught to look within rather than without, to believe that suffering and sin do not originate from the capricious power of a Deity still called 'good,' that the good thought, word, and deed' should be recognised as essential to all sanctity, even in the presence of a superstitious ceremonial, that a judgment should have been expected according to the deeds done in the body, and the soul consigned to a Heaven of virtue or to a Hell of vice, its recompense being pronounced by the happy or stricken conscience, these can never be regarded by serious historians as matters of little moment, and if, on the contrary, they are allowed to be matters of great moment, the Zend-Avesta should be revered and studied by all who value the records of the human race. Digitized by Dighized by Google

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ABBREVIATIONS. Barth. = Bartholomae. B.V.S. = Vendidad Sade, von Dr. Hermann Brockhaus. Leipzig, 1850. D. = dastur. De inf. - De infinitivi linguarum sanskritae bactricae persicae graecae oscae umbricae latinae gotticae forma et usu, scripsit Eugenius Wilhelmus, phil. doctor. 1872. G. = Gamaspgi. H. = Hubschmann. Inf. = Geschichte des Infinitivs im Indogermanischen, von Dr. Julius Jolly. 1873. K. = Kopenhagen MSS. K. Z. - Kuhnische Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschung. M. i K. = Mainyo-i Khard. Ed. West. 1871. Ner. = Neryosangh. P. = Paris MSS. Rv. = Rig-veda. Sp. = Spiegel Trlr. = translator. V. S. - Ein Kapitel vergleichender Syntax, von Dr. Julias Jolly. 1872. Wg. = Westergaard. Z. D. M. G. = Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft. An asterisk denotes irregularities. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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THE GATHAS, THE five Gathas of Zarathustra and his immediate followers are placed here before the other parts of the Yasna on account of their higher antiquity. There existed no other Yasna for years or centuries beside them. The more remarkable circumstances connected with them have been already discussed in the Introduction. If it is necessary to recall any of them here, the most prominent would be that they are undoubtedly the productions of a small group of influential men who are referred to in them for the most part by name; that Zarathustra, everywhere else nearly or quite a demi-god, is here a struggling and suffering man. He is a prophet, or a divinely appointed instructor, but thoroughly human and real, so far as his situations become apparent. Secondly, their historical tone may be emphasised. Their doctrines and exhortations concern an actual religious movement taking place contemporaneously with their composition; and that movement was exceptionally pure and most earnest. Their tone is therefore everywhere serious. Nearly all myths are dropped, and likewise, as perhaps their most striking peculiarity, even the old Aryan gods, who reappear in the later Yasna, Vendidad, and Yasts, are, save one, wholly absent. The movement in its reformatory character seems to have thrown them out, not perhaps with definite intention, but because the minds of the devout enthusiasts excluded them as having inferior interest, in view of the results immediately before them. So far as a claim to a high position among the curiosities of ancient moral lore is concerned, the reader may trust himself freely to the impression that he has before him an anthology which was probably composed with as fervent a desire to benefit the spiritual and moral natures of those to [31] Digitized by Google Digitized by

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THE GATHAS. whom it was addressed as any which the world had yet seen. Nay, he may provisionally accept the opinion that nowhere else are such traces of intelligent religious earnestness to be found as existing at the period of the Gathas or before them, save in the Semitic scriptures. As to their speculative depth; wherever theosophical speculation is put into words, the evidence of their grasp and subjectivity becomes positive. As the extent of documents necessarily produces a certain impression upon the mind of an investigator, it must not be forgotten that the Gathas were in all probability many times more voluminous than the fragments which now remain to us. The historian may argue from what has survived to what once existed, and the inevitable conclusion is imposing. For additional details see the Introduction, and the summaries at the head of each Gatha and chapter. THE GATHATA) AHUNAVAITI(I). This Gatha, consisting of seven chapters of the Yasna (XXVIII-XXXIV), takes its name from the similarity of its metre to that of the Ahuna-vairya formula which also occurs before it in the Yasna. It is composed of homogeneous material, but as its material is also homogeneous with that of the other Gathas, it probably owes its existence as a group of sections to its metrical form. Its lines were intended to number sixteen syllables, and they are put together in stanzas of three. It is all very ancient and probably nearly all original with Zarathustra himself, though parts seem to be put into the mouths of his immediate associates and disciples. Whether any persons existed in the immediate circle of the sage capable of composing hymns like these unaided, is of course a question; but that some were able to put poetical matter together under his guidance or inspiration seems certain. An analysis and general summary is placed before each chapter as more convenient than massing them all together. The reader is reminded that the rhythm of the original, so far as it could be reasonably conjectured, is somewhat imitated in parts of the translations. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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THE GATHAS. YASNA XXIX. THE WAIL OF THE KINE. THE CALL OF ZARATHUSTRA. His PRAYER FOR Aid. This chapter, the second in the manuscripts of the Gatha Ahunavaiti, is placed here as in a more natural order. It may be regarded as containing the terminus a quo of the divine revelation. The Soul of the Kine, as representing the herds of the holy Iranian people, their only means of honourable livelihood, raises its voice, and expressing the profoundest needs of an afflicted people, addresses Ahura and His Divine Order, Asha, in bitterness. 1. Recalling another and a later 'groan of the creation,' she demands wherefore and for whom she was made, since afflictions encompass her; and as her comfort, if not her existence, was threatened as much by the unsettled habits induced by constant alarms as by the actual incursions of her predatory neighbours, she beseeches the Bountiful Immortals to instruct her as to the benefits of civilised agriculture, and confirm her protectors in its practice, as her only remedy against the evils of which she complains. 2. Ahura answers by a question to Asha, the personified Righteous Order, as to what guardian he had appointed in order to smite back the fury which assails her, intimating that some chief ought to have been set over her originally who would have averted her miseries, training her people in steady tillage and bucolic skill, and repelling the destructive raids. 3. Asha answers that her sufferings were inevitable, that no chief could be appointed who could prevent them since none was himself without his share of injustice and of passionate resentment. He could not answer why this was the case. The question, involving the insolvable problem of the origin of evil, lay at the foundation of those influences which move the stars of destiny; that the religious revelation afforded by the Ratu (as in B 2 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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THE GATHAS. chapter XXX) was intended to meet these problems so far as they could be answered, and that therefore all who were entering upon active enterprises were in the act of approaching, not him Asha, the subordinate archangel, but Mazda himself, who was the greatest of beings, and alone able to answer their prayers and questions. 4. Zarathustra poetically conceived to be present, here intervenes to reaffirm the homage just paid by Asha. He declares Ahura Mazda to be himself the most mindful of all the previously revealed assertions and directions uttered by himself, and fulfilled in the actions of both the Demon-gods of their enemies, and of good or evil men. He is also said to be fully cognisant of what they will do in the future, and to discriminate between what is good and evil as an infallible judge, allotting to us all our destiny in future sufferings or rewards. 5. Addressing Ahura and Asha, and uniting with the Kine's Soul in her supplication, he questions Mazda in his doubt, not in peaceful confidence, as later in the impressive hymn, each verse of which begins with the words, 'This ask I Thee, aright, Ahura! tell me!' but deprecating from himself, and constructively from the Kine, the impending destruction which he sees will justly fall upon the wicked as visited by the discriminating vengeance acknowledged to be Ahura's attribute (see verse 4). 6. At last Ahura, showing the intention of His questions, answers them himself; no regulating lord in full sympathy with the Righteous Order had as yet been discovered or discoverable, but He himself will make a selection. He therefore declares himself as solemnly appointing Zarathustra to that office. And Zarathustra, inspired by His Good Mind, and guided by His righteousness, will accomplish more than has as yet been done to rally the thrifty community, and settle their virtuous polity upon its desired basis of training and defence. 7. As Zarathustra is a listener in the colloquy between the Deity, the Kine's Soul, and Asha, the Righteous Order, so the other Immortals beside Asha", here join in, as if the appointment just made had not been heard, or was incredible (see below). Mazda is indeed declared to have revealed the sacred Word-of-reason in harmony with the consenting Righteousness, and to have provided food for the Kine and Something like this is implied. If verses 4, 5, 6, were originally connected. * Or possibly a company of the religious chiefs poetically conceived to be present. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXIX. the needy consumers, but who was there adequately endowed with the Good Mind, who could promulgate that Mathra with its revealed directions as to sustenance of both body and mind? 8. Ahura repeats his announcement of Zarathustra, as if to silence the objections. As Zarathustra alone had heard the doctrines from the voice of inspiration, so he desired to declare them, and had authority to do so, together with a settled position of such a character as to make his statements felt. 9. But an unexpected difficulty arises. The Kine's Soul is by no means impressed by the personality of the individual selected as her guardian. So far from being the demi-god of the other parts of the Avesta, Zarathustra's declarations are characterised by her as the voice of a pusillanimous man,' while she, on the contrary, expected one truly kingly in his rank and characteristics, and able to bring his desires to effect, while the Bountiful Immortals (or the attending chieftains), as if they had meant their question in verse 7 to be a question uttered in mere perplexity or contempt, join in with chorus, asking when indeed an effective helper will be provided. 10. Zarathustra, undismayed by the coldness of his reception, enters at once upon his office as priest and prophet, praying Ahura for the people; and recognising the names of the Immortals,' Khshathra, Asha, and Vohu Manah, in their original sense, asks Ahura to grant to the people in their straits, a Sovereign Authority established in the Divine Order, and bestowing the needed quiet and happiness for which the suffering provinces, as represented by the Kine's Soul in her wail, had expressed their desire. And as he prays, he avows his own steadfast confidence in Ahura rather than in the Daevas, as the prime possessor and bestower of blessings. 11. Then, as if eager to receive full equipment upon the spot, he not only beseeches for the Righteous Order, the Kingly Power of God, and His Good Mind for the masses as represented by the Kine, but asks when they are coming to him, and hastening; and he entreats Ahura to bestow His help at once for the great cause, and to a very abundant degree, upon himself and his associates. (It is singular that the name of Aramaiti does not occur in this section.) Digitized by Digitized by Google .

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THE GATHAS. Translation. (Homage to you, O Sacred Gathas !) 1. Unto you (O Ahura and Asha !) the Soul of the Kine (our sacred herds and folk) cried aloud : For whom did ye create me, and by? whom did ye fashion me? On me comes the assault of wrath, and of violent power, the blow ? of desolation, audacious insolence, and (thievish): might. None other pasture-giver have I than you, therefore do ye teach me good (tillage) for the fields (my only hope of welfare 5)! Ahura speaks. 2. Upon this the Creator of the Kine (the holy i Ke ma tashat can only mean this here. The Pahlavi translator probably read kahmai. He has val mun li tukhshid (?) homanam, * One might think of 'inertia' as a rendering for remo, (if read), but the afflictions complained of seem rather to imply active violence. * Or read tayuska (robbery ?) with the Pahlavi translation; yu' and 'vi' would be written much alike in a manuscript. * Vasta has been found, as I understand, in some manuscripts. The Persian manuscript of Haug has a curious vastiridar (vastaridar ?) in the Pahlavi text, which seems to confirm vasta in the sense given. As there are very many non-specialists to whom it is important to weigh this present subject as closely as it may be possible, and as everything here is a matter of the keenest questioning among experts, I add occasionally a word-for-word rendering, although necessarily very uncouth : To you the Kine's soul criedcomplaining : For whom me did ye fashion? Who me mader Against me assaulting-rapine, violence-and, desolations-[blow], daring-insolence-and, (thievish) might-and (possibly change the text). Not for me a pasture-giver than-you other ; therefore tome teach-ye good (things) for-the-pasture (adj. acc. pl. neut.). * I fear that I cannot follow Haug in his later view, where he follows tradition in rather an extreme manner, rendering 'the cutter (wounder of the Ox. Neither Spiegel nor Justi would confide to a later myth to this degree (see Y. XXXI, 9 and XLVI, 9). This is Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXIX. herds) asked of Righteousness 1: How (was) thy guardian for the Kine (appointed) by thee when, as having power (over all her fate), ye made her? (In what manner did ye secure) for her, together with pasture, a cattle-chief who was both skilled and likewise energetic? Whom did ye select ' as her (life's) master who might hurl back the fury of the wicked 8? Asha answers. 3. To Him the (Divine Righteousness) answered with his sanctity. (Great was our perplexity); a chieftain who was capable of smiting back (their fury), and who was himself without hate (was not to be obtained by us); among such things as these, those things are not to be known (by beings such as we) which are the influences which approach (and move) the lofty fires ? (revealing the favour and the will of God 3). Of beings He is the mightiest to whom those * i mentioned, however, not as complaining of an error, but solely to guard the reader against the mistake of an eminent authority. (See also Roth, Z.D.M. G., Bd. 25, s. 9.) Observe the personification of righteousness. * Or, what salvation-lord,' governed by data from the preceding line; so also the Pahlavi translator mun avo pavan nadukih khudat. Usta occurs only here as a verbal form. Supply anghat in b. * The Pahlavi aeshmo anaer zanisno. * Or read ashem. The Pahlavi has ashavahisto pasukhvo guft. I am not at all inclined to accept vocatives for nominatives in the Gathas. * Sar-gan, compare Verethragan. The Pahlavi indicates this by tang sardarih. Possibly, ' by which he approaches.' 7 The Pahlavi roshano i rasto. & Cp. Y. XXX, 1 : ya raokebis daresata urvaza. * The Pahlavi indicates a third person ; and keredusha is far the most simply explained as a nom. pl. Recall ma masha and man(?) matha. Otherwise, 'to whom I will come with activity and invoking. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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THE GATHAS. who have performed their actions approach with invocations. (He has no need to ask!) Zarathustra intervenes ? 4. The Great Creator * (is himself) most mindful of the uttered indications which have been fulfilled beforehand hitherto in the deeds of 8 demongods * and (good or evil) men, and of those which shall be fulfilled by them hereafter. He Ahura is the discerning arbiter; so shall it be to use as He shall will?! 5. Therefore it is that we both, my soul 8 and (the soul) of the mother. Kine, (are) making our supplica * A verse or verses may here have fallen out. ? I cannot persuade myself to accept the nearly universally accepted comparison of Mazdau and medha. See note on p. 104. . Or, 'He has done by Daevas ?' If thus, absolute and not qualified sovereignty would be indicated. See the last line. * Observe that while ' by Daeva-worshippers' would be an admirable rendering for Daevais, because more commonplace and therefore safer, it is here impossible on account of mashyaiska. We are closely confined to the acceptance of a large idea. Ahura was mindful of what transpired in the deeds of Daeva-gods, and not in those of Daeva-worshippers alone. The inst. must be modified. As varshaite is elsewhere used in an active sense, it is possible, but not probable, that a special predestination may be indicated. He shall do by means of Daevas and men.' 8.To us men,' not to us Amesh spends, of course! Verbatim. Mazda, the-words most-mindful which for havebeen-fulfilled before by-means-of-(the actions of) Daevas-and menand what-and (shall)-be-done after, He the discriminating lord; so to-us shall-it-be as He shall-choose. 8 This seems to prove positively that a human being speaks here and in the previous verse; the soul of Righteousness' is of course impossible. . Some have referred the word to the root zan obscurely present in it; otherwise a drivable cow; one mature and fit for use. The term used in the Vendidad in a common meaning as merely Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXIX. tions for the two worlds to Ahura, and with hands stretched out in entreaty, when (we pray to the Great Creator with questions in our doubt ; (and He will answer). Not for the righteous liver, not for the thrifty (tiller of the earth), shall there be destruction together with the wicked! Ahura. 6. Upon this the Lord, the Great Creator, He who understands the mysterious grace* by His insight", spake thus: Not in this manner(r) is a spiritual master found for us, nor a chieftain moved by Righteousness and appointed (in its spirit); therefore Thee? have I named 8 (as such a head) to the diligent tiller of the ground! designating a cow at a certain age, may be the familiar use of an adjective here applied in the ancient Gatha in a sacred sense. This passage is one of the strongest for the comparison of Mazdau and medha. The sense asking wisdom in our doubt,' is admirable. I cannot however accept the comparison. Pavan gemanikih hampursani; root di. 3 The Pahlavi awasinisnih*, but in other connections fragyaitis might well mean'continued life;' 'life long endured with the wicked.' * The Pahlavi has vishupisno, which here affords a better meaning; see however Y. XLVIII, 9. We might read as alternative here, 'knowing the calamity to be averted! Uncertain. The Pahlavi however indicates discernment.' * One is strongly tempted to read aevo, 'not a single chief,' but the ancient writing read by the Pahlavi translator had aeva ahu. 7 This indicates that Zarathustra had been the speaker in the previous verses. & Appointed. * Verbatim. Thereupon spake Ahura Mazda knowing thewonderful (thing) through-insight (?) not thus a master found, nor a ruler righteous-order-from-even from, therefore for thee to-thethrifty-and to-the-husbandman-and (I) as-a-creator I-have-made. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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IO THE GATHAS. The Ameshospends ?. 7. Mazda has created the inspired Word-ofreason which is a Mathra of fatness (for the offering), the (Divine) Righteousness consenting with Him in his deed. Food he has prepared for the Kine and for the eaters?, He the one bountiful with his (saving) doctrine; but whom hast Thou, endowed with the Good Mind, who may give forth those (doctrines) by word of mouth to mortals 3? Ahura. 8. This man is found for me here who alone + has 1 Or a company of the saints conceived to be present. ? So some writers, accepting an irregular reading hvarushaeibyo after the indication of the Pahlavi translation. Otherwise compare rush'(?), uru=ru, and render 'to the estranged. We have often to stretch the meaning more than this. Converting instructions are elsewhere suggested for all mankind.' 8 The translation of Neryosangh is added here not merely because it is of interest, but because it is, together with the Pahlavi translation, of the last importance in forming correct conclusions. It may be rendered as follows; and the reader may regard it as a specimen, but by no means a particularly favourable one. At the words azatois and maretaeibyo different texts were before him and the Pahlavi translator as well. Those words are elsewhere rendered by the latter karpih and ansataan: This greatest magnitude (sic) of the Mathra, the Lord produced together with righteousness as his fellow-worker [ ]. The Great Wise One discloses the herds to the eaters; and he discloses also the great matter to the well-taught scholars. Who is thine, who endowed with the best mind, gives the two things, with the mouth to those who are prosecuting studies (sic)? To expect an ancient rendering to be closer would be unreasonable. The errors (as to root) are not errors, but the certain signs of differing MSS. This constantly occurs; and it is hardly necessary to add that sometimes from such supposed mistakes we get the only possible means of recovering the original text. * Repeating the announcement in verse 6. The aeva in 6 would incline one to read aevi (ye ne aeva), but the manuscript before the Pahlavi translator read aevo=khadak. It is quite out of the question to suppose his aetuno and khadak to be accidental. A sharp distinction is made. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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II EESE LIBRARE YASNA XXINITEKSIT) hearkened to our enunciations, Zarathustra Spitama! Our mighty and completed acts of grace he desires to enounce for us, for (Me), the Great Creator and for Righteousness; wherefore I will give him the good abode' (and authoritative place) of such an one as speaks?! The Geus Urvan. 9. Upon this the Soul of the Kine lamented (: Woe is unto me) since (I have obtained for myself) in my wounding a lord who is powerless to effect (his) wish, the (mere) voice of a feeble and pusillanimous man, whereas I desire one who is lord over his will (and able as one of royal state to bring what he desires to effect ). The Ameshospends 4 ((Aye,) when shall he ever appear who may bring to her - help strong-handed o?) So the Pahlavi translator, giving the only critical etymology in his hademunih, the gloss aside. 9 The Pahlavi text corrected by the Persian MS. may be rendered as follows: This gift I obtained [ ]. For this one is he who was listening to that which is our teaching, Zartusht, the Spitaman. For us, Adharmazd, and for Aharayih is his desire, (that is, that perfectly performed duty, and good works are desired by him). He recites also a remedy-making (free or erroneous), (that is, he declares a remedy-making against the Drug who is in the world]; on account of which saying for his word of piety which he utters, they give him a good abode []. (The glosses are often from a later hand and erroneous. Sometimes, however, they contain the truth while the text is futile. I drop them in the present citations when they are of no importance.) Observe that Zarathustra, like other prophets, met at times little honour from his fellow-countrymen who are here well represented by the voice of the Kine's Soul. (See Y. XLVI, 1.) * Or could not hoi be taken in a reflective sense, and referred to the first person like the possessive sve; see the connection. * Verbatim. Thereupon-and the Kine's Soul wept : (I) who Diglized by Google Digitized by

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12 THE GATHAS. Zarathustra 10. Do ye, O Ahura and thou, O Righteousness! grant gladness unto these (our disciples), and the sovereign Kingdom (of the Deity) such as (is established) in (His) Good Mind by which one bestows upon them the peaceful amenities of home and quiet happiness (as against the fearful ravages which they suffer 2), for of these, O Great Creator ! I ever thought Thee first possessor S! 11. And when shall the (Divine) Righteousness, the Good Mind (of the Lord, and His) Sovereign Power (come) hastening - to me (to give me strength for my task and mission), O Great Creator, the Living Lord! (For without his I cannot advance (lament) one-not-able-to-effect-his-wish in-wounding as-a-master (or, I established ?) [ ], whom as-against I-wish one wish-controlling-andeffecting-as-a-sovereign. When ever he may-(shall)-be who to her (possibly to-me-myself?) shall-give effected-by-the-hand help. 1 Zarathustra, having accepted his call to be the Ratu or his substitute, at once interposes with a prayer for his suffering charge. * See verse 1, to which reference is continually made as the chief expression of the sufferings to be remedied. 8 The Pahlavi without glosses may be rendered as follows: Give ye assistance to these, O Adharmazd, Ashavahist and Khshatraver! So also Vohuman, who gives him a pleasing habitation, and also joy. I also think that the first gain and obtaining of this is from thee. (With the gloss slightly different; but valman should be rendered according to a hya.) The text literally is as follows: (Do) ye to these, o Ahura ! happiness possibly strength; see the Pahlavi) grant, O Asha ! Khshathra-and (=the Kingdom) such (kingdom as) by Vohu Manah by-which amenities peaceful-joy-and (one) may give-or-establish; I-even of this, O Mazda ! Thee I thought foremost possessor. So the Pahlavi translation indicates ; compare gima and fra man () matha; otherwise mamasha = I hasten (to fulfil my mission). Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXIX. 13 or undertake my toil.) Do ye now therefore assign unto us your aid and in abundance for our great cause. May we be (partakers) of the bountiful grace of these your equals 2 (your counsellors and servants) 8! * The Pahlavi has kabed. For the fundamental idea compare priksh + suffix. * The Ameshospends just mentioned, together with whom Ahura governs and blesses His people. Ahma (so conjecturing with Barth.), is also quite sufficiently indicated by the lanman of the Pahlavi. Whether an instrumental ehma can be accepted is doubtful. The form should be altered. If ehma stands, istem must be understood, or the instrumental taken in a possessive sense. Ahma has no authority from MSS., but is better than anghama, as being nearer the MSS. 8 As an impartial specimen I render Ner. thus : Whence will that gift come to me, (the gift which is) Asavahista, Gvahmana, and Saharevara, (that is, sanctity, the highest (best) mind, and the sovereignty, where is the place of the reward which will thus come to me?). (Here the translation falls into confusion from an error which is most interesting and instructive, because it is corrected by Ner. in an alternative rendering in the gloss. As has been seldom noticed his original was the Pahlavi word padadahisnined, rather than the Gathic paiti-zanata. This Pahlavi form he could not at first believe to be a second plural. Indeed the Pahlavi glossist may have taken it as a third sg. Neryosangh therefore abortively renders word-for-word as follows: You, O Great Wise One! it offers or presents more excellently through the greatest exaltation' (the holy cause). But he recovers himself in the gloss by reading the Pahlavi padadahisno vadanyen as an imperative : [Provide a reward through that spotless exaltation (the irreproachable cause)] continuing : Here, O Lord! is the gift (which is) ours, and (which comes) to us from Thee.) Digitized by Digitized by Google

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14 THE GATHAS. YASNA XXVIII. PRAYERS CHIEFLY FOR GRACE AND FOR THE WORDS OF REVELATION. 2. Zarathustra, having entered upon the duties of his office (XXIX, II), composes a liturgy for the use of some of his more eminent colleagues, possibly, but not at all probably, for the original mover in the entire religious effort (see the expressions 'to Zarathustra and to us,' 'to Vistaspa and to me,' 'to Frashaostra and to me'). This reciter, whoever he may have been intended to be, is represented as standing in the appropriate place as a priest, with hands stretched toward Ahura, or His Fire, and praying for the possession of spiritual graces from an unselfish motive, and in order that he might appease the grief of the Kine's Soul, for whose relief Zarathustra had just been appointed (see XXIX, 1, 6, 8). 3. He approaches Ahura Mazda, spiritually inspired by the Good Mind as he declares, and asking for attainments and boons for both the bodily and spiritual lives, derived from Righteousness whereby that personified Righteousness might establish the elect in a beatified state. 4. The personality of the Ameshospends comes again strongly forward, as it does so often in worship, in addresses in which Righteousness (Asha), the Good Mind (Vohu Manah), Khshathra e Divine Sovereignty), and Aramaiti (practical piety in the souls of believers), are besought to come, as the Vedic Gods so often are, to the appeals of the supplicant, and to his help in the act of worship itself, which is recognised to be the one efficient means for furthering the cause of redemption which is ever held in view. 5. As one who offered his soul to heaven, and would know by actual experience the blessed rewards bestowed by the holy ceremonial and moral actions prescribed by Ahura Mazda, the reciter declares that he will teach on in the effort to propagate the holy Religious Order, and possessed by the one desire for its increase, while power shall last. 6. With a piety as fervent as it is profound, and speaking with great earnestness, he asks Righteousness, as a person, when he shall see him, becoming fully acquainted with the Good Mind of God, the way which leads to Him, and above all with Obedience. But although he addresses these lofty abstractions as persons, it is utterly Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXVIII. 15 out of the question to suppose that he did not speak in the deepest meaning of the words as expressing states of mind, and qualities of character: 0 thou Divine Righteous Order! (Thus he seems to have meant), O thou divine Righteous Order! when shall I see Thee as if present in my own soul and in those of the people whom Ahura has committed to my charge? When shall I know the Divine Benevolence as made one with the disposition of my congregation? When shall I possess by knowledge that only way to our most bountiful Ahura which is, not a mythical angel Sraosha only, but that angel interpreted 'Obedience to Ahura' (observe the dative). One cannot well exaggerate the religious depth or subjectivity. Then, with a bathos which shows how then as ever superstition could hold its own side by side with the truest piety, he exclaims (if the third line was really so composed by him as it has come down to us); "By such a prayer as a Mathra spell we can with the greatest vigour repel the unclean beasts and creatures which defile our sanctity, or endanger our lives.' 7. Alluding immediately to this revelation, be beseeches Ahura once more to come with His Good Mind,' and to grant, not booty, nor even wealth, but 'Asha-gifts,' and (as a bestower of righteousness) long life and powerful spiritual grace to the leading agent Zarathustra (in all probability the composer of the section), and to himself, the officiating priest with his helpers, in order that, not with carnal weapons, but by his lofty' and holy 'words, they all combined may overcome the torments of the ravagers who had made havoc of the settlements, and who were still liable to overwhelm the faithful with their raids and rapine (see XLIV, 20). 8. With an intentional and interesting alliteration he prays to Asha for an ashi ; that is, a blessing, even the strenuously attainedto gifts of the great Benevolence. Aramaiti likewise becomes the object of his petition together with Ahura ; and this time for the benefit of Vistaspa the monarch, and for himself that they might hear the gracious Mathras, which is indeed the burden of the entire piece. 9. Once more he affords an early (or the earliest (?)) instance of the rhetorical trick, and fills one line with three vahistas,' praying Ahura, as being of one mind with Asha (bere, for the first time in the Avesta, called the best), to grant the same blessing; and this time again with an intentional change,'to himself and to Frashaostra ;' and not for this world, but for all the duration of the Good Mind,' using the expression in its concrete sense as heaven; for heaven to him consisted in an inward state. (So also elsewhere in the Avesta, Digitized by Digitized by Google

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16 THE GATHAS. even where the palate and the olfactory nerve are the media of felicity or of torture, there also conciliating language on the one side, or vile speech' pointed with finest irony on the other, is equally prominent. It is the mind which chiefly enjoys or suffers.) 10. Deeply sensible of the spiritual benefits for which he is asking, he seems touched with gratitude. Accordingly he adds one more petition, which is, that he and his coadjutors, the three just mentioned, may never anger the indulgent mercy which had granted them their request; and that they may persevere, as they have begun, in the strenuous service of Ahura, Asha, and Vohu Manah. For they are, as he declares, easy to be entreated, and beings who desire to bestow spiritual blessings upon mortals, rather than to exercise merely capricious favour or cruelty, and who also possess the power to bring their benevolence to effect. 11. As if unwilling to trust his own perception as to his real spiritual needs, he prays Ahura 'to fill up his desire,' not with what he, the reciter, may in particular request, but with what He, Ahura, knows to be the gifts of Righteousness and the divine * Benevolence. And these gifts are again mainly the holy revelation, for he knows, so he earnestly declares, the words of those mighty three to be never void, and to be a sustenance able indeed to fill up his wishes, giving him more than he has of himself either the intelligence or the grace to ask. 12. Having added, in verse after verse, some particular to heighten the fervour of his request, he sums up all in a final expression, as remarkable for its earnestness as for its depth, and begs Ahura, as one set for ever for the defence of the Righteous Order and the Good Mind (whose hallowed influences he accurately foresaw were destined to endure for ages), to tell him, with His very 'voice of spirit, in order that he may declare them to the waiting masses, the laws which pervade the moral universe, and according to which it arose. For according to these holy principles and so alone, could he promulgate a system which might reclaim society from its imperfections and the Iranian saint from his sufferings. Ahura who, be it remarked, is alone addressed in this culminating verse, hears and answers by a revelation of these eternal principles, and this answer is contained in chapter XXX. By a thorough comprehension of that most important document, I hold that we may see how it met its purpose as indicated by the capacities and needs of those to whom it was addressed, and how by discriminating truth from falsehood it helped on the defence of Asha, and the founding of the * true Benevolence. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXVIII. 17 Translation. 1. (A strengthening blessing' is the thought, a blessing is the word, a blessing is the deed of the righteous Zarathustra. May the Bountiful Immortals : accept and help on the chants. Homage to you, O sacred Gathas* !) 2. With venerating (desire) for this (gift) of gracious help, O Mazda', and stretching forth my hands (to Thee) I pray for the first (blessing) of (Thy) bountiful Spirit; (that is, I beseech of Thee that my) actions 1 Yanim cannot well mean revealed,' except by the most farfetched conception. The Indian yana, as in devayana, should give the fundamental idea, easily reconcileable as it is with the ancient rendering of the Pahlavi translator. Notice that the Amesh spends are mentioned in this early heading. In the Gathas themselves the name, 'Bountiful Immortals,' does not occur. * Possibly, take up and continue on the Gathas.' Literally, seize forth.' . It is hardly necessary to say that this is no part of the Gathas. It is, however, in the Gathic dialect, and as it needs not, or perhaps cannot, be considered an intentional imitation, it must be very old. * Vocative with the Vendidad Sadah, otherwise the accumulation of genitives would be suspicious. Ahura is, however, beyond any question elsewhere spoken of as 'the most bounteous Spirit.' The usage is like that of the Semitic scriptures; the Holy Spirit is both God and of God.' As to the rendering 'bounteous,' I fear that 'holiest' (so many) is too bold. Ashavan occurs side by side with spenta as applied to Abura, and ashavan cannot mean righteous 'there, but must mean 'holy. The Pahlavi renders etymologically afzunik. Comp. svanta. The sole etymological bases for the meaning "holy' are presented by the Lithuanian and Ecclesiastical Sclavonic; but, as Justi has well remarked, in the conceptions of the Avesta that which increases the kingdom of Ahura is equivalent to what is holy. Bountiful' must therefore be understood in a particular sense, only to be rendered by the words, 'gracious, sacred, and august.' [31] s Digitized by Digitized by Google

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18 THE GATHAS. (toward) all (may be performed) in (the Divine) Righteousness; and with this I implore from Thee the understanding of Thy Benevolent Mind, in order that I may propitiate the Soul of the Kine' (our herds and folk, which cries so bitterly to Thee). 3. And therefore, O Great Creator, the Living Lord! (inspired) by Thy Benevolent Mind, I approach You?, (and beseech of Thee 3) to grant me (as a bountiful gift) for both the worlds, the corporeal and (for that) of mind, those attainments which are to be derived from the (Divine) Righteousness, and by means of which (that personified Righteousness within us) may introduce those who are its recipients into beatitude and glory)! 4. O (thou Divine) Righteousness, and thou Be 1 See Y. XXIX, 1. * The plural of majesty, or the literal plural, referring to the Bountiful Immortals as together. * Plural and singular interchange throughout. * Possibly, one may introduce.' o See Y. L, 5. Hvathra and its allied forms are so often associated with raokah and the like, that I do not hesitate to accept an Iranian hvan=to shine (with Justi). As there is an Indian svar which means 'to roar,' and another 'to shine,' and again a svan=to sound, so in Iranian there is a hvan=to sound, and another= to shine, as in asmanem hvanvantem. The comfortable stone heaven' is difficult. Comfortable, or even 'delectable mountains' (so we should have to say elsewhere), are not very likely to have been recognised or appreciated in the Avesta. "Glorious beatitude' is a better rendering here. If hvathra always means 'comfort,' how comes it that hvarend is said to be hvathravat? Comfortable glory' is hardly probable. Compare also the ancient subha. When it is the fashion to accept a separate Iranian root at every difficulty, small and great, I see no reason for stopping here, where the pressure is considerable. The Pahlavi also may be read to favour my view. (Comp. hveng=hvan.) Digitized by Digitized by Google

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VASNA XXVIII. 19 nevolent Mind (of Deity)! I will worship you, and Ahura Mazda the first ', for all of whom the Pious ready mind (within us) is ? causing the imperishable Kingdom to advance. (And while I thus utter my supplications to You), come Ye to my calls to helps! 5. (Yea, I will approach You with my supplications, I) who am delivering up (my) mind and soul to that (heavenly) Mount (whither all the redeemed at last must pass ), knowing (full well) the holy characteristics and rewards of the ceremonial and moral) actions (prescribed) by Ahura Mazda. (And) . ? Or,having no first' (Roth, reading apourvim). 'I am very far from a positive rejection of the forms suggested by the Pahlavi translator, although he should never be pressed on such a point, being often free. As alternative read 'may Piety who bestows increase (fem. participle) come to my calls to give grace.' * The Pahlavi translator, unable to credit 'ye as I who' (so also modern authority sometimes with regard to other occurrences of ye in this chapter), renders as follows: When I shall be your own (thus for worship,' and possibly deceived by the form of the words, ufyani and nafsman being nearly alike in the Pahlavi character), 0 Ashavahist and Vohman I the first [ ], Adharmazd's also [his own I shall be), through whose unweakened acquisition his rule over them exists [ ], and [hers also I shall be], Spendarmad's, the giver of increase. She comes to me with joy when I invoke her [when I shall call upon you, come ye on toward me with joy]. (A plain and noticeable instance of an alternative rendering in the gloss. The verb was first thought of as a 3rd sing. middle subjunctive, afterwards as an imperative and plural.) * Men= m + the nasal vowel, and may represent man, or I think also mam, adverbially for mena; or 'man'=' demane. Mount Alborg, where the Kinval Bridge extends ; so also important authority; but we might read mengaire=mangaire (Garodman). * Ashi, a blessing given in reward; so elsewhere. C 2 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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20 THE GATHAS. so long as I am able and may have the power, so long will I teach (Your people concerning these holy deeds to be done by them with faith toward God, and) in the desire (for the coming) of the (Divine) Righteousness (within their souls) 2. 6. And, thou Righteousness! when shall I see 8 thee, knowing the Good Mind (of God), and (above all the personified) Obedience 4 (of our lives which constitutes) the way to the most beneficent Ahura Mazda. (Asking this, I thus beseech thee, for) with this holy word of supplication we most hold offe with tongue the flesh-devouring fiends, (the very sign and power of all spiritual foulness) ?! 1 I think it is better to hold by the parallel passage and the sense of 'teach' here. The Pahlavi has an irregular form which probably means I teach,' but might be intended for I am taught.' After the words so long as I have the power,' 'I will teach 'is rather more natural than I will learn. Haug's rendering of this word has never been accepted. Those most opposed to tradition follow it here. Perhaps, 'I will teach to desire R. The Pahlavi translation corrected by MSS. may be rendered thus: He who gives up his soul within Garodman does so by the aid of Vohuman ( ), and is also intelligent concerning the veneration which belongs to the doers of good works [ ] in that which is Adharmazd's (religion); as long as I am a suppliant and have the power, so long do I inculcate the desire of Righteousness [which is, duty and good works]. * Kada mrilikam sumana abhi khyam (Rv. VII, 86, 2). * Obedience, throughout the Avesta and Parsi literature, guides the soul to heaven. Or, knowing the throne of Ahura' (so the Pahlavi, most scholars following); but the construction would be awkward. Finding the way' occurs in the Riks, and gatu need not always mean 'place' in the Gathic, because it has that sense most frequently in the Zend. Possibly, we may teach the foul polluted men. Or, confess the greatest One with Khrafstra(-slaying) tongue.' Perhaps the text is to be amended ; yet see XXXIV, 5, 9. 7 The Pahlavi translation may be rendered thus : 0 Ashavahist! when do (shall) I see thee? I know this one by means Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXVIII. 21 7. And do Thou, O Lord, the Great Creator ! come to me with Thy Good Mind; and do Thou, who bestowest gifts through Thy Righteousness, bestow alike long-lasting life on us. And that this life may be spent aright, do) Thou by means of Thy lofty words (bestow) the (needed) powerful spiritual help upon Zarathustra and upon us ', whereby we may overcome ? the torments of the tormentor. 8. (And) do thou, O(Divine) Righteousness, bestow (upon me) that sacred blessing which is constituted by the attainments of the Good Mind (within my soul) ; and do thou also, O Piety! grant unto of a good mind's instruction (that is, I see thee in that time when every man is intelligent because he is pious; but when shall it be?]. And the place of Adharmazd, when do (shall) I see it, I who am a suppliant for a benefit? That place is known through Srosh that greatest of Mathras is to be taught, given forth with tongue to him whose understanding is confused. " It certainly involves a question how the words 'to Zarathustra and to us' can be compatible with Zarathustra's authorship. Vistaspa and Frashaostra (verses 8, 9) are equally excluded. Who is then the individual who thus refers to himself with others? And is this verse an interpolation, and with it 8 and 97 This last seems to me a very feeble suggestion. Was this piece, together with the rest (for they all are connected), the work of some unnamed man of influence, the true author of Zarathustrianism? I think that there is also little gained by this supposition. There is no particular reason why Zarathustra's name should have come down to us as the chief figure, while that of the prime mover failed to reach us. I should say that the piece was composed by Zarathustra and put into the mouth of a leading priest, or that it was composed with many others under his inspiration. Or, can there have been a school, or family, of Zarathustrians, religious poets, similar to the Vedic seers? (See chap. LIII, a Zarathustris Spitamo.) * This mention of overcoming an enemy,' strengthens the probability of my view of vavardimaidi (vauroimaidi). 3 The Good Mind is now, as we should say, 'the Spirit of God' in the mind of God, and again His Spirit in the human soul. A Digitized by Google

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22 THE GATHAS. Vistaspa and to me our wish; (yea) may'st Thou grant (us), O Mazda, ruler? (as Thou art ! that grace) whereby we may hear? (with understanding) Thy benignant words. 9. That best (of gifts therefore) do I beseech (of Thee), O Thou best (of beings) Ahura! who art one in will with (Thy Divine) Righteousness (within us, likewise), the best 3 (of spirits), desiring it (as I now do) for the (heroic) man Frashaostra, and for me", upon whom also may'st Thou bestow it (not for time alone), but for all the ages of Thy Good Mind (that reign of Thy Benevolence which shall be to us as Heaven") ! * The Pahlavi correctly renders padakhsha. . Probably originally heard, inspired words. Compare Manyeus haka Thwa aungha, verse 12. So often. Oral communications are figuratively alluded to everywhere. No literal articulation or sound (!) is of course intended. (Or 'sravayaema=proclaim.') Neryosangh may be rendered as follows: Grant, O Sanctity! this devotion which (results) from the priority (an error from misreading the characters of the Pahlavi, chiefly his original) of the Good Mind (that is, make me so religious that prosperity may result to me from my good conduct]. Grant thou to the perfect mind [in, or to the earth (so the Parsis understood Aramaiti)] the wish that proceeds from Gustaspa and from my people [ ]. Grant praisers, o great wise One ! kings, who may be announcers of your word, and bestowers of arrangements (for the service); [that is, who may teach thy word, and render it progressivel. * The earliest occurrence of Asha Vahista. The Pahlavi : Since the best thing that Thou hast (Thy Religion] is better than all other things, the best through Righteousness.' * See verses 7 and 8. * In the millennial (sic) renovation as well as in heaven. See chap. XXX, 4, where Vahista Manah is equivalent to heaven. The Pahlavi gloss has: Aigh Frashostar va havistan i Frashostar, vad tana i pasino hamai nadQkih padas vadan; that is, for Frashostar and the disciples of Frashostar for ever, until the final body provide a benefit thereby. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXVIII. 23 10. And impressed and moved) by these gifts of strengthening grace (which Thou may'st give in answer to these prayers) may we never anger You, O Ahura Mazda! (nor Thy) Righteousness (within us), nor yet Thy Kindly Mind (toward us), since we have most earnestly made effort (helping to advance Your cause) in the (chanted)? offering of Your praisers, for most easy to be invoked (are Ye). (Yours are verily both) the desire for (spiritual) blessings (for us), and the (Divine) Possession (of their power) . 11. And therefore do Thou, O Lord, the Great Creator ! fill up and satisfy (my) desire with these attainments (of the grace) of Thy Good Mind, which Thou dost know to be derived from Righteousness, (and) which (are verily) sublime", for I have known * Possibly, 'may we not anger you with our prayers for these blessings. Kim me havyam abrinano gusheta. ? That daseme may now better be referred to a similar root with dasvare, I regard the more probable because the Pahlavi also freely renders as if it so understood. Its author knew the meaning of dasema=dasama. One is reminded of course of the dasa-gva. The Pahlavi with its peculiar view of anais (not to be rejected too confidently; see note at another occurrence of it) is interesting (as corrected by the Persian MS.): On account of a not-coming to you, O Adharmazd! This I would not do [ ] Ashavahist also I will not pain for the sake of a blessing; (that is, I do not desire a single blessing which appears displeasing to Ashavahist (this turn of the sense is followed by some who have hitherto opposed tradition, but I cannot follow it, although I value every hint of the ancient writers). Also Vohuman, the excellent [I do not harass him). * Or, 'to those whom thou seest as creatures (?) of V. fill up the desire with attainments.' * Possibly, 'the righteous,' erethweng; cp. ritavanas (?). Pahl. trans. 'i frardno. * Possibly, 'I obtain.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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24 THE GATHAS. Thine instructions to be never void of their effect (in the struggles) for our (daily) food, and therefore worthy objects of desire 8. 12. (Yea, I approach Thee with my prayers, I) who by these (great gifts of grace) will * protect (Thy) Divine Righteousness, and (Thy) Good Mind (within us) for ever. And do Thou therefore, O Ahura Mazda! teach me from Thyself, yea, from Thine own mouth of spirit, that I may declare it forth to (these Thy waiting people) by what (powers and according to what laws') the primeval world arose ! * Ner. has analaso(-ah) for asuna more correctly than the Pahlavi asudak. . Or, 'well reaching their aim;' but the Pahlavi translator gives his evidence for the meaning 'food'=khurisno. Recall the constant prayers for nourishment in the Riks. And as favouring the ancient translation, see XXIX, 7, where food for the eaters' is declared to be the gift of God, who is at the same time 'bounteous with his doctrine.' 9 Neryosangh : Evam ye dharmasya vettarah * uttamasyaka dater manasah [ ] ekahelaya * Mahagnanin Svamin! tebhyah* purnam parikinohi* kamam; skila, 7 subham tebhyah kurul. Evamka igisneh* analaso labhatam khadyani vastranika vadanena. * One is tempted to read nipaunghe as an infinitive, but the Pahlavi translation anticipates us all with its more critical bara netrunam. * This question is answered in Y. XXX. * Ner. improving upon the Pahlavi has as follows: Yadi sunirikshanataya dharmam palayami manaska * uttamam sadapravrittaye; [kila, ket satyasya sadvyaparasyaka raksham karomi). Tvam tat* Mahagnanin Svaminl prakrishtam me sikshapaya* [ ] vaki. Adrisya Tvatto mukhena (sphulaya) antar bhuvane purvam babhuva (tam srishtim me bruhi). A translation truly remarkable considering the circumstances under which it was made. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXX. 25 YASNA XXX. THE DOCTRINE OF DUALISM. 1. Accustomed to instruct the masses who throng him on public occasions seeking light, the composer constructs this hymn for similar opportunities. He may be regarded as continuing the thoughts in the close of Y. XXVIII, where he besought Ahura to inform him concerning the origin of the world. He says that he will declare the counsels of God, by which, as we see, he means the great doctrines concerning the origin of good and evil. With these he will declare also the praises, the laudatory portions of the Mathra, and the sacrifices. And he prays that propitious results may be discerned in the heavenly bodies. er introduces what he has to say by telling the throngs before him that a decisive moment is upon them. They are to choose their religion, and not by acclamation with the foolish decision of a mob, but man by man, each individually for himself. They should therefore arouse themselves and hear with all attention, and gaze at the holy Fire with a good and receptive disposition of mind. 3. He then delivers the earliest statement of dualism which has come down to us. There were two original spirits, and they are called, be it well noted, not two persons, or at least not only two persons, but a better thing, or principle, and a worse one. (The qualifying words are all in the neuter .) At the next sentence they are personified as a pair, each independent in his thoughts, declarations, and actions. Such is the short Theodicy, followed at once by an admonition to those before him to choose the better. 4. These two spirits came together as by natural combination, to make the opposing phenomena of life and its absence, of Heaven and of Hell. And Hell is described not as a scene of cruelty inflicted on the innocent and the ignorant, but as the worst life,' and Heaven as equally remote from a superstitious paradise; that is, as the 'best mental state.' * It is also noticeable that the name Angra Mainyu does not occur in this section. Digitized by Google Digitized by .

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26 THE GATHAS. This is the proper Zarathustrian creation. It is undeniably 'abstract,' very, and just in proportion as it lacks colour and myth are its depths visible. The account of it is also very limited. But it must never be forgotten that its existence is the probable proof that very much more of the kind existed beside it. Instead of there being one hymn sung like this, Y. XXX, there were probably many. The two original forces or beings, although separate clearly, come together; but they do not lose their distinction. Their difference remains as clear as their union. 5. They do not blend unrecognisably; for having created the two principles, they choose each his own particular realm. Ahura chooses the righteous order of religion, and with it the pious of all ages. The evil spirit chooses the wicked. The point and meaning of the entire doctrine is that a good God cannot be responsible for permanent evil; that imperfection and suffering are original, and inherent in the nature of things, and permanently so. The swallowing up of sin and sorrow in ultimate happiness belongs to a later period. It is not Gathic Zarathustrianism. Evil was the work of an independent being. The great thinker saw his point; and it was that the Deity Himself could not prevent the evolution of base and revolting moral qualities with their consequent miseries in both victim and aggressor. An evil God was therefore their author. 6. But the blood-feuds of War, not to speak of the theological animosity, were too much for his philosophy. The sage could not regard all men and their circumstances with broad and equable impartiality. The hated Daeva-worshippers, who were doubtless equally conscientious with the Zarathustrians, are said to have failed of correct discernment. As they were deliberating, so he recalls, the Worst Mind, a very real although'abstract' Satan, came upon them, to induce them to choose him and his evil realm. They acceded, becoming furious in their intention to injure human life. This may be regarded as a dramatic, but at the same time, in a moral sense, a philosophical statement of a temptation and fall. (For a later one, with more colour and less truth, see the temptation proper of Zarathustra himself', recalling as it does so vividly the temptation in the Gospels.) 7. If we can accept the words ahmaika to mean merely upon i Comp. Vd. XIX, 1-10. Consider how much time would be required for the name of Zarathrustra to become so involved in myth. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXX. 27 this,' we may hold that the statements proceed without a break. Even a gap of lost verses does not interrupt the sense. The clothing of souls with bodies seems indicated. If so, the doctrine of the Fravashis, otherwise foreign to the Gathas, may have its origin by inference here, and directly in verse 4. After the creation and first activity of the souls of the Archangels on the one hand, and of the Daevas on the other, together with their respective human adherents, the one choosing good and the other evil, the remaining Ameshospends unite with Aramaiti in bestowing a body upon the newly created soul. (So we must conclude from the language.) And the prophet breaks in with the prayer that in the future, and possibly at the Frashakard, the completion of progress, these created souls might possess such advantages as they had when Ahura came at first with his acts of creation; that is, that they might be restored again to a state of sinless happiness, provided with bodies by Aramaiti as at the first. (See Yast XIX, 89.) 8. But, as he implies, and perhaps expresses in a lost verse, vengeance shall come upon the wretched beings who choose the Evil Mind as their master. And it shall come, not in the abstract merely by any means, but as executed by a numerous, if not once predominant party, 'the offspring of the Evil Mind.' And when this shall have been completed (and XXXI, 18 shows us that the weapons to be used to bring it about were not to be those of verbal argument alone) then, as he declares with enthusiasm, 'to God shall be the Kingdom,' a Kingdom established in the Divine Benevolence, which will pervade its organic life, and which will likewise, as the personified Immortal,' utter encouragements and commands to its loyal citizens. And these citizens will then not only defeat the Lie-demon, who is the life of the Daeva-party, but they will deliver her up as a captive to the great Genius of Truth, the personified Righteousness. 9. And, as he ardently hoped for the coming of the Kingdom into the hands of Ahura, he as ardently beseeches that he and his coadjutors, the princes already named, may be honoured as the inmediate agents in bringing on this millennial' completion; nay, he even prays that they may be as Ahuras' in merciful services, declaring that all their thoughts were centred in that scene where religious light dwelt as personified in her home. 10. Once more he announces the certain defeat and chastisement of the incarnate falsehood and her adherents, which enables As the Ahuras of Mazda, the Amesh spends. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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28 THE GATHAS. him only the more impressively to describe the rapid reunion of the righteous amid the home-happiness of Heaven. 11. Having delivered his brief but weighty communication, he commends his hearers for learning the holy vows of the Religion on account of the duration of the announced rewards and punishments. They shall be long indeed; and upon their complete inauguration full salvation shall be realised for those who shall have learned and heeded the invaluable truths. Translation, 1. And now I will proclaim, Oye who are drawing near and seeking to be taught! those animadversions which appertain to Him who knows (all things) whatsoever; the praises which are for Ahura, and the sacrifices (which spring) from the Good Mind, and likewise the benignant meditations inspired by Righteousness. And I prays that propitious results may be seen in the lights. As 'ish' means approaching with desire, the Pahlavi translator has, freely, khvahisno. * Read mazdatha. 8 So with long e; but yaeka (P11 supported by the Pahl.) may be the lost dual neuter of the pronoun, referring to the two principles discussed below. Ye* ka=I pray for, although the most natural rendering grammatically, does not seem so well adapted here, as a prayer for the success of his communication does not harmonise with the otherwise dogmatic statements of the composer. The urvata (vrata) founded upon the doctrine of dualism bring about salvation. They may therefore be touched upon in this introductory verse. And that the heavenly bodies contained indications bearing directly or indirectly upon human destiny seems to have been early an accepted doctrine. (Compare also chap. XXIX, 3, where the lofty fires' seem alluded to as moved by the Deity, and this in immediate connection with the discussion of the most important problems concerning the fate of the holy community.) It is, however, not impossible that the lights of the altar may have been meant. (See saka in the second verse.) The Pahlavi translation Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXX. 29 2. Hear ye then with your ears; see ye the bright flames 1 with the (eyes of the) Better Mind. It is for a decision as to religions, man and man, each individually for himself. Before the great effort of the cause, awake ye ? (all) to our teaching ! 3. Thus are the primeval spirits who as a pair (combining their opposite strivings), and (yet each) independent in his action, have been famed (of old). (They are) a better thing, they two, and a worse 5, as to thought, as to word, and as to deed. And between these two let the wisely acting choose aright. (Choose ye ) not (as) the evil-doers?! has den roshand pavan venisno hd-ravakh-manih. As to ye* ka or yaeka, the Pahlavi does not favour a verbal form. But if the pronoun is accepted, even then change is needed; yaeke ya=yeka yena is hardly possible. We should be obliged to render: And which two things were those ?) whereby (adverbially) propitious results have been seen in the stars. Others have experienced difficulty, and even ashayaeka (?) has been conjecturally suggested for this place and chap. LI, 2. Neither Sp. nor Westg. report a long e. i Goshano srud nyokhshisnih saighas gosh bara vasammandZak i roshano. Otherwise with the eye;' but see ya raokebis daresata urvaza. The altar-fame would not unnaturally be mentioned after the heavenly lights. * Literally, '(be ye) wakeful.' * Hardly, 'to teach us.' Possibly, 'to teach this, each one.' * Pahl. transcribes. Notice that paouruye (pourviye) is deut.* as are vahyo and akemka, which is not lightly to be passed over. * The Pahlavi freely: Benafsman-[aighsand vinas va kirfak benafsman bara yemaleland). They announced themselves as sin and good works. Ner. yau punyam papamka svayam avokatam. * Bara vigid. Ner. vibhaktavan*. If a third plural subjunctive, still the force is as if imperative. Possibly it is preterit. ? On this important verse I cite Neryosangh. He may be rendered as follows: Thus the two spirits (Hormigda and Aharmana] who uttered first in the world each his own (principle); [that is, who each uttered, one his own good (deed), and the other his own sin), these were a pair, in thought, word, and deed, a highest * Adverb(). and even chap. LI, 2.akhshisnih lashe eye;' bunaturally be me Digitized by Digitized by Google

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30 THE GATHAS. 4. (Yea) when the two spirits came together at the first to make life, and life's absence, and to determine how the world at the last shall be (ordered), for the wicked (Hell) the worst life, for the holy (Heaven) the Best Mental State 3, 5. (Then when they had finished each his part in the deeds of creation, they chose distinctly each his separate realm.) He who was the evil of them both (chose the evil), thereby working the worst of possible results, but the more bounteous spirito chose the and a degraded one. And of these two, the one endowed with good intelligence [] was the distinguisher of the true, and not the one endowed with evil intelligence []. (Both he and the Pahlavi fail to credit a plural form in eres vishyata with Spiegel and Hubschmann.) The Gathic verbatim. Yea (=thereupon) the-two the-two-spirits the-two-first-things which-two two-twins two-self-acting-ones wereheard-of in-thought in-word-and in-deed these-two a-better an-eviland. Of-which-two-and the wisely-acting (ones) aright may discern, not the evil-acting ones. 1 The Pahlavi read as an infinitive, dazde=avo zak dahisno. (So also an important authority recently.) Otherwise it has the place of a third dual perfect; they two made. The place of an infinitive is not generally at the end of a sentence in Gathic. Can it be simply a third singular? (Each) makes' (kamas karoti). 9 Pavan zendakih-va munik azendakih. Ner. givitenaka agivitenaka. Observe the singular abstract agyaitimka, which is not lightly to be passed over. Why not a more ordinary expression ? Have we not here an unusual antithesis ? The danger is great that by aiming to reduce all to commonplace for the sake of safety, we may demolish many an interesting conception of antiquity. Observe the subjectivity. These verses settle the question as to the depth of the Zarathustrian hymns. Grammar forces us to see that the composer had large ideas. The entire cast of reflection in the Gathas tends to be abstract as well as subjective. Not so their invective and partisan exhortations. * Verezyo is a nom. sing. masc., as would seem natural from its position in the sentence. Compare mathrais verezyais. 6 Observe that Ahura is undoubtedly called spenista mainyu. Elsewhere we must sometimes render, His bountiful spirit.' Digitized by Google Digitized by

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ri CESE LIBRARIES UNIVERSITY CALEFE: 131 YASNA xxx. (Divine) Righteousness; (yea, He so chose) who clothes upon Himself the firm stones of heaven (as His robe). And He chose likewise them who content Ahura with actions, which are performed) really in accordance with the faith?. 6. And between these two spirits the Demon-gods (and they who give them worship) can make no righteous choice 3, since we have beguiled * them. As they were questioning and debating in their councils the (personified) Worst Mind approached them that he might be chosen. (They made their * Zak i sakht sag nihafto asmanik. Ner. Gadhataram * akasam dadau. 3.Who with actions really good piously content Ahura. Let it be noticed that fraoret is not independently translated by the Pahlavi. It is freely included in avo Adharmazd; and yet this is supposed by some to be a word-for-word rendering! Ner. prakaraiska karmabhih. Verbatim. Of-these-two spirits he-chose-to-himself (he)-who (was) the evil (the one) the worst (deeds) working *. The-RighteousOrder (accusative) (chose) the spirit most-bountiful (he-)who the most-firm stones clothes-on-himself, (those) who-and will-content Ahura with real actions believingly Mazda. (Properly a verbatim rendering is only possible in an inflected language.) * La rasto viginend. They suffer judicial blindness; a common idea in the Gathas; compare, who holds them from the sight of the truth,' &c. * The root is indicated by va munik valmansan frift. I can see no escape from the above rather adventurous rendering. See also dafshnya henta in chap. LIII, 8. Perhaps the idea of injury here preponderates over that of deceit; since we have impaired their power.' The choice between a preterit or an improper subjunctive is also difficult. Possibly, so that we may fatally deceive them.' Poss. nom. 'deception came upon them, even A. M.' This recalls Vendidad XIX, 45, where the demons assemble in council to consider the advent of Zarathustra. . Compare verse 4, where Vahistem Mand equals heaven. The Digitized by Digitized by Google .

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THE GATHAS. fatal decision.) And thereupon they rushed together unto the Demon of Fury, that they might pollute 1 the lives of mortals 2. 7. Upon this: Aramaiti (the personified Piety of the saints) approached, and with her came the Sovereign Power, the Good Mind, and the Righteous Order. And (to the spiritual creations of good and of evil) Aramaiti gave a body, she the abiding and ever strenuous*. And for these (Thy people) so let' (that word is the subject of 'gasat, and has the proper place of a nominative in the sentence; cp. Vedic usage. 1 That they might disease (so literally) the lives of those who had not yet been tempted or fallen. The Pahlavi: Vimarinido ahvan i marduman (aigh, levatman aeshm anstaan ahukinend). Ner. : Ye nigaghnur bhuvanam manushyanam. Hubschmann:'um durch ihn Plagen uber das Leben des Menschen zu bringen.' 2 Verbatim. Of these two spirits not aright may choose the Daevas, since these we have beguiled (or have injured). To thequestioning ones upon came-he in-order-that he might-be-chosen (subjunctive middle) he-the worst mind. Thereupon to-furiousrapine they rushed-together in-order-that (yena) they might disease (or ruin) the life of-man. Or, to him;' some unnamed benefactor; hardly 'to us.' The Pahlavi has, avo valman, but Ner. has only tatraka. Observe ahmai in chap. XLIII, 1, and in chap. XLVII. + Root an=in. The Pahlavi freely, pavan astubih. He seems to have thought of nam +a priv. Kehrpem is feminine. Anma may be a neuter in apposition. Otherwise we must accept -ma as a suffix. Or can kehrpem (corpus) be a neuter here? The clothing of the spirits with corporeal natures enabled them to advance in the development of moral qualities by self-restraint and pursuit. As has been observed in the summary, no Fravashis appear in the Gathas. Have we here possibly an indication of the pre-existence of souls? If Aramaiti gave a body, it may be inferred that a period elapsed between the acts of the two spirits and this. . That bodies are to be given to the saints as at the first is to Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXX. 33 body) be (at the last), O Mazda! as it was when Thou camest first with creations 1 ! 8. And (when the great struggle shall have been fought out which began when the Daevas first seized the Demon of Wrath as their ally?), and when the (just) vengeance shall have come upon these wretches, then, O Mazda! the Kingdom shall have been gained for Thee by (Thy) Good Mind (within Thy folk). For to those, O living Lord ! does (that Good Mind) utter his command, who will deliver the Demon of the Lie into the two hands of the Righteous Order (as a captive to a destroyer). 9. And may we be such as those who bring on be inferred from Yast XIX, 89. (Which see in part ii of the translations of the Zend-Avesta.) i Verbatim. To-this (to us ?) and with-Khshathra came, withManah Vohu, with Asha-and (Aramaiti) thereupon a-body the-continuing gave Ar(a)maiti the strenuous (Aramaiti, or the body, a vigorous and strenuous thing). Of these thine (or to thee) to let-it (the body)-be as thou-camest in-creations the-first. . See verse 6. 9 What else can be the subject of sasti? * Observe the pronounced personification of Righteousness. As a matter of course the ultimate sense is more commonplace, as is the case with all poetical matter. Into the hands of Asha,' is the same as to say, "into the power of the servant of God.' But would this be a proper mode of rendering a line of real though rudely primitive poetry? Such renderings are commentary rather than translation. The Pahlavi may be rendered as follows: Thus also in that creation (in the final body] hatred comes to these haters and sinners; (that is, the avengers shall execute chastisement upon them. And, therefore, O Adharmazd! what to thee is the sove. reignty, by that (so possibly) shall Vohuman give a reward. Through these, O Adharmazd! (through the religion of Adharmaz one is instructed in Righteousness, (that is, as to the interests of the pious) then the Drog is given into one's hand, [the Drug who is Aharmak]. [31] Digitized by Digitized by Google

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34 THE GATHAS. this great renovation, and make this world progressive, (till its perfection shall have been reached). (As) the Ahuras of Mazda' (even) may we be; (yea, like Thyself), in helpful readiness to meet? (Thy people), presenting (benefits 3) in union with the Righteous Order. For there 4 will our thoughts be (tending) where true wisdom shall abide in her home. 10. (And when perfection shall have been attained) then shall the blow of destruction fall upon the Demon of Falsehood, and her adherents shall perish with her), but swiftest in the happy abode of the Good Mind and of Ahura the righteous saints 1 Otherwise, 'the Ahura-Mazdas,' or, O Mazda and the Ahuras!' I think that the most natural rendering according to the grammar should first be given, notwithstanding something uncommon about it. All the Ahura-Mazdas,' has been seen by Roth in chapter XXXI, 4. 3 The Pahlavi has the gloss [aighsan hamishako hangaman madam tand i pasino kunisno), needlessly enlarged of course, but showing the proper root, which is mit; (so Spiegel.) Or possibly sustaining (the feeble). The Pahlavi reads simply dedrunisno. 4 The Pahlavi renders hathra in the Indian sense as asar*, endlessly; so others elsewhere. Hathra and yathra are of course distinctly in antithesis. o The Pahlavi mihano, Persian makan. That maetha is an adverbial instrumental meaning, 'in one's home,' seems the more probable from the two hathra, yathra, adverbs of place. Compare, for instance, athra-yathra in XLVI, 16, where shaeiti follows. Hubschmann, Dort mogen (unsre) Sinne sein, wo die Weisheit thront;' see also husit is in the next verse. The Parsi-persian MS. has-Aeduno (sic) ham ma kih an i ta hastam (sic); [ku an i tu 'hwes hastam] in-rasta hiz kardan andar gihan. inisn bed [ku minisn pah-darad] as anga danat hast (ka, a'hir i kiz pah neki bih danad] andar makan. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA xxx. shall gather, they who proceed in their walk (on earth) in good repute' (and honour) 2. 11. Wherefore, O ye men! ye are learning (thus) these religious incitations which Ahura gave in (our) happiness and (our) sorrow. (And ye are also learning) what is the long wounding for the wicked, and the blessings which are in store for the righteous. And when these (shall have begun their course), salvation shall be (your portion")! 1 Pahlavi, mun vadund zak i sapir namikih=they are creating a good repute,' as if zazente were understood in the sense of produce. See the sense 'bear' as given for ha, Rig-veda 843, 2 (X, 17). The analogy is, however, not strong. * The Pahlavi translation may here be rendered as follows: Thus in that dispensation in the later body] the Drug (who is Ganrak Minavad) will be overthrown [ ] when (his) host is scattered. Thus they move keenly on [to seize the reward], which is attained through the good citizenship of Vohuman (when they shall have dwelt in piety). They who are creating a good renown are thus moving on toward Adharmazd and Ashavahist (that is, the person who is of good repute goes forward to seize the reward]. s Once more the anomalous form amukhtisno meets us in the Pahlavi. May this not be intended to express learning,' whereas amuzisno would express 'teaching ?' I hardly think so. The Pahlavi translation is only remotely if at all responsible for hvitika as=sua sponte. This would require hviti as=*hvati with difficulty comparing yim' and 'yem'?). It is generally considered now as=hu + iti; but the letter w="O seems doubtful. Read aniti='with impeded progress.' 'In prosperity or adversity.' But these are conjectures. & The Pahlavi: Aetuno akhar valmansan aito nadakih. I do not think that we ought to regard the words of the original as expressing universal restoration. But they may well have given the first indication toward this later view. Literally, they state it, but not when correctly understood. (SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE. The Pahlavi word yomai which transcribes yesna in verse 4 cannot mean by day. Its imperfect form induced the translators to translate ruzha and bhumandale, but these scholars, as in many other instances, hinted at a correction.) D 2 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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36 THE GATHAS. YASNA XXXI. THE PROGRESS AND STRUGGLES OF THE CAUSE. This composition differs from that in XXX as descending from the more general to the particular, and from the doctrinal to the practical. One might even trace an immediate connection, urvata occurring in the last verse of the one and in the first of the other, It is, of course, very possible that the verses before us are only a remnant of those which originally constituted the piece, and here and there one may have been interpolated from other scriptures. Some writers prefer to assume a loss of the original text or an addition to it at the smallest change of tone, and to assume also a change of subject with it. I do not regard it as very useful to lay too much stress upon these occurrences. Whether caused by gaps or interpolations, they do not at all affect the fact that the subject-matter is homogeneous and contemporaneous; and, probably, like many more modern compositions, the verses gain in rhetorical effect by being weeded of repetitions. We might divide as follows 1, 2, an address to the congregation to be connected with XXX as its concluding words; 3-5, an address to Ahura; 6, an address to the faithful ; 7-17, to Ahura ; 18, to the congregation; 19, to Ahura; 20, 21, to the congregation; 22, an addition. Treating the section then as containing homogeneous matter which combines well into a unit, I proceed as follows. The sage chants his hymn in the presence of the multitude as before. 1. He declares that while he is reciting things unwillingly heard by the hostile party, those same truths are valued as the best of existing things by those who are sincerely devoted to Mazda, their good disposition quickening their perception. 2. He then declares that if the truths of the holy Religion are not yet clearly seen by the instrumentalities provided, he will approach them still more effectively in accordance with the especial regulation of the spiritual chieftainship, which Ahura Mazda had prepared in response to the lament of the soul of the Kine ; i.e. of the Iranian herds and people possibly as representing the entire holy, or clean, creation upon earth. And he further asserts that this regulation concerns the struggle of the two parties, and will bring the cause of the Righteous Order to a successful issue. 3. Changing his address to Ahura, he proceeds to pray at once Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXI. 37 for that satisfying decision which would be the natural result of the regulation just promised, and which could be given by the instrumentality of the Sacred Fire and holy ritual, affording mental keenness to the two contending parties. And he declares that this is the doctrine which should be proclaimed for the conversion of mankind. Here we observe that the Zarathustrian Mazda-worship was aggressive and missionary in its spirit, and in a proselyting sense by no means indifferent to the final destiny of the Gentile world. (The later and traditional system announced indeed the restoration and so the conversion of all men, and that not as an object proposed to the efforts of charity, but as a necessary result (so by inference ; see Bundahis (West), pp. 126, 129). I can find no trace of this in the Gathas. Here we have only the effort to convert.) 4. Addressing all the Bountiful Immortals, and with the striking title of the Ahuras of Mazda, he prays for the establishment of the "mighty kingdom' by means of which he might overcome the personified and aggressive falsehood of the opposing and persecuting Daeva-worshippers. 5. In order to enable himself to fulfil his mission, he asks for prophetic and judicial knowledge as to what ought to be done, or as to what is about to happen in the immediate future. 6. He lauds the Mathra which we may suppose him to recognise as delivered to him afresh in answer to his prayer for prophetic light, and he praises co-ordinately with the Word of God that Sovereign Authority of Ahura, which was to be established in a kingdom where goodness would increase, and be prosperous, if not predominant. 7. He takes the heavenly bodies as evidence of the wisdom of Him who created the Sacred Order personified as the Immortal' Asha, and also the Good Mind, his equal. And he ascribes the support and extension of their hallowing influence to Ahura, because He never changes. 8. He reiterates, in expressions which form the basis for another hymn, his conception of Mazda as the supreme object of devotion, as the father of the Good Mind personified as His child, as the creator of the Righteous Order, and as both the controller and the judge of human actions. Therefore the Good Mind and Righteousness are to be worshipped as standing in the closest possible relation to him. 9. He ascribes the Immortal' Piety to Him as well. She is His own, and elsewhere His own daughter. He is declared, as in Digitized by Dighized by Google

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38 THE GATHAS. chapter XXIX, to be the Creator of the Kine, and of Understanding, (His own intelligence), to guide Him in the disposition of the destiny of the holy Iranian people. And according to it He makes the path for the Kine, which as a matter of course has no meaning as applied to bucolics, but is full of meaning when read in view of the wail of the Kine's Soul in chapter XXIX, and of the intervention of the Deity in her behalf, for He actually appointed Zarathustra to meet her necessities. He adds, however, that her free choice is not abolished by the construction 'of this path. It is elsewhere called the religion of the Saviour-prophets,' and she is free to proceed in it, guided by the first prophet, the ideal husbandman, or she can follow the profaner nomad. 10. But he thankfully exclaims that she does not pause in indecision, nor does she choose perversely. She selects the guardian appointed by Ahura, the diligent and pious husbandman, elsewhere identified with Zarathustra himself. He is rich with the spiritual wealth of the Good Mind; and she rejects in his favour the idle and free-booting nomad, excluding him from all share in the sacred religious system. 11. The composer then delineates the struggle which inevitably follows this establishment of the needed means of deliverance. When Mazda has completed the inspiration of doctrines, teaching whither the one endowed with free volition like the Kine (verse 9]) should direct his choice in action (12), there upon the spot, as it were, the ignorant Daeva-worshipper makes himself heard beside God's spokesman. But the prophet is consoled by the reflection that the pious mind will not question the evil Spirit, or the good Spirit superficially. It searches both the Spirits, questioning them, as it were, in their very home. (Hence it is that Ahura speaks so fully concerning Angra Mainyu, delineating his opposition to Him in extended detail. See XLV, 2.) 13. The composer is still more reanimated by the certainty that Ahura is gazing into the depths of all questions, trivial and profound; which is to say that he observes most closely the men who are discussing them. And he declares that he also sees the cruel injustice of the punishments which the tyrants visit upon the smallest offences, as well as the more flagrant wickedness of those who persecute his adherents without even a pretence of justice. 14. As he recalls the divine forecasting omniscience, he asks Ahura once more concerning the future which was close at hand with its portentous events. And he inquires as to the nature of the veritable and not iniquitous confessions, which were properly due to Digitized by Google Digitized by

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YASNA XXXI. 39 be made by the righteous believer in order to avert the inpending calamities, and secure the upper hand in the struggle for the throne. And he inquires also as to the proper expiatory prayers which were to be offered by the believer. He does not however fail to inquire analogously concerning the wicked, nor to ask how they, as well as the righteous, shall be situated in the final consummation. 15. Particularising as to the latter, he asks what shall be the punishment for those who succeed in installing an evil monarch, one of the Daeva-party, a prince who cannot exist without the ruthless persecution of the pious husbandman, who repudiates the Liedemon presiding over the counsels and efforts of the opposing religion. 16. He further asks how and by what actions the wise man may become like Ahura, or his faithful adherent, the expressions used implying deep religious feeling. 17. Striving to arouse the perceptions of his hearers, he inquires as to which one of the two parties holds to the greater or more important religion, the disciple of Asha, the personified Righteous Order Ahura's immediate creature (see above), or the opponent. And he prays that no blind guide may deceive him, or those who belong to him, but that the enlightened, yea, even Ahura Himself, may speak to him, and become the indicator and demonstrator of the truth.' 18. Closing this address to the Deity, he turns to the congregation, vehemently forbidding them to listen to the doctrines of his opponents, warning them against the ruin and death which would ensue, and fiercely appealing to the sword. 19. Once more addressing Ahura, he prays that they may on the contrary listen to Him who has power to vindicate the conscientious Zarathustrian, inculcating veracity upon him, and encouraging him in its practice; and this by means of the holy sacrifice, or ordeal of the Fire. 20. He solemnly warns those who would seduce the righteous of their ultimate fate, and adds that their sorrows will be self-induced, if they persevere in their hostility. Their own consciences (as we see from Yast XXII) would not only bring on their ruin, but would form a part of their punishment. 21. On the other hand, happiness and immortality will be the lot of the faithful. And these 'eternal two' will be given to them, accompanied by the fulness of Righteousness, and the exuberant vigour of the Good and Kindly Mind within them and bestowing its blessings upon them. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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40 THE GATHAS. 22. In conclusion he apostrophises the manifest certainty of the truths which he declares, and, addressing Ahura, animates the faithful not merely with the hope of the objective recompense, but with the prospect of being efficient as servants of God. Translation. 1. These doctrines (therefore) we are earnestly declaring to you as we recite them forth from memory, words (till now) unheard' (with faith) by those who by means of the doctrinal vows? of the harmful Lie are delivering the settlements of Righteousness to death, but words which are of the best unto those who are heartily devoted to Ahura?. 2. And if by this means the indubitable truths are not seen in the souls, then as better than these words) I will come to you all (in my person) with 1 Roth, wollen wir Worte kunden-ungern gehort von denen, welche nach des Unholds Geboten,' &c. Hubschmann preferring wir sprechen Worte nicht anhorbar fur diejenigen' (Casuslehre, s. 223). A dative of the pronoun is certainly more natural than the ablative as inst. But on the whole agushta seems better in its ordinary sense, although in so rendering we are obliged to supply a word. . Valmansan mun pavan afringanih i Drog zak i Aharayih gehan bara marenkinend. The Pahlavi may be rendered as follows: Both these benedictions, which I (we) recite as yours (the Avesta and Zand], we are teaching by word to him who is no hearer, (to the destroyer of sanctity (the heretical persecutor) [ ]]. Those who utterly slay the world of righteousness through the benedictions of the Drag [ ], even those might be an excellent thing, if they would cause progress in what belongs to Allharmazd. * Read perhaps advayao; see the Pahlavi. Otherwise 'the way' advao as panthas; but the participle * does not agree. Compare for meaning kavim advayantam, sakha advayas.* 0 The Pahlavi renders in the soul' freely by believes :' Pavan nikirisno la hemnunedo as pavan zak i agumanikih. The general indications are to be observed. * Is it a loc.? ad Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXI. 41 that power, and in that way according to which Ahura Mazda knows and appoints His ruler!, that ruler over both the two (struggling) bands, in order that we in obedience to him), may live according to Righteousness 8. 3. And that keenness, that deciding satisfaction, which Thou hast given by (Thy) Spirit", and (Thy) Fire, and by Thy Righteousness (itself) to the two battling' (sides), do Thou declare unto us, o Ahura ! that vow which is for the seeing (as those endowed with mental light). Yea, do Thou declare this that we may know it, O Mazda! With the tongue of Thy mouth do Thou speak it (that as I preach its mighty truths") I may make all the living believers & ! 1 Comp. chap. XXIX, 2, where the Ratu is discussed; here the word might be the abstract. * Roth, 'dieser beiden Parteien (Yasna XXXI).' He repels and condemns the evil, and he hallows and helps the good. Most striking is the use of mainyu. It is the Spirit'=God. It is His Spirit. It is also used of man's spirit. * Or, from the two arani;' but see asayao in verse 2. The Pahlavi translator has avo patkardarano shnakhtarih ; so uniformly. In Y. XLIII, 12, K5 and most MSS., except K4, and likewise excepting the printed B.V.S., read ranoibyo which excludes the dual form; also the fire is not mentioned there. It is however far from impossible that the present Pahlavi translation may be a growth beyond an earlier one more in accordance with arani. The strivers, or fighters, might describe the two rubbing-sticks (?). Aimar (sic), vigardar. This meaning suits the connection admirably. The word is otherwise difficult, and this general sense is followed by some who do not so often cite the Pahlavi translator. ? See verse 1. & Roth, wie ich alle lebenden bekehren soll.' So also the general indication of the Pahlavi translator. Pavan huzvane i Lakzivandakan harvist-gun hemnund. Observe that the religious system contemplated universal proselytism. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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42 THE GATHAS. 4. And when the Divine Righteousness shall be inclined to my appeal, and with him all those (remaining ones who are as) Mazda's? (own) Ahuras then with the blessedness (of the reward), with (my) Piety and with Thy Best Mind (active within me), I will pray for that mighty Kingdom by whose force we may smite the Lie-demono. 5. Aye, do Thou tell me that I may discern it, since through (Thy) Righteous Order the better (lot) is given; tell me this that I may know it with (Thy) Good Mind (as it speaks within me), and that I may ponder? that to which these my truths belong (and 1 The general indications karitantar and bavihunam point to the proper sense. * Or, with Roth, wenn wirklich sich rufen lassen die AhuraMazdas.' Otherwise, O Mazda and the Ahuras.' Hubschmann also maintained that Mazdau was here a plural; (see his Y. XXX, 10.) * Roth, rendering ishasa in accordance with the Pahlavi, erbitte ich.' Mun pavan zak i valman gurdih-khushido Drugo ae sufficiently indicates the proper sense. Roth, kraft deren wir den Unhold bemeistern mogen.' o The Pahlavi may be rendered thus: Since in that dispensation [in the final body), I shall be an invoker of Ashavahist, and of Adharmazd also [ ]; and of her who is veneration Spendarmad' [ ], I desire (that best of things which is the reward] of Vohuman. Let also that authority which belongs to my people [ ] be from the strong one [ ] by whose fortitude [ ] the Drug is overcome [ ] . Literally, 'Ye gave.' "I am far from sure that the indication of the Pahlavi is not correct here. According to it, when properly understood, we have here an accusative with the infinitive; that I should establish.' Its own translation is however avo li yehabunai. Men=man or mam; en(g)=a the nasal vowel. The Pahl. translator recognises men elsewhere as=minisno. It was from no ignorance (1) of the particular word that he wrote 'li' here. * Or 'my prophet;' comp. rishi; that is, that with which my prophet is concerned.' Digitized by Digjized by Google

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YASNA XXXI. of which my prophet speaks ; yea), tell me those things, O Mazda Ahura! which may not be, and which may be?. 6%. And that verily shall be the best of all words to Him which the All-(wise one) wills declare to me in very deed, that word which is the Mathra of Welfare and of Immortality (for it proclaims His beneficent power). And to the Great Creator (shall there be) a Realm such as that (whose strength I asked for victory'), and which (at the last) shall flourish in its holiness to His (glory)! 7. (For He has sovereign control.) He who conceived of these (truths of the Mathra) as their first (inspirer), (and as He thought their existence they 1 Or, possibly,' which shall not be, or which shall be.' Is the subjunctive here used to express obligation? Roth has 'was nicht sein soll oder was sein soll.' Ner. may be rendered as follows: Tell it to me distinctly [ ], that which is the highest gift, and which is given to me through sanctity ; [that is, because duty and righteousness are fulfilled by me, the best gift of thy reward (is gained) by this means; but how is it possible to make it (actually) one's own ?). Grant me the knowledge through the best mind; [that is, declare that intelligence to me which comes through good conduct], and by which also safety is (secured) to me [ ]. And declare either that which is not, or that which is, O Great Wise One, the Lord! [ ]. An interval of silence seems here to intervene, or lost verses leave an unexplained transition. The sage turns again to the people. Vaokal K4 (Barth.). * See verse 4. * The Pahlavi has Allharmazd avand (sic) khudayih kand den valman vakhshed Vohumano. * The Parsi-persian MS. is as follows: U hast buland, kih an man agahiha (sic) gu-i askarah [ ] mansar i tamam rastani ; [ku, tamam pedaisa pah rah i mansar bac an hwei : Hormuzd rased), kih pah Sawab darad--bi-marg raftani azas [ ]. Hormuzd -'hudai kand andar u afzayed Bahman [Kas padisahi pah tan i mardkandi (?) Hormuzd pah tan mihman]. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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44 THE GATHAS. (all) as (His)glorious' (conceptions first)clothed themselves in the stars 2), He is through His understanding the Creators of the Righteous Order. And thus likewise He supports His Beneficent Mind (in His saints). And these (holy creatures) may'st Thou cause to prosper by Thy Spirit (since they are Thine own), O Ahura Mazda! Thou who art for every hour the same*! 8. Therefore, as the first did I conceive of Thee, O Ahura Mazda! as the one to be adored with the mind in the creation, as the Father of the Good Mind within us, when I beheld Thee? with my (enlightened) eyes as the veritable maker of our Righteousness, as the Lord of the actions of life! 9. Thine, O Ahura! was Piety; yea, Thine, O Creator of the Kine! was understanding and the 1 Munas avo roshanih gumikhto khvarih. Hvathra and khvarih can hardly mean 'comfortable' here. Ease' is the later sense. * Raokebis certainly means, with illuminating objects, stars or shining lights. 8 Hubschmann, der Schopfer des Asha.'-- Casuslehre, s. 190. * Pavan minavadikih vakhshined [ ] mun kevanik ham khudai. * Compare the frequent expression spentem at Thwa menhi,' in chap. XLIII. Roth, vornehmsten.' ? When I seized Thee (took Thee in) with my eye. The Pahlavi: Amatam [] pavan hamkashmih avo ham vakhdund homanih. 8 Den ahvano pavan kunisno khudai homanih. Ner. may be rendered as follows: Thus thou wert thought at the first by me, O Great Wise One, the Lord! when thou wert engaged in the production of Gvahmana [ ]. In which (production) they apprehend the father of the Best Mind when they observe him with a full-faced look [ ]. (And thou art the father) of that creation which is manifestly righteous; (that is, thou makest the purer creation good in conduct). Thou art a King in the world as to action; (that is, where it is fitting to confer a benefit, and also where it is fitting to inflict a punishment, in each of these thou art capable] Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXI. 45 Spirit, when Thou didst order a path for her (guiding). From the earth's tiller (aideda) she goeth (in that allotted way), or from him who was never tiller. (Thy path hath given her choice.) 10. (But she did not pause in temptation.) Of the two she chose the husbandman, the thrifty toiler in the fields, as a holy master endowed with the Good Mind's wealth? Never, Mazda! shall 1 His spenta mainyu ; otherwise spiritual (understanding),' but mainyu is used elsewhere (verse 3 and 7) alone, and certainly not as an adjective even with a substantive understood. The rendering spirit' as 'Thy spirit' is suspiciously significant; but what is the help? We are forced by grammar so to translate. * The ablative has this force as in Asha/ haka. 3 I can hardly accede to an infinitive here: -te is a rare infinitive termination in Gathic. Also the infinitive seldom falls to the end of the sentence. The Pahlavi has yatuned, a present; but the Pahlavi should never be positively cited for the forms, as it is free. * Observe that we are forced by every dictate of logic and common sense to avoid the commonplace rendering here. Cattle do not have 'paths' made for them, nor do they cry aloud for an overseer, or complain at the appointment of one who does not appear to them promising ; nor is it one main effort of religion 'to content the soul of cattle.' Cattle, as the chief article of wealth, are taken to signify all civic life. The 'path' is the path for the people to walk in, securing safety for soul and life and herds. The adhvan is the way' which is the religious characteristics and teachings of the prophets' (XXXIV, 13). 6 Observe that this cow (some would say 'ox') chooses her master, unlike other cattle. But observe also, what is more interesting, that she seems reconciled to the guardian appointed by Ahura. In Y. XXIX, 9, she actually 'wept' at the naming of the pusillanimous Zarathustra, desiring a kingly potentate. Now, however, we see that she must have dried her tears, as she is satisfied with the simple workman whom he represents notwithstanding high rank. * In the later Avesta this first vastrya fsuyant is declared to be Zarathustra. " Man fruih pavan Vohamano. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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46 THE GATHAS. the thieving? nomad share the good creed (For the Kine's choice would bestow it!) 11. (And this doctrine was the first of rules to regulate our actions. Yet the opposer speaks beside Thee.) For when first, O Ahura Mazda! Thou didst create the (holy) settlements, and didst reveal the religious laws*; and when Thou gavest (us) understanding from Thine own mind, and madest our (full) bodily life, and (didst thus determine) actions (by Thy power), and didst moreover deliver to us (nearer) injunctions whereby (as by a rule) the wisher may place his choices, 12. (There strife at once arose, and still is raging.) There (beside Thy prophet) the truthful or liar, the enlightened or unenlightened, lifts his voice (to utter 1 Pahlavi davasahak; Ner. pratarayitre. ? Khopo-hoshmurisnih. Judicial blindness' is everywhere indicated. (The wicked are kept from the sight of the truth.) Hubschm., Casuslehre, der frohen Botschaft.' * This seems implied. 4 Or. madest the worlds and the souls (?).' * Geldner admirably flesh. The Pahlavi : tang-homandano gan yehabund. Notice that bodily life or flesh' is mentioned after understanding. Compare Y. XXX, 7, where Aramaiti gives 'a body' after previous creations. * The Pahlavi has the following interesting gloss: [That is, even the actions and teachings of the pious are given forth by thee'; and this was also given in this wisdom of thy mind). And when there is a person in whom there is a desire for the other world, that desire is granted to him by thee; (that is, what is necessary when he is arriving in the other world, this which is thus required (or desired) by him at that time, is given by thee-through that which is thy mind and wisdom). Although not able to follow the indications of the Pahlavi fully, I think that there is no question but that we have an important statement in the last line. It does not seem to me possible to render less profoundly than where the wisher may place his choices,' his religious preferences and beliefs, including all moral volition. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXI. 47 his faith), and with devoted mind and heart? (But without hindrance from this striving, or pausing with feeble search?, our) Piety steadilys questions the two spirits* (not here on earth) but there in the spiritworld) where (they dwell as) in their home. 13. (Yea, my Piety questions searchingly, for Thou, O Maker! hast Thy view on all; we cannot question lightly.) What questions are asked which are opene (permitted to our thoughts), or what questions (are asked) which are furtive? (hiding themselves from the light), or (what decision soever we may make, and the man) who for the smallest sin binds on the heaviest penance, on all with Thy glittering eye(s) as a righteous guard Thou art gazingo! 1 Avo zak libbemman. ? See verse 13. * Pavan hagisno i: the Persian MS. (Haug XII, b) transliterates khezisno: Ner, has mano-utthanena (sic). Or, immediately.' * The evil as well as the good spirit is questioned. The two spirits of Y. XXX, 3-6 were here inspiring the conflict. o The Pahlavi unvaryingly in the sense of mihano (-as gas tamman yehevuned/]; Ner. paralokanivasan. See Y. XXX, 9; XXXIII, 9 ; XXXIV, 6. A questioning which was lightly made would indicate a willingness to tamper with error. The Persian MS. following the Pahlavi has: Anga bang i buland an i durugh guftar (Gana Minu] wa an ham i rast guftar [Hormuzd), &c. But Neryosangh is more accurate or literal : Atra bumbam* karoti santar gagati), mithyavakta va satyavakta va, &c. * Pavan zak i ashkarako. ? Nihanik. & Thou seest even the questions and decisions of our thoughts as to matters which are simple or difficult, permitted or occult. . I have not followed what may yet possibly be a valuable and correct hint of tradition. I render Neryosangh : He who asks through what is open through righteousness), or he who asks through what is secret through sin); or he (also) who through, or on account of, a little sin which has been committed, commits the great one to secure a purification; (that is, who for the sake of purification necessary on account of a little sin which has been committed, commits a greater one, in order that the first may not Digitized by Google Digitized by

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48 THE GATHAS. 14. This then I will ask Thee, O Ahura Mazda! (as I seek Thy counsel once again). What events are coming now, and what events shall come in the future"; and what prayers with debt-confessions are offered with the offerings of the holy? And what (are the awards) for the wicked? And how shall they be in the (final) state of completion ? 15. And I would ask Thee this, O Mazda! (concerning the coadjutor of the wicked) : What is the award' for him who prepares the throne for the evil, for the evil-doero, O Ahura! for him who cannot else reclaim 10 his life, not else save ll with lawless become known), upon these two, each of them, look with thy two eyes. [Over sins and righteous actions thou art in one way, everywhere and again, the Lord.] The concretes here may give the right indication. 1 See verse 5. * Man mado, munik yamtunedo, "What has come? And what is coming ?' Mun avam. * Haka in the Indian sense. Angardikih, the judgment; but Ner. vipakata, consummation Neryosangh has as follows: Tad dvitayam tvattah* prikkhami, Svamini yad agatam, ayatika, yo* rinam dadate danebhyah * punyatmane (Hormigdaya yatha yugyate datum), yeka, Mahagnanin! durgatimadbhyah; katham tesham asti vipakata * evam [kila, yah tat kurute, tasmai nidane prasadadanam kim bhavati, yaska tat kurute, tasmaika kim bhavati 'ti; me bruhi !] This seems to me very close, far more so than we have any right to expect as a general rule from a Parsi living in India, and only five or six centuries ago, too late for tradition, and too early for close criticism. ? Roth, 'Ich frage-was die Strafe ist ?' 8 The head of a party seems to have been plotting to introduce a hostile sovereign. * 1 dus-kunisno. 10 The Pahlavi translator, nividinedo, (otherwise nivekined, which I much suspect has become confused with nividinedo through a clerical blunder); Ner. labhate. They both refer vinasti to vid (so Justi) followed by most. Roth (Yasna XXXI, p. 11), der sein Brot nicht findet ohne Gewalthat an der Heerde.' 11 The Pahlavi translator sees the root han in the sense of Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA xxxi. 49 harm to the tiller's herd, to the pious husbandman's flock, who speaks no word with lying, (who abjures the Lie-demon's faith') ? 16. Yea, I would ask Thee such a thing as this : How such an one as he who, with wise action, has striven to promote (Thy holy) Rule 2 over house, and region, and province, in the Righteous Order and in truth, how he may become like Thee, O Great Creator, Living Lord ? And when he may so become, (this also I would ask), and in what actions living he may so be" ? 17. And which of the (religions) is the greater (and the more prevailing as to these questions which thus concern the soul ?) Is it that which the acquisition, and not from ignorance of the sense given above. In another place, he renders vigid min; see XLVII, 5.) Neryosangh may be rendered as follows: Thus I ask thee : What is for him who seizes upon destruction, and who provides the sovereignty for the wicked ( ), and commits that evil action, O Lord! from which he does not acquire life even through a bribe* (so meaning), [ ] and who is a calamity to the man who acts for herds and men removing calamities from them [ ]? * Roth, der die Herrschaft uber Hof Gau und Land um das rechte zu fordern hat.' * Pahlavi, Lak havand; Neryosangh, tvattulyo; Roth, 'deiner werth.' I render the Sanskrit of Neryosangh thus (it improves on the Pahlavi): I ask (thee) thus: How [dost thou bestow] the sovereignty upon one when he is beneficently wise ? [ ] (in the body) of him who, through the increase of sanctity, is no opposer (of prosperity) in provinces or villages; (that is, with him who is discharging his duty and performing acts of sanctity. He is this teacher's teacher, he does not contend]. Thine equal, O Great Wise One, the Lord! thus is he verily, who is such) in action, (who is thus Thine equal through activity). Possibly mazy8 has the sense of mazista in chap. L, 1. There the most prevailing' seems to be the proper rendering. [31] Digitized by Digitized by Google

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50 * THE GATHAS. righteous believes, or the wicked 1 ? (Let then our questionings cease.) Let the enlightened (alone) speak to the enlightened. Let not the ignorant (further) deceive us, (high though he may lift his voice ). Do Thou thyself, O Ahura Mazda ! declares to us (the truth) as Thy Good Mind's full revealer. 18. (And you, ye assembled throngs !) let not a man of you lend a hearing to Mathra, or to command of that sinner* (ignorant as he is), for home, village, region, and province he would deliver to ruine and death. But (fly ye to arms without hearing), and hew ye them all with the halberd?! 1 Literally, 'Which of the two (creeds as) the greater does the righteous (the believing saint) or the wicked (opponent) believe?' . See verse 12. 3 Or with others be Thou'; but the gloss of the Pahlavi translation contains an explanation which may well afford the true solution as in so many instances in which he is both consciously and inadvertently followed. It reads (aighmand bara khavituninom). May we not see an az=ah in the form, or at least a separate Iranian root, as also in azda (L, 1), where the Pahlavi translator gives the same explanation admirably suited to the context. Neryosangh : Which is it, the pure of soul, or the wicked who teaches as the great one? The intelligent speaks to the intelligent [ ]. Be not thou ignorant after this ; because (ignorance is) from the deceiver. Instruct us, O Great Wise One, the Lord! [ ] Furnish us with a sign through the Best Mind; (that is, make me steadfast in good conduct through the recognition of the din). Such renderings may suffice to show that an examination of these ancient translations in our search for hints is imperative. Yet the practice prevails of omitting a knowledge of the Pahlavi language, on which not only the oldest translation of the Avesta, but also the irregular Sanskrit of Neryosangh, closely depends. * Jolly, Keiner von euch hore auf die Lieder und Gebote des Lugners.' Roth, Rath und Befehle.' . Compare evidvao in verse 17. Dos-rubisnih. * Sazed saneh, prepare the sabre.' It was however a two-handed weapon; see Y. LVI, 12, (4 Sp.). The Parsi-persian MS.: Wa ma kas aedan az suma kiha Digitized by Digitized by Google

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CESE LIBRAAN YASNA XXXI( INDERSITY 51 CALIFT 19. Let them hear Him who conceived of the Righteous Order for the worlds, the (all)-wise One, O Ahura ! For truthful speech He rules with absolute sway over words, and ever free of tongue (to guide us in our way!). By Thy shining flame & (He doth guide us $, Thine altar's flame with its signs of decision and of grace) sent forth for the good of the strivers 20. (But, o ye listening men !) he who renders darwand mansar sunawad wa amu'htisn (sic); [ku az Asmokan (?) Awesta wa Zand ma sunawad), kih andar-mahall sahar wa deh dehad bad-raftisn wa marg an i Asmogh; aedan (sic) osan Asmoghan ra sazad silah. (Again very close.) So conjecturally. * Compare chap. XXX, 2. "Behold ye the flames with the better mind ;' possibly, also chap. XXX, 1, 'the signs in the lights seen friendly s According to the grammatical forms the agent here must be a divine being, as ye manta ashem ahabis (see verse 7) is characteristic of the Deity. The vocative, strange as it may seem, does not necessarily exclude Ahura, as the subject referred to in ye. Several analogous cases occur. The Deity may here however represent His prophet, as the Daevas do their worshippers in the later Avesta. Some writers force the language into a reference to the human subject for the sake of the greatly to be desired simplicity. One places Ahura in the instrumental, a case in which the Almighty seldom appears. The above translation needs no alterna tive, as the language would be the same whoever ye refers to. * See note on verse 3, and read as alternative from the two arani.' As an inferior rendering of tradition I cite Neryosangh here: The matter should be heard (taking gushta as a third singular in a subjunctive sense); [that is, a study should be made of it by him] who is even in any degree) acquainted with the righteous design of Hormigda for both the worlds. He is independent in the literal truth of his words, in his freedom of speech, [and his fear has no existence). Thy brilliant fire gives the explanation to the contenders. [It makes purity and impurity evident.] E 2 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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52 THE GATHAS. the saint deceived", for him shall be later destructions. Long life shall be his lot in the darkness ; foul shall be his food; his speech shall be of the lowests. And this, which is such a life" as your own, O ye vile! your (perverted) conscience through your own deeds will bring you ! 21. But Ahura Mazda will give both Universal Weal and Immortality' in the fulness of His Righteous Order, and from himself 8 as the head of Dominion (within His saints). And He will likewise give the Good Mind's vigorous might 10 to him who in spirit and deeds is His friend 11, (and with faith fulfils his vows 12). 1 I follow the admirable lead of the Pahlavi here, as the previous verse mentions veracity. Its indication is pavan frifisno, freely. ? I differ with diffidence from the hint of the Pahlavi here (as elsewhere). It has shivan=tears, which however is free for calamity' and 'sorrow. Nom. sing.; see its position. . Anak rabisnih yemalelunedo. This placed together with such passages as XLVI, 11, XLIX, 11, and LI, 13, formed the basis for the more complete Yast XXII. * Others prefer 'place,' but see aya in line b. Has led on'? . I cite Ner. : He who betrays the pure through his fraud, may (deceit) be (also his portion) at the last; (that is, let it be so afterwards; it is in his soul). Long is his journey, and his arrival is in darkness; and evil food and increasing lawlessness is his [ ]. Darkness is your world, O ye wickedl your in-bred deeds, and your din, are leading you on. * That Ameretatat means more than long life is clear from amesha. * Afas nafsman patih. The Gathic would be more literally perhaps 'from His own Dominion.' . Sardarih. 10 Vazdvarih; Ner. pivaratvam. 11 One naturally thinks of urvatha (vratha), as having something of the sense of vratya. But usage compels also the sense of friendship. Hubschmann, Casuslehre, s. 259, der durch Gesinnung und Thaten sich ihm als freund erweist.' " Ner.: Maha gnani dadau Svami* avirdadat* amirdadat sampur. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXI. 53 22. And to the wise are these things clear as to the one discerning with his mind (not blinded by the perverter ?). With Thy Good Mind and Thy (holy) Kingdom he follows the Righteous Order both in his words and his actions. And to Thee, O Ahura Mazda ! such a man shall be the most helpful and vigorous being ? (for he serves with every power8)! natvam punyatmane ( ) nigam prabhutvam ragne * adhipatyena [ ] uttamena pivaratvam manasa [-tasmai dadate), yo nigasya adrisyamurteh karmana mitram. So according to frequent indications. 1 Tang aito. Ner.: Sa te-mitram asti niveditatanuh. . See chap. XXXIII, 14. The Pahlavi translator renders freely as follows: Manifest things (so possibly; otherwise 'manifestly') (are) these to (so a MS. not yet elsewhere compared) the wise when according to his understanding he disposes and reflects, (that is, he who meditates with thought upon that which his lord and dastur declares to him). Good is the King for whom they would effect righteousness in word and deed, the man whose body is a bearer of Thee, O Adharmazd! Digitized by Digitized by Google .

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54 THE GATHAS. YASNA XXXII. THE STRUGGLE IS CONTINUED IN THE MIDST OF REVERSES. 1. The same author may well be supposed to continue. The first stanzas have been lost, but we observe that the subject of the section is still face to face with the Daeva party. He seems to see them arrayed and engaged in hostile devotions. But he is not intimidated. The friendship of Ahura is before his mind, and he expresses his desire that he and his colleagues may become, or continue, His apostles, notwithstanding the temporal sorrows which, according to XLIII, 11, we see that he clearly anticipated as the portion of those who would propagate the holy faith. 2. Mazda answers him, and through him his followers, as established in His spiritual sovereignty, accepting the devotion of their piety with commendations and implied encouragements. He whom they would serve is supreme; they need not fear. 3. After reporting this response of Ahura, the composer turns with vehemence toward the Daevas, poetically conceived to be present as if before their adherents, who also, according to verse 1, are supposed to be in sight (or are dramatically so conceived) celebrating their profane devotions; and he addresses them as the very seed' of Satan. Their worshippers belong to the religious falsehood and perversity. And they have persistently propagated their evil creed, which is in consequence spreading. 4. They have, so he acknowledges with grief, perverted men's minds, making them spokesmen for themselves, and in consequence deserters from the great Kindly Disposition of Ahura Mazda, and outcasts, fallen from His understanding. 5. They have destroyed the hopes of mankind for a happy life upon earth, and for Immortality in heaven. And in this they are not only the seed of the Evil Mind personified, but his servants rallying at his word. 6. Their leader is striving energetically, so he mournfully bewails, to effect his evil ends; but it is time that he should recall the counteracting measures of Ahura. His holy doctrines are to be announced, and their authority established by the divine Khshathra, His Sovereign Power personified. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXII. 55 7. The composer then contemplates with religious irony the infatuated security of the wretched delinquents whom he is apostrophising. Not a man of them knows the destruction which awaits him, and which, as he intimates, is close at hand, but Ahura, he significantly exclaims, is aware of it. And it will be proportionably severe. The blindness of sinners to danger seems as definite a judgment upon them in his estimate as their blindness to the truth. 8. To point his anger with an instance he names the apostate Yima, whom he supposes to have erred in first introducing the consumption of the flesh of cattle. He disavows community with him as with them all, declaring himself separate from them in Ahura's sight. 9. He acknowledges that their leader has to a certain degree defeated his teachings, and impaired the just estimates of life which he had striven to form within the people, (or that he will do this if not checked), declaring also that he had made inroads upon his property, which was sacred to the holy cause. And he cries aloud to Ahura and to Asha with the words of his very soul. 10. He repeats that their leader threatens to invalidate his teachings, blaspheming the supreme object of nature, the Sun, together with the sacred Kine, injuring the productive land, and carrying murder among the saints. II. He utters his bitter wail in view of attempted slaughter, and actual spiritual opposition. He points out the plots among the powerful and their illegal confiscation of inheritances, as well those of women as those of men. And he declares that his opponents are endeavouring to injure his adherents, as if repelled by the best spiritual qualities which an individual could possess. 12. He announces the solemn judgment of God upon it all, especially reprobating those who deal treacherously against the mystical Kine; that is, the holy herds and people, and apostrophising those who prefer the Grehma above the saving and sanctifying Asha, and the Kingdom of the Lie-demon above the Divine Khshathra. 13. He declares that Grehma, an opposing chief, desired that evil kingdom in the abode of the personified Hell. And he cannot refrain from adding that he also enviously desires to share in the holy apostleship. But, as he severely rejoins, the messenger of God will hold him afar from the sight of the (Divine) Righteousness. He can have no share in the Faith. (Here it may be noticed that we have some data for presenting Digitized by Google Digitized by

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56 THE GATHAS. the main features of the struggle. In several instances, centring perhaps in the actual description of a battle in XLIV, 15, 16, we see traces of the closeness of the controversy. In XLIV, 15, the two hosts seem to be closing in regular lines for the holy vows themselves. Here, on the other hand, we read of willing complaint or 'regretful desire,' while judicial blindness is referred to over and over again under various phrases. One might suppose that the Daeva-party were very near the Zarathustrians in many of their religious peculiarities, but that they could not accede to, or understand, the dualism. After the manner of Pagans they implicated the Gods in their sins. (Compare the drunken Indra.) At all events a bitter and violent war of doctrines was waging with both speech and weapons. I think it looks like the struggle of two parties' who each claimed to be the proper representative of some similar form of faith, similar, of course I mean, outwardly.) 14. Deploring the establishment of the Kavis who approach with stratagems and false teachings to aid the opposing party, the composer declares that they say that the Kine herself is to be injured instead of blessed by the very fire-priest who kindles the altar-flame. 15. He supports himself however with the hope of ultimate success, and with the prospect of his reward, when he and his fellow-labourers should be gloriously borne to heaven by Weal and Immortality, the eternal two,' who not only, as we see, bear saints to bliss, but also constitute the beatitude of heaven itself. 16. He confides all at last to Ahura, who is able to control all events, and to solve all doubts, and who will support his servants in bringing the wicked to vengeance by means of verbal instructions and commands. Translation. (That rival-monarch (thus we may supply the sense of lost verses) for whom some are plotting to secure the sovereignty, and who, once in power, would deliver over home, village, town, and province to ruin and to death, is active in his efforts, and offer See, however, the notes. * Compare XXXI, 15, 18. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXII. 57 ing the devotions of his false religion to accomplish his ends.) 1. His? lord-kinsman will pray' (as I Zarathustra prayed), and his labouring villagers, with his (trusted) peers, and his (fellow) Daeva-worshippers 8. But in my mind is the friendship of Ahura Mazda, the Great Creator, the living Lord; and Thine heralds, 0 Ahura ! may we be; may we hold back those who hate and who offend You! 2. To these (for whom the prophet spake) Ahura Mazda answered, ruling & as He does through His Good Mind (within their souls), He replied from His Sovereign Power, our good friend (as he is) through His surpassing? Righteousness : We have accepted Some prominent teacher, representing the entire Daeva-party, is alluded to; see verses 6, 7, 9, 10. Compare yasa in XXVIII, 2. 3 Or, his are the Daevas ;' but the verb yasat perhaps affords a sufficient expression for Daeva; yasen or henti may be understood. We may also understand the Daevas here, as the embodied Daevas, in the manner in which the pious worshipper is called Vohu Manah. That Daeva should however be used quite simply for Daeva-worshipper in this early composition is not probable. In the later Avesta it is frequent usage. * Or, the friend;' I recoil as much as possible from abstracts, but the Pahlavi has hQ-ravakh-manih, and Geldner admirably proposed brahman. Aighsan min Lekum lakhvar yakhsenunem ; so the Pahlavi translation, first venturing on the meaning 'holding back from ;'. dar in the sense of pa, which latter in Iranian can mean hold back from advantages as well as from misfortunes. High modern authority coincides with the most ancient authority on this latter point. It is apt to be a subject of scepticism with some who neglect the evidence of tradition. * Pavan sardarih i Vohman;' Ner. svamitayam *. It seems difficult to apply the meaning 'being as a resuge' here; see the following from His Kingdom.' Lit. ' glorious. This casts light upon the expression hvanvaitis verezo. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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58 . THE GATHAS. your good and bountiful Piety, and we have chosen her; ours shall she be?! 3. But you, O ye Daevas ! are all a seed from the Evil Mind? He who offers sacrifice 8 to You the most is of the Lie-demon, and (he is a child) of perversion. In advance (r) (are your) deceits whereby ye are famed in the sevenfold' earth! 4. For ye (are) confusing our thoughts (r), whereby men, giving forth the worst deeds, will speak o, as of Aigh Spendarmad Lekam rai sapir dozhem (bandak minisnih) zak i lanman aito [aighmano pavan tanu mahman yehevanad). Neryosangh: To these the Great Wise (One), the Lord, answered in the lordship of the highest (best) mind; (that is, if, or since, Gvahmana had arrived, as a guest, within (their) body); from Saharevara he answered [ ] through (their) righteousness, from the well-inclined, and through good conduct, [if truly good conduct had arrived as a guest within (their) body]. And he said: I befriend your Earth (so Aramaiti was later understood), the perfectminded one, and your highest one; she is mines Compare Yasna XXX, 6. Where the Daevas are approached by the worst mind as they are consulting. * As those who offer sacrifice to these Daevas are mentioned separately, we are forced to concede a large idea to the composer. He addresses the Daevas as poetically conceived to be present, and not merely their worshippers as in verse 1. And this must have its weight in the exegesis of other passages. * The Pahlavi translator has kabed. Or mas for mashyo (?). * Or possibly arrogance, avarminisntar; Ner. apamanastaraska. * Satunined freely, but indicating the root. The word is a locative. * The seven karshvars, or quarters of the earth, were already known. 8 I correct frd me (=man) matha (adj. nom. pl.; compare yima keredusha and ma masha). I do so after the admirable reading of the Pahlavi translator, as fraz minisno vardined [aighas bara frifed, afas minisno bara av vinas kardano vardined. Ner. prakrishtam manah-mathnati. Notice that akista is awkward as a masc., although I have so rendered as more personal. * Vakhshyente stood in the ancient writing used by the Pahlavi translator, as also now in some of our surviving MSS.; otherwise Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXII. 59 the Demon-gods beloved, forsaken by the Good Mind", (far) astray from the understanding of the Great Creator, the Living Lord, and (far astray) from His Righteousness! 5. Therefore ye would beguile mankind of happy life(upon earth) and of Immortality (beyond it), since the Evil Spirit (has ruled) you with his evil mind. Yea, he has ruled 4 you, (ye) who are of the Demon-gods, and with an evil word unto action, as his ruler (governs) the wicked ! reading vakhshente with Justi and most others, and mimatha with Bartholomae: 'Ye have caused that men who produce the worst results are flourishing, loved of the Daevas (as they are).' But in the Casuslehre, Hubschmann preferred sie sprechen was den Devas angenehm ist,' also reading vakhshente (?) (page 240). 1 So the Pahlavi also indicates asan Vohuman sizd; Ner. Gvahmanah* dure* aste. * Improper subjunctive; otherwise ye (have) beguiled. * The Pahlavi also freely frised ansdi&an pavan hQ-zivisnih. akinas far from necessarily means 'gave'; 'assigned,' 'indicated' renders it more closely. The Pahlavi has here correctly, but freely, kashed. * The Pahlavi has here salitaih for khshay8, and in XXVIII, 8 it has padakhsha for khshaya. I do not think that the word is an accusative there. A simple accusative does not so naturally fall to the end of the sentence in Gathic; it is generally in apposition when so situated. The nominatives tend toward the end of the sentence. * Ner.: It is through both of these that he is deceiving (sic, unable to follow the Pahlavi which probably renders as a second plural; see mun lekam) mankind in regard to prosperity and immortality, (saying) if it is possible to live, immortality lies in our path]. Since he is yours, O ye base-minded ! O ye base Devas! he is inculcating the lowest actions of the miscreants; he says that sovereignty (is from Aharmana ; (that is, the sovereignty) of certain ones (meaning over every one)]. The Gathic verbatim is as follows: Therefore ye beguiled (would beguile) man of-happy-life, of-immortality-and since you with-evil mind (you) who.(are) and Daevas' (worshippers) the evil-and spirit with an-evil (-word as concerning) action with-word (rules), by Digitized by Digitized by Google

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60 THE GATHAS. 6. Full of crime (your leader) has desired to destroy us, wherefore he is famed, (and his doctrine is declared); but if this be so of these, then in the same manner, O Ahura ! Thou possessest (because Thou knowest) the true (teachings) in Thy memory. And in Thy kingdom and Thy Righteous Order I will establish Thy precepts (in Thy name) 7. Among these wretched beings 6 (this their leader) knows not that those things which are de which (same) means (has-)commanded the wicked (his) ruler (nom. sing. masc.; see Y. XXVIII, 8). The nom., as in Vedic, at the end. ? Or, Full of crime ye have striven to attain your ends (?) by those things which are reported. (If verse 5 originally preceded) enakhsta would naturally be regarded as a singular as paouru-aenao is an impossible plural masculine. It might, however, be a singular used collectively. In that case we could put the verb in the plural with verse 5 in view. As to concrete or abstract, the first is obviously correct, and is also so rendered by the Pahlavi translation. ? Vid (with the perf. vaeda) seems to occur in the Gathas in this sense. Or, Thou knowest with the Best Mind.' * Or in the memorised recital;' Ner. prakalam kalayati. * Parsi-persian MS.: Bisyar kinah-varzandah kinah 'hwahad, skus wanah-karan padafrah kuned), kih, guft + srud isted skih guft isted]; ku, kih osan bi-sumar [kg, padafrah pah an zaman tamam bih kunand, kih ruwan baz an tan dehad). Zahir sumarkunandah Hormuzd (ka pah wanah wa kirfah sumar-kunand]; wan i buland agah pah Bahman (muzd danad; ka an kih bayad dadan). Pah an i TQ i Suma, Hormazd! 'huda, an i Sawab ama'htan bih danestuwan (sic vid); [kih Suma padisahi tamam bih bed + ya'hni + basad, har kas pah neki agah bih basad]. 8 The Pahlavi has kinikano. * The hvaetu of the first verse, the dussasti of the ninth, &c. * The Pahlavi curiously erts with his roshano=clear; Ner. parishphutatarah. It would be straining a point to call him free in interpreting what is 'collected' and so obvious' as 'clear.' We must, however, never forget that the supposed error of the Pahlavi is sometimes the reflex of our own (often necessary) ignorance. Vidvau must refer back to the same subject as ahya in the first verse, or possibly to Aka Manah, going a step further back. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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VASNA XXXII. 610 clared as victorious' (by his allies) are bound together for the smiting ; yea, those things by which he was famed (as victorious) by his (blade of) glittering iron. But the utter destructions of those things Thou, O Ahura Mazda ! knowest", most surelyo ! 8. Of these wretched beings 6 Yima Vivanghusha was famed to be; he who, desiring to content' our men, was eating kine's flesh in its pieces. But from 8 (such as) these, O Ahura Mazda ! in Thy discerning discrimination, am I (to be seen as distinct"). Possibly, which are by Thee announced as destined and proper to be smitten. The Pahlavi has mun zanisno amQkhtend (sic). Joya=jaya to jan, as akayia is to kan. Compare other allusions to weapons, snaithisa, and possibly dakhshtem. * So also the Pahlavi, ristak and padafras. * Naekil vidvau and vaedisto ahi are in antithesis and emphatic. 6 A literal rendering of this difficult verse would be as follows: Of these wretches, nothing knowing is he that) for the smiting (dat. ja, jan; cp. form Sk. ja, jan) (are) the-collected-things, which things (as) victorious (read jaya) are declared forth, by which (things) he has been heard (of) through glittering iron, of which things Thou, O-Ahura l the ruin, O-Mazda I most knowing art. Others take senghaite in the sense of 'cut'?) and render very differently. 6 The Pahlavi has shedaan ; Ner. tan dveshinah. 7 Or teaching,' so the Pahlavi; Ner. samasvadayati. . The Pahlavi translator hits the true rendering here: from among these I am chosen out by Thee.' Otherwise we have a question : Am I of these? The allusion is to the fall of Yima. As to the first eating of the flesh of beasts, recall Genesis ix. 3. Some have rendered : With regard to these I am of Thine opinion, O Mazda (?). The Pahlavi may be rendered as follows: Among (of) these demons Yima of the Vivanhanas is famed to have been a wicked scourge. It was he who taught men thus: Eat ye our flesh in pieces (wide as the breast, long as the arm-(or better with West, 'in lapfuls and armsuls')). From among these I am chosen out by Thee, O Adharmazdl hereafter ; (that is, even by Thee I am considered as good). Digitized by Digitized by Google

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62 THE GATHAS. 9. An evil teacher (as that leader is), he will destroy (our) doctrines, and by his teachings he will pervert the (true) understanding of life, seizing away: (from me) my riches 8, the choice and real wealth of (Thy) Good Mind. To You and to Asha, 0 Ahura Mazda! am I therefore crying with the voice of my spirit's * (need)! 10. Aye, this man will destroy my doctrines (indeed, for he blasphemes the highest of creatures that live or are made). He declares that the (sacred) Kines and the Sun are the worst of things which eye can see; and he will offer the gifts of the wicked (as priest to their Demon-gods). And at the last he will parche our meadows with drought, and will hurl his mace at Thy saint (who may fall before his arms). An improper subjunctive. Otherwise : He (has) destroyed (not irretrievably, of course; the case was not decided, and finally issued favourably). * Apo--yanta; otherwise they would take'; Ner, apaharati. * Zak i li isht avorto (khvastak i pavan dastobar). * Pavan valmansan milaya i minavadiha ; Ner, vagbhih manasavrittya aham-akrandaye (not following our present Pahlavi text, the gloss however). Observe that in reading Ner. we by no means ipso facto read the Pahlavi, either in correct translation, or as following our texts. Compare XLVI, 2. One thinks somewhat of the familiar foes of the Vedic kine; but there can be of course no connection. The Iranian sacred Cow did not represent the rain cloud, at least not at all directly. Read viyapat as a demon. without sign: 'v' was miswritten for 'y' as often 'y' for 'v.' The Pahlavi language, not to speak of the Pahlavi translation, suggests it. How are we to account for the word viyavanined? We should not arrest our philology at the Zend and Sanskrit. The long vowel is most awkward for a comparison with the Indian vap=shear. And I think that 'destroying the means of irrigation' gives as good a meaning as shearing the land.' Notice that elsewhere a more correct form appears, viapotemem (Vd. III, 15, (51 Sp.) )=viyapotemem. ? Literally, 'he will discharge his club at the righteous.' Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXII. 11. Yea, these will destroy my life, for they consult with the great of the wicked (enlightening themselves by their words 2). And they are seizing aways the gifts of inherited treasures * from both household-lord and from house-wifeo; (wretched men that they are), and those who will fiercely wound (my folk, repelled and in no way kindly moved) by the better mind of the holy. 12. (But Ahura will speak His rebuke, for) as to those doctrines which (such) men may be (basely) delivering? (repelled) by the holiest action, (and galled 8 by its sacred truth) God hath said: Evil (are they ! Yea, unto these He hath said it) who have slain the Kine's life by a blessing (and have cursed her while they offered to help her), men by whom Grehmas are loved above Righteousness, and the Karpans, The Pahlavi translator erroneous, or free, as to kikditeres, indicates the proper sense of mazibis by pavan masai (-pavan peshpaysh va paspayih-]; but Neryosangh, mahattaya-purahsarataya. * Comp. XXXI, 12, there high his voice lifts the truthful or liar.' : Literally, he takes.' * Riknah vindisno. * Kadak-khudai gabra nesman. * Reshinend; see V, 10. The ablative of the cause, comp. ashat haka; otherwise with Hubschm., Sie die Schaden nehmen mogen durch den besten heiligen Geist, O Mazdal' (Casuslehre, s. 241.) * The Pahlavi translator had probably before him a text reading rashayen; he renders freely resh srayend. With such a text which is far preferable to the one afforded by the MSS. we may read: Whereby (yena) men will be opposing and retarding (literally wounding) the doctrines which are derived) from the best moral and ceremonial) action; but to these men Mazda declared: Evil (are ye). See the previous verse. * See the previous verse. The Pahlavi has hQ-ravakh-manih yemalelund, Digitized by Digitized by Google

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64 THE GATHAS. and the Throne of those who have wished 1 for the Demon of lies (as their deity and friend ). 13. And the Grehma will seek 3 for these things by means of his (evil) kingdom in the abode of (Hell which is 6) the Worst Mind (who both are together) the destroyers of life, and who, O Mazda! will bewail 6 with glad but (envious) wish the message of Thy prophet. (But he will not abate with his vengeance), he will hold them afar from the sight? of the truth! 14. His is Grehma 8; aye, his! And to (oppose) Thee he will establish the Kavis and (their) scheming So also indicated by the Pahlavi bavihund. % There is elsewhere evidence enough of a desire to encroach upon the truth. s So also indicated by bavihuned. * Or, which kingdoms, sovereign power.' Comp. XXX 6. . Or, they gladly complain;' so also the Pahlavi: Man-garzisno kamak. The singular gigerezat is difficult with yaeka. Many would alter the text at once, and the temptation is great. ? Hubschm.,'ye is pat daresat ashahya der sie abhalte vom Schauen des Asha' (Casus. 241). So of XLVI, 4. So also indicated by padend min nikezisno i Aharayih; evidence of a struggle, or at least of a desire on the part of a rival party to possess themselves of some religious privilege or precedence. See the previous verse; also XXXI, 10: Never, O Mazda I never shall the thristless and thieving one share the good doctrine. See still further XLIV, 15, where the two hosts meet in hostility on account of the doctrinal vows.' * Grehma appertains to, but is not the particular evil teacher referred to throughout. The Pahlavi translator indicates bribery as the meaning of the word. Possibly some impious chieftain is meant whose procedure was of that nature. The word occurs in the plural. * A hoi; Thwoi is difficult. Or (see Y. XLIV, 14), Thine understanding has subdued the Kavis.' The Pahlavi translator renders masih, as if he had read ahuthwoi, offering an important alternative. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXII. plans. Their deeds of power are but deceits since they have come as an aid to the wicked ?, and since he has been (falsely) said (to be set) to conquer the Kine", he who shall kindle that (very) help of grace which removes our death afar, (and lightens Thy saving flame). 15. And therefore will I drive from hence the Karpans' and Kavis' disciples. And after these (have thus been driven hence and away) then these (my princely aiding saints) whom they (now) render no longer rulers at will over life, (and deprive of their absolute power), these shall be borne (at Read: In his dominion he has established the Kavis and their intended plans. Reading hoithoi, "his G. is to be bound.' "The predecessors of the Pahlavi translator seem to have understood the word var(e)kau as conveying the idea of power rather than that of brilliancy. He renders freely pavan zak i varzanan avaruno danakano. Supposing the text to stand, and not supplying a formation from var(e)z, we may hold that there existed a var(e)k beside var(e)z, as there undoubtedly was a har(e)k (see hareke) beside har(e)z. This casts light on the Vedic varkas. * Amatik padirend valman darvandan aiyyarih [ ] amatik ave Tdra zanisno gufto. The sufferings of the sacred Kine form the central thought of much that occurs. Can gaus be a genitive here? But if a nominative, must not ye refer to it? How then could the Kine 'kindle' the aid of grace? A genitive looks difficult. It is, however, accepted by Spiegel, although he renders differently from my translation. The Pahlavi may give us invaluable relief here by restoring the text. The ancient translator read vao kayat. Reading with him, we might render: When the Kine which (ya?) caused a death-removing help to be declared, was said to be meet for subjection (or slaying, reading an infinitive from gan). This rendering is more probable than that from saokayat. The Kine distinctly caused this help to be declared. See XXIX. But I make it a matter of principle to follow the MSS. in a first translation, where that is at all possible. The Pahlavi translator differs greatly here, having taken anais with adverbial force, and as possessing the a priv. (they being (31) Digitized by Digitized by Google

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THE GATHAS. last) by the (immortal') two to the home of (Thy) Good Mind (in Heaven) ?! 16. (And) this entire : (reward of the righteous) is from that Best One who teaches in the wide (mental) light of the pious deg, ruling (as supreme), O Mazda Ahura ! whose are my woes and my doubt not inclined). He also read somewhat as follows: anais avaeni (?) as ye=from his non-inclination he was blind who belongs to the Karpan and to the Kavi). Whether a truer text is indicated by him here is doubtful on account of XLIV, 13, and its nashama; but the unvarying explanation of the Kavis as blind probably derives its origin from some such reading here, or elsewhere in lost documents. Certainly if ais can be used as a particle, anais is not altogether impossible in some such sense. Moreover, the Pahlavi translation here and elsewhere has afforded us such a multitude of valuable concretes, that we shall do well to think twice before we reject its most startling suggestions. Lit. trl.what things are of the K. 1 The Pahlavi translation gives a fine suggestion in the concrete sense here; seeing the dual abya, it explains it as referring to Haurvatat and Ameretatat, which is very probably correct. So Spiegel also renders. It is very difficult to decide in which sense yeng dainti noit jyateus khshayamaneng vaso is to be taken. If in an evil sense (as vase-khshayant is sometimes elsewhere taken) one might think of such a rendering as this: I have driven the Karpans' and Kavis' disciples hence to those (evil rulers) whom they (my servants) render no longer wanton tyrants over life. But these (my champion saints) shall be borne by the two to the home of Thy Good Mind. But strict grammar demands of us that toi should . refer back to yeng. Accordingly I suggest as above first. . Observe that Vohu Manah equals heaven. Recall XXX, 4, but for the holy Vahista Manah; that is heaven.' The Pahlavi has ham; Neryosangh has sarvam. * Reading sak(a)yaskit (P, skyaskit; Pahlavi, amukhtisno (sic); Ner., sikshapanam). Otherwise syaskil, which may well mean lying, reposing' in the wide (mental) light of the pious (or of the offering). Geldner lately admirably suggests a 2nd sg. Pavan farak hu hushih. If this best one' is the Ratu of XXXIII, I, all is grammatically clear; but the expressions are rather strong in view of Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXII. ings? (yea, they lie in His power to heal), when I shall make (my prophets) men to be sought for the harm of the wicked. And this I shall do by the word of my mouth (to defend and avenge my saints)! XLVIII, 9, where similar language is certainly applied to Ahura. If Ahura is here meant, we have only one instance more to add to the many in which Ahura is spoken of in the third person, with an address to Him thrown in. See the differing views of XLV, 11. Possibly the Best One' was Ahura's Spenta Mainyu. Zak i pavan gumanikih. As to aithi, aithivant seems to prove that its meaning must be calamity also in this place. Otherwise one is strongly tempted to heed the vigorous indication of the Pahlavi translator. Here and in XLVIII, 9, he renders 'manifest,'' what is clear in the midst of my doubt.' The etymology would be far simpler. Alternatively dvaetha=terror (bi). ? Valman i pumman khvastar. The Pahlavi sees to be desired' in ishyeng. Otherwise one might render: I will cause (verbal) missiles (comp. zasta-istais) to be cast forth from the mouth for the harm of the wicked. (SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE. 'Parch with drought' in verse 1o may be regarded as having figurative application. The destruction of the means of irrigation, so often resorted to in the same regions later, would point also to a literal sense, but waste our meadows like drought' is a safer expression. See further vivapal, and vivapem=viyapal, viyapem.) F2 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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THE GATHAS. YASNA XXXIII. Prayers, HOPES, AND SELF-Consecration. Brighter times seem to have arrived. The vengeance so confidently promised in the close of XXXII is described as near at hand. In fact the first three verses seem to belong as much to XXXII as to the present chapter. They remind one of the choruses of attending saints, or 'Immortals,' in XXIX, perfectly germane to the connection, but referring in the third person to a speaker who closes the last chapter with a first, and who begins again with a first in verse 4. The propriety of a division of chapters here rests upon the fact that the thought comes to a climax at XXXII, 16, beginning afresh at XXXIII, 4. Whether Zarathustra, or the chief composer, whatever his name may have been, composed these three verses relating, as they do, to himself, and put them into the mouth of another, or whether their grammatical form indicates another author, is difficult to determine. I doubt very greatly whether either the expressions 'I approach,' I offer,' &c., or the words 'he will act,' let him be in Asha's pastures,' are at all meant to express more than some modern hymns which use 'I' and 'he. Both are in constant employment in anthology with no change in the person indicated. 'I' and *Thy servant' are merely verbal variations. Here, however, the change is somewhat marked by the allusion to the chastisement of the wicked just previously mentioned in XXXII, 16. 1. It is to be noticed that the strictest canon with the original, as indeed with the later, Zarathustrians of the Avesta was the primeval law.' Unquestionably the precepts understood as following from the dualistic principle were intended ; that is to say, no trifling with any form of evil, least of all with a foreign creed, was to be tolerated. Ahura has no share in the evolution of anything corrupt. We may even add that He had no power to prevent either sin or sorrow, although He possessed all conceivable power to oppose them. According to these fundamental laws, then, the Ratu is said to act, as sternly severe upon the evil as he is beneficent to the saint. 2. The fierce hostilities hitherto pursued are more than justified. The injury of the wicked by denouncing, planning, or by physical violence, is on a par with advising the good. They who pursue the enemies of Ahura are actually operating in love to God, and sacrificing to religion itself. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXIII. 3. And accordingly the reciter is made to pray in this immediate connection for a sincere and useful friend (a vahista) to the believer, to whichever class he may belong, whether chief, allied peer, or villager, a friend spiritually enlightened (vidas), and, according to Ahura's prescript (XXIX, 2), keen, persevering, and brave in the cultivation of cattle (thwakhshangha yavoi). "Let such an one as this, so asked for by the Lord himself, so needed by the Kine, let him,' he prays, 'be supported in his holy toil for us. Let him till and tend, not in the pastures of our valleys only, but in the spiritual pastures of the Divine Benevolence where the mystic kine is grazing.' 4. Taking up the peculiar 'I who' of XXVIII, the composer returns to the first person, continuing in that form with little exception until the last verse, which, naming Zarathustra in the third person, implies (if it is not an addition, which, however, it may be) that Zarathustra had been the speaker throughout. As it is highly probable that the author who uses this I who is the same who uses it in XXVIII, and if we may take verse 14 as fair evidence that Zarathustra is the speaker here, we acquire some additional grounds for believing that the person who wrote (if we can apply such an expression to the author) the words to Zarathustra and to us,' as well as 'to Vistaspa and to me,' and 'to Frashaostra and to me,' was universally recognised to be Zarathustra himself composing a piece to be recited by another. As if in response to the expression in verse 3, recalling that although a vahista (a best one) to some of each class (verse 1) he was no contenter of the wicked (XLIII, 15), he begins a prayer which is only completed by its izya in verse 6, and which gathers force by each preceding profession of fidelity. And true to a practical dualism, he first abjures the leading sin of disobedience to God, and of arrogance, discontent, and dishonesty toward man, accompanied (as it seems to have been) with neglect of the all-important duties to the cattle who shared the sanctity of the soul' of their representative. And perhaps it is this practical severity of dualism as opposed to the more facile 'lying' of the opposed religion, which was the cause of that high reputation of the Persians for veracity, which was grouped with avoiding debt by Herodotus among the virtues of the race. 5. I, he goes on to say, or to imply, I who not only abjure disobedience, insolence, complaint, and lying, but especially invoke the great genius who is Obedience himself, Obedience toward God, (Thee), endeavouring as I do by this abjuration and prayer to attain, not to a hundred autumns' of booty and glory, but to a long life in the kingdom which was established in the spirit of Digitized by Digitized by Google

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70 THE GATHAS. the Divine Benevolence, and to paths not only for the war-cart, or for commerce, but to those rigidly straight paths of moral purity in which Ahura dwells, 6. I, he adds once more, who am thus Tbine * actually invoking (zbaya) invoker, 'straight' like the paths (erezus), I am seeking with longing (kaya) to know from that Best Spirit (Thy Spenta Mainyu ?) animated once more by that best mind, to know-what? Shall we regard it as a bathos when we read that he thus with cumulative urgency prays to know what the Best Spirit thought should be done for the recovery and perfection of the fields? If we turn back to XXIX, 1, we shall see that the identical word (vastrya) describes the original want of the kine's soul. It was vohQ vastrya which she implored as her salvation; and it was the sacred agriculturist who alone could afford it, and who as the diligent tiller of the earth' always remained the typical saint. * And as his useful deeds in reclaiming, irrigating, and cultivating land, were justly ranked among the first services of a human being, and as the last preparation of the gathered grain was perhaps humorously, but yet pungently, said to make the Daevas start, and shriek, and fly (see Vendidad III, 32, Sp. 165), and as further, a life from the fruits of the earth to this day constitutes the main difference between those who live by murderous theft and those who live honestly in nearly the same regions, I think we may not only see no bathos here, but on the contrary admire the robust sense of this early religion', and say that a knowledge as to a true policy in the department of agriculture was one of the wisest possible desires, and the most of all things worthy of a 'sight of Mazda and of consultation with Him.' How the fields had better be worked, and how the people could best be kept from bloody freebooting as aggressors or as victims, this involved Ahura's Righteous Order, Benevolence, Power, and Piety, the four energising Immortals all at once. And this only could secure the other two rewarding personifications, Welfare and Immortality. 7. Having prayed for that which is the first virtue of civilised existence, work (verezyeidyai), he proceeds to further petitions. Come Ye,' he beseeches in Vedic fashion. Come Ye, O Ahura, Asha, and Vohu Manah! and behold the attentive monarch, the leading Magavan, as he listens to my instructions with the other 'In this particular. As to ceremonies it had at a later period more than its share of absurdities; but as to honest work as against 'foraging on the enemy' there is a great difference between the Gathas, and some other ancient hymns, for instance the Riks of the Veda. In fact these latter may be regarded as representing the opposite extreme. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXIII. chiefs, and the thronging masses. And let too the sacrificial gifts pour in for offering and worship. 8. He rests at no bare morality for the simple multitude. He knows too well the human foible, therefore he asks with vigour for sacrifice and hymn. 9. Encouraging the two pious chiefs whose souls go hand in hand, he prays that an influence like that of the eternal two' might bear their spirit' (sic) to the shining home of Paradise, it having attained to perfection by the help of the Best Mind of God within it. (For mainyu in this sense compare XLIV, 11.) 10. Asking of Mazda to grant in His love (or 'by His will ') all the happy phases of life which have been, or which shall ever be experienced, he prays that their bodies, that is, their persons, as separate accountable individuals (compare narem narem hvahyai tanuye) might flourish in the graces of the Good Mind, the Holy Sovereignty, and the Sacred Order, till they were blessed with the usta, the summum bonum. 11. He here prays all the grand abstractions, Piety, the Righteous Order (which alone can push on' the settlements), the Good Mind of God within His people, and His kingdom, to turn their mental ears and listen, and listening to pardon. 12. And specifying the one central object of desire, the Thriftlaw, the Avesta of the Ratu, or Saoshyant, he asks Ahura to arise to his help and give him spiritual strength by sustaining him through the inspiring Righteousness and the Good Mind, in an effective invocation. 13. With a spirituality still deeper than his Semitic colleague, he asks, not to see the person of God, but His nature, and especially to be able to comprehend and bring home to his mind what the Sovereignty of God implies with its blessed rewards.' And he asks of Piety as first acquired, practised, and then speaking within him, to reveal the Gnosis, the Insight, that is, the Religion. 14. After the fervent language of the previous verses we may accept verse 14 as a legitimate continuation. Its Zarathustra' may mean I' just as David' is used by the Psalmist for me.' And the language can mean nothing but a dedication of all that he is and has to God, his flesh, his body, his religious eminence, the obedience which he offers in word and deed, inspired by Righteousness, and the Kingdom which he has succeeded in saving and blessing. (I do not think that I have at all exaggerated the grasp and fervour of this section. Less could not be said, if the words are to be allowed their natural weight.) Digitized by Google Digitized by

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72. THE GATHAS. Translation. 1. As by the laws of the primeval world, so will our spiritual chieftain act (that chief besought-for by the Kine!, and named as Zarathustra ? by the Lord). Deeds most just he will do toward the wicked, as toward the righteous, and toward him whose deeds of frauds and righteous deeds combine (in equal measure). 2. Yea, (he will act with justice but with vengeance, for) he who does evil to the wicked by word, or with thought (and plan), and (who therein does not dally, but toils labouring as) with both the hands, or he (again) who admonishes one for his good", such as these are offering (a gift) to their religious faith in the love (and with the approving view) of Ahura Mazda 8; (they are offering to conscience.) i See XXIX, 1. * See XXIX, 6, 8. 8 So the Pahl.; and so also Roth (Z. D.M.G., vol. xxxvii. 5, 223) taking mithahya as a nom. pl. (comp. vakahya). But I am strongly inclined to a former view of my own. Yehya-mithahya look irresistibly like two genitives. I would render as an emphatic alternative "what fraud he may lay hold of (hemyasaite with the gen.), reach (of the one), and what (seem) to him the righteous deeds (of the other).' But if Roth and the Pahlavi are right, we have here the origin of the later hamestaga, the souls in the intermediate place between Heaven and Hell, whose sins and good works have been equal (West, Gloss. to M. i K.). The Persian manuscript of Haug 12 b. has: Kih ik (pro ham) a i an ham rasid ested an i durugh, kih ik (ham) u an i 'halis [ku, hamestan). * So the Pahlavi also indicates : Val valman i sapir---kashisn. Ner. uttamasya va asvadayanti dehinah. Literally, they are offering a gift to their own choice' (var= varena; comp. yavarena). * They are holding fast by the holy cause, and their vehemence in vengeance does not negative the fact that they are toiling in the love of Ahura. Pahlavi: Pavan zak i lak doshisno, Adharmazd I Digitized by Digitized by Google

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73 PEESE LIBRARY VIN:VERSITY) YASNA XxxIIN CALIFORNIA 3. (And so may it be), O Ahura! Let the man who is the best toward the righteous saint, whether lord's kinsman', or as village labourer, with the allied 2 peer (of the master), having light, and endowed with energy for the cattle (a Ratu such as Ahura sought to satisfy their wail), let such an one be (for us) in the work-field of the Righteous Order, in the pastures of Thy Good Mind. 4. (And I beseech for Thine instruction), I who will abjure: all disobedience (toward Thee, praying that others likewise may withhold it) from Thee; I who abjure the Evil Mind as well, the lordly kinsman's arrogance", and that lying sin which is (alas !) the next thing to the people? (their most familiar fault), and the blaming ally's falsehood, and from the Kine the worst care of her meadows 8 (the crime of stint in labour"), * Literally, 'with, or as, the kinsman.' 3. With the true ally.' * See XXIX, 2: Let that pasture-giver whom ye would appoint for us, teaching by example and precept vohu vastrya, let him be on our sacred pastures, and on our side.' * The Pahlavi may be rendered as follows: He who affords increase to the righteous on account of the relationship that is, something is given to him ?] does so also on account of the labourer's duty, or class (that is, the labourer is to be considered as his own). Through the loyalty; that is, the loyal class, that which adheres to AQharmazd, he has a thorough understanding as to what is true) energy toward the herds. Thus Vohman (a good mind) is a workman with him to whom Righteousness also belongs. 6 Hubschm. Casuslehre, der ich von dir den Ungehorsam und schlechten Sinn durch Gebet abwenden will' (s. 180). * Observe that hvaetu certainly designates an upper class. Why else arrogance ? ? Possibly this severity was the cause of the later high reputation of the Zarathustrians for veracity. & Literally, from the pasture of the Kine.' * The Pahlavi may be rendered: Him who will not listen to - Digitized by Digitized by Google gle

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74 THE GATHAS. 5. I, who (abjuring these sins), call earnestly on Thine Obedience of all (assisting guardians) the greatest one for our help!, gaining (thereby 2) long life in the Realm of (Thy) Good Mind (incarnate in * our tribes), and paths that are straight from their Righteous Order, wherein Ahura Mazda dwells , 6. (Yea), I who, as this Thy faithful priest, invoke Thee through (my) Righteousness, (now) seek * with longing from (Thy) Best Spirit, and with thato (best) intention of mind, (to know) what he himself thought of the working of (our) fields? Therefore (because I abjure the Evil Mind, and all disobedience, Thee, O Adharmazd! will I abjure, and Akoman also, for by him there is the despising of relations, and the deception of the labouring men who live close at hand that is, of neighbours]. And he is ever bringing censure upon the clients. And he holds to the lowest measure of duty toward the Herd. Avangha ne, or avanghane, an infinitive (see Wilhelm, de Infin. p. 16). The Pahlavi has avo aiyyarih. Sraosha (=listening obedience) is the greatest for help, because by a Mathra which appeals to him the way to Ahura is found out (XXVIII, 6) and the Demon defeated. If apano is read, so strictly. The Pahlavi translator seems to have understood apa ne; baram ayafinai pavan der-zivisnih, zak i pavan khudayih i Vohuman. Ner.: Avapaya dirghe givitatve. This may well restore for us the proper text. Reading apa ne we should render 'obtain for us.' & Ahura Mazda dwells as in His abode amid the paths where His saints walk (see XLVI, 16). So also indicated by bavihuned. Kaya properly refers to ye. 5 The Pahlavi translator seems to have seen an imperative in ava, rendering it freely aiyyarinedo. 6 Ya may be an instr. sing. or an acc. pl. neut. I ask what he thought meet to be done;' ya does not necessarily equal yena in every instance. ? I need hardly remind the reader that agriculture was the great question of orderly and religious life with the Zarathustrians. Without it there was of course no resource but wandering and plunder for them. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXIII. 75 arrogance, falsehood), O Mazda ! would I beseech of Thee for a sight of Thee, and for consultation with Thee! (What is Thy will and mind ?) 7. Come Ye, then, to my best (regulations. Come to my men, and my laws '), my very own, O Mazda! and let them see through the Righteous Order and (Thy) Good Mind (which Thou wilt bestow in Thy drawing near) how I am heard before the rich giver? (in the assembly of Thy worshippers). Yea, (come Ye); and let the manifold offerings of worship be manifest among us S. (Arouse Ye, and help our zeal* !) ? So I render from the context. Otherwise see ta toi izya in the previous verse. 'I was formerly inclined to understand Ahura here, Indian usage permitting. (Indra and other Gods are maghavan.) But modern authority, aided by the ancient Pahlavi translator, brings me to a better mind. The Pahlavi has pavan fravon magih. It is better to refer the word to the disciple. The more prominent members of the congregation are meant. * Ner. renders the last line thus : And may these offerings be manifest in the midst of us, and accompanied with (sincerest) worship. * There are certain cases where allowance for an ancient scholar working under great disadvantages becomes a critical necessity. Here the Pahlavi translator was clearly the victim of a manuscript. The word 'aidum' (sic) stood, as similar words so often stand, in his MS. as "ai. dum.' Deeply imbued with a superstitious regard for every letter, and with a public equally scrupulous, he saw no course before him but to translate each as best he could. He chose to render 'ai' by an infinitive, preserving the root, and could only think of a form of da' for dum (so also moderns in another case). Many writers, seeing such a step, cast away his paper, regarding themselves as absolved by such a blunder' from mastering his translations. But a little honest labour will always bring one back to sounder exegesis. In the next following verse we have identically the same form in another word, which he renders awkwardly but correctly, using da again, but as a proper auxiliary. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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76 THE GATHAS. 8. (Come Ye) and show me the worthy aims of our faith, so that I may approach and fulfil them with (Thy) Good Mind, the offering, O Mazda ! of the One like You', or the words of praises offered with Righteousness. And give Ye as Your offering 2 (of grace to me) the abiding gifts of Your Immortality and Welfare ! 9. And let (one like those 3), O Mazda ! bear on to Thee the spirit of the two leaders who cause the holy ritual Truth to flourish; let him bear them to (Thy) brilliant home with preternatural insight, and with the Better Mind. Yea, let him bear that spirit on as a fellow-help? in (furthering) the readi 1 To approach the offering of a praiser seems certainly an unnatural expression. I think that we are obliged to regard khshmavato as another way of saying Yourself rather than of Yours'; and if it equals Yourself' here, it may elsewhere; see XXXIV, 2, khshmavato vahme, also XLIV, 1, neme khshmavato. All acknowledge mavaite to mean to me.' Hubschmann, Casuslehre, s. 200: dass ich mit frommem sinne an eure Verehrung, Mazda, gehen kann.' * It is curious that draond seems to be in apposition here. The word is used merely in the sense of offering in the later Avesta. It might possibly mean 'possessions' here. . See XXXII, 15. There helping princes are spoken of as borne by the two (Haurvatat and Ameretatal).' Here in immediate connection with the same two it is said : Let one bear the spirit of the two united chiefs. By the term 'spirit,' which sounds so suspiciously modern, we must nevertheless understand very nearly what the word would mean in a modern phrase. By these two leaders we may understand either Gamaspa and Vistaspa (XLIX, 9) or Gamaspa and Frashaostra. (Compare yavarena Frashaostra Gamaspa.) * Let one bear them.' 6 Khvarih maninisno. * The Pahlavi gives its evidence for an instrumental and for a less pronounced meaning than the one above. 7 Hamkardarih. If the second kar is the root, the sense is figurative. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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YASNA XXXIII. ness of those in their holy work) whose souls go hand in hand 10. (And not for these alone do I pray, but for us 3 as well.) All prosperous states in being which have been enjoyed in the past, which men are now enjoying, and which shall be known in the future, do Thou grant (me) these in Thy love 6. (Yea), cause (our) bodily and personal life to be blest with salvation through (Thy) Good Mind, (Thy) Sovereign Power, and (Thy) Sanctity? 11. And, O Thou who art the most beneficent Ahura Mazda ! and thou who art Aramaiti (our piety), and also the Righteous Order who dost further on the settlements; and Thou, the Good Mind, and the Sovereign Power! hear ye me all, and have mercy : for every deed which I do whatsoever' ! Bundako. 9 Pavan akvind rubano. 9 So more probably. See the first person in verses 8 and 11. * So the Pahlavi also, hu-zivisnih. So the Pahlavi also : Pavan hana i lak doshisno. 'In Thy will' is here very weak. * Nadakihik i avo tanu [am yehabun] ; Ner. subham tanau. ? Neryosangh: Let them continue to live well, and be prosperous in all things [ ] those females (yah most curiously) who are born thus (that is, come from elsewhere (and not from us, and who are [gained over by myself]. Those, O Great Wise Onel who shall exist ((or) come in the future), let them render these persons thine own through friendship to thee. Cause thou the Best Mind to increase within me, O Lord! [that is, make my mind ever the more piously zealous). And in view of my righteousness grant me a benefit in my body, or person ( ). So the Pahlavi also : Am bara amarzed. . Observe that all the Ameshospends, except the two mentioned in verse 8, are here bidden as persons to listen and be merciful. These recurring instances (recall the two hands of Asha &c.) necessitate the view that the idea of personality is never lost in that Digitized by Digitized by Google

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78 THE GATHAS. 12. And Thou, O Ahura! do Thou (Thyself) arisel to me! Through Aramaiti give me power, O most bountiful Spirit Mazda! through (my) faithful appeals and offerings ? ; and for (my) Righteousness grant me mighty strength, and (Thy) thrift-laws through (Thy) Good Mind. 13. (Arise to give me power), and then for grace in a wide perception' (that I may view its depth and extent), do Thou reveal to me Thye nature (?), O Ahura! (the power of Thine attributes), and those of Thy (holy) kingdom, and by these, the blessed gifts ? of (Thy) Good Mind! And do Thou, O bountiful Piety 8 show forth the religious truths through (Thy) Righteous Order. of the abstract quality; and vice versa; (the latter especially in the Gathas where the names always retain much, if not all of their original force). As to adai; see vanghuya (sic) zavo-ada in the next verse. 1 We seem obliged to suppose that Ahura was poetically conceived of as sitting (like Vohuman in Vendidad XIX, 31 (Wg.) upon an ornamented throne, or we may take the expression as pure metaphor equalling 'exert Thy power.' Aramaiti may be a voc. * See adai in verse 11. 8 Pavan zak i Vohuman sardarih. The 'thrift-law' is the regulation established by the Ratu demanded in Y. XXIX for the redemption of the Kine. It expresses the entire polity and theology of the Zarathustrian people as summed up in the original Avesta. Neryosangh : Up! O Lord! purify me (that is, make me pure, or free, from the influence of that tormentor, the Evil Mind); and grant me perfect spirituality and zeal. For we are recipients of Gvahmana, O more mighty spirit (that is, let him be as a guest, arrived within my body! And let sanctity have power over the murderer () ), and through the lordship of the Best Mind. o The Pahlavi has here pavan kamak kashisno, on which see Darmesteter, Etudes Iraniennes, vol. ii, as per index. * Literally, 'Your.' ? Ashi has this meaning in the later Avesta. It also means sacred regularity,' exactness' in religious duties. 8 So the Pahlavi also : As pavan Aharayih dind fraz dakh Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXIII. 79 14. Thus, as an offering, Zarathustra gives the life of his very body. And he offers, likewise, O Mazda! the priority of the Good Mind, (his eminence gained) by his holiness (with Thy folk); and he offers (above all his) Obedience (to Thee) in deed and in speech, and with these (Thine established) Sovereign Power 2 ! shakind; Ner.: Punyena dinim prakihnaya. Possibly, 'give light to our consciences through Asha' would be better. The tissues; the word seems contrasted with bones elsewhere. The Pahlavi has khaya, and Ner. givam (sic). ? The Pahlavi translation may be rendered as follows: Thus, as a gift of generosity, I who am Zartust (so freely, and with no error from ignorance (1) give the life of my own body, as the advance [as the chieftainship] to Vohuman and to Adharmazd, and to Ashavahist, in actions (that is, I would do the deeds which Aharayih desires), and would give obedient attention to the word (literally the hearing of the word) to (i. e. of) Khshatraver. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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THE GATHAS. YASNA XXXIV. 1. A tone of thankfulness continues. As if in gratitude for better fortunes, the prophet declares that he will bestow upon Ahura with the foremost, according to the measure of the gifts which he has received. Those gifts were the secured Immortality (not mere temporal deathlessness'), the Righteous Order, and the Sovereign Power established in holiness and bestowing the Universal Weal. 2. The kind of gifts which are proposed for offerings are not sacrificial beasts or fruits, but the actions of the truly pious citizen whose soul is intimately united with Righteousness, the homage of prayer, and the songs of praise. As no piety could exist without strict ecclesiastical regularity, so no ceremonial punctuality was conceived of apart from honour and charity (see verse 5 and Yast XXII). 3. Accordingly the meat-offering, the mention of which immediately follows, is spoken of as offered with homage to the Righteous Order and to the Divine Sovereignty for the benefit of all the sacred settlements, in order to equip the wise man fully, and as a helpful blessing among the Immortals themselves and their adherents. 4. And the Fire is likewise mentioned, which was worshipped not so much like Agni as the friendly god of the hearth and the altar, but more and chiefly like Agni as the priest of the church. Not unlike Agni, it is called upon both for inward spiritual strength and for temporal blessings in various forms, together with vengeance hurled very much as if in the form of a thunderbolt (zasta-istais deresti-aenanghem). 5. To explain what he means by his supplications for the coming of the Kingdom, and for holy actions (that is, to make it certain that he does not mean punctilious ritualism apart from the noblest charity), he rhetorically asks: And what is Your Kingdom, that which Zarathustra establishes and offers to You? (XXXIII, 14). What is the kind of prayer (comp. XLVIII, 8, and LIII, 1) which I must use, so that I may become Yours (Your property) in my actions, not to load Your priesthood with sacrifices, nor to fatten Your princes with booty (as too often in the Riks), nor yet to secure a heavy gift to the poe nourish Your poor?' This was the essence of the desired Sanctity and the Sovereign Authority. The Kingdom of God, exalted Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXIV. and personified as a separate intelligence, is positively said to be something more than a gaudy pageant of material display, even Tava Khshathrem ya eresigyoi dahi drigave vahyo (LIII, 9). (See also even Vendidad II (part i], where moral duties are lauded.) And the composer himself seems to be so conscious of the sharply defined difference between such a kingdom and that of the rival religion, that he immediately adds an interdict: Such is Your Kingdom, caring for the righteous poor, and therefore we declare You irreconcilably distinct from the Daevas and their polluted followers. Ye are beyond them and before in the spirit of Your Reign!' 6. He then utters an impressive doubt, which only deepens our admiration at his expressions of faith: 'If it be really true,' he continues (see XLIV, 6), 'that Ye are thus with the Righteous Order and the Good Mind, the God who looks upon the goodness of the heart and the activity of the hands, then give me a sign of it, that I may persevere and increase in the depth of my homage while life shall last.' 7. For the struggle, though not without signs of a favourable issue, was far from over yet. (Hence his misgivings.) He then asks with some wistfulness after the 'ar(e)dra,' the men that could help, who from the experience of the grace of God, could turn sorrow into blessing by establishing the holy religious system firmly, but with enlarged and not narrowed understanding. And, still a little dispirited, he declares, as so often : None have I other than You ; therefore I can wait for the ar(e)dra. Do ye save us alone by Your already offered means of grace.' 8. For Ye have given me already, as it were, a sign. The enemy are checked, and for the moment cowed, if they are not repelled. They among whom there was death for so many when they had the upper hand, and when their ruler persecuted the holy vows, are not only struck with terror by the action which we take, but their chief retribution is, as we hold it, spiritual, and therefore, in the eye of truth the more severe. They will not encourage righteous Order and righteous intentions, and accordingly, the personified Good Intention, grieved, will depart from them. 9. Yea,' he reiterates, amplifying, 'the unfortunate sinners who depart from Thy kindly and sacred Piety in this ignorance of all experience of Thy Good Mind, will suffer an equal desertion. The characteristics of righteousness will, in their turn, avoid them as the unclean creatures free from us. 10. And this is,' thus he continues, 'a sign or result which the All-wise declares to me to steady my soul as I waver.' And these are indeed the cheering proofs of Thy favour," he adds, addressing Ahura, 'which terrify our enemies [31] Digitized by Google Digitized by

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THE GATHAS. and advance us, giving us a righteous eminence (XXXIII, 14) in Thy Kingdom.' 11. Therefore that kindly Piety whom these desert in their judicial ignorance, will increase for us both the all-comprehensive blessings; spiritual Deathlessness begun in anticipation here, and its necessary condition, Welfare. And they shall be increased as food (sic) for Mazda's straitened people, or better, to His glory as their monarch. And by their means Ahura may defend Himself efficiently from the persecuting and idolatrous foe.' 12. Taking into consideration all that depends on a correct understanding as to religious and political duties, he fervently prays to be guided aright in the establishment of a ceremonial and of praises, beseeching Mazda to speak, declaring the kind of worship which may secure the ashis (which are the blessed rewards). And he asks to be taught those religious paths about which no error was possible, the paths which are the Good Mind's own. 13. After a fashion already known to us (as in XXIX), he answers his question himself. That way which Ahura had already revealed as the Good Mind's own, was made up of the revealed precepts of the Saoshyants. There, as in the paths where Ahura dwells (XXXIII, 5; XLVI, 16), the well-doer may prosper from his devotion to the religious truths, and gain a reward immediately from the hand of God. 14. As if never forgetting the original calamity, the woes of the Kine, he further declares that way to be the one of all to be chosen for this earthly life, as the vestibule to the heavenly one. And he asserts that they who toil for the Kine (who represents here, as generally, the holy settlements as well as their chief source of riches and support) are striving to further and demonstrate the wisdom of that way by every righteous contrivance. Nay, he declares that the deeds of Piety are themselves the highest wisdom, just as the words and righteous actions of the Saoshyants not only declare and make, but constitute, 'the way.' 15. Again, concluding with a climacteric and synoptical prayer, he beseeches Ahura to speak and reveal to him all the most available statements, ceremonies, and praises. And never forgetting that all ceremonies, hymns, and sacrifices, sacred as they are, are only means to a greater end; he prays the Deity that He may exert that Sovereign Power which is alone supremely efficient in relieving actual distress (LIII, 9), for by its holy laws and spiritual arms it can alone bring on the Frashakard, and produce that condition in society in which all human progress shall have become complete. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXIV. Translation. 1. As to those (three gifts of blessings), Immortality, the Righteous Order, and the (established) Kingdom of Welfare, which Thou, O Mazda! hast given through (holy) deeds, words, and the sacrifice unto these (Thy servants here in my sight), gifts (shall) be offered? by us in return to Thee, O Ahura! and with the foremost of them all. 2. Yea, and all those gifts of the Good Spirit 3 have been given (back in gratitude) to Thee by the mind and the deed of the bountiful man, whose soul goes hand in hand with the Righteous Order in the settlement, in homage toward the One like You', * The hymns seem to be all composed for public declamation, as is evident from various passages. Similar indications often occur in the Veda. I formerly connected aesham with Ameretatat, &c., 'a thank-offering for these (gifts).' I am very sorry to oppose progress on such a subject as daste, but I do not think that it is an infinitive, nor that aite or mruite are such. Te, or what it represents, I regard as seldom or never a Gathic suffix, and especially not, as here, where daste falls to the end of the sentence. Too little attention has been paid to the Gathic sentence. The infinitive seldom falls to the end of it ; vidvanoi vaoka ; ta moi vikidyai vaoka; viduye (vidve) voho manangha; menka daidyai yehya ma rishis; asha fradathai asperezata; agoi (?) hadroya; ye akistem vaenanghe aogeda; but zbaya avanghane (?) ya verezyeidyai manta vastrya; sruidyai Mazda fravaoka ; kahmai vividuye (-ve) vashi; tal verezyeidyai hyal moi mraota vahistem; arethu voizhdyai kamahya tim moi data; dazdyai hakerena; but vasmi anyaka viduye (-ve); mendaidyai ya Toi Mazda adistis, &c. The Pahlavi renders here with admirable freedom as a first person, yehabunem. : Observe this expression. It is the spenta mainyu which, like the 'Holy Spirit of God,' is sometimes identical with Him. * Souls are elsewhere said to go hand in hand; see Y. XXXIII, 9. I suppose that it is possible that khshmavato, here and elsewhere, may refer to the human subject, 'to the praise of your wor G2 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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THE GATHAS. O Mazda ! and with the chants of the (thankful) praisers?. 3. And unto Thee, O Ahura! will we offer the (thankful) meat-offering with self-humbling praise, and to Thy Righteousness (like Thee a person), and for all the settlements in Thy kingdom which are guarded 2 by Thy Good Mind. For in the perfect preparation of the justly acting (has that offering its power), O Mazda ! together with all (others of its kind). Among those like You and worthy of Yourselves, it is a blessing . 4. And we pray likewise for Thy Fire, O Ahura! strong through Righteousness (as it is), most swift, (most powerful, to the house with joy receiving it, in many wonderful ways our help, but to the hater, O Mazda! it is a steadfast harm as if with weapons hurled from the hands. shipper,' but it does not sound at all natural. I think that khshmavato is merely another way of saying of you,' as mavant=me. So the Pahlavi also seems to render here: Avo zak i lekum va niyayisno. Ner. also: Samagakkhami yushmakam namaskritaye, Mahagnanin. 1 This recalls the daseme-stutam of Y. XXVIII, 10. The Pahlavi renders freely and not uncritically, regarding the spenta nar as Zarathustra himself: Aftand den Garodmand stayem. Ner. : Garothmane staumi te. So also the translations: Aighas parvarisn va min frarunih. Ner.: Uttamena pratipalya manasa. Compare Y, XXXII, 2: saremano khshathrat. The singular verb is difficult. 8 Or, 'for as those justly acting, and in preparation will we offer it as a blessing together with all who are among "Your own."? Here khshmavant equals 'Your own'; rather than Yourselves.' * Or visible' as fire, but this seems too feeble a conception for the place. The Pahlavi translator read deresta as a participle from dar(e)z, which is quite as possible as that it should be from dar(e)s. He renders yakhsenuned kino; Ner., vidadhati nigraham. That he so translated because he was not aware that deresta could be also a participle from dar(e)s, is no longer tenable. 6 As by no means a partially selected specimen, let the reader Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXIV. 5. What is then Your Kingdom, O Mazda ? What are Your riches ? that I may become? Your own in my actions, with the Righteous Order, and (Thy) Good Mind, to care for Your poor (in their suffering :). Apart from all would we declare You, yea, apart from Daevas", and Khrafstra-polluted mortals ! consider the following from the Pahlavi: Thus, O Adharmazd! this which is Thy Fire, which is so powerful, is a satisfaction to him whose is Aharayih [-when my chieftain (the glossist seeming to have a text with a first pronoun; otherwise the first translator who never saw ? us(e)mahi) becomes one by whom duty and charity are fulfilled], for it is quick and powerful (the Fire), and remains continually in friendship with him, and makes joy manifest to him. And therefore, O Allharmazd! on him who is the tormentor it takes revenge as if with a mighty wish. Kat is often a mere interrogative particle, so modern interrogatives are also often merely formal. ? Bartholomae admirably follows K4 here with its hakhmi; it gives a more common explanation of vao, which I am obliged to take in a possessive sense beside ne. The manuscript used by the Pahlavi writer had, however, ahmi, as many others now extant. * Note the recurrence of this care for the poor, showing what the frequent mention of righteousness, the good mind, &c. meant. Observe that daevais must mean the Demon-gods and not their worshippers here; pare vao indicates this, and also mashyais= men, who are separately mentioned. The Pahlavi translator is finely critical here, giving us our first hint as to the meaning : Pesh Lekam min harvisp-guno levind goft homaned (aigh tabankardar homaned, &c.). So with antare-mruye (-ve), he was the pioneer also. I render with impartiality: Which (of what kind) is your sovereignty? (that is, what thing can I do, whereby your sovereignty may be increased through my instrumentality ?] And which is your wealth? (that is, what thing shall I do whereby riches may be kept in your possession by my means?] How thus in the actions of Adharmazd shall I become yours? [That is, I (?) shall do that thing through which, by my means, your sovereignty is extended; and also wealth is kept in your possession by me.] For whenever I (?) shall do righteous deeds, that is, when I (?) shall do duty and good works), Vohuman gives nourishment to our poor. Before all of every kind, even before them ye are Digitized by Digitized by Google

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86 THE GATHAS. 6. If thus Ye are in verity, O Mazda! with the Righteous Order and Thy Good Mind, then grant Ye me a sign of this in this world's entire abiding? (while I live amid its scenes), how offering sacrifice and praising 3 You the more devoutly", I may approach You (in my worship)! 7. Where are Thine offerers, O Mazda! Thy helpers, who as the enlightened of the Good Mind are producing the doctrines with wide mental light as inherited treasures, (delivering them as Thy word) in misfortune and in woe 6? I know none other than You; then do Ye save us through Your righteousness! 8. Through these our deeds (of sacrifice and zeal), they are terrified 8 among whom there was (once) destruction, and for many (at the time) when the declared; that is, ye are more capable) than the demons, for their (?) intellect is perverted, (and ye are also before) men. 1 So also the Pahlavi dakhsak. . So indicated by ketrunani. I have no doubt whatever that maetha should have this sense. See also Y. XXX, 9. 8 So also the Pahlavi: Pavan afrinagano dahisno va stayisno satunam madam. - Urvaidyao, if in its original form, looks like a comparative. One naturally thinks of a * vrad () equivalent to vridh. 6 Rhetorically interrogative as often in English, or indeed a mere particle. (Compare XLVI, 9.) So also the Pahlavi indicates with its amukhtisnd (sic) i huvarisno [i avo kar va kirfak), munik pavan asanih va munik pavan tangih vadunyen frakh-hushih. Ner.: Siksham satyaya yah samadhanatve, samkalatve * 'pi kurute vipulakaitanyah [kila, yah karyam punyam yat samriddhataya kurute] takka yat samkatataya 'pi kurute, tasya vignanakaitanyam tasmad bhavati. ? Nao being taken in a possessive sense. & But the Pahlavi has : Min zak i valmansan maman kunisno lanman bim'; possibly by these actions they terrify us '; the middle in the sense of the active. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXIV. 87 oppressor of Thy holy vows was as the stronger oppressing the weaker?. They who have not thought (in consonance) with Thy Righteous Order, from these Thy Good Mind ? abideth afar. 9. Aye, they who desert Thy bountiful Piety, O Mazda! that one desired of Thee, O Thou omniscient! and who thus abandon her by reason of the evil-doer, and in their ignorance of (Thy) Good Mind, from such as these (Aramaiti) with her holiness utterly departs as the red Khrafstras (who destroy and pollute all life, flee) from uso (Thy faithful servants). 10. Through the action of this (His) Good Mind (as he works his grace within us) the benevolently wise o One declared a result as its fruit, He knowing the bountiful Piety, the creatrix of righteous beings?. These all, O Mazda Ahura ! in Thy Kingdom (are 1 It is a mistake to suppose that the Pahlavi translator and his followers, Ner. and the Persian MS. (of Haug's Collection), refer naidyaunghem and nadento to the same Sanskrit word. They translate them as if referring the first to nadh, and the last to nid. 2 Min valmansan bara rakhik aito Vohman. AsmanO seems an impossible reading, and cannot be reconciled with Vohu. The hint of the Pahlavi points, as usual, to the general sense, leaving us the task of discovering the grammatical structure. Here I do not follow the indication of sedkunyen; Ner. parikshipyanti. The voc. O Thou' is free. * So also in general the Pahlavi: Min valmansan kabed Aharayih segdak; Ner. tebhyah* prabhuto dharmah* prabhrasyati. o So if ahmat is read, but the MS. before the Pahlavi translator read ahmat; Ner. etebhyah (freely). A simpler rendering results; as from him flee away.' o Observe the evidence of the Zend to the prevalent meaning of khratu. ? Or reading hitham, and in the sense of bond,' we coincide with Ner. sukhanivasam. Haitham=the true; hatam ?=of beings. Lit. 'the true creatrix of Asha (the holy).' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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88 THE GATHAS. helps to our progress') for they smite (our tyrants) with fear 1. 11. And for Thee hath Aramaiti (who is Our Piety) increased both the Universal Weal and its continuance in) Immortality, and (with them as ever united) the Righteous (ritual and moral) Order (established and made firm) in the Kingdom of (Thy Good Mind). Those powerful lasting two (hath she increased) to (give us the needful) food? And through these, O Mazda ! art Thou with Thy perfect expellers of hates (Thou removest Thy foes afar!) 12. What then are Thy regulations? And what wilt Thou? What of praise, or of (fuller) offering ? Speak forth that we hear it, O Mazda! what will establish the blessed rewards of Thine ordinance ! 1 The word voyathra is difficult to place; the Pahlavi translator divided, reading avo-yathra (possibly avoi athra), and rendered frod kashi-aitris smitten down; the Persian better : Frod zadar, is smiting down. We may well hesitate before rejecting this indication, which may point to a better text. Like vafus, it may indicate the severity of the influences of the righteous system, in the midst of genial allusion. The ta vispa might refer quite naturally to dus-skayasthana in the previous verse. The form voyathra (corrected) may represent some derivative from the root bi=to fear. Compare byante in verse 8. 2 So likewise the Pahlavi with its khurisno; otherwise for glory;' hvar=svar. Lit. 'To Thee (are) both Weal and Immortality.' 8 Gavid besh min lak homanih ; Ner. vitakashtas tvam asi. - Ner.: Thus both are to be derived) from thee, Avirda da's food, and that of Amirdada also, (the (food) of the Lord-of-water, and of the Lord-of-wood* (so the later Avesta and Parsism)], and in the kingdom of the best mind, righteousness is making a revelation together with the perfect mind. Do thou also bestow zeal and power upon this one, O Great Wise One, the Lord! From torment art thou exempt. 5 So also virayisno. o Pahlavi arayisno. * Otherwise simply water and tree.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXIV. 89 Teach Thou us the paths through Righteousness, those verily trod by (Thy) Good Mind 1 as he lives within Thy saints . 13. (Do I ask what is that path ?) That way which Thou declarest to me as the path of the Good Mind, * O Ahura! (is made in its parts by) the religious precepts and laws of the Saviours, wherein the welldoer thrives * from (his) Righteousness. And it marks for the good a reward of which Thou art Thyself the bestower. 14. For that (reward), O Mazda! ye have given as the one to be chosen for (our) bodily life through * The Pahlavi has the gloss : Teach us the way of the original religion. * Neryosangh : Kim te sammarganam skila, karyam, te kim mahanyayitaram?) Kah kamah? Kaka yushmakam stutih? Kaka yushmakam igisnih? Srinomi, Mahagnaninl prakrishtam brahil yat ketsi* dharmasya sammarganam, (aho viseshena pasya ! tasmat mahanyayitarat kuru !] Sikshapaya* asmakam dharmasya margam uttamena svadhinam manasa. (Margam yam parvanyayavantam asmabhyam bruhi.] * Observe the certainty of a subtle meaning, the way is the consciences or laws.' * Geldner has admirably suggested a comparison with vrag on account of the connection 'way.' But as this necessitates two urvaz=vraz, and as Ahura is spoken of as dwelling' in 'paths,' I do not think that thriving in paths' is very difficult. The prominent thought is not the going, but the right going. That path indicates a reward (so also the Pahlavi kashido, Ner. asvadayan). But we must be thankful for the keen and vigorous discussion. Compare urvakhshanguha gaya gighaesa. The Pahlavi has huravakh-manih and in Y. XLIV, 8. If vrag is compared, the idea must be happy progress; but varh (Justi) seems the more obvious correspondent. Asha, very often personified, is a stronger expression than correctly.' Of course our life on earth, merely in the bodily state. Comp. Y. XXVIII, 3. There astavataska evidently means of earth, manangho, 'of heaven' (-of corporeal-of mind, without body). Digitized by Digitized by Google

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90 THE GATHAS. the deeds of Thy Good Mind (in us). They who work in the toil of the mother 1 Kine, these further? Your merciful care through the understanding's action, and (taught) by Thine Order's (word)*. 15. Yea, (show me, O Mazda ! that path and its reward); tell me the best (of truths); reveal the best words and best actions, and the confessing 5 prayer of the praiser through Thy Good Mind (living within us); and through the Righteous Order, O Ahura! And by Your Sovereign Power and grace may'st Thou make life really progressive (till perfection shall have been reached)! Or the 'mature,' drivable' (?) cow. She 'goes on her path of toil, ? So fraz yehabund. 3 Observe that verezena cannot well mean 'stall' in this line The Pahlavi likewise sees varzi-ait in it; Ner. vidhiyate, both free as to form. * Neryosangh: Sa yato, Mahagnanin ! kamo'smakam yat tanumate givamate diyate [akaryayal, uttamena karmane manasa [khshatriyaya), yaska gava* akarayitre* Aginamnya, (kutumbine], yo yushmakam sunirvanagnanataya, Svamin I buddhyaka, punya pradattaya vidhiyate [dinih]. I concede this shade of meaning to the constant and unvarying evidence of the Pahlavi translator. He translates uniformly by avam yehabuned or its equivalents. * Bring on 'millennial' perfection when progress shall have been completed. The Pahlavi translation is as follows: Pavan zak i lekam khudayihAdharmazd! frashakardo pavan kamako ashkarako den ahvane yehabuni-ait. Ner.: Yushmakam ragyena, Svamin ! akhshayatvam svekkhaya parisphutam dasyate bhuvane. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIII. 90 THE GATHA(A) USTAVAITI(I). This Gatha, consisting of Yasna XLIII-XLVI, is named from the word which begins it, like the three last collections. The fact that the word usta possesses special significance may have influenced the minds of the Parsis of a later age, inducing them to associate this first chapter with happy anticipations, but it was of course not owing to any such circumstance that the name was given to the Gatha. The Gatha, like its fellows, has its existence as a unit from the nature of its metre. It has lines generally of eleven syllables, arranged in stanzas of five. It seemed convenient to chant all the hymns of one particular metre together. This hymn, from some unknown reason, or from pure accident, having stood first in the collection in this metre, the Gatha was named from its first word. The question naturally arises at this place whether this Gatha, in its parts or as a whole, is older than the Ahunavaiti and the others. For supplementary statements on this subject, see the Introduction, page xxvii, also elsewhere. It is sufficient to recall here that the procedure of the Ahunavaiti, and the sequence of the other Gathas in the MSS. of the Yasna, have little importance in determining the question of relative age. If originally grouped in the order of their age, they might easily become transposed for the purpose of liturgical recitation. (See the inserted Haptanghaiti, and Y. LII.) As to the metres present, they afford no indications as to relative age. The metre of the Ustavaiti, approaching as it does the Trishtup, may be as old as, or older than that of the Ahunavaiti. The oldest Rishis sang in Trishtup. The sole remaining test of the relative age of pieces, is their contents. Do those of the Ahunavaiti show a priority to those in the Ustavaiti as regards the particular circumstances of which they treat? So far as I am able to Digitized by Digitized by Google

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92 THE GATHAS. judge, no part of the Ahunavaiti is older than Y. XLVI. There we have the man before us at a period in his life before he had attained to his supreme position. He not only laments the unfavourable prospects of his cause, but he is full of vehement animosity, urging on his adherents to the overthrow of some powerful opposing leader, and anticipating an armed struggle so formidable that its partisans are elsewhere alluded to (in Y. XLIV) as 'hosts.' We see him also exhorting the various chiefs of his party as they are evidently standing before him in some large assembly, possibly as the army on the eve of an important encounter. He refers intimately to the monarch, to his own family, the Spitamas, and to the Hvogvas, as represented by Frashaostra. He offers the rewards of Ahura, as he pronounces His threats and condemnations. Every feature bears the strongest evidence of originality. But have we not the same in the Gathas Ahunavaiti, Spenta-mainyu, and the others? Beyond a question. Those passages which express grief, fear, and passionate resentment, we should naturally refer to Zarathustra personally, and to the earlier portion of his career; and we can make no distinction between such passages when they occur in the Ahunavaiti, Ustavaiti, or elsewhere. As to chapter XXIX with its logical commencement, as expressing the sufferings to be remedied in the entire effort, together with the call of Zarathustra in immediate connection, and chapter XXX with its theosophical statements, we should say that they were composed later, during a period of success and reflection. But this would be a mere surmise. The time of the sage need not necessarily have been consumed in struggles even during the early years of his career. Chapter LIII seems to belong to a period of mature age, but not necessarily to a period of advanced age. It celebrates the marriage of Zarathustra's daughter, but maidens were married early. With the exception of Y. LIII, I would say that the occurrence of a piece in this or that Gatha has little, if anything, to do with determining the question of its relative age. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIII. YASNA XLIII. - SALVATION IS ANNOUNCED AS UNIVERSAL FOR BE LIEVERS. REFLECTIONS OF ZARATHUSTRA UPON THE SUBLIMITY AND BOUNTIFULNESS OF AHURA. As, in every instance, it is probable that verses have fallen out here and there in this important piece, and some may have been inserted, not necessarily from another composer, but from other compositions. After certain limits, however, marked signs of at least external connection are present. After the first three verses, which are quite apart, then from the fourth and fifth on, every alternate verse has the formula Spentem at thwa Mazda menhi Ahura. It would indeed present no difficulty for a successor to add these words to stanzas otherwise also imitated, but whether from the leading sage or not, whether from him in one strain, or from him as collected from different fragments, the course of thought does not so fail in logical sequence as that it is either impossible, or displeasing, as a whole in a poetical composition. Verses 1-3 are admirable as preliminary. Verses 4-6, with their lofty descriptions of power and benevolence in the Deity, prepare the way well, with their allusions to the final judgment, for the closer reflections in verses 7-15 upon the prophet's call, uttered at the instigation of Sraosha (his obedient will). Verse 16 is a closing strophe looking much like an addition from another hand, not at all because Zarathustra is mentioned in the third person, but from its general cast. It possesses, however, very great interest from these circumstances. If a later addition, it enables us to see how the principal features of the system were viewed at a period not identical with the earliest, but closely following it. 1. If we can accept the deeply interesting suggestion of the Pahlavi translator, which is, Salvation to him to whom there is salvation for every man,' we need then suppose no necessary loss of verses. Otherwise we are obliged to consider the loss of some laudatory verse, or verses, containing such matter as perhaps Y. XXXIV, 14, This princely priest has devoted all to Thee, therefore, salvation to him, whosoever he may be.' Whatever may be the actual truth, the main stress of the thoughts is clear and appropriate. Using the word vase-khshayas in a good sense, Digitized by Digitized by Google

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94 THE GATHAS. the composer beseeches Ahura to grant those two "mighty and eternal ones,' which logically form the complement to each other, universal wholeness, welfare of soul and body, without which beatitude was inconceivable, and then the unlimited duration of that condition; for it is quite impossible that long life' alone was here meant by a term, the equivalent of which soon after designated the Bountiful Immortals. We have here again ample data for affirming the richness and depth of the religious conceptions. The powerful and continuous two' are sought together with splendour as rewards, not for the gratification of any selfish sentiment, but in order to maintain Asha, the religious Order, on which the sacred polity, and the tribal, as well as the national wealth depended, but more than any general blessings, the individual sanctity of life. 2. And this is signalised as the highest good; and to this a prayer is added for the 'maya,' which recalls the supernatural wisdom of the Indian Hercules, about which much phantastic and highly coloured myth is grouped; but here, with the everrecurring contrast, the maya is the mysterious wisdom of the Divine Benevolence, colourless and abstract indeed, but yet possessing how great religious depth! 3. The highest blessing, in another and more than once repeated phrase, is again besought, as 'the better than the good,' even the attainment of the one who guides to the straight paths,' which are the 'way, even the conceptions and revelations of the Saviours' (Y.XXXIV, 13; LIII, 2), in which the believer prospers, and Ahura dwells, as he dwells in his kingdom, and his chosen home' itself (Y. XLVI, 16). Whether this man who shows the paths' of the bodily and mental world' is the same as he who prays for the ayapta ahvau astvataska hyalka manangho (the boons of the two worlds) in Y. XXVIII, 3, here referred to in the third person, there speaking in the first, and whether he is Zarathustra himself, are questions. It is only necessary to say that, if any relief is gained by the supposition, then beyond a doubt Zarathustra may have been the composer of both pieces or fragments, here, as in Y. XXVIII, 7, referring to himself as in the third person, there, in Y. XXVIII, also further representing another who prays, referring by name to him as in the third. But was Zarathustra the only sacred singer, or was he the centre of a group only, of which he was the life? (Compare Yathra ve afsmaini (?) senghani-Gamaspa Hvogva; Y. XLVI, 17; see also the Introduction.) 4. Proceeding as if the first three verses were absent from his Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIII. 95 mind (as indeed they may have been only later brought together with what now follows), the composer begins his ascriptions of praise. He will regard Ahura as all-bountiful and mighty, since He has carefully nurtured, as with His very hand, the aids of grace which He will bestow, as gifts of forbearance on those now wicked, in the hope of penitence, and in the merciful threat of punishment, and to the devout disciple, whose piety is never ceremonial only. And these means of grace, although abounding in the inculcation of moral sanctity in thought, and word, and deed (see Vendidad VIII, 100 (Sp. 283)!, where 'thought' clearly refers to intention in the strongest sense of the term), are yet profane, aside from the flame of that holy Fire which rallied the masses to a national worship, and which was strong for the holy order, as well as by means of it. For these reasons he adores their giver, but for still another. It was because the might of the Good Mind of Ahura approached him within them, and gave him strength for all that was before him. 5. Like the Semitic prophet, he poetically conceives himself as having beheld Ahura, as the chief of the two spirits, and as sovereign over all other powers when the world was born. And he regards Him as having also then established rewards and punishments by his holiness, so separate in its dualistic distinction from all complicity with evil either by infliction or permission. And these rewards and punishments were to have their issue not in time alone, but in the last turning of the creation' in' itscourse. 6. And for Ahura's coming in this last changing he fervently beseeches, as well as for the appearance of the Sacred Kingdom, established and guarded by the divine Benevolence. And this consummation, he implies, will take place when the settlements shall be furthered in the Righteous Order, and by means of it, the end of progress having been attained; for then the piety of men's souls will itself be their instructor, delivering the regulations which shall silence the controversy of the two sides (Y. XXXI, 3). And these regulations are as the wisdom of Ahura's understanding (Y. XXVIII, 2), so penetrating that all thoughts lie bare to it (Y. XXXI, 13). 7. He now declares the principles on which he accepted the divine call. Sraosha (verse 12), he says, drew near to question him. As he is called by Ahura, Obedience, the same who constitutes the way to Ahura (or finds His throne (Y. XXVIII, 6)), now draws near 1 Anaeshem mand, anaeshem vako, anaeshem skyaothnem prove that the thought, word, and deed referred to were not limited to a ritual meaning. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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96 THE GATHAS. him, (I say Sraosha (i. e. Obedience), for if he is not so described as drawing near in this verse, he assuredly is so described in a verse nearly following the twelfth)). Beyond a question, the fine subjectivity here expressed was intended. As the seer cried : O Righteousness I when shall I see thee (in myself and within my people), so now he means that his obedient spirit listens to the call of God. 8. And as his personified conscience questions him as to his origin, and the principles on which he would proceed, it represents the obedient people, as well as the obedient sage (for the sense of Sraosha, while originally applied to the personal will, is not restricted to it). "Loyalty' questions him, that loyalty' may report his answers. He therefore responds, speaking in his name as Zarathustra (or else one thoroughly in unison with him, here speaks in his name). And this is his statement as to the indications which shall determine his personality. His course will be without a compromise. The unbelieving opposers, as he declares, shall meet no favour at his hands, but detestation, while to the devout disciple he will be as powerful an aid. And this because his mind and thought are (as if blinded to the present) fixed upon the ideal Kingdom, while for the present he never ceases to toil on, making preparations for the Frashakard, and constructing hymn after hymn to set up the needed machinery of lore. 9. Again, his conscience and obedient will, as the angel of the Deity, questions him; and this time offers him that chief of wished for objects to him, religious knowledge. He mentions the holy Fire, with its proper offering, as the theme of his first inquiry. 10. And he beseeches Ahura to answer and to favour him, since he invokes such a complete endowment, going hand in hand with true Piety, and with no selfish interest in his prayer. He then, with a depth which I confess seems suspicious, asks of Mazda to put his petitions for him, recalling Y. XXVIII, 11, where he beseeches Ahura to fill up his desire with what not he, the speaker, but with what He, Ahura, knows to be the Good Mind's gifts. Or, with a conjectural improvement (?) of the text, he asks of Ahura to question him that he may be questioned indeed, saying as it were, search me, and know me.' But the other reading being retained as having superior point, and needing no.conjectured text, we may see his further thought: 'Ask Thou our questions for us, and then we shall never fail; then we shall be no desireless (anaesha) men, spurned by the wailing kine as flinching champions (Y.XXIX, 9), but we shall be indeed Thy rulers, "speaking our mighty wish." Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIII. 97 Like the isha-khshathra, whom she sought (Y. XXIX, 9), our wish shall work our will; it will accord with the will of God' 11. He is, however, not blind to all that lies before him in accepting this call. He worships the bounty and majesty of Ahura while he is impressing his soul with the import of this conference, and that notwithstanding, and none the less, because His will, when obeyed in actions, will bring on earthly sufferings. 12. But notwithstanding all that may be in store for him, he hopes to make those doctrines treasures (Y. XXXIV, 7), that is, a spiritual wealth (compare also Ahura's isti). One only qualification would he add: Wait only before Thou givest the word that I should go forth with Thy new truths (which bring such suffering to him who first pronounces them), wait till my obedient will, listening fully to all which Thou shalt say, shall come to me, and then shall that obedient reverence in me and my beloved, help on our effort, that we may spread abroad the tidings of Thy promised recompense to win the living to Thee (Y. XXXI, 3). 13. And that I may know and make known (so he continues) the true aims and objects of desire to those to whom I am at Thy word to go, grant me for this long life within Thy Realm, although that life be full of bitterness (verse 11 ; and Y. XXXII, 10, 11; XLVI, 1), for those who propagate Thy cause. 14. 'Yea, as a friend, both wise and powerful, gives to a friend, send to me not only Sraosha, an obedient listening will, but raf(e)no frakhshnenem, abundant grace. Then, and then only, shall I be flanked with a proper ally. Then with Thy Sovereign Power, like my Obedient will, as an angel sent forth from Thee, and inspired by Thy righteous Order in law and ritual, in thought, and word, and deed, then I will go out to arouse and head the chiefs, gathering into spiritual hosts the many believing priests who even now would bear in mind and celebrate Thy mysteries. 15. And as he began with fearless severity, so he would end without a compromise. "My patient suffering (so he implies as he proceeds (Y. XLVI, 1)) reveals its lesson to me. My mind is longenduring, but that patience, although it may seem to some the cowardice of a pusillanimous protector (Y. XXIX, 9), yet it is not such in truth, for it declares within me, and forces me to say: Let no man please the wicked; this is our only prospect of success 16. And casting back his thoughts he (or another in his name) sums all up well: Thus doth Zarathustra choose the spirit, that spirit which animates the faithful in their chiefs (Y. XXXIII, 9), [31] Digitized by Digitized by Google

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98 THE GATHAS. and by his side every true believer utters his sympathising prayer : Let the Order of life and of the ritual become incarnate in our tribes, and strong because it has the valiant power of faithful men to obey and to defend it. And let Piety prevail till it covers our land blest with the favours of the sacred sun, and as she lives in the lives of true adherents, may she in sympathy with the Good Mind, thus grant rewards for all our deeds!' Translation, 1. Salvation to this man', salvation to him whosoever (he may be )! Let the absolutely ruling Great Creator grant (us, He) the living Lord, the two eternal powers. Yea, verily $, I ask it of Thee (O Ahura) for the maintaining Righteousness. And may'st Thou also give it to me, (O inspiring) Piety! splendour * (as it is), holy blessings, the Good Mind's life. 2. Yea, to this one? may the man endowed with Ahmai as=to us, does not seem to be good grammar here, as it necessitates a forced separation between it and yahmaikahmaikit. Cp. ahmai yahmai-kahmaikit in Y. XLIV, 16. s I turn from the fine rendering of the Pahlavi with the greatest reluctance: Nadak valman mon zak i valman nadakih kadar zai saigh kadarzat ansuta min nadukih i valman nadukih), happy is he whose benefit is for every one; (that is, for every man there is happiness from his benefit]; Ner. follows. * There is a question whether the particle gat (ghat?) may not have originated from gat. Barth. here follows the Pahlavi, reading gatoi (?)=pavan yamtunisno. Lak may have been added, as often, to serve as an alternative rendering * Or 'I will,' so Prof. Jolly (infinitive for imper.). o So also the Pahl. raye-homand, not as a rendering merely, but as a philological analagon. Otherwise 'riches.' * Gaem recalls sraesta gaya g(i)vainti. ? As ahmai would more naturally mean'to this one' in the previous verse, it is desirable to render it in the same way here. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIII. glory give that best of all things, the (spiritual) glory. And do Thou likewise (Thyself) reveal ? Thine owns (gifts) through Thy.most bountiful spirit, O Mazda! (And do Thou teach us) Thy wonderful thoughts of wisdom, those of Thy Good Mind, which Thou hast revealed (to us) by Thy Righteousness (within us) with the happy increase of (our joy'), and on a long life's every day. 3. And may that (holy man) approach toward that which is the better than the good?, he who will show to us the straight paths of (spiritual) profit, (the blessings) of this corporeal life, and of that the mental(r), in those veritably real (eternal") worlds, where dwells Ahura; (that holy man) an offerer of Thine 10, O Mazda ! a faithful citizen", and bountiful of (mind). * It is to the last degree improbable that hvathroya (hvathrava; 'y'miswritten for 'v') indicates a condition of ease and comfort here. The easy man' is the farthest possible from the thoughts of the composer. The best of all things' makes a word kindred to hveng (hvan) appropriate here. * Kiki (), if an imperative (?), may mean guard over ; but the Pahlavi translator gives us the better view; he has lak pedakino; Ner. tvam prakasaya. Geldner's kikithwa is important. Thwa=thy properties. The Pahl. has merely padmano. * This shade of meaning is expressed by the Pahlavi. Ayare, acc. pl. 7 This expression seems to equal the summum bonum; so also 'worse than the evil' is the ultimate of woe. 8 Cp. Y. XXVIII, 3. * Does haithyeng mean 'eternal,' with every passage in which it occurs considered ? 10 Thwavant may, however, like mavant, simply express the personal pronoun here. The position of aredro, &c. is awkward if thwavant=thy : Where dwells Ahura, Thyself, O Mazda I beneficent, wise, and bountiful.' But aredra is almost a special term for a zealous partisan. 11 The Pahl. has khUp-danakih, indicating a meaning which would H 2 a zeni mise, and Digitized by Digitized by Google

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100 THE GATHAS. 4. Yea, I will ? regard Thee as mighty and likewise bountiful, O Ahura Mazda! when (I behold) those aids of grace (approach me), aids which Thou dost guard and nurture?as (Thy) just awards to the wicked (to hold him far from us), as well as to the righteous (for our help), Thy Fire's flame therewith so strong through the Holy Orders, and when to me the Good Mind's power comes 4+5. 5. (For) so I conceived of Thee as bountiful, O Great Giver, Mazda! when I beheld Thee as supreme in the generation of life, when, as rewarding? deeds and words, Thou didst establish evil for the evil, and happy blessings for the good, by Thy (great) virtue 8 (to be adjudged to each) in the creation's final change. 6. In which (last) changing Thou shalt come, and with Thy bounteous spirit, and Thy sovereign power, better apply to Ahura than the one given, which cannot be applied to Him. * Subjunctive (see Prof. Jolly, V. S. p. 28). 3 By Thy hand. The holy Fire of the altar. * Gimat may be regarded as an improper subjunctive here. 6 The Pahlavi: and that too which renders justice to the wicked and also to the righteous. And this Thy Fire is burning, since by it the strength of him who lives in Righteousness is (maintained) when that violence which approaches with a good intention comes to me.' * See Y. XXXI, 8, where the word is also rendered as=vornehmster. 7 Literally, When Thou didst render deeds provided with rewards.' We are forced to put the action in the past on account of zathoi, but the influences originally set in motion were to have their issue in the end of the world. 8 I render hunara literally, and bring its Pahlavi translation to the same sense as necessarily. Otherwise hunar would generally mean 'skill. Ner. has tava guneshu. The Pahlavi would here be recognised by all reasonable scholars as striking in its closeness. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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YASNA XLIII. IOI O Ahura Mazda ! by deeds of whom the settlements are furthered through the Righteous Order. And saving regulations likewise unto these shall Aramaiti utter, (she, our Piety within us), yea, (laws) of Thine understanding which no man may deceive 2. 7. Yea, I conceived of Thee as bountiful, O Great Giver Mazda! when he (Thy messenger, Obedience) drew near me, and asked me thus : Who 3 art thou ? And whose is thine allegiance? And how to-day shall I show the signs that give the light on this (our) question, (signs) as to the lands (from whence thou camest) and in thyself? 8. Then to him 1, Zarathustra, as my first answer, said : To the wicked (would that I could be) in very truth a strong tormentor and avenger, but to the 1 The word ratus reminds one of the work of the Ratu for the afflicted kine. In the last changing, which shall complete the Frashakard, he, or his representatives, will appear as the last Saoshyant, introducing millennial' blessedness. 'I render the Pahlavi here as in evidence: Through Thee, O(?) bountiful Spirit I the changing comes [(later (?) gloss) from wickedness to goodness]. And it comes likewise through Adharmazd's supremacy within a good mind, through whose action the progress of Aharayih's settlements is furthered, those which the master is instructing with a perfect mind , and in which this Thy wisdom shall in no wise be deceived thereby As the kine thought little of her deliverer (see Y. XXIX, 9), so Sraosha, the obedient host, is here represented as inquiring as to the antecedents of the newly-appointed prophet. But he asks more properly concerning the settlements from which he comes than the lands. Gaetha is not dahu(h)yu. An origin external to that of other chieftains is not at all necessarily indicated by the question. 4 The Pahlavi sees a denominative in isoya (isova; y for v); it is denom. in the Altiranisches Verbum. It differs, however, as to root. I offer an alternative in its sense. An open tormentor; (that is, I openly torment the wicked) even as much as I desire, do I torment (them) [(later (?) gloss) Ganrak minavad). Digitized by Digitized by Google

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102 THAT THE GATHAS. righteous may I be a mighty help and joy', since to preparations 2 for Thy Kingdom, and in desire (for its approach), I would devote myself so long as to Thee, O Mazda! I may praise, and weave my song. 9. Yea, I conceived of Thee as bountiful, O Ahura Mazda! when (Thine herald) with Thy Good Mind near approached me, and asked me thus: For what dost thou desire that thou may'st gain, and that thou may'st know it? Then for Thy Fire an offering of praise and holiness (I desired. And on that offering for myself): as long as I have the power, will I meditate *, (and for its holy power among Thy people will I plan ). 10. And may'st Thou likewise granto me (Thy) Righteousness (within me), since I earnestly invoke that perfect readiness (of mind), joining in my prayer with Aramaiti (our Piety toward Thee. Yea, pray Thou Thyself within me through these holy powers). Ask Thou (Thyself) our questions, those which shall be asked by us? of Thee; for a question asked by 1 We must be cautious in accepting the statement that the Pahlavi translations attempt to be literal. Here is one which is free and far from erroneous : Aetuno avo aharube min valman i aog-homand aito; faighas, raminam). 3 The Pahlavi here shows only the correct root. Ma=sma? * 'So long as I can, will I be of this mind,' seems hardly expressed here. Observe the nearly parallel construction in verse 8. The Pahlavi, Sanskrit, and Persian translations would here be regarded once more as extremely close even by opponents, if reasonable in their estimates. Manayai seems to me hardly an infinitive, as it is comparatively seldom that an infinitive falls to the end of a sentence either in Gathic or Vedic. I prefer the indication of the Pahlavi with Justi and Bartholomae (in the Altiranisches Verbum). * Read perhaps daidhis (later shortened to suit the metre). ? Or, 'ask us that we may be questioned by Thee.' Digitized by Google Digitized by

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PETITBRAAN YASNA XLIII. (IXERSIT03 CALIFORNIA, the Thee (as its inspirer), is as the questions or the mighty, whene'er Thy (?) ruler speaks his potent wish. 11. Yea, I conceived of Thee as bountiful, O Ahura Mazda! when (Thy messenger) with Thy Good Mind near approached me, and with your words Il first impressed (my soul). Woes then 'midst men Thy heart-devoted ones declared: (to be) my (portion); but that will I do 4 which Thou did'st say was best. 12. And since Thou, coming thus, Thy legal Righteousness in fulness 6 spakest, then declare not to me words as yet unheard (with faith or knowledge; command me not) to go forth (with these upon my task) before Thy Sraosha? (Obedience) comes to me, to go on hand in hand with me with holy recompense and mighty splendouro, whereby to 1 The Pahlavi translation bears evidence to a less subtle, and therefore more probable sense here, but at the same time to a rarer grammatical form. It renders didainhe as a third person, indicating an instance of a third person in e, and not in the perfect. It also recognises a reduplicated form by its pavan nikezisno nikezedo. * The Pahlavi translator with a curious error, or still more curious freedom, has rabak-dahisnih here and elsewhere. Possibly the Gathic text before the last compiler differed from ours. I still prefer Professor Bartholomae's earlier rendering, after the Pahlavi, as more in harmony with mraota and mraos. * Professor Jolly has the important rendering das will ich thun;' the infinitive in a future or imperative sense. 0 Ye said.' * The Pahlavi unvaryingly kabed. Here we probably have the missing subject in the other verses. . Reading maza raya. (Raya cannot well mean 'riches' here.) The Pahlavi also indicates the division by its free or erroneous mas ratu (rad). Sraosha, an obedient will personified, guides the soul as in the later Parsism. Cp. the Arda Viraf. Digitized by Google se Digitized by

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104 THE GATHAS. give the contending throngs (?), as a blessing?, (Your) spiritual gifts (of certainty and peace). 13. Thus I conceived of Thee as bounteous, O Ahura Mazda! when with Thy Good Mind (Sraosha, Obedience) approached me. (And I would therefore pray thus of Thee, that bounteous one.) In order that I may make known to men the true and sacred aims of their desires (in the rite or daily toil), grant Ye me long life 8 for this, (that blessing 4) which none with daring may extort: from You, even this (gift) of that desired o place which has been declared to be within Thy Realm. 14. Yea, as the man enlightened? (in Thy law), and who has possessions, gives to his friend, (so give Ye) me, O Great Creator 8! Thy rejoicing and Here we have the important reading ranoibyo as against the dual of K4, &c. (see Geldner). No mention of the fire occurs; and as the form does not agree with arani, we may well doubt that comparison in view of asayau in Y. XXXI, 2, and the unvarying and uniform patkardarano of the Pahlavi. The rendering with the sticks' is, however, admirably adapted, and must be considered as an emphatic alternative. * The Pahlavi supports the reading vi for ve; it has bara. Ashi might also mean merely .holy, as adjective. * In Y. XXVIII, 7, he asks for it that he may crush the malice of the foe. * Justi admirably suggested yanem understood. * The Pahlavi divides darstaite, and, as I hold, mistakes the root as was inevitable. The ancient scribe feared to restore the severed fragments, which appeared, as so often, in the MSS. before him. I would read darsaite with Spiegel's c(?) (so Bartholomae, later, however, recurring to a division, with Geldner after the Pahlavi, for the sake of bringing out an infinitive). Vairyau contracted from vairyayau by a corrupting improvement to regulate the metre. So the Pahlavi indicates, Bartholomae following as against the rendering 'possessing: With regard to Mazdau and medha, I should perhaps long Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIII. 105 abounding grace, when through Thy sovereign Power, and from the motives of Thy cause of) Righteous Order, I stand forth? to go out to ?, or to arouse, the chiefs of Thy (pure) proclamation, with all those (others) who recite Thy well-remembered Mathra word. 15. Yea, I conceived of Thee as bounteous, O Ahura Mazda! when with the Good Mind's grace Thy Sraosha (Obedience) approached me, (and said) : Let the quiet and long-enduring better mind with understanding teach (thee); let not a foremost man since have stated that I object to the comparison, not only because medha is a feminine, and, as Grassmann has supposed, possibly represented by the Zend madh, Greek math, but because 'wisdom' is an abstract (while su-medhas, as a compound, does not apply so directly). I hold, however, that mazda, the fem. noun in Y. XL, I= medha. It is also not impossible that this word may be represented (with differing shades of meaning) by both madh and mazdam (fem.) in Zend. Read, perhaps, frakhsta; or frasta, with Thine advancing kingdom I (am) to go forth to'; (fra +as, participle.) ? Prof. Jolly has the important rendering, 'Ich will mich erheben;' the infinitive in a future or imperative sense. o Chieftainships. Compare (not with exactness, however) sardhamsi. * The idea of reciting from memory seems to be included in marente. o The rendering pourus (?) as=pl. of purus is attractive, but dregvato hardly needs, and seldom has, a substantive. The wicked = wicked men; and, on the other hand, na constantly claims an accompanying word; (na ismano; na vaedemno; hvo na-erethw6; na spento, ye-na, ke va-na, &c.) Also it is improbable that the words na and pourus, as = puravas, should come together; 'let not a man men evil ingratiate (?). Compare for sense here purvias in one or more of its applications. Possibly the meaning is,' let not a man be foremost in conciliating the wicked.' The Pahlavi likewise has kabed (freely). Ner, has : Ma narah* prakuram durgatinam bhuyat* yatha kathamkit satkarta. An important rendering is that of Professor Digitized by Digitized by Google

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106 THE GATHAS. conciliate the wicked (as sycophant desiring aid), for with that (quiet mind of faith), Thy saints have brought full many a sinner unto Thee (as convert, and in penitence ?). 16. Thus, 0 Ahura Mazda ! this Zarathustra loves 2 the Spirits, and every man most bounteous prays * (beside him): Be Righteousness life-strong, and clothed with body. In that (holy) Realm which shines (with splendour) as the sun, let Piety be present; and may she through the indwelling of Thy Good Mind give us blessings in reward for deeds! Jolly, V.S. s. 47, mochte es wenige Verehrer des Lugners geben.' Cp. Y. XLVI, I, where the composer speaks of the chiefs as on their side, 'not contenting' him. 1 Or, with the Pahl.: Mun aetuno lak harvisp-guno aharaband pavan anak yakhsenund, for they consider all Thy saints as wicked. The rendering above is less natural as conveying the idea of a conversion (comp., however, ya g(i)vanto vispeng vauraya), but it renders the grammatical forms more simply. It is bad policy to force a text to express what we happen to believe to be a more natural idea. Using the hint of the Pahlavi here in an understanding manner, we might then render for they hold all sinners as holy.' * I had long since compared verente with vrinite (-devanam avas); and am now sustained by Bartholomae's view. * Possibly the Spenista mainyu of Ahura. (See also Y. XLIV, 2.) * The Pahlavi, on the contrary, bears evidence to the meaning 'comes,' which I cannot accept as 'tradition' in view of the following precatives. Ner.: 'The kingdom becomes established (in a manner completely manifest) in sun-publicity through mental perfection []; and upon the workers of righteousness the Good Mind bestows it.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIV. 107 YASNA XLIV. QUESTIONS ASKED OF AHURA WITH THANKFULNESS AND DEVOTION. Many verses may here have fallen out, or, on the other hand, the piece having been made up of homogeneous, but not originally connected fragments, has been left with some abrupt transitions. These, however, occasion very little difficulty in exegetical treatment, and are also not displeasing. The formula, This I ask Thee, O Ahural tell me aright' seems to have been suggested by Y. XXXI, 14. We might therefore look upon this piece as composed later than Y. XXXI, but not necessarily in a later generation, or even from another hand. In fact the style is thoroughly homogeneous in certain places with that of pieces which we ascribe without a doubt to Zarathustra, and the signs of struggle point to the earliest period. It is possible that the words in Y. XXXI, and the formula here were of common origin, neither having any extended priority to the other, or the words may be original here, and derived in Y. XXXI. Whether Zarathustra, or another of the narrow circle of religious leaders, was the composer throughout depends upon the further questions already more than once broached, as to how far a corresponding intellectual cultivation was extended at the period in the community, and as to what is the probability of the existence of more than one man in the small group, endowed with the peculiar qualities everywhere manifested in these hymns (see remarks in the Introduction and elsewhere). It is safest to say that Zarathustra composed most of the matter here before us, and that the supplementary fragments were composed under his dominating, if not immediate, influence. Verses 1 and 2 seem an introduction, but hardly give added emphasis to the fact that the following questions were expressions of devotion, and only in a few instances appeals for knowledge. Verses 3-5 are certainly questions intended to express veneration while naming particular objects of devout inquiry. Verse 6 stands somewhat apart. Verses 7-11 enter into details touching the moral and religious improvement of the people, 12-14 are polemical, 15 and 16 are prophetical, &c. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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108 THE GATHAS. 1. More closely; the composer beseeches Ahura to speak to him, and in a manner characteristic of Himself as in distinction from the falsifying utterance of the opposing religion, which was so familiarly described as the religion of Falsehood.' He is entreated to reveal, as is His wont, 'the holy truth. And the first question propounded to Him by the composer, as comprehensive of all others, is how he may offer homage, the homage of God Himself or of His bountiful spirit; (see mainyu in verse 2). And he further asks that Ahura may speak to him, showing him by what ceremonial he may conciliate him, and by what helps of grace that spirit, or Ahura Himself, may be inclined to draw near to him in accordance with his frequent prayer. 2. Once more he asks how he may serve that Spirit as the foremost one of Heaven (compare Y. XXXI, 8, and the Parsi vahist) who seeks for this addition of praise to praise, for as the supreme claim to our veneration, He had, as a guardian (Y.XXXI, 13) like Ahura in yet another place, held off destruction from all believing saints and from all repentant men (Y. XXXI, 3), and that although as the chief of Heaven,' yet also as a benignant friend. 3. From these introductory petitions, inserted perhaps before many lost verses, he proceeds in another tone, although he may still be said to say what is homogeneous to the foregoing : Yea, I ask how I may serve Him, O Mazda ! for He is indeed Thyself, and therefore, to show my fervent homage, I ask : Who was, not the first establisher alone, but the first father, of our holy Order as the personified Immortal, and that not by creation, but by generation, as the parent generates the child? Who fixed for stars and sun that "way," the undeviating path through space, long noticed and studied by our fathers, as no random course, or unknown progress save Thee?' 4. The laws of gravitation then become the theme of his praise still expressed in the form of questions, also the atmospheric phenomena, especially the clouds driven by winds, not like the Maruts beyond the mountains perhaps, but still terrible as winds can be. But he cannot leave even the sublime objects of nature without thinking once more of that spiritual power, the strength of righteous character, which was justly more impressive, although still more familiar, and which he designates, as ever, by the Good Mind.' Here this great Immortal is left an immortal thought, and is spoken of as 'created,' not 'born' like Asha (in verse third). 5. Beyond a doubt, recognising the satisfactions of energetic life as well as the solaces of slumber, and as forming by their contrast the necessary Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIV. 109 change which builds up happiness, he alludes to the supreme arranger as well-skilled,' and asks : Who so wisely relieved the day by night? But, again, he cannot close without reverting to the course of moral duty. 6. Seized with a doubt which again only heightens the fervour of his assurance, he asks whether indeed the facts which he proclaims are really what they seem. Whether piety, although aided by the Good Mind, implanted through Ahura's grace within us, will indeed at last, or soon, assign the purified Realm to the servants of Ahura, who were there among the masses before his eyes (taeibyo), or to Ahura Himself as their sovereign controller (taibyo?). And, as including all rural riches in herself, he asks for whom He had made the kine, not now wailing in her grief (Y. XXIX, 9), but delight-affording,' on account of the influence of Piety and Benevolence embodied in the Kingdom, inferring that God had made her for these same (the faithful masses). 7. And going yet further back; he asks who made that paternal and filial Piety itself, together with the Realm which it should leaven? Answering his own inquiries by an inference, he adds: I am pressing Thee with fulness in these questions, O Thou bountiful Spirit (compare mainyus, or mainya in verse 2), the maker of all (sun, stars, and holy qualities). 8. Turning now to verbal revelations, he asks by what means his soul may prosper in moral goodness, praying that it may indeed thus advance as the expected answer would declare. 9. He prays that he may know how he may still further sanctify that Religion which the King of the Holy Realm (compare angheus vahistahya pourvim), the one like Ahura (see Khshmavato and thwavas, verse 1) would teach, dwelling in the same abode in which Ahura is also elsewhere said to dwell) with the holy Order, and the Good Mind (see Y. XLVI, 16). 10. Expressing all in a single word, he asks Ahura to reveal to him the Daena, the Insight, the substance of that Religion which was of all things best,' and which alone could advance the settlements' with the holy ritual and moral Order as its ally, which would also render all their moral and ceremonial actions, and moral principles just by means of the divine Piety, which was their realisation in practice; and he closes with the exclamation that the wishes and desires of his soul, when most embued with wisdom, will seek for God. 11. Following out the influence of Aramaiti (that personified Piety), he asks to know by what practical means she may approach, and be realised as the characteristic of those to whom the holy Insight should be preached, avowing that God knows how prominent Digitized by Digitized by Google

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IIO THE GATHAS. he is in his devotion to the matter, and with what hatred seated in his spirit,' he views the opposing Gods. 12. Then casting a searching glance over the masses, and perhaps eyeing their several groups, each headed by its chieftainship' (sardenau senghahya), he cries, addressing Ahura formally, but the people really (so also elsewhere frequently), and says: 'Who is the righteous believer as regards these my questions asked of God to express my belief in Him, and who is the sceptic? Which man does the Angra Mainyu govern; or which is as evil as that chief himself?' And, recalling the galling fact that some are tolerated who not only do not assist but oppose his efforts, and perhaps having some half-convinced sections in full sight, he cries with bitterness : Why is this sinner, that chief who opposes me as Angra Mainyu opposed Ahura (compare paiti-erete with dat moi paiti-erete in Vendidad I), why is he not believed to be what in very truth he is? Why is he still countenanced?' 13. And then with a fierceness which reminds us of sazdum snaithisha (Y. XXXI, 18), but which is deeper because proposing a less material remedy, he asks: Why must we abide the sight of these opposers, representing their Lie-demon as their Goddess ? How can I drive her hence to Hell beneath, not to those who hesitate like these, pausing before they condemn the evil party, but to those who are already filled with their disobedience, and who, having no communion at all with us, receive no light, like these, from the reflected glory of the truth, and who have moreover neither sought nor shared like these, the counsels of Thy Good Mind. Yea, how, he reiterates, can I deliver up that Lying Goddess, in the persons of her adherents, to the Holy Order, in the persons of the saints, into their hands, to slay her, not with the snaithis only, but to destroy her as a falsehood by the Mathras of Thy doctrine, not barely to withstand these wicked corrupters, as we now do, enduring the silence of these masses at their deeds (verse 12), their fear of them, or their connivance with their creeds, but to spread slaughter among them to their total overthrow?' 15. He then presses on the coming collision, and prays to know to which of the hosts (compare asayau, Y. XXXI, 2) that claim the urvata, Ahura will give the prize. 16. And who, he further asks, shall be the champion who shall lead the victors, the verethrem.gan (compare sarga, Y. XXIX, 3) who will thus take up the snaithis and the Mathra (verse 14), and so at once contend for both the worlds.' And he wishes him not alone pointed out, but approached, as Zarathustra was approached (Y. XLIII), by an obedient will, and moved to his holy work by the inspiring Good Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIV. III Mind of Ahura, be that champion Ratu whosoever the Lord might wish. Salvation in the shape of success in his great attempt should be his portion (Y.XLIII, 1). 17. Half intimating that he himself may be the coming man, he begs to know when he can have that conference in which, as in the desired hemparsti and darsti of Y. XXXIII, 6, he may communicate more closely with Ahura, and through the revelation which might be vouchsafed, may become a protecting leader to secure the ever-named abiding two,' Weal' and Immortality,' which were the better than the good, the vahista' of the saints. 18. A preliminary wish arising, he asks that he may receive the honorary gift of mated mares and a camel, as material for sacrifice before a battle (?), the highest interests of the people even, their lasting Welfare, demanding that he should receive this help. 19. For the monarch, or leading chief, who may withhold this justly deserved and needed help, or honour, he declares by the terms of his following question, that some instant judgment will be forthcoming, for the threats of the future condemnation seem for the moment only trite. 20. As a peroration, he appeals to the reason of the wavering groups, among the masses who still delay to call evil evil (verse 12), and he asks whether the Daevas, as represented by their adherents. had ever been good rulers, when they had the power. Were not robbery and violence then the law with them as now? And did not the Kine, as representing the sacred herds and people, lift up her wailing voice ? (The piece from verse 12 seems to constitute a religious warsong. These verses seem not to have been originally connected with the calm and thankful contemplations in verses 1-10, but later united with them. Verses 12-20 stand in the closest connection with Y. XLVI, which has, however, preserved more of the elements of sorrow and discouragement which influenced the leader and his followers at times. See also XLIII, 11.) Translation. 1. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright; when praise is to be offered, how (shall I complete) the praise of the One like You?, O Mazda ? Let Some who seldom cite the Pahlavi follow it here; niyayisno zak mun aetand niyayisnd i Lekum [dfn8]. Otherwise one might Digitized by Digitized by Google

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112 THE GATHAS. the One like Thee declare it earnestly to the friend who is such as I, thus through Thy Righteousness (within us) to offer friendly help to us, so that the One like Thee? may draw near3 us through Thy Good Mind (within the soul). 2. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright, how, in pleasing Him, may we serve the supreme one of (Heaven) the better world ; yea, how to serve that chief who may grant us those (blessings of His grace, and) who will seek for (grateful requitals at our hands); for He, bountiful (as He is) through the Righteous Order, (will hold off) ruin 6 from (us) all, guardian (as He is) for both the worlds, O Spirit Mazda! and a friend. read neme with B.V.S. (variation) in Y. LVIII, 3, and render, how shall I bow myself in your worship?' 1 The Pahl. hamkardar is likewise followed. The alteration to hakorena is very interesting, but, I think, hardly necessary. Observe the great difficulty in referring Khshmavato to a human subject. Here we have the homage of the One like You (of Yours?)' some would say); in Y. XXXIII, 8 we have Yasnem Mazda (Ahura) Khshmavato; in Y. XXXIV, 2 Khshmavato vahme; in Y. XLIX, 6 Tam daenam ya Khshmavato Ahura. Khshmavato is sometimes merely a way of saying of Thyself,' as mavaite=to me. : Observe also the emphasis on his drawing near'; otherwise " let Your one declare it to my friend '(?). See Roth, Y.XXXI,8. See, however, also de Harlez's suggestion, perhaps after the hint of the Pahlavi : 'qu'elle a ete l'origine ?' Here we have another instance where an entire verse seems to allude to Ahura in the third person with an address to Him thrown in, or at the close. In connection with angheus vahistahya Ahura must be the pourvya, as in Y. XXXI, 8, where Roth renders vornehmster. The guardian is also Ahura (see Y. XXXI, 13). I cannot fully accept the hint of the Pahlavi here as others do who seldom heed it. I do not think that sin' is so much indicated as destruction.' * Mainya is suspiciously expressive as a vocative; perhaps by spiritual power' would be safer. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIV. 113 3. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright: . Who by generation was the first father of the Righteous Order (within the world)? Who gave the (recurring) sun and stars 2 their (undeviating) way? Who established that whereby the moon waxes, and whereby she wanes 3, save Thee * ? These things, O Great Creator! would I know, and others likewise still. 4. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright, who from beneath hath sustained the earth and the clouds 6 above that they do not fall ? Who made the waters and the plants? Who to the wind has yoked on the storm-clouds, the swift and fleetest two ?? Who, O Great Creator! is the inspirer of the good thoughts (within our souls)? 1.As a generator ().' i Bartholomae follows the Pahlavi here as rendered by Ner. putting hveng and starem (-am) in the genitive, which is in itself far better than to regard dat as governing two accusatives. One would, however, rather expect hveng staram adhvanem dat. * All follow the Pahlavi here, which renders with allowable freedom. Nerefsaiti (=Pahl. nerefsed; Ner, nimilati; Persian kahad) might possibly be explained as a nasalised form of an Aryan correspondent to arbha, as nas=as. * Possibly from thine influence (?). 5 The infinitive viduye (=vidve) lies here in an unusual place, at the end of the sentence. It is because the word has no stress upon it. The emphasis rests on the objects which he desires to know about; the entire connection deals with knowing'; it has no prominence. . This rendering is not supported by the Pahlavi, which seems to report a rendering from some text with an a privative, and a form of dar. The 'unsupported' object might mean the air-space.' See the suggestion of Bartholomae'the earth and the air-space, comparing the later Sanskrit. ? Or 'for velocity,' adverbially. Velocity, however, in the abstract as the object yoked-on, is rather too finely drawn. I should prefer [31] Digitized by Google Digitized by

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114 THE GATHAS. 5. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright; who, as a skilful artisan, hath made the lights and the darkness 1 ? Who, as thus skilful, hath made sleep and the zest (of waking hours)? Who (spread) the Auroras, the noontides and midnight, monitors to discerning (man), duty's true (guides) 2 ? 6. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright these things which I shall speak forth, if they are truly thus. Doth the Piety (which we cherish) in reality increases the sacred orderliness within our actions ? To these Thy true saints hath she given the Realm through the Good Mind. For whom hast Thou made the Mother-kine, the producer of joy ? 7. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright; who fashioned Aramaiti (our piety) the beloved, together with Thy Sovereign Power? Who, through his guiding wisdom, hath made the son revering the father ? (Who made him beloved (?) With (ques the fleet ones, the lightnings. My rendering follows the indication of another, as a dual, but not as to full exegesis. One naturally supposes the yoking together of the winds and dark clouds to be meant. 1 Recall svar yad asmann adhipa u andho.-Rv. VII, 88, 2. * Ner: 'Who gave us the lights with his keen discrimination? And who the darkness? Who, in his keen discrimination, gave (us our) sleep and waking ; [that is, our diligence and activity ?] Who is he who gave us the time of husaina, and the time of rapithvana [ ], and the method and calculation of him who discerns by means of the just rule [ ]?' 8 So also the Pahlavi indicates by stavar.' So I prefer; but the indication of the Pahlavi deserves an alternative 'giver of bounty'; skar=kar. Geus azyau' was later a common expression for a mature .animal, but possibly vulgarised from its older special use here. o Root ni (?). . I thus add as the Pahlavi translator indicates such an element in uzemem. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIV. 115 tions such as) these, so abundant ?, O Mazda! I press Thee, O bountiful Spirit, (Thou) maker of all ! 8. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright, that I may ponder 2 these which are Thy revelations, O Mazda ! and the words which were asked (of Thee) by Thy Good Mind (within us), and that whereby we may attain?, through Thine Order, to this life's perfection. Yea, how may my soul with joyfulness * increase in goodness? Let it thus be. 9. This I ask Thee, O Ahura ! tell me aright, how to myself shall I hallow? the Faith of Thy people, 1 Frakhshni=in abundance (Pahl. kabed; Ner. prakuram ; Persian MS. bisyar). The thought refers back to anyaka viduye [-ve]. * Haug sagaciously renders as if mendaidyai were a miswriting for pendaidyai, which is in itself very possible, as an 'm' looks much like an inverted o in MSS. So the Pahlavi records the irregularity also, from which Haug derived his idea. But Haug explains the word as an allusion to the five prayer-hours of the day. I doubt very greatly whether the five prayer-hours existed at the date of the composition of this passage. Such regulations grew up much later. The Pahlavi translator indicates elsewhere an accusative (meng=mam) with an infinitive that I should give forth,' which is in itself far from impossible. He was aware (!) that meng could also equal man; see Y. LIII, 5. 3 Vaedyai is infinitively used for voizdyai. + I do think that it is necessary on the whole to postulate two similar words here (although Geldner's suggestion is most keen and interesting). Urvakhsanguha and urvakhsukhti do not favour a comparison with vrag here. The Pahlavi is indifferent: Kigan denman i li rubano zak i sapir hu-ravakh-manih? So Ner. uttamanandah. Barth. begluckend. * Ka-ta=kena-tena. o Or, let those things happen to me;' gam means 'come' more frequently than 'go,' here. Lit. ' let it thus advance.' ? Kigun denman i li dine yos-dasar i avegak yos-dasaryom ? Ner.: Katham idam aham yat* dinim pavitrataram pavitrayami; [kila, dinim katham pravartamanam karomi]? As Zarathustra is I 2 Digitized by Google Digitized by

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116 THE GATHAS. which the beneficent kingdom's lord hath taught me, even the admonitions which He called Thine equal, hath taught me through His lofty (and most righteous Sovereignty and) Power, as He dwells in like abode 1 with Thine Order and Thy Good Mind ? 10. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright that holy Faith which is of all things best, and which, going on hand in hand with Thy people, shall further my lands in Asha, Thine order, and, through the words of ramaiti (our piety), shall render actions just. The prayers of mine understanding will seek 2 for Thee, O Ahura! 11. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright; how to these your (worshippers) may (that Piety once again and evermore) approach, to them to whom O Lord, Thy Faith is uttered? Yea, I beseech of Thee to tell me this, I who am known to Thee as Thy foremost 3 of (servants); all other (Gods, with their represented as sanctifying the Fire (in Y. IX, 1), so here he would doubly sanctify the Faith itself. He would hallow its name' and meaning. i Pavanas-hamdemunih-ketruned (pavan hamkhadukih]. : I cannot regard the caesura in this verse as possessing ordinary importance, the mahoyau (mahyau) kistois is especially dependent on the following words. The Pahlavi translator hints at an important solution, which is, that a pause should be made before usen; the wish of mine understanding wishes, and I wish (am wishing); Khursand homanam=I am content. If we can accept a break (a possibility far too little recognised), the usen as representing a nom. sing. would refer back to the meaning in mahvyau (mahyau). But reading istis (as irregular for istayo on account of the metre) we might regard usen as a third pl. Or shall we take it as a quasi-third singular, usen being usam (en=the nasal vowel; comp. akam as a third sing. imper. after Barth.)? Let the wish (istis) of my enlightened understanding wish for Thee. * Compare aesham toi, Ahura ! ehma pourutemuis daste. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIV. 117 polluted worshippers), I look upon with (my) spirit's ! hate 12. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright; who is the righteous one in that regard in which I ask Thee my question ? And who is evil? For which is the wicked? Or which is himself the (foremost) wicked one? And the vile man who stands against me (in this gain of) Thy blessing, wherefore 4 is he not held and believed to be the sinner that he is ? 13. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright, how shall I banish this Demon-of-the-Lie from us hence to those beneath who are filled with rebellion ? The friends of Righteousness (as it lives in Thy saints) gain no light (from their teachings), nor have they loved the questions which Thy Good Mind (asks in the soul)! - - - Auserkoren is a fine but a bold rendering. Election is, however, included in all divine prescience. "I have no doubt whatever, but that mainycus and dvaeshangha belong together. 2 The Pahlavi translation is as follows: "That which I ask of Thee, tell me aright, O Adharmazdl when shall the perfect mind come to those persons (that is, when does the mind of my disciples become perfect]? When shall it come to those who declare this Thy Religion, O Allharmazd? Grant to me before these the proclamation of the truth. Against every other spirit which is malevolent I keep my guard. 8 Yais adverbially, or possibly, with whom I question.' * Kyanghat is, I think, simply the equivalent for ki (?) angha/ =qui fit, how does it happen that? Stands' free for comes.' o The Pahlavi on the contrary takes perenaungho in the sense of combating, pavan anyokhshidarih patkarend=' (who) are opposing you through disobedience. It is far from certain that he does not indicate some improvement in text, or rendering. * Or, the counsels of holy men.' Digitized by Google Digitized by

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118 THE GATHAS. 14. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright; how shall I deliver that Demon-of-the-Lie into the two hands of Thine Order (as he lives in our hosts) to cast her down to death through Thy Mathras of doctrine, and to send mighty destruction 2 among her evil believers, to keep those deceitful and harsh oppressors from reaching their (fell) aims 3 ? 15. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright. If through Thy Righteousness (within our souls) Thou hast the power over this for my - protection, when the two hosts shall meet in hate 5 (as they strive) for those vows which Thou dost desire to maintain, how, O Mazda! and to which of both wilt Thou give the day? 16. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright, 1 Ashai with Geldner. * The Pahlavi anticipates us in the correct general sense here. It has nas,honisno. The Persian MS. renders the Pahlavi, hamavandi nist dehand i darwand. 8 Anashe seems regarded as an infinitive by the Pahlavi translator, anayatunisno. For the destruction of those deceivers' is an obvious alternative to the rendering above (a nashe ?). * Geldner and Roth render mat=Sanskrit mad; otherwise with complete protection.' Or is mat ablative for genitive : If thou rulest over me to afford me protection? The Pahlavi affords no indication. o The Pahlavi translator erred widely in his attempt to render the word anaokangha. As it is certain that his MSS. differed from ours often, they probably did so here. The verse alludes beyond a question to some expected battle in a religious war, and perhaps in a religious civil war. It is the most positive allusion to the strife of the two parties' (Y. XXXI, 2) which has come down to us. It was a struggle concerning the religious vows, or doctrines; avais urvatais ya tu Mazda didereghz8. o The Pahlavi renders vananam by 'good thing,' explaining the sovereign power. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIV. 119 who smites with victory in the protection (of all) who exist, and for the sake of, and by means of Thy doctrine? Yea, clearly reveal a lord having power? (to save us) for both lives. Then let (our) Obedience 3 with Thy Good Mind draw near to that (leader), O Mazda! yea, to him to whomsoever - Thou (shalt) wish that he should come. 17. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright; how, O Mazda ! shall I proceed to that (great) conference with You, to that consummation of Your own, when my spoken wish shall be (effected) unto me, (the desire) to be in the chieftainship' (and supported) by (the hope of) Weal and Immortality (those saving powers of Thy grace), and by that (holy) Mathra (Thy word of thought) which fully guides our way through Righteousness (within). 1 Verethrem.ga thwa, following the Pahlavi with Westergaard, Geldner, and Bartholomae. ? Compare Y. XXIX, 2 and Y. XXVIII, 3; or it may mean promise to establish' (Barth.). Kizdi, however, hardly seems to need an infinitive with it; it may mean appoint.' Compare damsu (patni) for a better sense than 'house-lord,' also for deng patois. * This casts additional light on the one that should come' in Y. XLIII, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15. This recalls ahmai yahmai usta kahmaikit. * The comparison with gar has long circulated among Zendists. Many adopt it. It agrees admirably with the Pahlavi as to sense : Aimat, Allharmazd! damano kardarih i Lekum, when is Your appointment of the time ? * The Pahlavi va munik zak i li gobisnd homand khvastar. ? Va sardar yehevunisnih madam Haurvadad va Amerodad; Ner. Svamino bhavishyanti upari Avirdade Amirdade; comp. also Y. XLIX, 8 fraestaungho aunghama. Professor Jolly compares buzdyai with duco bau (Inf. s. 194). The long since circulated comparison with bhug seems to me hardly so probable. It may, however, deserve an alternative; to enjoy Weal and Immortality'; but accusatives Digitized by Digitized by Google

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120 THE GATHAS. 18. (And, having gained Thine audience and Thine Order's sacred chieftainship), then I ask of Thee, 0 Ahura! and tell me aright, how shall I acquire that Thy Righteous Order's prize, ten (costly) mares male-mated, and with them the camel 1 (those signs of honour and blessing for Thy chief. I ask Thee for these gifts for sacrifice). For it was told me for the sake of our Welfare (in our salvation), and of our Immortality, in what manner Thou shalt give 3 to these (Thy conquering hosts) both of these Thy (gifts of grace). 19. This I ask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright; (in the case of the recreant, of him) who does not give this (honoured) gift to him who hath earned it; yea, who does not give it to this (veracious tiller of the earth, to him who in no respect shows favour to the Demon-of-the-Lie, even to the correct speaker (of Thy sacrificial word), what shall be his sentence at do not fall so naturally to the end of the sentence in Gathic or Vedic, without preceding related or qualifying words. 1 Those suspected of no partisanship for the Pahlavi translation follow it here as against Haug, who translated the words ustremka by et amplius! It means a camel; so the Pahlavi translator rendered many centuries ago before Europeans even knew what the Indian ush/ra meant, which simple analogy Neryosangh first drew. Horses were material for sacrifice among the Persians according to Herodotus. The reasons for the prayer are not fully expressed. So better than as a first person aorist subjunctive, if taeibyo is to be read. The Pahlavi, however, read taibyo, which is not lightly to be passed over. The rendering take' has long circulated. I do not, however, prefer it here. * Weal and Immortality, but hi might refer to the two objects, the mares' and the camel.' 5 The ideal Zarathustrian; comp. Y. XXXI, 15; XLIX, 9. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIV. 121 the first (now at this time, and because of this false dealing ? I ask it), knowing well his doom at last?. 20. (And how as to our deluded foes ?) Have Daeva-(worshippers) e'er reigned as worthy kings ? (This verily I ask of Thee, the Daeva-worshippers) who fight 2 for these (who act amiss? Have they well reigned) by whom the Karpan and the Usig (k) gave the (sacred) Kine to Rapine 3, whence, too, the Kavian in persistent strength has flourished ? (And these have also never given us tribal wealth nor blessings), nor for the Kine have they brought waters to the fields for the sake of the Righteous Order (in our hosts), to further on their growth (and welfare)! So also the Pahlavi followed by all. Kadar valman pavan zak vinasisno aita fratam; [aigas pavan-vinaskarih padafras fratum maman]? Akas homanam zak mun valman aito afdum (mamanas darvandih]? Ner. (with regard to him) who does not give the reward which has come for the one fitted for, or deserving of, it (to Garathustra's equal], (the reward) which the truthful man ; [that is, the good man] is giving to him, what is the first thing which happens through this sin of his ? (that is, what is his first chastisement in consequence of this fault?] (For) I am aware of what his punishment shall be in the end [ ]. $ The Pahlavi translator either had a text with some form of pa, or was otherwise misled. He renders mun netrund, but gives the word the adverse sense of hindering in the gloss. Ner., however, has pratiskhalanti which points to peshyeinti, and also tends to show that other MSS. of the Pahlavi (and among them the one used by Ner.) read differently from our three, K5, D. J., and the Persian transliteration. Kam=Ved. kam with dat. See Y. XXIX, 1. * Professor Wilhelm vigour' (De Infin. p. 14). Digitized by Digitized by Google

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1 22 THE GATHAS. YASNA XLV. THE DOCTRINE OF DUALISM. HOMAGE TO AHURA. This hymn bears fewer traces of a fragmentary condition than others. It recalls Y. XXX, and, like it, appears to belong to a period, or to an interval, of political repose and theological activity. It is smoother and more artificial than is usual, and it goes straight on its way from beginning to end. A powerful adversary had just been crushed. It was the dussasti of Y. XXXII, 9. This may * well have been the result of the conflict alluded to in Y. XLIV, 15, 16, and possibly in Y. LI, 9, 10, also urged on by the fierce Y. XXXI, 18 probably often repeated in lost hymns. An assembly is addressed as in Y. XXX, 1, but this time as coming from near and from far.' It may very possibly have been the winning side in a late struggle. The first verse sounds like a congratulation. It might be said to be intended to be sung, if not shouted, to a multitude whose outskirts were by no means within easy reach with the voice. At all events attention is summoned with three differing expressions. 'Awake your ears to the sound,' literally sound ye,' in a receptive sense; (' let the sound peal in your ears'), then 'listen' (sraota); and then "ponder' (mazdaunghodum). The * Antizarathustra, the evil teacher par eminence, has been defeated,' he declares, and he will never again destroy the peace of our lives (Y. XXXII, 9, 11). His evil creed has been silenced, and his tongue can no longer shout out its periods of persuasion or invective (Y. XXXI, 12) beside our preachers.' 2. He then reiterates the chief doctrine for which the parties had been at war, and which they should now see clearly in the light of their victory. "The foul evils of society do not lie within the control of the holy Ahura in such a manner as that he either originates, or tolerates them. They are, on the contrary, the product of the personified Anger of the Daevas, the Mainyu in its evil sense, the Angra (angry ?) Spirit. Between this being, or personified abstraction, and Ahura, there is a gulf fixed. (Never do we see any aspersions upon Ahura's name, or a suspicion of His purity as shown by complicity with cruelty, or the toleration of evil passions.) * It is also to be noted that the defeated dussasti may have possibly been a Daeva-worshipper chiefly as being a heretic from this Faith Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLV. 123 of Ahura, believing Him to be implicated in the creation, or permission of sin and suffering, or, if the burial or burning of the dead was forbidden at this time, then possibly a heretic on these questions also. But yet, as a recreant Mazda-worshipper he may have claimed a rightful allegiance to the urvata, and the future blessings, as well as temporal advantages, involved in a correct discipleship; and so he may have used the name of the sacred tenets of the Religion itself to help on a nefarious warfare. In fact he may have been a self-styled Mazda-worshipper, but not of 'Zarathustra's order,' not owned at all in any degree by the genuine adherents, and met as a real, if not an open, Daeva-worshipper. The ardent prophet therefore declares the utter severance between the good and the evil, the God and the Demon. It is a popular corollary to Y. XXX, 3-6. The two spirits came together indeed at first to make life, and its negation, and they co-operate, if such a term can be applied to an irreconcilable antagonism out of whose antitheses and friction sentient existence alone becomes possible. Their union consists in opposition, for if they blend, they each cease to be what they are. They are, while upholders of existence, yet separate for ever, and that as to every attribute and interest. 3. And the sage goes on to assert that in this he is proclaiming the first Mathra of this life which the all-wise Mazda had revealed to him. And, whether sure of the victorious masses before him, or whether on the contrary perfectly aware that many a group among them had been more convinced by the snaithis than by reason, he presses at once upon them that one terrible doctrine which seems unfortunately too needful for all successful and sudden propagandism, and he declares that they who do not act in a manner accordant with what he speaks, and even thinks, (having formerly announced it), to such delinquents this life should end in woe. 4. Proceeding in a happier vein, he then dwells upon the fatherhood of God. He will declare this world's best being who is Mazda Himself. He is the father of the Good Mind within His people, when that Good Mind is active in good works. So our piety, when it is practical, is His daughter, for no pretended good intention can claim relationship with Him, nor can any idle sentiment. He needs the 'ready mind' within His servant, and He is not to be deceived (compare Y. XLIII, 6). 5. Returning once more to the Mathra, and this time to hold out rewards rather than to utter threats, he declares that Happiness and Immortality would be the portion of those who listened to, and Digitized by Google Digitized by

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I 24 THE GATHAS. pondered his revelation, and that Ahura Himself would likewise approach them with the rewarding actions of His Good Mind, for Ahura was also in all good actions on the one hand, just as His Immortal Archangels on the other had their objective existence likewise in the believer's soul. 6. Turning from admonition to worship, he announces, not what he terms the first' (verse 3), nor the 'best' (verses 4 and 5), but the 'greatest,' element of all, implying that praise, which he now expresses, includes both prayer and doctrinal confessions, and he calls on Ahura both to listen and to teach. 7. It is the greatest' element indeed, for it concerns those spiritual blessings which not only the offerers who are now living will seek after, but those also who shall live in future ; nay, even the spirits of the just desire them in the eternal Immortality. And these blessings are, according to a well-remembered law, woe to the wicked, and that, not only from outward discipline, but from inward grief. And Ahura had established, so he adds, the beneficent, but, as regards the wicked, still solemn regulations by the exercise of His Sovereign Power as the controller of all (Y. XXIX, 4). 8. Zarathustra (or his substitute) then professes his eagerness to serve the Lord with these words which he had called the greatest,' and because he had seen Him with his very eyes, which he explains as meaning that he had known Him through the Righteous Order in his soul, and therefore he prays and hopes to pronounce these greatest praises, not in the assembly (Y. LI, 3) alone, but in the Home of sublimity or song' (Y. L, 4). 9. And he desires all the more fervently to do homage to Ahura, because He approaches him with the Power of His divine Authority in weal or woe, blessing both men and herds so long as they multiplied under the influences of Piety. 10. As the praises were the 'greatest,' so he seeks to 'magnify' the Lord in the Yasnas of Aramaiti, Ahura being renowned by His unchanging purpose, for He will bestow the eternal two' in His holy Kingdom, when it shall have been made firm! 11. Yea, he would seek to magnify Him who contemns the Daevas and their party as much as they, in their turn, profess to make little of Him and His religious Kingdom, contrasted as they were with Ahura's prophet, who honoured Him in the holy Insight, the Daena of the Saoshyant. And this Saoshyant is declared to be the controlling master of every faithful worshipper, and he, or the faithful venerator of the reviled Ahura, is also as our friend, brother, nay, like Ahura Himself (verse 4), our very Father in the Faith. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLV. 125 Translation. 1. Yea, I will speak forth; hear ye; now listen, ye who from near, and ye who from afar have come seeking ? (the knowledge). Now ponder? ye clearly all' (that concerns) him 4. Not for a second time shall the false teacher slay our life (of the mind, or the body). The wicked is hemmed in with his faith and his tongue ! 6 2. Yea, I will declare the world's two first o spirits, of whom the more bountiful thus spake to the harmful?: Neither our thoughts, nor commands, nor our Ish means to come seeking. The bavibuned of the Pahlavi, followed by many, is by no means incorrect ? The reading mazdaunghodum was suggested to me by Dr. Aurel Stein previously (as I believe) to its announcement elsewhere. Before this the indication of the Pahlavi (which always hesitates to change a MS. regarded at the time as sacred) had been followed by all with its necessary error. The e' in kithre must represent a nasalised vowel, as in mehmaidi. * Im may be merely a particle. 3 I would here strongly insist upon an alternative rendering in the sense of the Pahlavi. The rendering above is given on principle. A text should never be changed, if it is possible to render it as it is. Read, 'the wicked confessing (vareto, active sense) evil beliefs with his tongue.' The Pahlavi has zakas saritar kamako va zakas darvandih pavan huzvand hemnuned. Many, with this view, would at once read vareta without MSS. * Observe the peculiar pouruye (pourviye, if not a locative), the two first things, principles, forces; so in Y. XXX, 3. Notice that vahyd akemka (in Y. XXX, 3) necessarily apply to the mainya, and not only because, as nominatives, the words fall to the end of the sentence. Here we have analogous adjectives applied unmistakably to the two. The neuters correspond with vahistem mano and akistem mand, and are of capital importance as Digitized by Digitized by Google

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126 THE GATHAS. understandings, nor our beliefs, nor our deeds, nor our consciences, nor our souls, are at one ? 3. Thus I will declare this world's first? (teaching), that which the all-wise Mazda Ahura hath told me. And they among you who will not so fulfil and obey this Mathra, as I now shall conceive and declare it, to these shall the end of life (issue) in woe. 4. Thus I will declare forth this world's best (being). From (the insight of His) Righteousness Mazda, who hath appointed these (things) ?, hath known (what He utters to be true; yea, I will declare) Him the father of the toiling Good Mind (within us). So is His expressing that abstract conception which renders the Gathas so much more impressive as the earliest documents of their kind. 1 The Pahlavi thus glosses: I do not think what thou thinkest, Sfor I think what is pious, and thou thinkest what is impious); nor our teachings, [for I teach what is pious, and thou, what is impious] --nor our religions, for mine is the Gathic, and thine that of the sorcerer; nor our souls, (for he who takes his stand on my religion, and he who takes his stand on thy religion, are apart; their souls do not occupy the same position]. Ner.: naka dinih (yato me dinih gathabhava teka rakshasi*). The first teaching' was a prominent idea with the Zarathustrians. Z. is called in the later Avesta the paoiryolkaesha (sic). He hardly plays the role of a reformer in the Avesta. He is mentioned after others chronologically, not as repudiating them. He might better be termed reviver. Yam is difficult; perhaps daenam is to be understood, or yem (mathrem) read; see verse 4, angheus ahya vahistem. Neither pourvim nor vahistem are adverbs. Some change the text here to another which corresponds to some of the terms better. It should, however, first be rendered as it stands; the obscurities may well be owing to idiosyncrasy in the composer; possibly also to an affectation of obscurity (or 'dark speech'). How can Mazda be said to know Himself?' or how could any but Ahura be spoken of as 'the Father of Vohu Manah and Aramaiti ?' He recognised Himself as having generated V. M. and A. He was conscious of the completed relation. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLV. 127 daughter through good deeds (our) Piety. Not to be deceived is the all-viewing ? Lord. 5. Yea, thus I will declare that which the most bountiful One told me, that word which is the best to be heeded by mortals. They who therein grant me obedient attention, upon them cometh Weal to bless, and the Immortal being, and in the deeds of His Good Mind cometh the Lord. 6. Aye, thus I will declare forth Him who is of all the greatest, praising through my Righteousness, I who do aright, those who (dispose of all as well aright). Let Ahura Mazda hear with His bounteous spirit, in whose homage (what I asked) was asked * with the Good Mind. Aye, let Him exhort me through His wisdom (which is ever) the best. 7. (Yea, I will declare Him) whose blessings the offerers will seek for, those who are living now, as well as those who have lived (aforetime), as will they 1 Hishas looks irresistibly like a nom. sing., but may it not be a nom. actoris from the redup. root? Compare hishasat (although the Pahlavi renders with a different cast of meaning). What Indian word to compare here is hard to say. I prefer Bartholomae's earlier view (as to the meaning) with the Pahlavi harvispo nikiridar. By dropping the later glosses, the sense of the Pahlavi comes out as usual, much closer to the Gatha. * Observe the vigour possessed by 'Sraosha. It designates the angel of Obedience; and at the same time it is the only word which can here bring out the sense when it is understood in its actual meaning ; so continually with the words Vohu Manah, Asha, &c. 9 Lit. Him who I, doing aright, (praising Him with His immortals) who (all likewise) are (beneficent).' Or it may be that which * So with many who hold the least to the hints of the Pahlavi. Otherwise I would render 'there is furtherance,' comparing afrashimanto. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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128 THE GATHAS. also who are coming ? (hereafter. Yea, even) the soul(s) of the righteous (will desire) them in the eternal2 Immortality. (Those things they will desire which are blessings to the righteous) but woes to the wicked. And these hath Ahura Mazda (established) through His kingdom, He, the creator (of all). 8. Him in our hymns of homage and of praise would I faithfully serve, for now with (mine) eye, I see Him clearly, Lord of the good spirit", of word, and action, I knowing through my Righteousness Him who is Ahura Mazda. And to Him (not here alone, but) in His home of song , His praise we shall bear. 9. Yea, Him with our better Mind we seek to honour, who desiring (good), shall come to us (to bless) in weal and sorrow 6. May He, Ahura Mazda, make us? vigorous through Khshathra's royal power, 1 Bvaintika (sic) seems, as elsewhere, to express those who are becoming.' 9 The Pahlavi uniformly errs, or is strangely free, with this word. The sense continuous' is here admirably adapted. This word seems evidently used almost in a modern sense of character,' disposition.' Elsewhere we are in doubt whether to refer it to the Spenista Mainyu of Ahura, or to Ahura Himself. * Paradise; possibly 'home of sublimity. * The change from singular to plural is frequent. Ner. varies from the Pahlavi in the last verse, improving upon it: Evam tasmai pranamam antar Garothmane nidadamahe. This was probably an intentional improvement, as the Persian MS. follows our Pahlavi text. His MS. of the Pahlavi probably read bara yehabund. Or, who has created weal and sorrow for us with good intention, (and as our discipline);' but this is hardly probable. Ahura did not originate evil. Spenka, aspenka are used adverbially (see Y. XXXIV, 7). ? I hardly agree to reading verezenyau (sic) here in the sense of homes. The meaning is endow us with efficiency' in the pursuit of the objects mentioned in the context. Or the propitiation and Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLV. 129 our flocks and men in thrift to further, from the good support and bearing of His Good Mind, (itself born in us) by His Righteousness. 10. Him in the Yasnas of our Piety we seek to praise with homage, who in His persistent energy a was famed to be in truth) the Lord Ahura Mazda, for He hath appointed in His kingdom, through His holy Order and His Good Mind, both Weal and Immortality, to grant " the eternal mighty pair to this our land (and the creation). 11. (Him would we magnify and praise) who hath despised the Daeva-gods and alien men, them who before held Him in their derision. Far different are (these) from him who gave Him honour. This latter one is through the Saoshyant's bounteous Faith, who likewise is the Lord of saving power", reverential honour' may have been more directly in the composer's mind; 'may He endow our worship with efficiency that it may accomplish its desired result.' See the positions of the words. The Pahlavi translation also bears witness to the rendering above, with its erroneous or free varzidar avo lanman. 1 As it is impossible for those who have studied the subject to believe that the Pahlavi translator did not know the meaning of amavandih in Zend, we must suppose him to have had some form like hazah before him instead of huza(thwal). 2 The Pahlavi translator, rendering this word in the two other places by pavan astabih, had evidently some reason for seeing a form of naman here. The natural conclusion is that his MS. read differently in this place. Ner. renders him appropriately. 9 Dan looks like an accusative infinitive here (Bartholomae); otherwise the two verbs must be regarded as having indefinite pronouns understood, 'one assigns,' and 'they grant.' I cannot see the applicability of Agni's title house-lord' here; compare damsupatni as'adj. referring to pati. [31] k Digitized by Digitized by Google

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130 THE GATHAS. a friend, brother, or a father to us, Mazda Lord'! YASNA XLVI. PERSONAL SUFFERINGS, HOPES, AND APPEALS. In treating this most valuable section, we can as usual presuppose that the several verses were not originally composed in the order in which they now appear. Verses 1-3 seem like a cry from the depths.' In verse 4 animosity appears; and an appeal to the energy of some of his warlike adherents seems to prove that, with verses 5 and 6, the composer addressed it to an assembly; 7-10 are questions and appeals to Ahura, but, as a matter of course, they are none the less really intended to impress the hearers, as well as to animate the mind of the reciter. Verses II and 12 were again intended to be delivered to adherents. Verse 13 is addressed to them in terms. Verse 14 would be regarded by some as little suited to the connection, and the rest seem spoken to an assembly of chiefs. However different they may be as to the particular time or circumstances of their origin, they are in general so homogeneous even as to pitch of intensity, that, with a little exercise of the mind, we can as usual see the reasons why they were put together, or were consecutively composed; and in poetic diction sudden changes neither displease nor surprise us. 1. Beyond a doubt the leading prophet is the figure in the first and second verses; and those verses are so free from imagery that we hold them as describing beyond any reasonable 1 He who despised the Daevas, they returning the contempt is probably the same person expressed by the two hoi in the previous verse. It is therefore Ahura, but the words which mean friend, brother, father, are grammatically connected with ye--mainyata, the one who reverenced Ahura. The expression 'father' gives a strong impression that Ahura is referred to, notwithstanding the vocative. Particularly as we have father in verse 4. The word 'brother,' however, inclines one to the more closely grammatical view. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLVI. 131 -- - - - - question, together with many other passa ges in the Gathas, the afflictions and discouragements of Zarathustra himself. He knows not whither to turn, although he speaks as a public person and in command of forces which are scanty indeed (verse 2), but yet still able to take the field (Y. XLIV, 15, 16); and his movements also concern large districts ( lands'). He is not driven from his house, but from his country. It is superfluous to say that religion, although blended with a natural ambition, is his leading motive. How he shall satisfy Ahura is the one problem which he aims to solve; but his case at this particular juncture shows every discouragement. 2. Not supposing that his ya=yena is merely lost in the meaning that,' we see that in relieving his burdened mind he exclaims, not that he knows that he is poor in means and troops, but that he knows why it is thus. It is the dregvant's work, whom we may also well understand as the drugvant, the accursed enemy, who holds back (verse 4) the bearers of the Holy Order from all success in their efforts to gain a righteous livelihood from the favoured cattle culture (Y. XXIX, 2), and who, as he with grief long since foresaw, should he attain to power, would deliver up home, village, district, and province to ruin and death (Y. XXXI, 18). He therefore cries to Ahura in common with the Kine herself (Y. XXIX, 9), and his 'behold' is only a changed expression for her exclamations (Y. XXIX, I). As a friend, he would have the good Mazda to regard him as seeking an especial form of grace; and he would beseech Him to fill up his need (Y. XXVIII, 11) in his extremity, teaching him, not the value of flocks and followers alone, but of that isti which lay deeper than the material wealth which he yet lamented, even the blessings of the Holy Order in every home. 3. And therefore he continues: Teach me and tell me of those great thoughts, the khratavo, the salvation schemes of the Saviours, elsewhere also spoken of as the khratu of life (Y. XXXII, 9); for these saving helpers would, through a severe conflict and after many a reverse, at last bring on 'Completed Progress.' 4. But he must arouse himself from the relief and indulgence of his grief, he therefore springs to action, and with a cry which we hear elsewhere (Y. LIII, 9), and which was in all probability often uttered in hymns now lost to us, he urges the reward for the chief, who at the head of his retainers, shall expel the worlddestroyer, the dussasti (Y. XLV, 1), from power and from life. And what is that reward? It seems to be merely the recognition and confirmation of merit among the faithful. The man who shall K2 Digitized by Google Digitized by

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132 THE GATHAS. Salion. expel, or destroy, the beretical tyrant shall be eminent in the recognition of his services in the support of the people and their sacred agricultural civilisation. That was to be reward enough, and even that prestige (pourvatatem) was to be given back to God in offering for still further service (Y. XXXIII, 14). 5. And every righteous official is urged to repeat the proclamation as a warning to every polluted Daeva-worshipper whom he can discover, or to whom his voice can reach, as well as to those secret adherents who would seem to need encouragement. The charged official is to assail the destructive opponent (Y. XXXII, 6-8), only after careful discrimination. He is to approach the evil chief, the hostile hvaetu (of the blood), as distinct from the inferior noble, or the peasant clansman, and he is to tell him fully of the price set on his head. 6. And the superintendent who has the power, and does not thus carry out these instructions, shall himself be delivered over to the bonds of that Lie-demon whom the evil "kinsman" serves. For there is no compromise in the dualistic moral creed. The man who favours the evil is as the evil, and the friend of the good is as the good himself; so had the Lord ordained. 7. Then, as so often elsewhere, he turns his thoughts to the outward emblem as the sign of inward grace, the sacramental Fire without which the masses would have had no help to fix the eye, or draw prostrations, and he asks with the question of profound devotion : Whom have they (Thy Saoshyants, verse 3) set me, as strengthener in these storms, save Thee and Thy symbolic flames? Yet even here he names the Good Mind with them, and the Order. 8. But,' he continues, may he who would destroy my settlement find every influence and power combined to form his ruin; may all things keep him back from prosperity, and may nothing keep him back from harm.' 9. He calls, then, for a leading helper who may help him magnify Ahura, not merely in religious celebrations, but in that universal advance of the sacred 'cause,' which follows Ahura's 'conciliation' (verse 1). 10. As if to hinder the discouragement of those who hear his own unburdenings of grief, he declares that he will never leave the faithful few who follow him; he will go with them to the dread assize' itself, as if to help them pass the last of tests. 11. But the 'wicked,' open or concealed, should not share these hopes; their conscience, ever the remorseless executioner, shall curse them, as they try to pass the Judgment Bridge; and hurled Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLVI. 133 from that narrow path (it becomes narrow to the faithless), they shall fall to 'eternal' Hell. 12. Their destruction is not, however, yet decided; there is nou only hope for the tribesmen of Ahura, but for the pagan, and not for. the 'alien' only, but for the Turanian enemy, whose very name had been a synonym for suffering. If these even shall repent, they may be blest; and some had already turned. The converted tribe Fryana offered many pious proselytes. These would help on the righteous order together with the holy people, and God would dwell with them as well. 13. Rhetorically referring to himself as in the third person, or else representing some second speaker who names his name, he can still offer his reward to any prince who will yet come up with his retainers to his cause, not kept back by the many refusals which he had met (verse 1), nor discouraged by the scant numbers of his bands; and that reward is one which might yet be efficacious to induce self-sacrificing succour, for in addition to what had been said (see verse 4) he could declare spiritual life from Ahura to be the portion of every faithful follower, and with it future temporal wealth. And he should declare this true recruit the good mate' in the service, the first helper (verse 9) of the tribes. 14. Here we have what seems a question conceived as uttered by some one in the throng, or else simply rhetorically thrown in: * Who is that friend, that powerful coadjutor who is thus offered this reward, and for such a service?' Zarathustra names the king. But he diverts the minds of hearers from a pernicious trusi in individuals. He would appeal, so he implies, not to one man only, although that one be Vistaspa, the heroic, but to all whom Ahura would recognise in His assembly, through the inspired suffrage of the mass. 15. And first he addresses the group made up chiefly of his family, the Spitamas; they were, as he implied, enlightened in the sacred lore, and among the foremost therefore of the Ar(e)dra. 16. He then calls on Frashaostra, with the Hvogvas, exhorting all to continue in their righteous course, in harmony with those whom they wish for as Saviours for the land, assuring them that they will reach at last that sacred scene where the 'Immortals' dwell with God. 17. "That scene,' he further adds, where the faithful sing their praises in perfection, using the true metres' (as sacred as the Vedic). And he declares that Ahura, who discerns the truth infallibly, will heed and answer; for the praises sung there will be those of obedient men who offer to the cause. 18. He once 18. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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134 :,. . THE GATHAS. more holds out his spiritual rewards as the best gifts of the inspired revelation, threatening as usual commensurate visitation upon the oppressing clans, while both promises and threats are in harmony with Ahura's will, for that alone has been his guide in every statement. 19. After all complaints, and threats, and stern injunctions, he closes with the once more repeated word 'reward,' and that for every man who shall aid in his great affair' (Y. XXX, 2), and he appeals to God Himself, asserting His inspiration for all that he has said. Translation. 1. To what land to turn?; aye, whither turning shall I go? On the part of? a kinsman (prince), or allied peer, none, to conciliate, give 3 (offerings) to me (to help my cause), nor yet the throngs of labour, (not) even such as these 4, nor yet (still less) the evil 1 The Pahlavi translator sees the usual meaning in nemoi and nemo. He also accepts kam zam adverbially after the constant Greek usage. In what land shall I establish my religion (as it is here rejected); whither with my praises (of the true God) shall I go?' The rendering is so much richer that I turn from it with great reluctance. * It is to be regretted that able scholars should so hastily change the Gathic text here without first trying to render it as it is. This is all the more necessary, as each independent writer disputes emendations. Pairi I think ought to stand. The hvaetu, airyaman, and verezenem are also elsewhere alluded to, as appertaining to the hostile party sometimes, and therefore not among those from among whom (para ?) the prophet would be expelled. 3 Dadaiti as a third plural has long been suggested with the eagerness of discovery. Its subjects would then be khshnaus, and that implied in ya verezena. But the construction is difficult thus, and it may be greatly doubted whether we had not better alter our discovery back into the singular with the Pahlavi. I am greatly confirmed in my view of the grammatical form of khshnaus by Bartholomae's decision for a nominal form. Otherwise it would be a third singular, with loss of the final dental. * Heka seems to be an irregular form (see Y. LVIII, 4). I can Dialized by Google Digitized by

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YASNA XLV OS THE RESE LIBRARIS Y UNIVERSITY ) 135 tyrants of the province. How the s torffestablish well the Faith, and thus) conciliate Thy (grace), O Lord ? 2. This know I, Mazda! wherefore I am thus unable to attain my wish', and why my flocks are so reduced in number, and why my following is likewise scant. Therefore I cry to Thee; behold it, Lord! desiring helpful grace for me, as friend bestows on friend. (Therefore to meet my spirit's need, and this as well) declare and teach? to me the Good Mind's wealth. 3. When come, Great Giver! they who are the day's enlighteners, to hold the Righteous Order of the world upright, and forward pressing? When are only make an exclamatory isque=talisque of it. The Pahlavi renders freely as if some form of hi=to bind were before him (recall hois ?), or perhaps he read haka, rendering as=these all together, hamsayakik; Ner. ye svasrenayo. So the Kine complained of him in Y. XXIX, 9 as anaesha ; So also the Pahlavi, explaining akhvastar Taigham denman atubanikih maman rai khavilunam). He proceeds li amat kam ramak va amatik kam-gabra homanam, explaining anaesho as not being an isha-khshathra. Ma=sma notwithstanding position (?). 2 Nim wahr' has long since circulated as a rendering for akhs; and with istim in the sense of prayer,' it has afforded the admirable sense observe, take heed of the desire of the pious.' But we have a positive proof of the meaning 'teach,' declare' for khsa; see Y. LXV, 9 (Wg.). So also in Y. XXVIII, 5. That Ahura possessed an isti is clear from Y. XXXIV, 5. And if the sage could ask, "What is your isti (wealth)? what is your kingdom (power over possessions)?' it is certainly not strained to suppose that he could say here; "tell me concerning your wealth, especially as he bewails his poverty. Isti is in antithesis to the idea expressed in kamnafshva and kamnana. So also the Pahlavi as translated by the Persian 'hezanah. Ukshano would seem to be an ancient error for ushano, as the Pahlavi translator renders as if reading usha in Y. L, 10, and Digitized by Digitized by Google

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136 THE GATHAS. the schemes of the saviour Saoshyants with (their) lofty revelations (to appear)? To whom for help does he (their chief) approach, who has Thy Good Mind (as his fellow-worker 1)? Thee, for mine exhorter and commander, Living Lord ! I choose. 4. (But e'er these helpers come to me, all rests as yet in gloom.) The evil man is holding back 2 those who are the bearers of the Righteous Order from progress : with the Kine, (from progress with the sacred cause) within the region, or the province, he, the evil governor, endowed with evil might", consuming life with evil deeds. Wherefore, whoever hurls him from his power, O Mazda ! or from life, stores for the Kine in sacred wisdom shall he make?. not ukhsha. Otherwise 'increasers of the days' is a fine expression, but suspicious in view of the Pahlavi rendering in Y. L, 10. Ner.'s *vikasayitryo (sic) is striking, but I cannot claim for it all that it seems to offer, as Ner. elsewhere renders forms of vakhsh by those of kas. The Persian follows the Pahlavi. 1 Comp. Y. XLIV, 1. ? Pa in the sense of keeping back from welfare' as well as in that of protection,' a sense first taught us by the Pahlavi writers, is now at last generally acknowledged. It now, like many other suggestions of the Pahlavi, actually casts light in the rendering of the analogous Vedic word. 9 So the mass of MSS. with the Pahl. min fravamisno; Persian az raftan. The expression might refer to the 'going of the kine,' as representing the people in her path.' - Comp. Y. XXXI, 18. Pahl. zak i pavan dus-stahamak; Ner. dushto balatkari. The elements seem to be duz + hazo + bao( =vao). o Ush in Iranian seems to have the sense of destruction combined with it sometimes; hence aoshah, aoshisno. ? Kar can well mean 'attain to.' Pathmeng as=paths (so I formerly rendered) gives a far feebler sense than that indicated by the first Zendist, the Pahlavi writer. The wisdom' of preparing stores for the kine, even if we suppose an animal only to be meant Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLVI. 137 5. (Yea), he who, as ruler, treats no coming applicant with injury', as a good citizen (or nobly wise) in sacred vow and duty, and living righteously in every covenant, who, as an uncorrupted judge, discerns the wicked (that leader who, rejecting me, would keep back those who propagate the Faith), let him, (this righteous judge,) declare (the vengeance) to that (hostile 2) lord, (my) kinsman. Yea, let him crush him when he sallies forth 3 (to approach us for our harm)! 6. (And he who leaves him in his guilty error has my curse.) Yea, he who has the power, and will not thus (with stern reproof 5) approach him, shall go to is obvious. The Iranian winter was something very different from that in India. But the kine is not alluded to without a certain figurative meaning: she represents the people, and as such she cried aloud; and Zarathustra received the commission to relieve her sufferings as such. That the word hukistois stands in the genitive should not disturb us. The 'care for the kine' was a matter of national importance, and wisdom'could not better be exercised than in this direction. Or we may render 'he who as ruler does not bestow favours upon him who approaches with injury.' The hint of the Pahlavi favours this. ? Hvaeta ve is here, as in Y. XXXIII, 4; Y. XXXII, 1, and the first verse of this chapter, the hostile chieftain called 'kinsman' in an aristocratic sense by Zarathustra and his group. I compare uzdithyauska which is used of the breaking forth of water. The Pahlavi translator seems to have had some such idea mun lala hengido,' but with him the entire line, which divides all writers, favours the sense 'in saving him from his impiety.' Khrunyat is a verbal form (with Bartholomae). * The Pahlavi translator sees the root is=to wish in ismano, who does not willingly approach him ;' or 'who does not approach desiring (and seeking ?) him.' I am gratified to see that another takes nearly this view of this line. He has verfolgt.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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138 THE GATHAS. the abode of the Lie, (and) the enchainer? For he is evil who is the best one to the evil, and he is holy who is friendly to the righteous, as Thou didst fix the moral laws ?, O Lord ! 7. Whom, then, as guard, O Mazda ! hast Thou 3 set me 4 then when that wicked one still held 6 me for his hate? Whom (had I) then but Thee, Thy Fire and Mind, Ahura ! by deeds performed in which Thy Righteous rule is saved and nurtured? Therefore that spiritual power (r) (vouchsafing me) for the (holy) Faith (its truths) declare. 8. And as to him who (now by evil power) delivers up my settlements to harm, let not his burning (wrath) in deeds attain ? me. But bearing back the (evil will and evil influence of such), let these things come (back) to him in anger. Let that to his body come which holds from welfare; but let no (help) Haethahya, as a masculine, is awkward, as would be baethahya, so the Pahl. (of the terrifier). A loc. of haithya may be correct, taking daman also as a loc. Otherwise 'to the creatures of the Lie, and the enchainer (or terrifier).' * Or, 'as Thou didst make the souls at first.' * So with K6, K9 (Barth.). * Some render 'me' here, who seem elsewhere loath to translate thwavant as=like thee, thee. Khshmavato, thwavas, and mavaite, in Y. XLIV, 1, may be rendered, of you,' thou,' and 'to me.' * So the Pahlavi indicates. I have, however, elsewhere, as against tradition, rendered as if the root were dar(e)s; 'has set his eye on me for vengeance. One might be tempted to read tal moi das tvem; that granting me, do Thou speak forth for the faith.' 7 The Pahlavi translator indicates the root sa by his resh; so read as alternative, let him not wound us.' 8 The meaning but contrariwise' has been ventured on. The indication of the Pahlavi is 'in opposing;' pavan padirak yamtunisno. 9 The Pahlavi here misses the point, and taking payat in its usual Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLVI. 139 at all (approach him, which may) keep him back from misery. (And let this happen as I speak) from (vengeful) hate, O Lord! 9. But who is the freely helping one who will teach me foremost how we may adore Thee, Thou the well to be invoked 2 as in Thy deeds, the holy), bountiful Ahura ? What (words) the Kine's creator + spake for Thee by aid of, and to aid, the Righteous ritual Order, these words of Thine, (Thy people coming) with Thy Good Mind, are seeking * now (to gain and learn from) me , O Mazda Lord ! sense, falls into confusion. The ancient scholars, like some of their successors, could not always believe that pa could mean 'to hold back from good' as well as from evil. They recognised it sometimes, giving us our instruction on the subject, but not here. Did the composer appeal to some powerful coadjutor here, or does he rhetorically express his perplexity? ? Zevistim must equal forms of hu; but from the constant evidence of the Pahlavi to the meaning 'endearing,' one is much inclined to suggest a reading as if from zush. 8 Ashavanem is applied to Ahura, and cannot so well mean righteous' here. Holy' is the more proper term in this connection, while spentem is necessarily excluded from that meaning by its occurrence with ashavanem in immediate connection. * Notice that the word tasha occurs here with no mention of wounding in the connection (see note 6 on page 6). I am here recalled to the Pahlavi by some who rarely name it. I had rendered, 'these words are inciting me (in duty) through Thy Good Mind ;' so ish often in the Veda. The Pahlavi translator, like his successors, scandalised at the difficult forms, also anticipated his successors (as elsewhere often) in getting free from the difficulty. He did what is exactly equivalent to what is now practised by scholars (sometimes too often). He rendered the text as if changed from what he could not understand to what he could understand, adhering to the right roots however, which I now follow. He knew that ishenti ma did not mean, I am seeking,' but he could not credit the words before him. o We have now a suggestion which must often have presented itself to those who read the Rig-veda constantly, and that is (so Digitized by Digitized by Google

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140 THE GATHAS. 10. Whoever, man or woman, shall give to me those (gifts) of life which Thou hast known as best, O Mazda ! and as a holy blessing through (Thy) Righteous Order, a throne (established) with (Thy) Good Mind, (with these I shall go forth; yea, those) whom I shall (accompany and so) incite ?, to the homage of such as You 3 (on earth), forth to the Judge's Bridge (itself) with all of them shall I lead on * (at last). 11. (And they and I have every need for help, for now) the Karpan and the Kavi will join in governments to slay the life of man with evil deeds, they whom their own souls and their own conscience will becry. And when they approach there where the Judge's Bridge (extends, unlike the believing ones of God, who go so firmly forth with me as guide and helper, these shall miss their path and fall"), and Bartholomae) that ma may equal sma here and often elsewhere. It is well possible, as the 's' often disappears. 1 Notice once more the expression, Thou hast known;' so in Y. XXVIII, 11, the composer confides the very direction of his petitions to the discrimination of the Deity. We gain from this the true sense of peresa nau ya toi ehma parsta; Ahura's question and prayer are mighty when repeated by us, because He has known what is best, and what are the true datheng for which we should ask. * This sense corresponds admirably with the connection ; Ner. utthapayami. Such as you=you as in the plural of majesty, or as referring to Ahura and His Bountiful Immortals (so often). * Go forth * Or, 'with kings;' but the Pahlavi has, avo khudayih ayugend mun Kik va Karapo. * So the Pahlavi indicates. Otherwise 'will harden,' or, if khraodat is read, will rage (against).' * Inserted to shed light on the last line; so the later Parsism. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLVI. 141 in the Lie's abode for ever shall their habitation be. 12. (But for the penitent there is yet hope ; for all our former foes shall not thus fall, as from the K'invat Bridge to woe, for) when from among the tribes and kith of the Turanian, even among the more powerful . ones of the Fryana, those shall arise ? who further on the settlements of Piety with energy and zeal, with these shall Ahura dwell together through His Good Mind (in them), and to them for joyful grace deliver His commands 8. 13. Yea, he who will propitiate Zarathustra Spitama 4 with gifts midst men, this man is fitted for the proclamation, and to him Ahura Mazda will give the (prospered) life. And he will likewise cause the settlements to thrive in mental goodness. We think him, therefore, Your good companion to (further and maintain) Your Righteousness (and meet for Your approach). 1 I am again brought back to the Pahlavi, having formerly rendered 'bodies,' which I would now put in the second place. 9 The Pahlavi, although as usual free or erroneous as to forms, gives us the valuable hint of hengi-ait for uzgen (sic=gayen). 3 Here we have the clear evidence of the conversion of a border tribe. The Zarathustrians had saved some Turanian clan from plunder or annihilation, and so secured their friendship. These. became known as the 'friendly people.' That true Zarathustrian piety may have arisen among them is of course possible. * It need hardly be said that this reference to Z. in the third person, does not prove that the composer was not Z. himself. One inight even say that his authorship was even not less probable on this account. Let it be noted that the Pahlavi translator gives us our first critical knowledge as to the true writing and meaning of mehmaidi ; or will scholars object that he renders in the singular? Valman pavan zak f Lekom Ahariyih hamishak minim khap hamkhak ; Ner. dhyayami suddha-sakhayam. Digitized by Google Digitized by .

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142 THE GATHAS. --- -- - -- (A voice from among the Chiefs.) 14. (But where is such an one?) Whom hast thou Zarathustra'! thus a holy friend for the great (effort of the) cause ? Who is it who thus desires to speak it forth ? (Zarathustra answers. Aye, such an one I have.) It is our Kavi Vistaspa?, the heroic; (and not he alone, but all) whom thou shalt (as in Thy prophet) meet 3 in the assembly, O Ahura Mazda ! these likewise will I call (to my attempt), and with Thy Good Mind's words. 15. O ye Haekat-aspas, Spitamas! to you will I now address my words, since ye discern the things unlawful, and the lawful, for these your actions to establish + (firmly on its base) for you the Righteous Order through those which are the Lord's primeval laws. 16. (And to the Hvogvas would I likewise speak.) Thou Frashaostra Hvogva (whom I see) ; go thou * Shall we regard this verse as misplaced because the subject is in the second person? It is probable (as of very many verses) that it was often recited by the composer, or others, in a different connection, and perhaps originally so; but it was a happy thought for the effect to introduce it here. Let it be supposed that this and the previous verse were arranged to be spoken by another voice during the public recital. We see that the interest is much increased by the intruding strophe. This passage may be regarded as recording the call of Vistaspa to the holy work. Zu=hu need not always express the invocation of the gods. & Others, 'unite.' * Or, 'ye take to you the righteous character to yourselves,' as the infinitive is difficult; but in that case Khshmaibya becomes awkward. The translation of da as 'take' has long been familiar. 6 Obviously composed for an occasion when the several parties would be present. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLVI. 143 (forth) with the generous helpers', with those whom we are praying for as for salvation to the land. Go thou where Piety joins hand in hand with the Righteous Order, where are the wished-for Realms of Good Mind, where Mazda in His most honoured 2 home abides, 17. Where in your measured verse 3 I will declare aloud (the praises), not in unmeasured lines, Gamaspa Hvogva! but songs of homage (will I weave) with ever gained Obedience in offering. (And unto Mazda) will I chant them, yea, to Him who will discern aright what things are lawful (or) unlawful* (which I thus do, or utter), and with His wonder-working thoughts of Righteousness (attend). 18. (For) whosoever (offers) sanctity to me, to him shall be the best gifts whatsoever. Yea, of my *Ar(e)dra seems to be especially applied, and might be left unrendered. ? I see no impossibility whatever in such a rendering, literally in his choice-abode;' so also the Pahlavi indicates : tamman aigh A dharmazd pavan kamak den demano ketruned. The question is of going' and 'dwelling,' and the meaning abode' is quite in point. As to var, see ista khshathra; and compare mazdavara. Aside from this, vardmam=in blessing. 3 The Pahlavi again, with its followers, gives us our first hint at the general meaning here. What else can his padman and apadmanik mean, but the regularity, that is, the rhythm and cadence of the words? * Dathemka adathemka would be the truth and the heresy' in general. * If mantu is taken as an instrumental, (can it be an act. imper.?) vista might occupy the place of a preterit, but it looks far more like a participle, and might be regarded as forming a compositum with vahmeng. Supply the dat.(?) pers. pron. understood before yo. * The alteration to yaus, considered as an aorist, has long circulated, but seems now, like so many of the bolder conceptions, to be given up. Yaos is the sister word of the Vedic yos, and Digitized by Digitized by Google

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144 THE GATHAS. (spirit's) wealth will I bestow on him through Thy Good Mind (which I give), but oppressions will I send on him who as oppressor will deliver us to anguish, O Mazda! desiring, as I do, to satisfy Your choice by righteous (vengeance). This is the decision of mine understanding and my will. 19. (Yea, this I earnestly announce.) He who from Righteousness (in mind and life) shall verily perform for me, for Zarathustra, that which is thus most helpful (for my cause) according to my earnest wish (and through my words of urgent zeal) on him shall they bestow reward(s) beyond this earth, with all the mental? blessings gained through the sacred motherkine. And these things (all) did'st Thou (Thyself) command to me, O Mazda, Thou most wise 3 ! shows us that some shade of sanctity may inhere in that word. The Pahlavi renders more indefinitely by "yan'=a helpful blessing. 1 The Pahlavi translator, however, saw mena, rendering avo li. His text may well have justified him. ? Bearing; or is it 'fit to drive?' * The Pahlavi here reports another text. (SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. Askil, in verse 18, may equal 'verily indeed.' Vahista, &c.='the best things of my wealth will I assign to him through the Good Mind.' The meaning 'wealth' seems much called for here, and if here, then in verse 2. Vasna in verse 19 may mean through grace.') Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLVII. 145 THE GATHA(A) SPENTA MAINYO (SPENTAMAINYU(U)). This Gatha, consisting of Yasna XLVII-L, takes its name from its commencing words. Like the other Gathas it owes its existence as a collection to the nature of its metre, as its matter is homogeneous with that of the others. Its metre may be said to be Trishtup, as its lines have each eleven syllables, and are arranged in stanzas of four. A general view precedes each chapter. The grouping of hymns in this Gatha has, as usual, little or nothing to do with the question of their relative age. YASNA XLVII. THE BOUNTIFULNESS OF AHURA. As in every instance, we may have here only the fragments of a more extended piece; but also, as ever, the circumstance does not diminish the value of what remains. Although some signs of authorship apart from Zarathustra are present, the later verses are not at all remote, so far as the period of time which they indicate is concerned, from the Zarathustrian verses, and are therefore of nearly equal interest, possessing the advantage moreover of affording data for estimating the progress of change. 1. The Spenta mainya here is not identical with Ahura, but is, as so often, His spirit. It is more than possible that the memorable application of the word spenta to the seven, giving us the Ameshospends, the Amshaspands of literature, derives its origin from the first verse here before us, or from lost verses of a similar character. All the seven seem purposely and artificially grouped here, although His Spirit' is of course not one of them. The commencing word spenta further attracted attention in so far as to form the theme for a sort of play upon words in the later epilogue of Visparad XIX. By means of this His indwelling Spirit (which idea, or expression, has probably no direct connection with the Holy Spirit of the Old and New Testaments, but which, as giving the designation spirit' to the Ameshospends, may well have been the original of the seven spirits which are before the throne of God'), by means of this [31] Digitized by Google

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146 THE GATHAS. blessed spirit, that is, in accordance with his inmost thoughts, Ahura bestows a gift upon the ideal saint (verses 4, 5), upon him who works the best results for Zarathustra (Y. XLVI, 19), the Ratu, and the prophet (Y. XXIX, 6,8). And this gift is declared to be the inseparable two, Happiness in every particular, and then both the prospect and realisation of the continuance of that Happiness in Immortality. And these He bestows, not through His immediate action, which no human intellect, or susceptibility, could take in unaided, but by His especially revealed Benevolence, His Best Mind, as His representative, in accordance with His plan of Order and Purity, pervading every moral as well as every spiritual regulation, and by the exercise of His Royal Power, sent forth as the 'archangel' Khshathra, and embodied in the polity of the sacred Zarathustrian state, and this as influenced in all its relations, public ractical piety called Aramaiti, Ahura's daughter (the ready mind). Such a revelation of the component parts of the mind and will of the Deity, the simplest labouring class could understand for the moment, and for some decades; but all was, as a matter of course, soon to be overgrown with the old weeds of superstition and of myth. 2. Falling into detail and varying expressions, the composer prays that Ahura may carry out His holy scheme into action by the busy hands and fingers of domestic piety, and by the preached and recited words of the Good Mind from the mouth and tongue of faithful priests. So, and so only, would He become the Father of Asha, the divine Order, and of moral and ritual regularity among men. 3. From discourse concerning God, he arises, as so often, to an address to Him. That Spirit (referred to in the verses 1, 2) is Ahura's own, for He is the one who makes it bounteous; He is the bountiful One who has created the sacred symbolic Kine, the emblem and the substance of joy, representing at once the possessions of the holy people, and those people themselves. And He it is who, in answer to her wail (Y. XXIX, 1, 9), has spread for her the meadows of Piety' as arranged in the consultations (Y. XXXIII, 6) made on her behalf. 4. And this 'Spirit' as might be expected, does not confine its attention to the inspiration of Piety alone. The justice of Mazda is vindicated. The wicked are afflicted under its influence with a long wounding (Y. XXX, 11) for their sins, and for their cynical preference for prosperous men of bad and dishonest character as well as of heretical faith. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLVII. 147 5. But he expresses his confidence that Ahura Mazda will, in the end, set all aright. He will, unlike the persons just mentioned, give unto the ashavan, not kasu alone, but paru, (not a meagre share, but fulness) of whatever is the best, while the dregvant and the aka (verse 4), the faithless and the wicked, although they may be isvano, prosperous, will only taste the enjoyment of their wealth aside from God, and therefore marred. So long as they pursue their usual course, they live in actions inspired not by the bountiful spirit, but by the Evil Mind, a mind as aka as the person alluded to in the words paraos (kathe) akd dregvaite in the previous verse. 6. But, as ever, the moral appeals, and ascriptions of praise, lofty as they are, are not left without the support and service of the ritual. God will give these gifts, and all which are the best, but in connection with His Fire imparted to these struggling sides (Y. XXXI, 2), the believing and the faithless (verses 4, 5), through the increase of His Piety and Order; for that piety, as ever the instructress, will convert all those who come to her, and seek her light (Y. XXX, 1; Y. XLV, 1). Nay, she will cause all the living to choose and believe in God (Y. XXXI, 3). (If the first two verses here are more like the work of a disciple, the last four show again the original tone. It must never be forgotten, however, that later and even interpolated portions are, in their sense, also original, and differ but slightly in their great age from pieces more directly from the first composer.) Translation. 1. And to this' (man, His chosen saint), Ahura Mazda will give? both the two (greatest gifts, His) 1 Or, 'to us;' but in that case it would be the Kine who took counsel' as mentioned in the third verse. This is, however, far from impossible, as she is mentioned as uttering her wail, and being answered by her maker in Y. XXIX, 1, 2. So understanding, 'to us' becomes an admirable rendering for verse I ; but in verse 3, it is strained, as the Kine for whom (Y. XXIX, 9) Zarathustra was appointed, could not so readily be declared to be the one which was given to 'us,' she representing 'us' in that place to a great extent. There is a certain plausibility about the rendering 'to us,' but I think ahmai refers to ashaone understood (see verses 4 and 5). The Pahlavi, moreover, is against a first person. * Dan (Geldn.) seems to be a 3rd plural aorist subjunctive; the L 2 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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148 THE GATHAS. Universal Weal and Immortality, by means of His bountiful Spirit, and with His Best Mind, from the desire to maintain His) Righteous moral Order in word and deed, and by the (strength and wisdom) of * His Sovereign Power, (established) in Piety (among His folk). 2. Aye, (that blessedness, which is the) best 1 (creation of this most bounteous spirit, Ahura Mazda will bring forth in action with words from the mouth and tongue of His Good Mind (within His seers), and by the two hands 2 of Aramaiti (His Piety as she lives within the soul). And by such 3 wise (beneficence is) He the father of the righteous Order (within our worship and our lives). 3. And Thou art therein, O Ahura Mazda! the bountiful One who appertains to, and who possesses, that (most bounteous) spirit in that Thou art He who for this * (man, in whom this spirit works) hath made the joy-creating Kine. (And as to her), for her, as plural being owing to the fact that Ahura gives with the other Ameshospends. Da might also be the relic of the proper word which represents the participle; comp. das (sic). 1 The idea of the summum bonum seems to have early developed itself, and from this constant use of this word in the neut. singular and plural, and also with anghu. Notice once more the pronounced personification of both Vohu Manah and Aramaiti; see Y. XXX, 8, and Y. XLIV, 14, &c. The Pahlavi translation notices the dual form pavan kola II yadman. * The Pahlavi seems to lead those who regard oya as a form of ava; it has zak i. . This is the ahmai of the first verse, (but always possibly='to us,' if the verses are not to be brought into any kind of connection.) Otherwise it obviously refers to ashaune * in 4 and 5; so the Pahlavi throughout. See ahmai and hoi in LI, 6. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLVII, 149 joyful meadows of her peace, wilt Thou bestow (Thine) Aramaiti (who is our Piety as earth considered), since he ? (for her) hath taken counsel with Thy Good Mind, Lord ! 4. (But this Thy bounteous spirit doth not alone bestow rewards and blessings on the good.) The wicked (foemen of the Faith) are harmed, and from (the motives which move) that bounteous spirit (of Thine own), O Mazda 3 ! but not thus the saints. (And yet the ruler's pride would ever slight the righteous.) The feeble man alone stands free to give in kindly obligation to Thy saint, but having wealth and ruling power, the evil (man) is (at the service) of the wicked, and for much . ? Many would say that we have here an instance in which the identity of Aramaiti with the earth is recognised in the Gathas. I would say, on the contrary, that here we have an instance in which a poetical conception gave rise to a later error or fantastical association. Piety, with frugal virtue, induced a thorough husbandry; and secured the hushiti, peaceful home-life. She gave meadows to the Kine; at the next step she poetically represents the meadows, and then the earth. If vastrai, it would be for nurture.' ? Or 'she,' as she once bewailed in a colloquy. Otherwise the person who was appointed to care for her interests is meant. Compare Y. XXXIII, 6, where the righteous Zaotar speaks as desiring counsels (hemparstois) in the interest of the pastures, and the laws of the sacred agriculture. Cp. also the later reproduction of the idea in an extended form in the Vendidad. The zaotar of Y. XXXIII, 6, may have been the ashavan of verses 4 and 5. 3 Voc. with K5 (Barth.). * The Pahlavi gives us, as usual, our first surmise as to the meaning of 'kathe;' I follow Geldner with regard to it as against Haug. The expressions here are not literal. Isvakit connects only indirectly with kascuskil, as kathe intervenes. I regard paraos ako dregvaite as presenting the true antithesis to kascuskit na ashaune. The isva may have kit merely from the influence of jingle, being at the head of the line like kaseus ; isva means Digitized by Digitized by Google

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150 THE GATHAS. 5. But Thou wilt give these gifts, and through Thy (most blessed and most) bounteous spirit, O Ahura Mazda ! to this? Thy holy saint, for they are whatsoever is the best ; but fara from Thy love the wicked has his portion, abiding in the actions of the Evil Mind. 6. Aye, these things wilt Thou give (to him), O Thou Ahura Mazda! and through Thy bounteous spirit, (and) by Thy Fire as in a good bestowal to of itself possessing means.' Paraos may depend on kathe understood, as kaseus depends on it expressed. Moreover, has in all the instances in which it is used ends the sense, and here is separated by the caesura from paraos, which, however, is of no great importance. The discourse is of the wicked; the holy are incidentally mentioned, and here their ill-treatment is signalised. Ako cannot well mean "hostile' here; see also akat in the following verse. I svakit, if understood with na, alters nothing. 'A man was desirous of little for the service of the saint, but even when he himself was rich, (in the desire) of much was the evil for the evil.' Or, taking kascuskit as governed by isvakit understood with kathe as before understood in the last line : Only a man (men) (possessed) of little was at the service of the righteous, while an evil man (men) possessed of much (was at the service) of the wicked.' The other translation is: 'Even a man of little means stands to the willing service of the saint, but a man even of large means is hostile (?) to the wicked.' This is very glib and so attractive, but I cannot accept it in view of the context. Gathic expression is often unfortunately far from glib; but cramped, awkward, and apt to contain more thought than could be conveniently expressed within the counted number of syllables. The glib rendering needs other language than that in the MSS. See the following verse, which directly contrasts the treatment of the good and evil by Ahura Himself. See ahmai in verse 1, and ashaune in verse 4. Ahura treats the saint in a manner the reverse from that practised by the na kaseus* and ako, not giving sparingly to the good, nor much to the wicked. The Pahlavi gives us our first surmise here, as usual, by gavid min hana i lak doshisnih. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLVIII. 151 the two striving 1 (throngs) through the prosperous increase of our Piety, and of the Righteous ritual and moral Truth; for that (Piety of ours instructing) doth teach the many coming ones who seek her (face)! YASNA XLVIII. ANTICIPATED STRUGGLES AND PRAYERS FOR CHAMPIONS AND DEFENDERS. This chapter divides itself quite naturally into sections. 1-4 belong together, then 5 and 6, 7 seems less closely connected; then follows 8-12. 1. A struggle is evidently at hand, whether the same as that to which allusion is more than once made, by incitation, as in Y. XXXI, 18; with anxious expectation, as in Y. XLIV, 15, 16; or as if in a sense of victory, as in Y. XLV, 1; or of defeat, as in Y. XLIX, is difficult, or rather impossible to determine. But with the verses 10, 11, 12 in view, together with the dispirited, YXLIX, 1, we shall say at once that, if this verse was intended to connect with them, an armed struggle had been expected, whether the decisive one or not, we need not say. The saint, that is, the pious adherent to the Holy Order, whatever may be the result of the preliminary struggles, is encouraged by a view of the end. 2. But the burdened worshipper craves still further reassurance before the storms of battle came once more upon him. 3. For little as the assurances of Ahura are valued ;' but compare the asayau in Y. XXXI, 2 just preceding ranoibya; so here the ashavan and dregvant are mentioned in a preceding verse. The Pahlavi is unvarying with patkardarano. I will not positively decide as to this point; generally, however, the preferred rendering is in the text, while on very many questions there is nearly an even balance of probabilities. ? Or, chooses to herself;' but a causative sense may be expressed by an intensive form; the Pahlavi also here bears evidence in the same sense to a causative by hemnuned, itself, however, meaning only the object caused; namely, the belief. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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152 THE GATHAS. by the heretic, to the man who understands the true relations, what Ahura declares by means of His inspired prophets, the secretannouncers, this is, of all things, best; (he need not ask as elsewhere, Y. XXXI, 17). 4. And whoever would hope for spiritual growth and purity must turn his mind to that word of the Deity, and pursue its teachings faithfully, and so at last his fears will vanish, for his doubts will disappear. He will understand as the Lord has taught. 5. This verse seems a prayer to Aramaiti; when the long struggles shall have found their issues, and the one party or the other wins the day, let not that party be the evil alliance with its monarch. For, if the government is set up, and carried on with all the prescribed ceremonial and moral exactness of the wise Kisti; if men who toil for the sacred Kine, and with the virtue of those who cultivate her, hold the reins of power, and can so suppress the predatory raids on defenceless, as well as unoffending victims, then no gift of Ahura, since the tribes became a nation, could be looked upon as a greater, or as so great a blessing, as the correct Authority, and the Order of the Faith. 6. For that sacred Kine, as so often already implied or stated, was all in all to the pious worshipper. It was she, representing, as she did, all wealth in herds, who alone could sustain the homelife of happy industry. And this is the reason why Ahura had originally caused the herbage to grow for her support. 7. Urging the overthrow of the spirit of Rapine in accordance with the Kine's complaint, he exhorts the armed masses to energetic and offensive valour. 8. He then vehemently, although only rhetorically, asks how he may use the proper prayers to rally the needed coadjutors among the chiefs (Y. XLVI, 9) to carry on the struggle. 9. Again he utters a cry for relief in his suspense, and of entreaty for light as to the rewards, which did not concern this life for its own sake (verse 1) merely or chiefly; but which were spiritual blessings received here in preparation for the spiritual world, 10. When,' he repeats as one among similar questions four times repeated, 'when shall the ideal men appear whose thoughtful plans (Y. XLVI, 3) shall drive hence the polluted schemes of the false priests and of the tyrants (Y. XLVI, 1)? 11. And when shall Aramaiti, the kindly piety of home, appear, she who, like the earth, spreads pastures for the peaceful kine, when shall she appear with holy Khshathra (later well called an angel, or archangel) the personified Authority of God over home and state, without which Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLVIII. 153 an anarchy as bad as that of the Evil Authority (verse 5) might continue or recur; and who was the champion-chief who would give them peace through blood (Y. XLVI, 4; LIII, 9)? In a word, to whom, as to the coadjutors of such a leader, would the light of reason, and the true faith come to inspire and to guide them?' 12. There is but one only class of human combatants whom he would thus match against that Demon of furious Rapine (v. 6), toward whom the evil on their part at their first creation rushed as to their leader (Y. XXX, 6), and these are the saving Saoshyants, the vicegerents of the Immortals upon earth, the religious princes Vistaspa, Gamaspa, Frashaostra, and with them, as the greatest among all, he who was, with much probability, the speaker in the passage, that is, the Ratu appointed by Ahura for the kine and for men, Zarathustra Spitama elsewhere and later called, with hyperbole, the first tiller, warrior, and priest. Translation 1. If through his action in the offering of gifts in accordance with the Righteous Order, (Thy saint ) shall smite the Demon-of-the-Lie (the inspiring spirit of our foes), when that in very truth shall come ?, which has been (and is still yet) proclaimed as a deceit", (when it shall come) in the Immortal life, regarding (as it does both) men (to bless), and Daevas" (to afflict them), then shall (Thy faithful worshipper) increase thereby the celebration of Thy praise, O Lord! and with it blessings " (for Thy folk). 2. Tell me then, Lord! (the end), for Thou dost 1 The Pahlavi has also pavan zak dahisno; but a false gloss gives an erroneous concrete (pavan tand i pasino). Recall adai paiti. * See ashaono, ashaune (sic) (Y. XLVII, 4, 5). . Read 'as ashta'=has been pushed on, enacted. I correct here as seems so evidently necessary; but the Pahlavi anticipates with its amat zak yamtuned. * Pavan friftarih. o See Y. XXIX, 4. * See Y. XXX, II, savaka ashavaby. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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154 THE GATHAS. know it. (Tell me to grant me strength and courage) before those conflicts come which shall encounter me! (as leader of Thy tribes); shall the champion of Thy holy Order, O Ahura! smite (at last) the evil heretic, and when ? (I ask Thee this); for this if it be gained (is known) to be the (one) good consummation of (our) life. 3. (Yea, tell me then this), for to the enlightened 3 man is that the best of teachings which the beneficent Ahura doth proclaim, and through the revelations of) His holy Order, bounteous as he and wise with His intelligence, as well as they who declare to us (still other) secret sayings (in His name). The one like Thee (their chieftain ) is, O Mazda! endowed with Thy Good Mind's understanding thoughts. * Meng=mam or man; -eng is the nasalised vowel. Man is suspiciously significant here; 'mental battles' is rather advanced for the circumstances. It is, however, not impossible. The Pahlavi favours mam (?) here; it has avo li. We might even read mena on its evidence. The Pahlavi indicates the meaning 'crises' under the figure of the Bridge,' which was the last great crisis to every man in the eye of the earlier, as well as of the later, Faith; so also in Y. LI, 12. The 'straits of life' would be an admirable meaning; I differ with hesitation. Pahlavi kardarih. 3 See Y. XLIII, 14. * Yaekit guzra-senghaungho. Or, 'knowing also those who are the teachers of secret doctrines.' We may, with some effort, connect thwavas with vaedemnai. Spento vidvau, however, must refer to the immediately foregoing Ahuro, especially in view of the tvem vidvau, Ahura, of verse 2. *The one like Thee' might even, as in other cases, be only an oblique way of rendering 'Thyself;' but the expression with the understanding of Vohu Manah' induces me to refer the word Thwavas to the servant of Ahura; in this case, however, this last line must of course be drawn to verse 4, although not mechanically separated from verse 3. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLVIII. 155 4. (Yea, tell me the secret of the future struggle?; for that enlightened man) must? follow close 3 the holy Faith (for which that struggle had its toil and effort). Yea, O Mazda! he who would bend his mind (till it attains to) that which is the better and more holy, must pursue the Daena close in word and action. His will and wish must be consistent with his chosen creed and fealty, and in Thine Understanding (which discerneth all) shall he in many ways be (versed) at last ! 5. (But while I as yet know not the issue, I can yet hope and pray.) Let the good kings obtain the rule. Let not the evil monarchs govern us *, (but let the righteous gain the day and rule us), with deeds done in a good discernment, thou pious wisdom, Aramaiti! sanctifying to men's minds the best of blessings for (their) offspring? Yea, for the Kine, (O Aramaitio !) i See verse 2. Present for imperative, as sometimes in modern languages in giving directions. The words are anticipated from the third line. I follow the Indian sense here with great reluctance. Nana may well be, in Iranian, equivalent to each several one,' and in fact may not impossibly teach us the origin of the word ('man, man:' comp. narem,* narem*). The Pahl. trlr. is so decided for a personal sense, that he renders gabra nesman=man and woman. Did he suppose woman' to be literally (!) expressed in the text ? * Aramaiti is addressed, unless indeed an instrumental is read without MSS. An instrumental is of course preferable. * The Pahlavi has, with admirable freedom, zakato hu-khudai padakhshayinisn, va al lanman zak i dus-khudai salita yehavanado. I read hukhshathra khshayentam, ma ne dus-khshathra, to bring the metre somewhat into order, as some gross irregularity is present; the caesura only, not the sense, is affected by the change. ? Or, from the birth-hour on;' so the Pahlavi. Its gloss reads Sakhar min zerkhunisno avinasih pahlum). Digitized by Google Digitized by

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156 THE GATHAS. let (Thy) toil be given', and may'st Thou cause her to prosper for our life. 6. For she will grant us pleasing homes?, and, (while we live) in this Thy Good Mind's longings prayer (to gain her welfare), she grants us likewise lasting strength (for every deed which that Thy Good Mind moves us to perform), and therefore hath Mazda caused the plants * to flourish for her (nurture), He, Ahura, in the generation of primeval life. 7. (Then in our coming strife 5 let both her mortal foes be slain.) Let the Wrath-demon of rapine be cast down. Smite ye against the envy (which would plot against our Throne), O ye who, abiding by the Good Mind, and in accordance with our holy Order, desire to hold that refuge? fast, to whose sacred bond the bounteous man belongs. And therefore, So Bartholomae, who now holds to a third singular here, leaving the text undisturbed, and explaining as an optative. * The Pahlavi seems to render comfort' here, using khvarih in that sense. So the Pahlavi correctly indicates by its arzuk; Ner. priyataram. Compare Y. LI, 7. Are the plants here mentioned as in connection with Aramaiti in her figurative association with the earth? * See verses 1, 2. 6 Or, against the blow,' Y. XXIX, 1. The Pahlavi translator here renders padirak i areshak, while in Y. XXIX, 1 he renders i reshkun. The variations are probably not real; the renderings referring to some forgotten differences of text; or, as often, he may have anticipated modern freedom, and changed his text;' that is, rendered it as if changed to a seemingly more intelligible form; so in a throng of similar cases. This is the only rational explanation of some of his errors. (He was able to render, and has rendered, most grammatical forms in different places.) ? The Pahlavi has, however, navidih. Did he read vidhyam, in itself a very possible text? Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLVIII. 157 O Ahura ! (to save Thy struggling saint who toils with changing lot) will I place (that refuge) for him in Thy world. 8. (And how shall I beseech Thee for this victory and gift?) What is the (potent') prayer to bring on that Thy holy Reign?? What for Thy sacred reward and blessing for my (soul)? How shall I seek the open helpers for the spread and maintenance of) Thy (great) Order 3, while I myself live* on in Thy Good Spirit's deeds ? 9. (Aye, when shall faith be changed to sight); and when shall I in verity discern if Ye indeed have power over aught, O Lord! and through Thy Righteous Order (guarding here on earth), O Thou within whose (power lie) my griefs & and doubts? Let then Thy saving prophet find and gain aright (for) my delight? Thy Good Mind's wonder i Compare emavantcm aeshem, also peresa nau ya toi ehma parsta. Observe that the Pahlavi translator distinguishes the two senses of isti. In Y. XLVI, 2 he transcribes the Gathic word, the Persian rendering 'hezanah; Ner. punyalakshmim; here, however, he has : Kadar lak, Adharmazd, zak i sapir khvahisn i khudayih. . Compare verse 5. 8 Asha might certainly equal akha here (so Bartholomae) if the constant and intentional repetition of the name and idea of Asha,= the personified Order, would not have caused confusion. * The Pahlavi translator renders a word which occupied the place of gavaro by yakhsenunidarih; Ner. following as to root (freely as to form). As he, however, renders related forms elsewhere by living,' live,' our only safe conclusion is that he had a different word from gavard (givard) before him in his MS. Compare Y. XXVIII, 6. . I am very far from certain that we do not seriously blunder in not following the indication of the Pahlavi here. See remarks Y. XXXII, 16. ? Or, let me enjoy as my own;' but moi is difficult. Ukam might otherwise be a first personal form in the sense of the Vedic uk. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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158 .. ... THE GATHAS. working grace?; yea, let Thy Saoshyant see how gifts of recompense may be his own. 10. When, Mazda ! shall the men of mind's perfection come ?? And when shall they drive3 from hence, the soil of this (polluted) drunken joy-, whereby the Karpans with (their) angry zeal would crush us, and by whose inspiration the tyrants of the provinces (hold on) their evil rule o ? 11. Yea, when shall our perfected Piety appear Bartholomae's third sing. imper. is also of course well possible; but were not the originally abnormal third singulars in -am, duham sayam, vidam, taken over from third pl. subj. '-am really equalling the nasal vowel merely *? Comp. also Indian adrisram, abudhram, asrigram, Zend vavazirem, -am=an. Tradition' has, Pahl. zivisnih; Ner. givitam; Pers. zistan, for akam, as if rendering enjoyment,' experience of life.' * (am=tam is more difficult.) Comparing vapus; otherwise, with the Pahlavi, knowing the destruction (of the evil) which Vohaman works ;' see Y. XXIX, 6, where the rendering of the Pahlavi is supported by the previous verse. * Comp. Y. XLVI, 3. Kada Mazda frarente* -saoshyantam khratavo ? s Compare Y. XXXII, 15. * Is Soma-intoxication here referred to? And was the Haomaworship in abeyance at the time? The Pahlavi seems to have understood magic' here, and in the evil sense, that is, judging from the perhaps later gloss. Aside from the gloss, however, the Pahlavi may well have been, nay, more probably was, intended to be read madih as=madahya. As to this word, we cannot do better than follow Justi (although his work is now a score of years old). The Indian varpas, in the sense of deceit, has also been compared. The last Pablavi translator was probably confused by finding this word, as so often, divided in his MS. He rendered as best he could, or rather he handed down the shattered documents, or oral teachings, of his predecessors with his own too often lame additions, the whole mass being rich in the relics of the truth. o See verse 5. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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OF ME --- CALONIA CA FESE LIBRARY Yasna xUKENIVERSITY 1159 together with Thy Righteousness when shall she come, as having the amenities of home for us, and provided (like our land) with pastures" (for the kine)? And who shall give us quiet from the cruel (men) of evil life and faith? To whom shall Thy Good Mind's sacred wisdom come (to guide them in their toil to rescue and avenge us)? 12. (To whom? The answer lieth near.) Such shall be the Saviours of the Provinces, and they who, through Thy Good Mind's grace, shall go on hand in hand with mental keenness* (as it spreads among Thy saints) by the doing every deed of Thy commandment, O Ahura ! through the help of, and in accordance with, Thy Holy Order; for such as these are set (for us), as steadfast foes of hate! YASNA XLIX. REVERSES AND HOPES. HONOUR TO FRASHAOSTRA AND OTHER CHIEFS. The chapter divides itself naturally into sections 1-5, 6-11. Verse 12 belongs with chapter L. One of the struggles in the holy cause seems to have gone against the party of Asha. I say 'one * Mat following Asha shows that we may also have the preposition in poi mat. As Aramaiti is here spoken of as having pasture,' that is, as inspiring the thrifty husbandmen who cultivate the meadows by irrigation, or drainage, she became associated herself with those meadows, and so later with the earth; see Y. XLVII, 2. The Pahlavi sees in ramam enforced quiet not 'from' but to' the wicked; who shall deal the finishing blow to the wicked?' * So also the Pahlavi, shnasinidarih. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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160 THE GATHAS. of the struggles,' for from the account of a reverse which we have here, and from that of a success which meets us in chapter XLV, 1, and again from reverses in XLVI, 1, 2, &c., we naturally conclude that 'the cause' saw many vicissitudes, in which the last Gatha still leaves us. Whether Y. XLV, I records a victory which was subsequent to the reverse before us, referring to a battle alluded to in Y. XLIV, 14, 15, also possibly anticipated in Y. XXXI, can never be decided; the order of the statements in the sequence of our present MSS. has little or nothing to do with the possible order of the events. 1. A border chief, Bendva by name, had proved himself too formidable (mazisto) for the moment, and the holy Faith knows how to beg for vengeance on the armed Drag-worshipper. The weapons of Ahura were not spiritual only, any more than those of Israel were, or those of Mohammed. The death of an armed religious enemy was devoutly to be desired for every moral and political, as well as for every personal reason. 2. For judicial as well as priestly decisions hung on the issue. And this Bendva had his functionaries and a system, and they were in full and active operation. And this was, beyond a doubt, a rival and settled system, and not merely an upstart and insurrectionary one. It had caused the true prophet many an hour of thought as well as anger. Its functionaries gave him pause (manayeiti). Falsity in religion was as ever his opportunity; and invective follows. The priestly judge himself who served the Drug-worshippers was a cheat.' The holy Order was his foe, and not his helper.' And he did not contribute at all to the spread of Piety as the Zarathustrians conceived of it, nor indeed really in another sense for the reason that he even repudiated the source of pious wisdom, which is holy counsel. 3. But, however, the evil functionaries might resort to subterfuge and strategy, the opposing powers themselves, the Righteous Order on the one side, and the power of the Lie-demon on the other, were planted in the opposing systems with dualistic clearness, to benefit or injure. There was no compromise, as doubtless the Drug-party may have wished. And so the poet cries once more for the divine Benevolence to be his guardian; or perhaps he may have intended a particular chief who represented the Good Mind, while at the same time he swept the entire throng and company who adhered to the Liedemon, with his interdict, away from his consideration. 4. He declares them closely allied to the Daeva-worshippers, or else he puts their worship of the Daevas in the place of climax as their Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIX. 161 highest offence, not failing to point out what should conciliate sympathy with him always; that is, that those who brought the Daevas, and opposed Asha, were the devotees of Rapine (aeshmem vareden); for murderous rapine seems to have been, apart from Asha, the universal sin. By this these Daeva-worshippers gained a stolen livelihood, and spent their ill-gotten means in idle waste (fshuyasu afshuyanto). 5. But he who defended the holy Daena was as meat and drink to the people, wise and faithful, as a settled citizen, and trained in the habits of the holy State. 6. He therefore prays once more for right discernment as to how he may propagate the Faith. 7. And he calls on the steady citizen to listen, beseeching God Himself to give an ear, and to tell him who the faithful prince, or peer, or villager, may be, who may take the lead (see sare) in giving forth (see sravayaema) that holy Daena, with its frasasti, to the masses who await it. 8. But he asks the question as if only to give emphasis to his naming a chief and venerated friend. Frashaostra is the man. He is the one fitted for the hearing, apt to proclaim the truth (frasridyai erethw8). And he begs that they both (compare Y. XXVIII, 9) may be lastingly prominent in that holy Realm which was to counteract the depraved polity whose chief had for the moment gained the upper hand (verses 1, 2). 9. But the case is in so far uncertain and undecided, that he cries for help once more to the ideal citizen himself, fearing that he may yet be induced to share the power with the heretic, and still declares that men's souls may reach the reward of priority only through the holy System of Ahura, and under the rulers of His choice. 10. He therefore confides the result to Ahura, and with it, his dependents, those living and those dead. And his thoughts, being turned to heaven (11), they also revert as if by antithesis (the key-note of the Daena) to future retribution. Those who may be wavering, half-inclined to adhere to the opposing party (verse 9), are warned in words of peculiar meaning. Those that choose the evil sovereign, a dussasti, as in Y. XXXII, 9, or as the sastars of Y. XLVI, I, will not go forward with the saints to the Kinvat (Y. XLVI, 10), nor will they be met by their consciences under pleasing images, and later by the souls of saints who had gone before, but the wicked dead shall meet them in the home of Lies, with poisoned food, and sneering words. And this shall be a selfinflicted vengeance. [31] Digitized by Digitized by Google

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162 THE GATHAS. Translation. 1. Bendva' has ever fought with me; (yea, since he first appeared at hand to threaten, and alas to his advantage in the strife). He is the most powerful (in brutal might), and in his predominance) would crush my strength as I seek to win back the disaffected (in my host) through Righteous ? (zeal), O Mazda! Come then with gifts of (vengeful 3) good to (meet) my sorrow". Through (Thine inspiring) Good Mind obtain (for me 5) that (Bendva's) death! 2. (Aye, he is indeed the greatest ), for that * If this word does not simply mean'a band,' one might suspect a relation of root with banayen. The Pahlavi has expressively and freely badtam here, and vimarih in the next verse, with a like word in Y. XXX, 6. This enemy may have been roughly dubbed the polluted,' or even 'diseased one;' analogous occurrences are not wanting. * I cannot agree to rendering asha 'really,' when applied in an evil sense. The sacred word may mean 'really' when applied to the righteous, but then, in that case, the reality indicated bas an element of sanctity in it, and that of no low order. I am also not aware that ritena is applied in an evil sense in the Rig-veda. The use of Asha, like that of Vohu Manah and Khshathra, &c., is obvious in the Gatha; the six sacred words were, like the theme of a symphony, brought in at every opportunity, with all shades of meaning from those of proper names to those of adverbs. With slight change of text to a nom., we might render, 'He who seeks to please the evil-minded, O Thou A.!' Comp. Y. XXXIII, 2. I cannot agree that arapa should be read rapa for the sake of a syllable in the metre. The line has more than eleven syllables here, as the Vedic Trishtup often has. Moreover the ancient writing before the Pahlavi translator read likewise arapa, and the sense demands it. Or, may I obtain. See Y. LIII, 9. ? See the first verse. Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIX. 163 Bendva's evil judge doth cause me to hesitate and ponder (in my earnest course of propagation and reform), a deceiver as he is, (estranged) from the Righteous Order, and receiving from it (not happiness) but many a wound. The bountiful and perfect. Piety he has not maintained nor strengthened for this : land, nor questions with Thy Good Mind hath he asked' (to gain him light), O Lord ! 3. But (all is not yet lost!); for this religious choice (our holy creed, for which our last lost battle has been fought), O Mazda! Thy blessed Order (our guardian help) has yet been set to save and bless us. (But) for (that evil) Judge, the Demon-of-the-Lie, (is set) to deal (for him) her wounds. Therefore do I pray (the more) for the sheltering leadership of Thy Good Mind (within our folk and our commanders). And all the allies of the wicked I abjure ? 4. They who with evil scheme and will shall cherish and help on the Wrath of Rapine, and with her Rama S, and (not by silent favour, but) with their I would gladly accede to a subjunctive and singular intensive here in a causative sense, but a 3rd singular precedes, and a 3rd singular follows. I cannot therefore recognise a subjunctive in a precative, or imperative, sense here. I think the word is a nominative, as its position in the verse corresponds well to that form. It may mean 'delivering against us many a wound.' * Possibly 'for us in (this) land.' * Comp. Y. XLIV, 13. * Comp. Y. XXX, 2. o See mazist in the first verse. * The Pahlavi mun reshined pavan Drug. ? The Pahlavi translator gave as our first rendering here : Andarg harvisp-gnd darvandand min hamkhakih andarg yemalelanam; [aigh, min dostih i levatman valmansan gavidak yehevunam). * The Pahlavi has areshko=envy. M 2 Digitized by Google Digitized by

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164 THE GATHAS. very tongues, whose will and wish' (run) not with good but evil deeds. These settle and support the Daevas (in their power, not the Lord). It is the wicked's Faith and Insight (so to do. Their faith is the perverted). 5. But he, O Mazda! is our abundance and our fatness, who (will yet dare these unbelieving foes) and guard the Faith (against that envious Wrath 4), and with the Good Mind's power. For every man of Piety is a wise citizen o in accordance with the holy Order, and so are all who are (in truth) within Thy Realm, O Lord ! 6. And now, will I beseech of You, O Mazda, and Righteousness (within Thy Mathra) speaks 6 (to tell me) what lies within Your will's intention, that (having discerned Your Insight as the enlightened 1 The Pahlavi gave us our first surmise as to the general meaning of vas; it renders kamak. ? Or, 'by that which is the evil's Faith.' I The Pahlavi translator gave us our first general indication here as elsewhere; he has shirinih and karpih. Reading Mazdau,' we have 'Mazda (is our source of) abundance and refreshment.' * See the fourth verse. The Pahlavi has, however, khup shinasakih. I differ with hesitation; possibly views may be harmonised. * Compare Y. XXIX, 3, where Asha answers. I cannot well accept mruite as an infinitive. Geldner has keenly pointed out that fraeshya is inclined to unite with an infinitive, but so are other forms of ish and vas. Moreover the infinitive does not so naturally fall to the end of the sentence in Gathic or Vedic. (See above, note on Y. XXXIV, 1.) If an infinitive is insisted upon (so long since) let us at least bring the word into more usual shape, using the Pahlavi translator, as in one of his most valuable offices, as an indirect evidence, where his translation is at fault as a rendering. He has : Frazo ave zak i Lekum farmayem, Adharmazd, va Ashavahistok rai yemalelanam. He had 'mruve' before him, which might be an infinitive. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIX. 165 ever must), I may as well discern aright how we can herald forth those (truths), and that pure Daena (with them) which is the Faith of Him who is Thyself', O Lord. 7. And (as we speak it forth as taught by Asha) then let the (zealouso citizen) give heed, and with Thy Good Mind, O Ahura Mazda! Yea, let him give ear in accordance with (the dictate of) the Holy Order, and do Thou hear alike as well. Who shall be the ally; and who the kinsman-lord himself, who, with his gifts and (legal rules), shall institute and settle for the serving mass a worthy praise (for God")? 8. (And I do not ask in vain, for such an one is found for us, and near at hand.) To Frashaostra hast Thou given that most favouring guardian power, the headship of the Holy Order (for us), O "I think that khshmavato equals simply yourself' here, as often (so mavant=me); otherwise of your disciple,' which would be feeble. Professor Jolly has, V.S., s. 97, damit wir ihn verkundigen mochten den Glauben, welcher der euere ist, o Ahura.' . See the ninth verse. . Ahura is elsewhere addressed in close connection with human beings; here the human subject is half lost in Vohuman and Asha. I hardly think that it is wise to change the text without MSS. A lost verse may have relieved all difficulty. * Others the good doctrine,' or again the good repute;' but as to the latter, frasasti is coupled so constantly in the later Avesta with yasna, and vahma, &c., that I do not feel at liberty to depart from that sense. The Pahlavi has also vafriganih, quite in harmony with the connection. o This verse is clearly an answer to the questions contained in verse 7. It is a half answer, even if we render dau (dao) as a subjunctive. As the question in verse y certainly concerns a chief of some kind, I cannot see how we can avoid rendering sarem analogously. We need one who gives a refuge rather than one who receives it. Compare the Pahlavi, and also the Persian, sar. The Pahlavi Digitized by Google Digitized by .

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166 THE GATHAS. Ahura! This therefore would I pray of Thee (to confirm to him that gracious gift), and for myself likewise, would I now seek as well that sheltering headship which is within Thy Realm ; yea, most blest and foremost? may we both for ever be within it. 9. Aye, let the zealous and thrifty husbandman, so formed for giving help and blessings, give heed and listen when I call, (O Mazda !) Let not the truthful (tiller, he who hears and speaks Thy word), be he who takes that sheltering chieftainship together with the wicked. Let the believing natures (only) join in that best recompense. And thus in the course of the holy Order are in the fact so joined those two, Gamaspa and the 'hero's. 10. (And since these champions thus join in that reward), then therefore will I place as well in Thy translation gives its evidence without intermission for this meaning, a fact largely overlooked. I think that the connection fairly proves this meaning; and it has likewise the powerful support of the Pahlavi translation : Hamai vad avo vispo farmanpatd homanani (aigh, Frashostar [] vad tang i pasind hamai salitaih yehabun). ? It is not to be forgotten that su is the root of Saoshyant. * Comp. Y. XXXI, 15. * Or 'gives;' compare peresa avat ya mainis ye dregvaite khshathrem hunaiti. Professor Jolly, V.S., s. 36: Nicht soll wer das Rechte redet, die Herrschaft dem Lugner Uberlassen.' 8 Yahi remains a singular, whereas we should expect a dual; (can it be such, the form being altered, as so often by later reciters, to accommodate the metre ?) For Gamaspa and yukhta as duals compare utayuiti tevishf. Yahi probably refers to Vistaspa (Y.XLVI, 14). Was it an especial epithet for the kings? The later Persian kings took prominent places in battle. If the duals are not admitted, my rendering would be, 'the souls are united with the reward through the influence and example of the) valiant Gamaspa.' Perhaps Gamaspo is to be read. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLIX. 167 protection (Thy) Good Mind 1 (in the living) and the spirits (of the dead. Yea, I confide our very) self-humbling praises, (which we offer, unto Thee), by which (Thine) Aramaiti (who is our Piety, exists), and likewise sacrificing zeal. And this would we do to further Thy great Sovereign Power (among Thy folk), and with undying ? (?) strength. 11. (But as to faithless reprobates); the souls (of the evil dead) shall meet those evil men who serve their evil rulers, who speak with evil words, and harbour evil consciences, these souls (in Hell) shall come with evil food 3 (to welcome them), and in the Lie's abode their dwelling * verily shall be o! YASNA XLIX, 12- L. The most striking circumstance here, after the rhetorical and moral-religious peculiarities have been observed, is the sixth verse; and as to the question of Zarathustrian authorship, it is the most striking in the Gathas or the Avesta. In that verse we have Zarathustra, not named alone, which might easily be harmonised 1 This is probably the foundation for the later identification of Voha Manah and the faithful disciple. . Here all is conjectural. The Pahlavi reports an adjective from a form of man (or a participle). They who think upon the throne (to seize it) do so with dying power. Wilder conjectures have been made ; but the Pahlavi translators seldom wilfully guessed. They took the shattered results of their predecessors, and worked them feebly over; hence their great value, and the unimportance of their errors. They used what intelligence they possessed in redelivering what they heard and read. Vazdangha cannot well be taken in an evil sense, as it is used in a good sense elsewhere. The connection maza with ra has long circulated; maza avemi ra (?). As the souls of the departed are thought of, perhaps 'undying' is the meaning ; compare avemira (for form) with the Zend avimithris. 3 See Yast XXII by Darmesteter, as supplemented. * So the Pahlavi; otherwise their bodies shall so lie.' 5 Verse 12 belongs to the next chapter. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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168 THE GATHAS. with his personal authorship, nor have we only such expressions as to Zarathustra and to us' (Y. XXVIII, 7), but we have Zarathustra named as 'mahya razeng sahit,''may be declare my regulations, which could only be said, without figure of speech, by some superior, if not by the prime mover himself. Were these verses then written by the prime mover? And was he other than Zarathustra ? If so, the entire mass of the Gathas was of course written by him, or else their style and character may be regarded as of such a character that they could have been composed by four or five closely connected individuals. But while verses here and there are doubtless the productions of secondary persons, the mass of the Gathas cannot be regarded as the work of several different composers. They are one man's work, directly or indirectly. If then the present section, which is especially original in its tone, was not from Zarathustra, the man whose heart and soul, and, we may add, whose power were in Zarathustrianism, was not Zarathustra, but some unnamed individual far more important. (See note on Y. XXVIII, 7.) The prominence of the name of Zarathustra was in that case solely owing to the personal activity of Zarathustra supported by the social rank of the Spitamas. Zarathustra was a princely disciple, on the hypothesis mentioned, and nothing more. The real author of Zarathustrianism was, in that case, in no sense Zarathustra; compare to Zarathustra and to us :' nor yet Vistaspa; compare 'to Vistaspa and to me :' nor Frashaostra; compare 'to Frashaostra and to us;' and, we may also say, not Gamaspa, for he is addressed in the vocative. He was mentally and personally the superior of all of them. In fact he was the power behind both throne and home, and yet without a name! But, in that case, what becomes of Y. XXIX, 6, 8? Is it probable that the founder of a religion (or of a new departure in a religion) would describe another as the chosen of God, if he were not in fact supposed to be thus eminent ? Or, if a popular and sincerely enthusiastic religious composer were about to chant a hymn at a meeting of the religious masses, would he be likely to name a person to the animated throngs, whom they themselves did not feel to be the life of their religious faith? especially, if that person were not prominent from the arbitrary circumstance that he was the reigning prince? I do not think that this is at all probable. But if Zarathustra had, as described, the leading name, and composed a portion of the hymns with their lost companions, is it probable that he possessed no decided prominence in this matter above Vistaspa, Frashaostra, and Gamaspa ? Was there no central poet, who Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA L. 169 composed the mass of the metrical lore, dominating by his influence those who added portions here and there, or was there a quaternion of seers, four Zarathustras, as one might say? As we have said, the hymns decide it. One man's soul is in them, as a composer's feelings are in his compositions, or a master's feelings are in the lines of his disciples. But if there was one central figure instead of four, and he is mentioned as Zarathustra, and as the spokesman in many portions of the Gathas, being likewise known by inference to be the composer of nearly all of them, how can we account for the words, 'let him, Zarathustra, teach or proclaim my regulations ?' Can the verse be regarded as put into the mouth of Ahura, as elsewhere? Hardly, for Ahura is addressed in it. I can therefore only repeat of this verse, as of the others which present analogous questions in Y. XXVIII (with which this chapter L stands in the closest connection), that this thoroughly original piece was composed by Zarathustra as by far the most prominent individual in the religious struggle, dominating his party essentially and positively, and that these verses (6-11) were simply rhetorically put into the mouth of the monarch from the exigency of the style of com position. And I conclude that Vistaspa was supposed to speak them, because in the presence of Zarathustra, it is extremely improbable that any one but the titular head of the State should have been represented as saying of Zarathustra, mahya razeng sahit.' 1. The piece from Y. XLIX, 12 to Y. L, 1-5 joins well on with Y. XLIX, although the tone is brighter. As he begins with questions in Y. XLVIII, 8-11, after the prospective prayers of Y. XLVIII, 1-7, in which he looks forward to a crisis in the armed struggle, so now after the hostile chief has got the upper hand, he cries out once more with interrogatives, uttering the questions, not of curiosity, but of mournful devotion. The storm has broken over us, so he would seem to say, and I have prayed for grace to know how we may administer (Y.XLIV, 9) the all-powerful means of help, the Daena, in which Thy Righteous Order is set (Y. XLIX, 3). I have cried to Thee for chief and peer (verse 7), naming Frashaostra, Gamaspa, and the Yahin, and now, while I invoke you, praying for what in your selection is the best (Y. XXVIII, 11; Y. XLIV, 10), I would more than ever declare that I have none other help than Thee and Thy saving Order.' 2. And he asks once more to know how he who seeks to further the sacred herds, as the emblem of the moral thrift of the provinces, should proceed in his allotted work. 3. Answering his own question, he says that it is by advance upon the enemy; he declares Digitized by Digitized by Google

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170 THE GATHAS. that the heroic settler who pushes the holy system to the utmost verge of the sacred territory or still further, was the man 'to gain the Kine' for the seeking prophet. 4. But in the midst of struggles, he anticipates Garodman with its praises. 5. For they were all prepared for both worship and work, since God had approached to aid His prophet, encouraging His discouraged spirit. 6. Here Vistaspa is represented as intervening; and he addresses Ahura literally, but Zarathustra really, exhorting him indirectly to continue on in his work of propagation, undismayed by present circumstances. 7. And with Zarathustra, he would re-engage the other powerful helpers, whom he would yoke on as steeds to gain God's praise in Heaven by passing over every bridge of trial safely. 8. Having heard from Zarathustra his metric words, he will approach with them to pray, and, as in Y. XXVIII, 2, 3, with hands stretched out' with homage, and with vigour. 9. And he looks to attain the object of his prayers by religious self-control, and faithful action. 10. His efforts vie with the heavenly bodies in their praise of God. 11. Therefore he will persevere, and as a praiser-king (so the Pahlavi in one place); and he beseeches that Ahura, the lifegiver, may help on the all-engrossing cause. Translation Y. XLIX, 121. What aids of grace hast Thou for Thine invoking Zarathustra, (O Ahura Mazda !) to grant him through Thy Righteous Order? Yea, what (aids of grace hast thou for me as) through Thy Good Mind given (within my soul), for me who will (still) pray to Thee with praises, O Great Creator! beseeching what in accordance with Your wished-for aim is best? Y. L, 1. Aye, doth my soul indeed obtain assisting 1 This verse is placed here as obviously more closely related to chapter L than to chapter XLIX. Lost verses may, however, have intervened between it and Y. L, 1. * Another rendering, regarding kat as a purely interrogative participle, would be, 'Are they (toi) helpful to the invoking Zarathustra ?' But kat toi is a familiar form; see Y. XXXIV, 1 2, where it must mean quid tibi. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA L. 171 grace, and which of Thy blessings is that gift to me, O Lord? What saving champion is found to save both flocks and herds ? And who for myself other than Thy Righteous Order, and Thyself, Ahura ? Tell me 1, O (ye) invoked ones! Or what of grace is there for me save Thy Best Mind (itself)? 2. (And if Thy guardian is verily to save our wealth) how shall he (obtain, and by what means shall he) seek after 2 that joy-creating Kine (who is the living symbol of our peace 3) ? (How shall that man obtain his wish) who shall desire to see her provided with pastures for (the welfare of) this land ? (That only way is righteousness.) Do Thou then grant me lands (so would I ask of Thee) which live in justice in the many + splendours of the sun, and lands which openly 8 thus live, and which are to be 'I should be far from denying that azda may equal addha, but a strengthening adverb seems to me of no particular force here. I formerly rested at the simple explanation az + da=dha=desireexciting, much desired one. But the Pahlavi translator affords an explanation which may surpass that of his successors. He sees the meaning : 'When I shall call upon You,' (that is, freely,' being invoked,') 'cause Thou (sic) me to understand fully.' This is the remnant of some predecessor's work, who rendered 'tell ye me;' azrah, otherwise lost in Zend. The plural follows the singular too often to excite much doubt; azda=tell ye; so zdi is from az, as syodam is from as (recall the well-known Indian analogies). See also the explanation of the Pahlavi at Y. XXXI, 17. If a plural cannot be admitted, then consider a form extended by d. $ The Pahlavi translates freely, bavihunam. 3 The Kine must represent the people as well as their live-stock. The raids concerned the owners more than their cattle. In answer to the cry of the Kine, Zarathustra was sent to the people. I can hardly agree to the rendering among people who see the sun' without a needless reconstruction of the text. The Pahlavi likewise has pavan khvarih; for general meaning, compare Khshathroi hveng daresoi, not as equivalent however. o Askarak sti. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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172 THE GATHAS. sought and gained by me (as conquests for the cause). Give Thou this gift! 3. (Yea, let that joy-creating one) be his possession through the Righteous Order (which he helps to bring, that living sign) which the most valiant citizen) may give to him (at once reward and charge), and in accordance with Thy Sovereign Authority. (May that heroic settler grant him this gift) he who may make the last imperilled) farm to flourish in * the vigour of Thy blest prosperity, the tract which lies the nearest (to the fields) which our foeman holds as his? 4. (And therefore both in thankfulness and hope) will I give sacrifice to You with praises, O Ahura Mazda! together with Thine Order and Thy Best Mind (in Thy saints), and in accordance with Thy sacred Sovereign Power, by whose help the wisher (heavenbound) may stand upon the (certain) pathway?, and in Thine Home-of-song shall I (by means of these my Yasnas offered here) there hear the praises of Thine offering saints who see Thy face & 5. And we * are in readiness as well (to fulfil Your praises and declare your words), O Ahura Mazda! through Your (grace, and) in accordance with Your Holy Order, since Ye advance with friendliness 6 to cheer the speaker of Your Mathra-word with open acts of visible relief, as if with hand sent forth, 1 The Pahlavi translation, as usual, not literally exact, still furnishes the correct clue, Zak i nazdisto (?) gehand min valman i darvand bakhshed (aigas zak den darisn bara yansegunyen). : Fro tais vispais Kinvatd fra peretum. * Akau (compare the Indian ake); 'who approach, and are therefore evident (ashkarak) to God, and seeing Him. Comp. akau in Y. LI, 13, which has been thought a loc. * See nau. o To vrag. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA L. 173 whereby that Mathra-speaker of Your truth may bring us on, and settle us, in weal and bliss 1. 6. (Therefore will I incite him to his task the more. Let him indeed proclaim the righteous way 2) he who already lifts his voice in Mathras, O Ahura Mazda! he, Zarathustra s, the faithful friend in accordance with the Holy Order, and with self-abasing worship, giver of understanding for this land, voice-guider (of the way to glory 4), let him indeed proclaim and teach my regulations, and in accordance with Thy Good Mind (as his law). 7. (And together with that chief speaker of your word I would engage yet others in the cause). Your well-incited and swift (servants), O Ahura! would I yoke? on (as steeds to take their holy course toward heaven), gaining thereby (at last) the Bridges & where See the previous verse, where the wisher stands on the path, seeking to reach Garddman. It seems therefore probable that hvathre refers to demane gard. * Compare Y. LIII, 2, daunghd erezus patho. & As remarked, this entire piece recalls Y. XXVIII. Here the monarch is represented as speaking precisely as spokesmen are introduced in any other composition. We have no reason to suppose the piece to be the composition of some leading person other than Zarathustra, because of the words 'let Zarathustra speak forth my regulations. (See page 169.) * Isho staunghat & paithi. Consider a suffix ishi. . Here the Pahlavi translator gives us both text and translation, aurvato=arvand, ? Or, yoke Thou, may'st Thou gain.' * The Kinvat Bridge, either literally or figuratively. Compare 'the bridge of the earth' (Y. LI, 12). The crises of effort, or temptation, are meant, as the Kinvat Bridge was the last crisis before salvation or perdition. The souls of the good and of the evil were met by their own consciences on the Bridge, and encouraged or reviled. "When the soul of the pious passes over that Bridge, the width of Digitized by Digitized by Google

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174 THE GATHAS. Your adoration (rules and is complete). Yea, I(?) yoke on your mighty ones, and with Thy Holy Order, and Thy Good Mind. And with these may Ye drive on; aye, be Ye for my help! 8. (And as I yoke on Your Mathra-speakers for their course, then) would I (myself) approach You in the (highest) deed of worship?, and with these sacred metric feet (of Zarathustra and his peers 2), those which are heard and famed afar, as the metric feet of zealous worship, and with my hands stretched out (in supplicating prayer). Yea, You (would I approach), O Mazda! in union with Your sacred ritual Truth, and with the homage of a freely-giving helper, and with the good virtue of (Your) Good Mind (in my soul). 9. Yea, with these Yasnas of Your sacrifice would I approach You, praising back to You (in answer to Your mercies), O Ahura! and Thou, O Righteousness! in (the holy) actions of Your Good Mind, (as he moves within us), so long indeed as I shall have the power, commanding at my will o'er this my sacred (privilege) and gift. (And doing as) the wise man (thus), may I (like him) become a supplicant who gains his ends. 10. (Mine every wish and prayer is this), then therefore whatsoever I shall do, and whatsoever deeds that Bridge becomes about one league' (West, Mainy8-i Khard, * p. 134). Possibly the extension of the Bridge for the pious arose from the plural use here. 1 Compare Y. XXVIII, 3. * See Y. XXVIII, 9. 3 See Y. XXVIII, 2. * See Y. XLVI, 9. * The Pahlavi translator accepts a sense of acquisition here as well as of desire: Aetune zak i valman i ave hu-danak pavan khvahisno griftar homanani (mozd). I accede to its indication, holding that gardh certainly such an element in its meaning. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA L. 175 (of ritual and truth I shall yet further do) on account of, (and to make full 1) these (prior deeds of worship), yea, whatsoever (holy works) shine bright 2 as having worth in (all) men's eyes through Thy Good Mind (whose character they share; these as) the stars, suns, and the Aurora which brings on the lights of days, are all, through their Righteous Order, (the speakers) of Thy praise, O Thou Great Giver, Lord ! 11. Your praiser then (by eminence) would I be named, and (more), would be it, so long as by (Thine inspiring) Righteousness I am thus able and may have the power. And may the maker of the world give help through (His implanted) Good Mind (in my fellow-servants). And may that (all) be done (to further us) which through His veritable grace is most promotive (for the cause)! 1 I can here only follow the words as they are written; the meaning is clear enough although rather advanced. Reconstructions on a large scale are seldom of value. Judging from the context, we may render argal thus. 3 The Pahlavi translator here renders as if he read usha. In Y. XLVI, 3 he translates ukhshand. Professor Wilhelm, preferring as above, still recalls the Homeric usage favouring increaser.' The Pahlavi has vakhshinidar in Y. XLVI, 3. Here hosh zak i arus den bam I. Ner. alone understood arus. 4 Your.' 6 An imperative has long been recognised in varstam; or read : Let him cause that which is the most furthering of deeds to grow influential through veritable grace.' So perhaps better. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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176 THE GATHAS. THE GATHA(A) VOHU KHSHATHREM (VOHUKHSHATHRA(A)). This Gatha consists of the single chapter Y. LI. It has lines of fourteen syllables with caesura in the middle. YASNA LI. INSTRUCTIONS AND APPEALS TO AN ASSEMBLY OF THE FAITHFUL. It is hardly possible that we have here a continuous whole. The thoughts, however, harmonise well enough, and the changes give little trouble. 1. As so often the Sovereign Authority of Ahura, His reign over the hearts and in the minds of His faithful worshippers, is the leading theme. That sovereign Power, when it is established, will produce every good thing with it, and repress every evil, and the composer prays that he may never pause at any moment in his efforts to bring that kingdom on. 2. Accordingly, as the foremost of objects, he beseeches for both its blessings and its protection, and names Aramaiti as the especial representative of Ahura in this case to grant the Kingdom as a Realm established in spiritual wealth, and whose first effect should be the glory of God through the agency of holy dispositions in men. 3. The spirit of the Daena is public and prophetic rather than occult and mysterious. The people therefore gather to hear Gathas recited, and religious harangues delivered as on political occasions, and all the more because the Mathras are declared to be the results of direct inspiration from Ahura. 4. The present recitations are invocations calling for the four energising Immortals, the guiding Order, the active Piety, the inspiring Benevolence, and the Power-wielding Kingdom, and, in using these names, the multitude are also beseeching, by the voice of their spokesman, for the Ratu, the Saoshyant cried for by the Kine, looked for by Asha himself, and promised by Ahura. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LI. 177 5. And the men who press this prayer are, each of them, for the moment (nakit), as the Ratu himself. Wise in his homage, he seeks to gain the kine, like the ideal husbandman, both as property and as emblem, and he desires to establish the Ratu, understood as a person, or as the law, which may judge between the two sides (Y. XXXI, 2), and, by the expulsion of the evil, give quiet to the land (Y. XLVI, 4; Y. LIII, 9). 6. Declaring Ahura to be the awarder of the highest good and deepest evil, (7) he calls on Him to grant the 'eternal two,' the rewarding Immortals (not named in the former verse), but only by means of the inspired teachings. 8. And as these inculcations are effective for himself, he will declare forth their threats and promises to others, being repaid for his zealous fidelity in the very act. 9. Recalling the hopes of vengeance, he beseeches Ahura to give forth a sign, or instrument, from the holy Fire, which may settle the disputes by the forged blade of justice. 10. For he declares that the man who murderously assaults his adherents in the opposing interest (see Y. XXXII, 1o, &c.) is inherently and originally perverted in his motives, a very son of the Lie, and of the seed of Akoman. 11. While in terms he addresses Ahura, he in reality challenges the devotion of the chieftains, as he calls aloud to the Deity. 12. Here a temptation of Zarathustra is narrated, as in the Vendidad, here dwelling on his youth, there on his maturer manhood. But the verse shows marked signs of later age. 13. And the soul of the righteous is encouraged by the recorded example; he shall come off the conqueror, as Zarathustra did. 14. But the Karpans (priestly chiefs ?) of the opposing party, following the typical destroyer (as in Y. XXXII), would bring the world to ruin, and the creatures to Hell. 15. The true disciples will however infallibly receive the promised recompense. 16. And as for that Kisti, conceived by Mazda to give the saving knowledge in the sacred verse, the King of the Realm had acquired it. It will be stored in the memory of faithful priests under his care and rule; and he will give his subjects a good worship (Y. XLIX, 7) in accordance with it. 17. A female saint, also illustrious in rank, is celebrated with honourable mention; she is, as it were, the Kisti in her person, as she is named in this connection. 18. Another devoted friend arrests the speaker's eye, as he stands in the assembly; (19) and still another. 20. Then, as if taking in all with his view, and with an expression which shows [31] N Digitized by Digitized by Google

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178 THE GATHAS. his identification with the people, he declares that the Archangels' are of one mind with Mazda in bestowing spiritual blessings, the chief of which are inspired words, the source of their discipline, and the guide of their hopes. 21. And with assurances as to the greatness of the spiritual blessings implied in all that he has said, he prays Ahura all the more earnestly to grant them to His elect. 22. And he declares that Ahura knows and observes the man who fulfils every command that he has uttered, as well as believes every doctrine which he has divulged, and that, knowing Him, He also marks Him as the object of His grace. And he ends by expressing once more his desire to approach the Bountiful Immortals, not as naming them alone, but naming them, as we may well suppose, with a full appreciation of all that is meant by the sacred words which belong to them as names. Translation. 1. The good Government (of Ahura 1) is to be chosen (among all wished-for things.2) as that lot which most of all brings on (our happiness). Actions that oppress us it opposes 3, through the holy Order (which pervades it), and with the pious zeal (of its true servants). Therefore, O Great Creator I let me 1 It is far better to take Khshathra in its usual and often necessary sense. And it is especially desirable not to confound it with shoithra=kshetra. 2 The choice one. s One is somewhat inclined to regard vidushemnais as a monstrous form of vid, which has crept into the text under the influence of the two words vidushe in verse 8, and owing to an attempt to fill out the metre, the original word having been videmnais. The Pahlavi gives no indication except for a form of du=to give. Leaving the MSS. intact, I compare dush + vi. I render as above on the principle that the text in the MSS. should not be violated where it is possible to translate it at all. Reading videmnais we might render, 'that kingdom's privileges are shared (it is entered and penetrated) by men who act (by actions) in a manner to further its security, (by actions gaining it). Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LI. 179 produce, and help bring on (that Sovereign Power) which is the best for us at every present hour. 2. And first I will ask for these two blessings of Your own, O Thou Great Creator, and thou His Righteous Order! and I also ask of thee, Our Piety (personified, as well); and grant me this Your Sovereign Rule over our desired wealth (to give and to preserve it; and likewise) those spiritual blessings which are advantageous for our worship (of Ahura) through (the inspiration of His) Good Mind (within the soul). 3. (And it is not I alone who thus appeal to You; I speak for all) who are guarded in the (ceremonial and moral) actions of Your (law), and by those (inspired) words (which proceed) from the tongue of Thy Good Mind (as he speaks within Thy Mathra). Yea, these are all assembling (each) to hear You, of whom Thou, O Ahura Mazda ! art the foremost guide 2 and light. 4. (And they cry aloud to Thee, O Mazda! I speaking with them, and in their name) : Where is the (promised) lord of our thrift (the embodied law, saving us from the most dreaded dangers that we fear", the thrift-lord) of (our) ready zeal? Where 1 I have rather reluctantly read yeka with long e. Having in mind Y. XXX, 1, where Sp.'s B. reads yaeka, and reading yaeka here, we might regain the lost dual neuter of the pronoun here as in Y. XXX, I, and so render, and which two things belong to thee, the possession (rule) of wealth and the blessings. Roth, cited by Geldner, changes to ashayaeka here and in Y. XXX, 1; and it is certainly striking that asha ye ka should occur twice. I render as above, first, as nearer our MSS., and as affording a good sense. ? See Y. XXXI, 17. . See verse 5. * See Y. XXIX, 1; Y. XXXII. N 2 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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180 . . . THE GATHAS. does he stand to (show us) mercy? Whither are (Thy) Righteousness and the Bountiful Aramaiti (our Piety) approaching? From what direction comes Thy Best Mind (to inspire and to guide) ? And whence (again), O Great Creator! Thy Sovereign Power (to be our ruler and defence ') ? 5. And it is the tiller of the earth who asks this of Thee, O Ahura! (Thy chosen saint himself); he has asked this all of Thee, striving to discover how he may gain to himself the sacred Kine (and with all wealth in herds beside. And he would seek this) moved by the motives which flow from Thy Righteous Order (and Thy cause), upright as he is in actions, and wise in his self-humbling worship (of that? One) who, as a righteous ruler, has appointed a just controlling guide for those whom He has made. 6. (And in partial answer to his question, and to solve his doubt, I now declare the truth): He who gives to this (good citizen) that which is better than the good3; yea, He who bestows on him in accordance with his religious choice is (our) Ahura Mazda (and not " It is hardly necessary to call attention to the fact that these abstracts are personified here, as in so many other places in the Gathas. We may indeed doubt whether the idea of personification was ever wholly absent, the original meaning being likewise never lost. Professor Wilhelm prefers taking Ashem as an accusative, how does one (do they come to Asha?' This is admirable; but I am, on the whole, inclined to regard Ashem as a nominative with fseratus, Ar(a)maitis, &c., taking the plurals yaso hvyen (hyen) as irregularly extending to the other subjects. ? So Wilhelm (by letter), taking a form of the pronoun as understood. It is difficult to suppose that the vastrya could be referred to as appointing the Ratu through the influence of his devotion and pious supplications; as Wilhelm justly says, the third line must apply to Ahura. See Y. XLIII, 3; notice ahmai as referring to hoi. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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FEESE TIBRAS UNIVERSITY CALIFORNIA 181 YASNA LI. a false god of the Daevas). And this will He bestow through His divine Authority (established in preparation here), while on the withholder of the sacrifice, who offers nothing to His (cause), He will send worse than the evil (and that not here alone, but) in the last turning of the creation in its course! 7. (And as Thou wilt bestow thus graciously on him), so grant me also, O Thou most bountiful Spirit Mazda, Thou who hast made both the Kine and the waters and the plants 2 (for her support)! both Immortality and Welfare, those two eternal powers, and through Thy Good Mind in the doctrine (which is revealed through his inspired words 3). 8. (Yea, grant me these two inseparable gifts, for having them in store) I will speak for Thee, O Mazda! because to the man of understanding + one should declare for Thee that which is woe to the wicked, but salvation to him who has maintained the holy Order (in Thy folk and in his soul). For he is (repaid in his deed, and) rejoiced by the Mathra who declares it to the wise. 9. (And when I shall speak, I will declare for You that mental) keenness (which reaches the decision), and which Thou hast bestowed upon the two striving sides ", in Thy satisfying word). And this See Y. XXXI, 17 where the faith of the dregvant is sufficiently recognised to form the basis for a question, rhetorical indeed, but still a question. ? From this and similar occurrences of the water and the plants' beside Immortality and Welfare' probably arose the later peculiar identification of those names with water and plants. s Compare perhaps verse 20. * Otherwise ; 'I will speak for Thee, O Lord ! for the (all)-wise one should speak.' * Or, 'from the two arani;' see notes on Y. XXXI, 3 and Y. XLIII, 12. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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182 THE GATHAS. I will announce by means of Thy flaming Fire; yea, I will declare it for the bestowal of that sword of justice which is forged from steel 1, and wrought for both the worlds ? And for the wounding of the wicked (with its blade) may'st Thou?, O Ahura Mazda! bless and prosper Thine (avenging) saint'! 10. (Yea, let Thy believer wound the wicked to the quick), for he, who totally estranged from this (our holy rule), O Mazda ! seeks to destroy my life, is a son of the Lie's creation, and belongs to the miscreants; (but as for me), I call on Asha (Thy Righteous Order to be my help); and may he come with Thy good blessing. 11. (And ye who throng the great assembly?, it is of you I speak while, with my lips, I now address the Lord) : Who, O Ahura! is a loyal friend to the Spitama , to Zarathustra? Who has asked his question of the divine Righteousness, (as he approachedo)? Compare Y. XXXII, 7, hvaena ayangha (lit. iron). Others see the ordeal of fire here, and the bath of melted metal from which the righteous suffers nothing, but in which the sinner is consumed, but rashayanghe seems to point to injury produced otherwise than by dipping, and dakhshta certainly designates a metallic instrument elsewhere ; 'sign' is, however, the original meaning. ? So several times; comp. Y. XXVIII, 3, where the depth is unmistakable; see also Y. XXXI, 18 with ahabis in the next verse. 3 The Pahlavi while not strictly correct, affords the indication of a causative, sudined. * From this verse probably arose the later association of khshathra-vairya and metal founding and forging. * As invoking Asha is in the antithesis, I regard ashat as understood here. Gat seems a particle, but also not impossibly=gat. As it is twice followed by te (toi), the interesting change is suggested to gate, infin. 6 Or a proper name. ? See the third verse. 8 See Y. XLVI, 9, 14. * See the fourth verse. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LI. 183 By whom is the bounteous Piety (received and cherished)? Or who has been regarded as upright and fitted for the great cause of Thy Good Mind ? 12. ("Who is worthy ?' would I ask, for Zarathustra was ever such, and from earliest days. He was no polluted wretch.) Paederast never gained his ear, nor Kavi-follower on this (temptation-)bridge of earth, when his body was (maturely) grown, when they both hasten(ed) to him with the bosom's' impure power? 13. (And he will be likewise victorious on the veritable Judgment Bridge, for) the righteous man's conscience will truly 3 crush the wicked man's (spirit) while his soul rages * fiercely on the open Kinvat Bridge', as he strives by his actions, and his tongue's * Some other portion of the human body, suggested by the context, may be meant by aodares. The word looks like a verbal form, 3rd pl., but see the preceding dual. ? I render the Pahlavi of this most difficult verse as follows: Far from satisfying me is the Kik, the paederast, in regard to both of the two particulars [food and clothing on the path of winter ; (far from satisfying me) who am Zartusht, the Spitaman, with whom he is; that is, (or 'where') he incites me with his incitation in my bodily (?) (sensations ; reading astak (?)); [that is, a person comes, and thus also they, or he, would do it to mel; and this one who is doing) [that to us] is also leading us on, even in our progress in the cold [of a winter of accustomed sin, (or in the cold iniquitous winter). This verse seems a very ancient interpolation. * Haithim is an adverb; its position also does not so much favour an accusative substantive. So our texts; but the Pahlavi translator saw khraozhdaiti (see Y. XLVI, 11) in his MSS., rendering khrusisno yehabund=utter cries: while his soul cries fiercely.' * The occurrence of peretau(ao) in this verse sheds light upon the pereto in the previous one. Akau(ao) seems to be an attracted form for a loc. as elsewhere. Perhaps it is miswritten. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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184 THE GATHAS. (cursing speech) to reach 1 (and to pollute) Asha's paths (where the faithful souls come). 14. (And as are those lost spirits, so are our foes.) No friends to the creatures 2 are the Karpans, (not granting) complete (harvests) from the fields with complete (pasture) for the Kine (chief objects for our prayer), bringing woe 3 by their deeds and their teachings. And they 4 will deliver these (beings 5 whom they lead) at the last (?) by their doctrine(s) in the Home of the Lie. 15. But this is the reward which Zarathustra declared before (to his friends who counsel with Asha), and are fitted for the cause 6; Ahura Mazda will come the first? into His Song Home, Garddman, Nasvau(ao) would naturally mean 'reaching '; but the word is also elsewhere used in an evil sense, 'reaching to harm.' Y. LIII, 7. The Pahlavi, however, indicates the reading nasvau by its nasinend. Does the Avesta show an original evil sense to nas=to reach? May the two nas possibly have some original connection? That hvis skyaothnais means here by means of' rather than because of' is the more probable from the same words in the next verse, and this notwithstanding Y. XXXI, 20. ? So general a term as creatures' should be avoided where possible ; but see ye dathaeibyo eres ratum khshayas ashavau kista (verse 5). As to the grammatical structure, all depends on senda. Shall we bring down noit from the verse above; or shall we regard senda as in an evil sense from sad as in sadra? The Pahlavi favours the former, as also in Y. XXXVIII, 5 (Sp. 15). The general result is not, however, affected. Read as alternative: No friends to the creatures are the Karpans as to perfect (harvests) from the fields, (not) blessing us in the matter of perfect (care and fodder) for the cattle, &c.; (sad in the sense of blessing with noit). * Free. Or, doctrines.' See the eleventh verse. ? Alternatives would be, Ahura will meet these engagements (?) made when the reward was promised; or, the reward which Zarathustra promised before Ahura came into Garodman. Ac Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LI. 185 and then these gifts will be given you by the Good Mind (within you), and with blessings for the cause of the Righteous Order (in His hosts). 16. (And one of you, the greatest, has indeed attained to that wisdom which is thus blessed with a promise), Kavi Vistaspa has reached it in the Realm of our great cause (of devotion ), and moved in his toil by the chants of the Good Mind (who speaks in the Mathra ?); yea, he hath attained to that wisdom which the bountiful Ahura conceived in accordance with Asha, thus to teach us salvation. 17. (And not alone amidst our princes hath sanctity been marked), Frashaostra, the Hvogva, hath presented a blest and an endeared form (his child); and may Ahura Mazda, who has the Sovereign Power, grant her (to us), who is so much to be beloved. And for the (progress of the) good Religion * do ye, O ye people! receive her with desire ', and for the gaining of Asha ; (she will help the great cause). 18. Yea, that (holy) wisdom, O Gamaspa the Hvogvao! these (pious throngs) are choosing through cording to the general form of the Gathic sentence, koist para go more naturally together than if the force of the park was extended to gasat. The coming of Ahura is elsewhere mentioned ; here He enters His audience-chamber before His approaching saints. Maga may have some such cast of meaning. I have, moreover, more than once suspected that the origin of magian' may, notwithstanding the moghu of the later Avesta, be simply this maga so often used in the Gathas to designate the cause.' * See verse 20. * So also the Pahlavi translator in his gloss; aigham bartman pavan nesmanih bara yehabunedo. * So also of Zarathustra's daughter, Y. LIII, 4. * Or, cry ye for the gaining of Asha,' as in Y. XXIX, 1. . Or, reading a nominative, Gamaspa is choosing,' which is itself Digitized by Digitized by Google

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186 THE GATHAS. their Righteousness as the (true) splendours of riches (these pious men who are) gaining the kingdom where the Good Mind (doth govern). And grant me also, O Mazda! that which these with glad wishes' receive from Thy grace ? 19. (And this prayer is already and beforehand heard.) This established Sovereign Power the heroic (Kavi Vistaspa has given), O Maidhyo-mah the Spitama. He who is wise through the Religion, and who seeks (the true) life, he is granting it to usR; yea, he has pronounced the laws of Ahura our Maker, and declared that which is for (our) life's actions (beyond all other things) best. 20. And, that gift of blessedness for you, all (the Bountiful Immortals) with one consent in sympathy to help us (are disposed 4) to grant; (and may they likewise make) the Holy Order (firm) for us through the Good Mind (in our folk); and may they reveal to us the words with which Piety likewise (speaks her truths). And receiving sacrifice with homage (from our praises), may they seek 6 for us Ahura Mazda's grace. 21. (Yea, this Kavi Vistaspa) the man of Aramaiti is bounteous, and with understanding in his words and his actions. (And as a reward) may Ahura give well possible, as var is also conjugated with n; but rapen seems a plural, and vido likewise. "I concede this shade of meaning to the indications of the Pahlavi. : The Pahlavi gives us our first indication here. s If Gamaspo (nom.) is read in verse 18, ahmai might here refer to him; 'to this one.' * Or, 'let them grant;' infinitive as imperative. * Seeking; a dual is here disapproved by the source from which the suggestion originated. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LIII. 187 him that Righteousness which is blest, (but) with the Religion (alone), and that Sovereign Power which is established through the Good Mind (in His folk). And this same blessing would I pray from His grace!. 22. For Ahura Mazda knoweth the man whose best gift for the sacrifice is given unto me, and from the motive of Righteousness; (and in thankfulness for all, and in prayer for yet still further grace), I will worship (the eternal ones); yea, I will worship those who have ever lived, and who still live, and by their own (holy) names, and to their (thrones?) will I draw near with my praise! THE GATHA(A) VAHISTA ISTIS (VAHIS TOISTI (1)). This Gatha, named from its first words, consists of chapter LIII of the Yasna. While its matter is homogeneous with that of the other Gathas, it bears some evidence of having been composed in the latter portion of Zarathustra's life. It is, as usual, separated from the other Gathas by its metre, which shows four lines with two half lines. The first two have eleven or twelve syllables; the third seems to have fourteen plus a half line with five, so also the last. Irregularities seem frequent. The composition has for its substance a marriage song, but one of a politically religious character. The piece a-airyema-ishyo, Y. LIV, 1, has been considered by some as susceptible of a similar metrical arrangement, and it certainly looks as if it originally belonged to Y. LIII. It is, however, 'I refer tem to Ahura, supposing it to stand; reading tam, I would refer it to ashi. * Compare Vend. XIX, 31. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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188 THE GATHAS. otherwise divided by Bartholomae (see Arische Forschungen, 2 tor heft, s. 23). From the past form of sravi, some have thought that Zarathustra was no longer living when this hymn was composed, but the word may only mean (his prayer) has been, or is heard.' If we must, however, render 'was heard,' this does not determine the certainty of Zarathustra's death. The expression Zarathustris Spitamo also gives the impression that some heir to Zarathustra's office and prestige existed, but even this is not decisive, for a future successor may be for a time a contemporary, while, on the contrary, the nuptials of Zarathustra's daughter, with the mention of his name, and the reference to her 'father' as the one from whom her bridegroom obtained her, indicate that Zarathustra may well have been still living. The later forms Zarathustrahe and fedhro remain as the indications of a later origin than the actual period of Zarathustra's lifetime; but these circumstances may be owing to accidental causes. The style has freshness and vigour throughout, and would indicate Zarathustrian influence, if not authorship. That Zarathustra does not speak in the first person, has no importance whatever in the question. The piece is not of course a whole; but it may well be a whole out of which parts have fallen. That the subject passes on to the old polemical vehemence in the last verses, is far from unnatural. The marriage festival of Zarathustra's child must have been, if without intention, a semi-political occasion, and the bard would express himself, as naturally, with regard to the struggle which was still going on. This latter fact also shows an early date ; the passages referring to the struggle are strongly kindred with some in Y. XLVI, and elsewhere. Verses 1 and 2 form an admirable introduction; the transition to the marriage occasion was, however, contained in lost verses. Verses 3, 4, and 5 hang well together; and 6 and 7 are not at all remote from them; the warlike close, although far from surprising us, must have been introduced by one or more now missing stanzas. 1. As the object of the great cause,' next to the preservation of its adherents, was the extension of its influence, first over hesitating parties (Y. XLIV, 12), and then over all the living (Y. XXXI, 3), it is not surprising that the central prayer of Zarathustra should have culminated in a desire for the conversion of opponents. Even Turanians had been known to come over to the holy creed, and help prosper the settlements which their kith had so often plundered (Y. XLVI, 12); he had therefore prayed that those who Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LIII. 189 had heretofore injured the holy Daena might become its disciples by a genuine conversion. 2. Having observed the fidelity of converts and original disciples, the king and his chief nobles would celebrate their devotion by hymns, ceremonies, and sacrifices, as the symbols of every moral virtue, laying down for the people the moral law of the Saviour. 3. As it would be pushing rather far to suppose the Saoshyant to be referred to in temka, and as moreover, according to Geldner's admirable suggestion, that title may here well refer to Zarathustra, it is better to accept a loss of verses, and to suppose a person alluded to as the bridegroom, who, if not one so eminent as to merit the imposing name of Saoshyant, was still at least one of his more prominent satellites, for the ancient poet goes on to address a daughter of Zarathustra as a bride. She is the youngest, and her name is as pious as that of a maid of ancient Israel, for she is called 'full of the religious knowledge. Her husband is to be a support in holiness, and she is to take counsel with piety. 4. Her response is appropriate; she will vie with her husband in every sacred affection, as well as in every domestic virtue. 5. The priestly thaliarch then addresses the bridesmaids and the pair with suitable admonitions to piety and affection. 6. Turning now to the assembly, possibly after the recital of some stanzas long since vanished, he proceeds with warnings and encouragements. He will exorcise the Demon who was especially the slave of the Daevas; but he warns all men and women against the evil Vayu, the spirit of the air. 7. Charitably concluding that they would come forth as conquerors from the trials which still awaited them, he next warns them against all solicitations to vice. 8. Having named profane Demons, his polemical zeal becomes fully inflamed. Anticipating with fierce delight the sufferings of the wicked, he calls vehemently for the champion, who may, in alliance with neighbouring potentates, deliver up the murderous false-leader, giving peace to the masses; and he entreats that all haste may be used. 9. To arouse the great chiefs to their duty, he recalls (as in Y. XXXII) the successes of the foe; and he calls for the prince who may overthrow and expel him, but, as if well aware that the human arm could not alone bring salvation, he attributes to Ahura the Sovereign Power, which alone can guard helpless innocence against lawless plunder and oppression. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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190 THE GATHAS. Translation. 1. That best prayer has been answered', the prayer of Zarathustra Spitama, that Ahura Mazda might 2 grant him those boons, (the most wished-for) which flow from the good Order, even a life that is prospered for eternal duration, and also those who deceived 4 him (may He likewise thus grant him) as the good Faith's disciples in word and in deed. 2. And may Kavi Vistaspa, and the Zarathustrian Spitama , and Frashaostra too with them, offer propitiation to Mazda in thought, word, and deed, and Some lay stress upon the literal form was heard,' and regard the expression as indicating the fact that Zarathustra was no longer living (see the remarks in the summary). 2 Free. e I follow the Pahlavi with all; it has hu-ahuinad. "I follow the friftar of the Pahlavi, as the conversion of those formerly hostile is suggested by vauraya and Fryana, not to speak of the primary rendering of duserethris kikhshnusha. The Pahlavi also has, 'even he who is the deceiver is to be instructed in the word and deed of the good religion. The MSS. should not hastily be abandoned. o That more than a ritualistic sanctity is meant is certain (see Y. XXX, 3); but that no sanctity could be recognised apart from worship is equally undeniable. & Who was the Zarathustrian Spitama? Some change the text after the Pahlavi translator, reading Zarathustra Spitama; but I would not follow this evil example in a first translation of a translatable text. Why should a Spitama, who was not Zarathustra, be called Zarathustrian? Were some of the Spitamas not in sympathy with their great kinsman, Spitamas who were Mazdayasnians, but not 'of Zarathustra's order?' One would however suppose that some one of Zarathustra's family was meant who occupied the position of his especial representative and natural successor. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LIII. 191 Yasna confessions as they render Him praise, making straight paths ? (for our going), even that Faith of the Saoshyant which Ahura will found 3. (The master of the feast.) 34. And him will they give Thee, O Pourukista, Haekat-aspid and Spitami! young" (as thou art) of the daughters of Zarathustra, him will they give thee as a help in the Good Mind's true service, of Asha's and Mazda's, as a chief and a guardian?. Counsel well then (together 8), with the mind of Armaiti, most bounteous and pious; and act with just action. (She answers.) 4. I will love' and vie with him, since from (my) father 10 he gained (me). For the master and toilers, and for the lord-kinsman (be) the Good Mind's bright 1 Free. Recall the path made for the Kine,' and 'the way' which * Thou declarest to be that of the Good Mind.' That is, will permanently found, establish. * Verses have here fallen out, as some allusion must have been made to the bridegroom. So more according to the hint of the Pahlavi and the statement of the Bundahis; West, XXXII, 5. So Geldner, K. Z. 28, 195. 6 Or, will he, the Saoshyant, the bride's father.' ? A chieftain, a protecting head. * It is, perhaps, safer to refer this questioning' to the pair; but forms of ham with pares are also used of consultations with the Deity (see Y. XXXIII, 6). Y. XLIV, 13 nearly necessitates the wider and less concrete view here. * Varani looks somewhat like a gloss, but the metre seems to demand it. 10 Her father's sanction was a reason for devotion to the man to whom he had given her. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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192 THE GATHAS. blessing?, the pure for the pure ones, and to me (be 2) the insight (which I gain from his counsel 3). Mazda grant it, Ahura for good conscience for ever. (The priestly master of the feast.) 5. Monitions for the marrying I speak to (you) maidens, to you, I who know them; and heed ye my (sayings): By these laws of the Faith which I utter obtain ye the life of the Good Mind (on earth and in heaven). (And to you, bride and bridegroom"), let each one the other in Righteousness cherish; thus alone unto each shall the home-life be happy. 6. [Thus real are these things, ye men and ye women !] from the Lie-demon protecting, I guard o'er my (faithful), and so (I) grant progress (in weal and in goodness). And the hate of the Lie (with the hate of her) bondsmen (?) I pray from the body, (and so would expel it?). For to those who bear Vayu ?, (and bring him to power), his shame mars the glory. To these evil truth-harmers by these means he reaches. Ye thus slay the life mental (if ye follow his courses 10). 1 The Pahlavi translator has sirih here. * Bet=bad lies certainly nearer than beet=bavat. 3 See the previous verse. Or, being zealous.' These words do not seem adapted to the bridesmaids. * Gaini is elsewhere used in an evil sense. "I can only render thus literally: From the Drug as a generous guide (I) who (compare ye in Y. XXVIII) (for) mine, (me) a watching guardian (I guide as a rathema; nom. sing. with verbal force) increasing prosperity, i.e. progress, of the Drug I pray (forth* ; I exorcise) of the bond (?) (of the Drug) the malicious injuries* from the body or person. * yese-para. * to 3rd pi. * If ye bear, or promote, the interests of Vayu. * Or, 'evil food.' 10 Some line here is gloss; the first thought would be to eliminate Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LIII. 193 7. But yours be the recompense, (O ye righteous women!) of this great cause. For while lustful desire heart-inflamed from the body there beyond goeth down where the spirit of evil reaches (to ruin, still) ye bring forth the champion ? to help on the cause, (and thus conquer temptation). So your last word is Vayu'; (ye cry it in triumph ). 8. And thus let the sinners by these means be foiled *; and consumed 5 be they likewise. Let them shriek in their anger. With good kings let (our champion ) deliver? the smiter 8 (as a captive in the difficult second line; but the third line might be an effort (by the poet himself, or an associate, see the metrical form) to explain, or relieve, the awkward second line. Reading yema and rathema, and taking genayo as in an evil sense, with spasutha as a second plural, we might render as a question: "Do ye, O ye twain, ye helpers of the Drug; do ye regard promotion as thus to be gained)?' But in that case verses 6 and 7 should be regarded as separated by many lost verses from the fifth verse. But is not the first line the gloss? It is merely an address. * Free. Lit. 'the greatness.' The difficulty here lies in the first line which seems to declare a reward in a good sense. Mizdem is hardly used of retribution. It must therefore be taken in a good sense. The following evil results must be supposed to have been avoided; and Vayu' to be uttered in triumph. Vayu is used in an evil sense in verse 6. If mizdem could be supposed to express retribution, then evil men and women would be threatened, and Vayu would be a cry uttered in woe. As to Vayu with his two natures, see part ii as per index. * The foiling of the evil here recalls adebaoma. The Pahlavi translator seems to me too free in rendering zahvyaka (zahyaka), zanisn-homand. It also makes a curious imitation of letters in geh va mar for genaram. It is of course far from certain that he had our present text. * See verse 9; also Y. XLVI, 4. ? Recall the delivering of the evil into the two hands of Asha (Y. XXX, 8, and Y. XLIV, 14). * Khruneram ka must be a gloss. (31] Digitized by Digitized by Google

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194 THE GATHAS. battle), giving peace to our dwellings, and peace to our hamlets. Let him charge 1 those deceivers, chaining death as the strongest ?; and swift be (the issue). 9. Through false believers the tormentor makes Thy helpers : refusers 4 ; (those who once helped our heroes shall no longer give succour). The estranged thus desires, and the reprobate 5 wills it, with the will that he harbours to conquer our honour. Where is then the Lord righteous who will smite them from life", and (beguile) them of license ? Mazda ! Thine is that power, (which will banish and conquer). And Thine is the Kingdom (r); and by it Thou bestowest the highest (of blessings) on the rightliving poor !! 1 Let him "rout" or "stir" them.' * Comp. mazista=the strongest in Y. XLIX, 1, 'the prevailer.' Lit. with the chaining of death the greatest.' * For narpis I can only suggest the suspiciously simple nar= hero (comp. the frequent na) and pi=nourish, support. The Pahlavi translator seems likewise to have had some such rendering in mind, for he translates dastobar. * As to rigis, the Pahlavi translation, which is here more than usually difficult, hints in the direction above followed, by a word which I would restore as reginend. The Pahlavi translator erroneously sees 'bridge' in pesho, or is free with his tanapaharkand homand. See Geldner, Stud. 3. See Geldner, Stud. 54. See Y. XLVI, 4. & Comp. the Ahuna-vairya which takes its last line from this place, and Y. XXXIV, 5. Vahyo is a variation for vangheus vahyo. Here I have endeavoured to imitate the swing of the rhythm by breaking up the sentences, especially in the second line. Literally it would be, with the desire, with the virtue-conquering (desire) of the reprobate.' Such freedom as the above is often a critical necessity in the attempts to reproduce the warmth of the original. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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THE YASNA. It is now hardly necessary to say that the Yasna is the chief liturgy of the Zarathustrians, in which confession, invocation, prayer, exhortation, and praise are all combined as in other liturgies. Like other compositions of the kind, it is made up of more or less mutually adapted fragments of different ages, and modes of composition. The Gathas are sung in the middle of it, and in the Vendidad Sadah, the Visparad is interpolated within it for the most part at the ends of chapters. We have no reason to suppose that the Yasna existed in its present form in the earlier periods of Zarathustrianism, but we have also no reason to doubt that its present arrangement is, as regards us, very ancient. The word Yasna means worship including sacrifice. Introductory excerpts occur in several MSS., and are now printed by Geldner. They are to be found in Y. I, 23 ; Y. III, 25; Y.XI, 17, 18; Y. XXII, 23-27; Y. XXVII, 13, 14; Ny.I, 2. - - -- -- YASNA I. THE SACRIFICE COMMENCES. 1. I announce and I (will) complete (my Yasna) to Ahura Mazda, the Creator, the radiant and glorious, the greatest and the best, the most beautiful (?) (to our conceptions), the most firm, the wisest, and the one of all whose body is the most perfect, who 1 Or, I invite;' but the word seems equal to avaedhayema; compare the Vedic vid + ni. Comp. also ni te vaedhayemi and ni vo vaedhayemi in Y. I, 21, 22. The Pahlavi favours 'I invite.' Not that Ahura was conceived of as having a body proper. The stars are elsewhere poetically described as his body, as other 02 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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196 YASNA 1. attains His ends the most infallibly, because of His Righteous Order, to Him who disposes our minds aright?, who sends His joy-creating grace afar ; who made us, and has fashioned us, and who has nourished and protected us, who is the most bounteous Spirits ! 2. I announce and I (will) complete (my Yasna) to the Good Mind, and to Righteousness the Best, and to the Sovereignty which is to be desired, and to Piety the Bountiful, and to the two, the Universal Weal and Immortality, to the body of the Kine, and to the Kine's Soul, and to the Fire of Ahura Mazda, that one who more than * (all) the Bountiful Immortals has made most effort (for our succour)! 3. And I announce and I (will) complete (my Yasna) to the Asnya, the day-lords of the ritual order, to Havani the holy, the lord of the ritual order; and I celebrate, and I (will) complete (my Yasna) to Savanghi and to Visya, the holy lord(s) of the ritual order. And I announce and (will) complete (my Yasna) to Mithra of the wide pastures, of the thousand ears, and of the myriad eyes, the Yazad of the spoken 8 name, and to Raman Hvastra. divinities are said to be tanu-mathra, having the Mathra as their body; that is, incarnate in the Mathra. 1 Disposing aright as to mind.' * Pahlavi parvard. * Elsewhere the Spenta Mainyu is spoken of as His possession. * The Fire seems almost spoken of as one of the Amesha Spenta. * Lords of the ritual because ruling as chief at the time of their mention, and in this sense regarded as genii protecting all ritual seasons and times of their class. Visya presides over the Vis; Savanghi, over cattle. * Having an especial Yast. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA I. 197 4. I announce and (will) complete (my Yasna) to Rapithwina, the holy lord of the ritual order, and to Fradatfshu, and to Zantuma, the holy lord(s) of the ritual order; and I celebrate and complete (my Yasna) to Righteousness the Best, and to Ahura Mazda's Fire 1. 5. I announce and complete (my Yasna) to Uzayeirina the holy lord of the ritual order, and to Fradal-vira and to Dahvyuma?, the holy lord(s) of the ritual order, and to that lofty Ahura Napatapam (the son of waters), and to the waters which Ahura Mazda : made. 6. I announce and complete (my Yasna) to Aiwisrathrima (and) Aibigaya", the holy lord(s) of the ritual order, and to Zarathustrotema, and to him who possesses and who gives that prosperity in life which furthers all. And I celebrate and complete (my Yasna) to the Fravashis of the saints, and to those of the women who have many sons', and to a prosperous home-life which continues without reverse throughout the year, and to that Might which is wellshaped and statelyo, which strikes victoriously, Ahuramade, and to that Victorious Ascendency (which it secures). 7. I announce and I complete (my Yasna) to Ushahina, the holy lord of the ritual order, and to Beregya (and) Nmanya, the holy lord(s) of the ritual order, and to Sraosha (who is Obedience) the blessed, endowed with blessed recompense (as a thing com * Constantly associated together in the later Avesta. hu=h before y. * As opposed to those which might belong to Angra Mainyu. * Or, who furthers life.' 8. Men and herds?' 6 Well-grown. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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198 YASNA I. pleted '), who smites with victory, and furthers the settlements, and to Rashnu?, the most just, and to Arstat s, who advances the settlements, and causes them to increase. 8. And I announce and I complete (my Yasna) to the Mahya, the monthly festivals, lords of the ritual order, to the new and the later moon, the holy lord of the ritual order, and to the full moon which scatters night. 9. And I announce and complete (my Yasna). to the Yairya, yearly feasts, the holy lords of the ritual order. I celebrate and complete (my Yasna) to Maidyo-zaremya", the holy lord of the ritual order, and to Maidyo-shema, the holy lord of the ritual order, and to Paitishahya, and to Ayathrima the advancer, and the spender of the strength of males", the holy lord of the ritual order, and to Maidhyairya, the holy lord of the ritual order, and to Hamaspathmaedhaya, the holy lord of the ritual order; yea, I celebrate and complete my Yasna to the seasons, lords of the ritual order. 10. And I announce and complete (my Yasna) to all those who are the thirty and three ? lords of the ritual order, which, coming the nearest, are around about Havani, and which (as in their festivals) were * I should say that the suffix has this force here as in close connection with ashyo. Genius of rectitude. . Rectitude in another form. * Literally, 'to the moon within,' showing little light. o See the Afrinagan. 6 The rutting season. Haug first called attention to the striking coincidence with the Indian. In the Aitareya and Satapatha Brahmanas, in the Atharvaveda, and in the Ramayana, the gods are brought up to the number thirty-three. The names differ somewhat however. (See Essays, ed. West, 2nd edition, p. 276; see also Rv. 240, 9; 250, 2.) Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA I. 199 inculcated by Ahura Mazda, and were promulgated by Zarathustra, as the lords of Asha Vahista, who is Righteousness the Best. 11. And I announce and complete (my Yasna) to the two, to Ahura' and to Mithra, the lofty, and the everlasting, and the holy, and to all the stars which are Spenta Mainyu's creatures, and to the star Tistrya, the resplendent and glorious, and to the Moon which contains the seed of the Kine, and to the resplendent Sun, him of the rapid steeds, the eye 2 of Ahura Mazda, and to Mithra the province-ruler. And I celebrate and complete my Yasna to Ahura Mazda (once again, and as to him who rules the month), the radiant, the glorious, and to the Fravashis * of the saints. 12. And I announce and complete my Yasna to thee, the Fire, O Ahura Mazda's son! together with all the fires, and to the good waters, even to all the waters made by Mazda, and to all the plants which Mazda made. 13. And I announce and complete (my Yasna) to the Bounteous Mathra, the holy and effective, the revelation given against the Daevas ; the Zarathus 1 The star Jupiter has been called Ormuzd by the Persians and Armenians, and it may be intended here, as stars are next mentioned, but who can fail to be struck with the resemblance to the Mitra-Varuna of the Rig-veda. Possibly both ideas were present to the composer. * Recall Kakshur Mitrasya Varunasya Agneh. 9 The first day of the month is called Ahura Mazda. * The first month is called Fravashi. These are put for the particular day of celebration. * This was the Vendidad, the name being a contraction of vidaeva-data. It will not be forgotten that the Vendidad, although later put together, contains old Aryan myths which antedate Digitized by Digitized by Google

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200 YASNA I. trian revelation, and to the long descent of the good Mazdayasnian Faith. 14. And I announce and complete (my Yasna) to the mountain Ushi-darena?, the Mazda-made, with its sacred brilliance, and to all the mountains glorious with sanctity 3, with their abundant Glory Mazdamade, and to that majestic Glory Mazda-made, the unconsumed 4 Glory which Mazda made. And I announce and complete (my Yasna) to Ashi the good, the blessedness (of the reward), and to Kisti, the good religious Knowledge, to the good Erethe (Rectitude o?), and to the good Rasastat (persisting zeal ?), and to the Glory and the Benefit which are Mazda-made. 15. And I announce and complete (my Yasna) to the pious and good Blessing of the religious man?, the holy, and to the curse of wisdom, the swift and redoubted Yazad of potency (to blight). 16. And I announce and complete (my Yasna) to these places and these lands, and to these pastures, and these abodes with their springs of water (?) $, and Zarathustra, although in its present greatly later form, Zarathustra is a demi-god in it, and his name is involved in myth. 1 The long tradition;' so Spiegel. . From this mountain the Iranian kings were later supposed to have descended; hence the mention of the glory.' Observe the impossibility of the meaning comfort,' or mere well-being 'here. * Or possibly the unseized,' the Pahlavi agrift(); Ner.agrihitam; hvar, to eat, may have meant seize' originally. * Erethe (riti?) seems without inflection. The state of activity (). ? Shall we say, 'of the departed saint' here? * The Pahlavi with its afkhvar points here perhaps to a better text. Recall awzhdatemka, awzhdaungho, awrem. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA I. 201 to the waters, land, and plants, and to this earth and to yon heaven, and to the holy wind, and to the stars, moon, and sun, and to the eternal stars without beginning?, and self-disposing ?, and to all the holy creatures of Spenta-Mainyu, male and female, the regulators of the ritual order. 17. And I announce and complete (my Yasna) to that lofty lord who is the ritual Righteousness 8 (itself), and to the lords of the days in their duration, and of the days during daylight, to the moons, the years, and the seasons which are lords of the ritual order at the time of Havani 4. 18. And I announce and complete (my Yasna) to the Fravashis of the saints, the redoubted, which overwhelm (the evil), to those of the saints of the ancient lore, to those of the next of kin, and to the Fravashi of (mine) own soul ! 19. And I announce and complete (my Yasna) to all the lords of the ritual order, and to all the Yazads, the beneficent, who dispose (of all) aright, to those both heavenly and earthly, who are (meet) for our sacrifice and homage because of Asha Vahista, (of the ritual Order which is the best ). 20. O (thou) Havani, holy lord of the ritual order, and Savanghi, Rapithwina, and Uzayeirina, and Aiwisrathrima, (and) Aibigaya, (thou that aidest * Meaning without beginning to their course,' and so 'fixed'(?). * Self-determining, not satellites, having the laws of their own motion in themselves. * The divine Order par eminence, expressed in the ritual and the faith. * Not to the chief of Havani,' possibly 'in the lordship,' the time when it is especially the object of worship. Thus each object of worship becomes in its turn a 'lord or chief' of 'the ritual order.' 6 The soul of the celebrant or his client is intended. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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202 YASNA I. life!) if I have offended you, and thou, O Ushahina, holy lord of the ritual order ! 21. If I have offended thee 1, whether by thought, or word, or deed, whether by act of will, or without intent or wish, I earnestly make up the deficiency of this in praise to thee. If I have caused decrease ? in that which is Thy Yasna, and Thy homage, I announce (and celebrate 3) to thee (the more for this)! 22. Yea, all ye lords, the greatest ones, holy lords of the ritual order, if I have offended you by thought, or word, or deed, whether with my will, or without intending error", I praise you (now the more) for this. I announce to you (the more) if I have caused decrease in this which is your Yasna, and your praise. 23. I would confess myself a Mazda-worshipper, of Zarathustra's order, a foe to the Daevas, devoted to the lore of the Lord, for Havani, the holy lord of the ritual order, for (his) sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise, for Savanghi, and for Visya, the holy lord of the ritual order, for (his) sacrifice, homage, propitiation and praise, and for the sacrifice, homage, propitiation and praise of the lords of the days in their duration, and of the days during daylight, for i Compare Rv. VII, 86, 3-6. Practised, or induced neglect, or omitted portions of it. 3. I invite for Thee' (?). * That the thought, word, and deed here were more than the mere semi-mechanical use of faculties in reciting the liturgy, is clear. At the same time all morality was supposed to be represented in the liturgy. The evil man would offend in thought, word, and deed, if he recited it carelessly, or with bad conscience, and as guilty of any known and unrepented sins. The moral and ceremonial laws went hand in hand. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA II. 203 those of the monthly festivals, and for those of the yearly ones, and for those of the seasons ! YASNA II. The SacriFICE CONTINUES. 1. I desire to approach the Zaothras ? with my worship. I desire to approach the Baresman with my worship. I desire to approach the Zaothra conjointly with the Baresman in my worship, and the Baresman conjointly with the Zaothra. Yea, I desire to approach this Zaothra (here), and with this (present) Baresman, and I desire to approach this Baresman conjoined with this Zaothra with my praise 3; and I desire to approach this Baresman with praise provided with its Zaothra with its girdle, and spread with sanctity. 2. And in this Zaothra' and the Baresman I desire to approach Ahura Mazda with my praise, the holy 1 Referring yas to its more original sense. Or read, 'I desire the approach of' the various objects of worship, which may be correct, as we understand the genius of each several object to be invoked. Aside from this, a desire to approach' seems quite necessary to fill out the sense here. Many of the objects referred to were already present, although some, like the mountains,' needed to be spiritually approached, or indeed invoked. * Zaothra seems to me hardly a vocative here. If declined as other nouns, it would seem to be exceptionally a masculine; compare ahmya zaothre below. I should feel constrained to regard it here as a masc. plural accusative (comp. haoma). * If zaothre is not a loc. masc. it may be used with the loc. masc. pronoun irregularly. It would then equal Zaothraya. The letter yo is often simply the Pahlavin a little lengthened and equivalent to ya (aya). Ho does not merely stand for ya (aya), but it is sometimes the correct writing for those letters. (Useless repetitions are curtailed.) Digitized by Digitized by Google

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204 YASNA II. lord of the ritual order, and the Bountiful Immortals, (all) those who rule aright, and who dispose of all aright, these also I desire to approach and with my praise. 3. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach the Asnya with my praise. I desire to approach the Havani with my praise, the holy lord of the ritual order, and Savanghi and Visya, the holy lords of the ritual order. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach Mithra with my praise, of the wide pastures, of the thousand ears, and of the myriad eyes, the Yazad ofthe spoken name, and Raman Hvastra with him, the holy lord of the ritual order. 4. And in this Zaothra and with the Baresman I desire to approach Rapithwina with my praise, the holy lord of the ritual order; and Fradat-fshu and Zantuma, the holy lords of the ritual order; and in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach toward Righteousness the Best with my praise, and with him the Fire, Ahura Mazda's son. 5. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach Uzayeirina with my praise, and Fradatvira and Dahvyuma ", the holy lords of the ritual order; and with them that lofty lord, the kingly and brilliant Apam-na pat?, of the fleet horses, and likewise the water Mazda-made and holy, 6. And Aiwisrathrima, (and) Aibigaya, the holy lord(s) of the ritual order, and Fradat-vispam-hugaiti, and Zarathustrotema, the holy lord, and the good, heroic, and bountiful Fravashis of the saints, and the women who have many sons, and a peaceful and prosperous home-life that continues without reverse throughout the year, and Force well-shaped and i hv=h before y. Sometimes Napal-apam. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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YASNA II. 205 stately, and the Victorious-blow Ahura-given, and the Victorious Ascendency (which it secures), and (7) Ushahina, the holy lord of the ritual order, Beregya and Nmanya, the holy lords of the ritual order, and Sraosha, Obedience, the blessed and the stately, who smites with the blow of victory, furthering the settlements, the holy lord of the ritual order, and Rashnu, the most just, and Arstat, who furthers the settlements, and causes them to increase. 8. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach the Mahya, the monthly festivals with my praise, the new moon and the waning moon (the moon within), the holy lords of the ritual order, and the full moon which scatters night, (9) and the Yearly festivals, Maidhyo-zaremaya, the holy lord of the ritual order, and Maidhyo-shema, and Paitishahya, and Ayathrima, the promoter, who spends the strength of males, and Maidhyairya and Hamaspathmaedhaya, and the seasons, the holy lords of the ritual order. 10. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach all the lords of the ritual order with my praise, the three and thirty who come the nearest round about our Havanis, who are those lords (and seasons) of Righteousness the Best, which were inculcated by Mazda, and spoken forth by Zarathustra. 11. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach Ahura and Mithra with my praise, the lofty, eternal, and the holy two; and I desire to approach the stars, moon, and sun with the Baresman plants, and with my praise, and with them Mithra the governor of all the provinces, and Ahura Mazda the radiant and glorious, and the good, heroic, bountiful Fravashis of the saints, (12) and thee, the Fire, Digitized by Digitized by Google

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206 YASNA II. Ahura Mazda's son, the holy lord of the ritual order, with all the fires ! And I desire to approach the good waters in this Zaothra with this Baresman with my praise, all best waters, Mazda-made and holy, and all the plants which are Mazda-made and holy. 13. And I desire to approach the bounteous Mathra in this Zaothra with this Baresman, and with my praise, the most glorious as it is, and with it the law instituted against the Daevas; yea, I desire to approach the Zarathustrian law with my praise, and (with it) its long descent, and the good Mazdayasnian Religion (as complete). 14. And I desire to approach Mount Ushi-darena in this Zaothra, with this Baresman with my praise, Mazda-made, and glorious with sanctity, the Yazad(mount). And I desire to approach all the mountains with my praise, glorious with sanctity as they are, and with abundant glory, Mazda-made, and holy lords of the ritual order; and I desire to approach the mighty kingly Glory Mazda-made and unconsumed ; yea, (even the mighty unconsumed Glory Mazdamade. And I desire to approach Ashi Vanguhi (the good blessedness) in my praise, the brilliant, lofty, powerful, and stately, saving by inherent power. Yea, I desire to approach the Glory Mazda-made with my praise; and I desire to approach the Benefit conferred by Mazda. 15. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach the Blessing, pious and good, and the pious and holy man who utters it, and the mighty and redoubted Curse of the wise, the Yazad. 16. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach these waters with my praise, and these lands and plants, and these places, districts, Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA III. 207 and pastures, and these dwellings with their springs of water !, and this land-ruler, who is Ahura Mazda. 17. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach all the greatest lords with my praise, the day-lords, and the month-lords, those of the years, and of the seasons, and the good, heroic, bountiful Fravashis of the saints. 18. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach all the holy Yazads with my praise; yea, even all the lords of the ritual order, Havani at his time, and Savanghi at his time, and all the greatest lords of the ritual at their proper times. YASNA III. THE YASNA ADVANCES TO THE NAMING OF THE OBJECTS OF PROPITIATION. 1. With a Baresman brought to its appointed place accompanied with the Zaothra at the time of Havani, I desire to approach the Myazda-offering with my praise, as it is consumed, and likewise Ameretatat 3 (as the guardian of plants and wood) and Haurvatat (who guards the water), with the (fresh) meat 3, for the propitiation of Ahura Mazda, and of the Bountiful * See note on Y. I, 16. * Spiegel has observed with truth that Ameretatat and Haurvatat may represent severally all the fruits and the liquids offered. 3 The modern Parsis, Haug following, render 'butter'; but Spiegel is inclined to discredit this later tradition, holding that 'flesh' was originally intended; but on its becoming disused in India, milk was substituted, hence the error. Gaus hudhau, in its primary sense, meant of course the Kine of blessed endowment.' (Repetitions are again curtailed.) Digitized by Google Digitized by

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208: ASNA III. Immortals, and for the propitiation of Sraosha (who is Obedience) the blessed, who is endowed with sanctity, and who smites with the blow of victory, and causes the settlements to advance. 2. And I desire to approach Haoma and Parahaoma' with my praise for the propitiation of the Fravashi of Spitama Zarathustra, the saint. And I desire to approach the (sacred) wood with my praise, with the perfume, for the propitiation of thee, the Fire, O Ahura Mazda's son! 3. And I desire to approach the Haomas with my praise for the propitiation of the good waters which Mazda created; and I desire to approach the Haomawater, and the fresh milk 2 with my praise, and the plant Hadhanaepata, offered with sanctity for the propitiation of the waters which are Mazda-made. 4. And I desire to approach this Baresman with the Zaothra with my praise, with its binding 8 and spread with sanctity for the propitiation of the Bountiful Immortals. And I desire with (?) my voice the thoughts well thought, and the words well spoken, and the deeds well done, and the recital of the Gathas as they are heard. And I desire to approach the well-said Mathras with my praise, and this (higher) lordship with this sanctity, and this exact regulation * (of the Ratu), and the reverential prayer for blessings (spoken at the fitting hour); and I desire to approach them for the contentment and propitiation * The Haoma-juice. 9 So better than fresh meat.' Fluids are the chief objects of attention here. s With its girdle. * Anghuyam-rathwam stand related as ahQ and ratu; so also the Pahlavi ahQoih and radih, and Ner. svamitamka gurutamka. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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FCE LIRRARI YASNA III. (CS!!ERSITY209 - EALTE CATHA of the holy Yazads, heavenly and earthly, and for the contentment of each man's soul. 5. And I desire to approach the Asnya with my praise, the lords of the ritual order, and the Havani and Savanghi and Visya, the holy lords of the ritual order. And I desire to approach with the Yast of Mithra of the wide pastures, of the thousand ears, of the myriad eyes, the Yazad of the spoken name, and with him Raman Hvastra. 6. And I desire to approach Rapithwina with my praise, the holy lord of the ritual order, and Fradat-fshu and Zantuma, and Righteousness the Best, and Ahura Mazda's Fire. 7. And I desire to approach Uzayeirina, and Fradat-vira and Dahvyuma* with my praise, with that lofty Ahura Napat-apam, and the waters Mazdamade, 8. And Aiwisrathrima, and Aibigaya, and Fradatvispam-hugaiti, and Zarathustrotema with the Yast of the Fravashis of the saints?, and of the women who have many sons, and the year long unchanged prosperity, and of Might, the well-shaped and stately, smiting victoriously, Ahura-made and of the Victorious Ascendency (which it secures). 9. And I desire to approach Ushahina, Beregya, and Nmanya with the Yast of Sraosha (Obedience) the sacred, the holy, who smites with the blow of victory, and makes the settlements advance, and with that of Rashnu, the most just, and Arstat 1 Yesti seems used of an especial Yast here, and subsequently, as genitives intrude among datives, the form possibly taking the place of the words 'for the propitiation of'; here Yast X may be referred to. 2 Yast XIII. (31) Digitized by Digitized by Google

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210 YASNA III. who furthers the settlements, and causes them to increase. 10. And I desire to approach the monthly festivals, the lords of the ritual order, and the new moon and the waning moon, and the full moon which scatters night, 11. And the yearly festivals, Maidhyo-zaremaya, Maidhyo-shema, Paitishahya, and Ayathrima the breeder who spends the strength of males, and Maidhyairya, and Hamaspathmaedhaya, and the seasons, lords of the ritual order, (12) and all those lords who are the three and thirty, who approach the nearest at the time of Havani, who are the Lords of Asha called Vahishta (and whose services were) inculcated by Mazda, and pronounced by Zarathustra, as the feasts of Righteousness, the Best. 13. And I desire to approach Ahura and Mithra, the lofty and imperishable two, the holy, and with the Yast of those stars which are the creatures of Spenta Mainyu, and with the Yast of the star Tistrya, the radiant, the glorious, and with that of the moon which contains the seed of cattle, and with that of the resplendent sun, the eye of Ahura Mazda, and of Mithra, province-lord of the provinces, and with that of Ahura Mazda (as He rules this day) the radiant, the glorious, and with that of the Fravashis of the saints, (who rule this month), 14. And with thy Yast, the Fire's, O Ahura Mazda's son! with all the fires, and to the good waters with the Yast of all the waters which are Mazda-made, and with that of all the plants which Mazda made. 15. And I desire to approach with the Yast of the Digitized by Digitized by Google

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VASNA III. 211 Mathra Spenta, the holy, the effective, the law composed against the Daevas, the Zarathustrian, and with that of the long descent of the Religion which Mazda gave. 16. And I desire to approach with the Yast of Mount Ushi-darena, Mazda-made, and of all, glorious with sanctity, and abundant in brilliance, and with that of the Kingly Glory, Mazda-made; yea, with that of the unconsumed glory which Mazda made, and with that of Ashi Vanguhi, and Kisti Vanguhi, and with that of the good Erethe, and the good Rasastat, and the good Glory, and of the Benefit which Mazda gave. 17. And I desire to approach with the Yast of the good and pious Blessing of the pious man and of the saint, and with that of the awful and swift Curse of the wise, the Yazad-curse, (18) and to these places, regions, pastures, and abodes, with their water-springs, and with that of the waters, and the lands, and the plants, and with that of this earth and yon heaven, and with that of the holy wind and of the stars, moon, and sun, and with that of the stars without beginning, self-determined and self-moved, and with that of all the holy creatures which are those of Spenta Mainyu, male and female, regulators of the ritual order, (19) and with that of the lofty lord who is Righteousness (himself, the essence of the ritual), and with that of the days in their duration, and of the days during daylight, and with that of the monthly festivals, and the yearly festivals, and with those of the several seasons which are lords of the ritual at the time of Havani. 20. And I desire to approach the meat-offering with a Yast, and Haurvatat (who guards the water), and Ameretatat (who guards the plants and wood), with P 2 Digitized by Google Digitized by

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212 YASNA III. the Yast of the sacred flesh for the propitiation of Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed and the mighty, whose body is the Mathra, of him of the daring spear, the lordly, the Yazad of the spoken name. 21. And I desire to approach both Haoma and the Haoma-juice with a Yast for the propitiation of the Fravashi of Zarathustra Spitama, the saint, the Yazad of the spoken name. And I desire to approach the wood-billets with a Yast, with the perfume for the propitiation of thee, the Fire, O Ahura Mazda's son! the Yazad of the spoken name. 22. And I desire to approach with a Yast for the mighty Fravashis of the saints, the overwhelming, the Fravashis of those who held to the ancient lore, and of those of the next of kin. 23. And I desire to approach toward all the lords of the ritual order with a Yast, toward all the good Yazads, heavenly and earthly, who are (set) for worship and for praise because of Asha Vahista (of Righteousness the Best). 24. I will confess myself a Mazdayasnian, of Zarathustra's order, a foe to the Daevas, devoted to the lore of the Lord for Havani, the holy lord of the ritual order, for sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and for praise, and for Savanghi and Visya, the holy lord(s) of the ritual order, and for the sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise of the day-lords of the days in their duration, and of the days during daylight, and for the month-regulators, and the year-regulators, and for those of the (several) seasons, for their sacrifice, and homage, their propitiation, and their praise. (The Zaotar speaks ?): As the Ahu to be 1 So at least the rubric. One would think that the sentence was intended to be dictated to the Ratu to be repeated; that is, if the Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA iv. 213 (revered and) chosen, let the priest speak forth to me. (The Ratu responds): As the Ahd to be (revered and) chosen, let him who is the Zaotar speak 1 forth to me. (The Zaotar again): So let the Ratu from his Righteousness, holy and learned, speak forth ! YASNA IV. THE OFFERING TAKES PLACE. 1. These good thoughts, good words, and good deeds ?, these Haomas, meat-offerings, and Zaothras, this Baresman spread with sanctity, this Aesh, and the two, Haurvatat (who guards the water) and Ameretatat (who guards the plants and wood), even the flesh, the Haoma and Haoma-juice, the woodbillets, and their perfume, this sacred lordship 8 and chieftainships, and the timely prayer with blessing, and the heard recital of the Gathas, and the well-said Mathras, these all we offer, and make known with celebrations (here). 2. Yea, these do we announce with celebrations, and we present them to Ahura Mazda, and to Sraosha rubric is correct. The sentence as uttered by the priest seems difficult. * Present, or infin. for imperative (?). ? The fact that somewhat of a more technical sumati, sukta, sukrita adheres to these expressions in this place must not for a moment induce us to suppose that their deeper meaning was lost. All good thoughts, words, and deeds culminated in the ritual, as in an enlightened high ecclesiasticism. They were nourished by it, and not lost in it. (Expressions are here varied.) * The prominence and supremacy of each deity, or genius, while he is especially the object of worship in the ritual order, the expressions being taken from the Ahuna-vairya. Digitized by Google Digitized by .

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214 YASNA IV. (Obedience) the blessed, and to the Bountiful Immortals, and to the Fravashis of the saints, and to their souls, and to the Fire of Ahura Mazda, the lofty lord. of the entire creation of the holy, for sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise. 3. Yea, further, we present (them to the Bountiful Immortals with an especial gift) these thoughts well thought, these words well spoken, these deeds well done, these Haomas, Myazdas, Zaothras, and this Baresman spread with sanctity, the flesh, and Haurvatat (who guards the water), and Ameretatat (who guards the plants and wood), even the flesh, Haoma and Parahaoma, the wood-billets, the perfume, and this their lordship and their sanctity, and this chieftainship, this prayer for blessing, the heard recital of the Gathas, and the well-said Mathras. 4. We offer with our celebrations, and we announce them (of a verity) to the Bountiful Immortals, those who exercise their rule aright, and who dispose (of all) aright, the ever-living, ever-helpful, the male divinities among their number who dwell with the Good Mind, [and the female ? ones as well]. 5. And we announce them in our celebrations as more propitious for this house 3, and for the furtherance of this house, of its herds, and of its men, of those now born, and of those yet to be born, the holy, yea, for the furtherance of that house of which these (men) are thus. 6. And we present these offerings to the good 1 Vohu Manah, Asha, and Khshathra. ? Aramaiti, Haurvatat, and Ameretatat. 8 It would seem that the Yasna must have been at the time celebrated in the houses of the worshippers. Hence perhaps some of the priests were pairigathans. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA IV. 215 Fravashis of the saints who are mighty and overwhelming for the succour of the saints. 7. Yea, we present these hereby to the Creator Ahura Mazda, the radiant, the glorious, and the heavenly spirit, for the sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise of the Bountiful Immortals (all). 8. And we present these hereby to the Day-lords of the ritual order, to Havani, to Savanghi, and to Visya, the holy lords of the ritual order, for sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and for praise, and to Mithra of the wide pastures, and the thousand ears, and the myriad eyes, the Yazad of the spoken name, 9. And to Rapithwina, Fradat-fshu, and Zantuma, the holy lords of the ritual order, and to Righteousness the Best, and to Ahura Mazda's Fire, 10. And to Uzayeirina, Fradat-vira, and Dahvyuma', the holy lords of the ritual order, and to that lofty lord Napat-apam, and to the water Mazda-made, 11. And to Aiwisrathrima, the life-furtherer ?, and to Fradat-vispam-hugyaiti and Zarathustrotema, the holy lords of the ritual order, and to the Fravashis of the saints, and to the women who bring forth many sons, and to the Prosperous home-life which endures without reverse throughout the year, and to Force, well-shaped and stately, and to the Blow of victory which Mazda gives, and to the Victorious Ascendency which it secures, for their sacrifice, homage, their propitiation, and their praise, 12. And to Ushahina, with Beregya and Nmanya, and Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, smiting with the blow of victory and furthering the settlements, and to Rashnu, the most just, and to Arstat, furthering the settlements, and causing them to increase. 1 Dahyuma. Aibigaya. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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216 YASNA IV. 13. And these we announce and we present hereby to the Month-lords of the ritual order, to the new moon and the waning moon (the moon within), and to the full moon which scatters night, the holy lord of the ritual order, for (their) sacrifice, homage, their propitiation, and their praise. 14. And these we announce hereby and we present to the Yearly festivals, to Maidhyo-zaremaya, Maidhyoshema, Patishahya, and to Ayathrima, to Maidhyairya, Hamaspathmaedhaya, and to the Seasons as holy lords of the ritual order, for sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and for praise. 15. And these we announce and we present hereby to all those lords who are the three and thirty lords of the ritual order, who approach the nearest around about our Havani, and which are the festivals of Righteousness the Best, inculcated by Mazda, and uttered forth by Zarathustra for their sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise. 16. And these we announce and we present to Ahura and to Mithra, the lofty, and imperishable, and holy two, to the stars, the creatures of Spenta Mainyu, and to the star Tistrya, the radiant, the glorious, and to the Moon which contains the seed of cattle, and to the resplendent Sun, of the swift horses, Ahura Mazda's eye, and to Mithra, the lord of provinces, for their sacrifice, homage, their propitiation and their praise; yea, these we present hereby to Ahura Mazda (as he rules this day) and to the Fravashis of the saints (as they rule this month), for their sacrifice, homage, their propitiation and their praise. 17. And these we announce hereby to thee, the Fire, O Ahura Mazda's son! with all the fires for Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA IV. 217 thy sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise, and to the good waters for the sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise of all the waters Mazda-made, and to all the plants which Mazda made, 18. And to the Mathra Spenta, the holy, the effective, the law against the Daevas, the Zarathustrian statute, and to the long descent of the good Mazdayasnian religion. 19. And these we announce and we present hereby to Mount Ushi-darena, Mazda-made, brilliant with sanctity, and to all the mountains shining with their holiness, abundantly luminous, and Mazda-made, and to the Kingly glory, the unconsumed ' glory Mazdamade, and to the good Blessedness, and the good Religious-knowledge, and the good Rectitude, and to the good Rasastat, and to the Glory and the Benefit which Mazda created. ) 20. And these we offer and present to the pious and good Blessing of the pious, and to the swift and dreadful Yazad, the Curse of wisdom. 21. And to these places, pastures, and dwellings with their springs of water, their rivers, to the lands and to the plants, to this earth and yon heaven, to the holy wind, to the stars, moon, and sun, to the stars without beginning, self-disposed, and to all the holy creatures of the Spenta Mainyu, male and female (the rulers as they are of the ritual order). 22. And these we announce and we present hereby to that lofty lord who is Asha, the ritual righteousness itself, to the Day-lords, and the Monthlords, the Year-lords, and the Seasons who are the lords of the ritual at the time of Havani, and for * Unseized (?). Digitized by Digitized by Google

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218 YASNA V. their sacrifice, homage, their propitiation and their praise. 23. Yea, these we announce and we present to Sraosha, the blessed and mighty, whose body is the Mathra, him of the daring spear, the lordly one, and to the holy Fravashi of Zarathustra Spitama, the saint. And these we announce and we present to thee, the Fire, O Ahura Mazda's son! for thy sacrifice, homage, thy propitiation, and thy praise. 24. And these we announce and we present to the Fravashis of the saints, the mighty and overwhelming, of the saints of the ancient lore, and of the next of kin. 25. And these we announce and we present hereby to all the good Yazads, earthly and heavenly, who are (meet) for sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and for praise, because of Asha Vahista (who is Righteousness the Best). We worship the Bountiful Immortals who rule aright, and who dispose of all aright. 26. And that one of beings (do we worship) whose superior (service) in the sacrifice Ahura Mazda knows, and from his righteousness (which he maintains, and those of all female beings do we worship) whose (higher service is thus likewise known; yea, all) male and female beings do we worship (who are such)"! YASNA V. This chapter is identical with Yasna XXXVII. 1 Elsewhere with slight verbal change. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA VI. 219 YASNA VI THE SACRIFICE CONTINUES WITH FULLER EXPRESSION. 1. We worship the Creator Ahura Mazda with our sacrifice, and the Bountiful Immortals who rule aright, and who dispose of all aright. 2. And we worship the Asnya with our sacrifice, and Havani, Savanghi and Visya, the holy lords of the ritual order, and Mithra of the wide pastures, of the thousand ears, and myriad eyes, the Yazad of the spoken name, and we worship Raman Hvastra. 3. And we worship Rapithwina with our sacrifice, and Fradat-fshu, and the Zantuma, and Righteousness the Best, and the Fire, Ahura Mazda's son, holy lords of the ritual order. 4. And we worship Uzayeirina, and Fradat-vira, and Dahvyuma*, the holy lord of the ritual order, and that kingly Ahura, the radiant Napat-apam, of the fleet horses, and the water holy, and Mazda-made. 5. And we worship Aiwisrathrima and Aibigaya in our sacrifice, the holy lord of the ritual order, and Fradat-vispam-hugyaiti and the Zarathustrotema, the holy lord of the ritual order, and the good, heroic, bountiful Fravashis of the saints, and the women who bring forth many sons, and the Prosperous home-life which endures without reverse throughout the year, and Force which is well-shaped and stately, and the Blow which brings the victory, which is Ahura-given, and the Victorious Ascendency (which it secures). 6. And we worship Ushahina with our sacrifice, and 1 This chapter differs from Y. II only in having yazamaide instead of the formula ahmya zaothre baresmanaeka-ayese yesti. Expressions for the same Zend words are purposely varied. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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220 YASNA VI. Bereg ya, and Nmanya, and Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed and the stately who smites with victory, and makes the settlements advance, and Rashnu, the most just, and Arstat who makes the settlements advance and causes them to increase, the holy lords of the ritual order. 7. And we worship the Mahya in our sacrifice, the new moon and the waning moon (the moon within) and the full moon which scatters night, the holy lord of the ritual order. 8. And we worship the Yearly festivals in our sacrifice, Maidhyo-zaremaya, Maidhyo-shema, Paitishahya, and Ayathrima, the furtherer (or breeder), the spender of virile strength, and Maidhyairya, the holy lord of the ritual order, and Hamaspathmaedhaya, and the Seasons (in which they are). 9. And we worship with our sacrifice all the lords of the ritual order, who are the thirty and three who approach the nearest around about us at Havani, who are the lords of Righteousness the Best, and whose observances were inculcated by Ahura Mazda, and uttered forth by Zarathustra. 10. And we worship Ahura and Mithra with our sacrifice, the lofty, and imperishable, and holy two, and the stars, moon, and sun, among the plants of the Baresman, and Mithra, the province-lord of all the provinces, even Ahura Mazda, the radiant, the glorious, and the good, valiant, and bountiful Fravashis of the saints. 11. And we worship thee, the Fire, Ahura Mazda's son, together with all the fires, and the good waters, the best and Mazda-made, and holy, even all the waters which are Mazda-made and holy, and all the plants which Mazda made. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA VI. 221 12. And we worship the Mathra Spenta with our sacrifice, the glorious and of a truth, the law revealed against the Daevas, the Zarathustrian law, and we worship with our sacrifice its long descent, and the good Mazdayasnian Religion. 13. And we worship Mount Ushi-darena, the Mazdamade, the glorious Yazad, shining with holiness, and all the mountains that shine with holiness, with abundant brilliance, Mazda-made, the holy lords of the ritual order. And we worship the mighty Kingly glory Mazda-made, the mighty glory, unconsumed and Mazda-made, and the good Sanctity, the brilliant, the lofty, the powerful and the stately, delivering (men) with its inherent power. Yea, we worship the Glory, and the Benefit which are Mazda-made. 14. And we worship the pious and good Blessing with our sacrifice, and the pious man, the saint, and that Yazad, the mighty Curse of wisdom. 15. And we worship these waters, lands, and plants, these places, districts, pastures, and abodes with their springs of water, and we worship this lord of the district with our sacrifice, who is Ahura Mazda (Himself). 16. And we worship all the greatest lords, the Day-lords in the day's duration, and the Day-lords during daylight, and the Month-lords, and the Year lords. 17. And we worship Haurvatat (who guards the water) and Ameretatat (who guards the plants and the wood), and Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed and the stately, who smites with the blow of victory, and makes the settlements advance, the holy lord of the ritual order. 18. And we worship Haoma with our sacrifice Digitized by Digitized by Google

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222 YASNA VII. and the Haoma-juice. And we worship the sacred Fravashi of Zarathustra Spitama the saint. And we worship the wood-billets, and the perfume and thee, the Fire, Ahura Mazda's son, the holy lord of the ritual order. 19. And we worship the good, heroic, bountiful Fravashis of the saints. 20. And we worship all the holy Yazads, and all the lords of the ritual order at the time of Havani, and Savanghi, and all the greatest lords at their (proper) time. (The Yenhe hatam follows.) 21. The Ratu. As an Ahu (revered and) to be chosen, the priest speaks forth to me. The Zaotar. So let the Ratu from his Righteousness, holy and learned, speak forth ! YASNA VII. PRESENTATION OF OFFERINGS BY THE PRIEST WITH THE OBJECT OF PROPITIATION NAMED. 1. With a complete and sacred offering 1 I offer and I give this meat-offering, and (with it) Haurvatat (who guards the water), and Ameretatat (who guards the plants and the wood), and the flesh of the Kine of blessed gift, for the propitiation of Ahura Mazda, and of the Bountiful Immortals (all, and) for the propitiation of Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, endowed with sanctity, who smites with the blow of victory, and who causes the settlements to advance. * With Ashi ; possibly 'for a blessing,' as Ashi often has the sense of reward,' but scrupulous sanctity and completeness seem to be the sense here.. (Expressions here are as usual varied.) Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA VII. 223 . 2. And I offer the Haoma and Haoma-juice with a complete and sacred offering for the propitiation of the Fravashi of Zarathustra Spitama the saint, and I offer the wood-billets with the perfume for Thy propitiation, the Fire's, O Ahura Mazda's son! 3. And I offer the Haomas with a complete and sacred offering for propitiation [to the good waters] for the good waters Mazda-made. And I offer this Haoma-water with scrupulous exactness and with sanctity, and this fresh milk, and the plant Hadha- naepata uplifted with a complete and sacred offering for the propitiation of the waters which are Mazdamade. 4. And I offer this Baresman with its Zaothra (and with its binding) for a girdle spread with complete sanctity and order for the propitiation of the Bountiful Immortals, and I offer with my voice the thoughts well-thought, the words well-spoken, and the deeds well-done, and the heard recital of the Gathas, the Mathras well-composed and well-delivered, and this Lordship, and this Sanctity, and this ritual mastership, and the timely Prayer for blessings, with a complete and sacred offering for the propitiation of the holy Yazads, heavenly and earthly, and for the contentment of the individual soul! 5. And I offer to the Asnya with a complete and sacred offering, as lords of the ritual order, and.to Havani, and to Savanghi and Visya, holy lords of the ritual order, and to Mithra of the wide pastures, of the thousand ears, and myriad eyes, the Yazad of the spoken name, and to Raman Hvastra. 6. And I offer with a complete and sacred offering to Rapithwina, the holy lord of the ritual order; and I offer to Fradat-fshu and to the Zantuma, and to Digitized by Google Digitized by

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224 YASNA VII. Asha Vahista (who is Righteousness the Best) and to Ahura Mazda's Fire. 7. And I offer with a complete and sacred offering to Uzayeirina, Fradat-vira, and to the Dahvyuma*, the holy lord of the ritual order, and to that lofty Ahura Napat-apam, and to the waters which Mazda created. 8. And I offer with a complete and sacred offering to Aiwisruthrima, the life-furtherer, and to Fradatvispam-hugyaiti, and to the Zarathustrotema, and to the Fravashis of the saints, and to the women who have many sons, and to the Prosperous home-life which endures (without reverse) throughout the year, and to Force, the well-shaped and stately, and to the Blow which smites with victory Ahura-given, and to the Victorious Ascendency (which it secures). 9. And I offer with a complete and sacred offering to Ushahina, the holy lord of the ritual order, and to Beregya, and Nmanya, and to Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, endowed with sanctity, who smites with the blow of victory, and makes the settlements advance, and to Rashnu the most just, and to Arstat who furthers the settlements and causes them to increase. 10. And I offer with a complete and sacred offering to the Mahya, lords of the ritual order, to the new and the waning moon (the moon within), and to the full moon which scatters night, holy lords of the ritual order. 11. And I offer with a complete and sacred offering to the Yearly festivals, the lords of the ritual order, to Maidhyo-zaremaya, and Maidhyo-shema, to Paitishahya, and to Ayathrima the furtherer (the breeder), the spender of the strength of males, and Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA VII. 225 to Maidhyairya and Hamaspathmaedhaya, holy lords of the ritual order, and I offer with sanctity to the several seasons, the lords of the ritual order. 12. And I offer with a complete and sacred offering to all those lords who are the thirty and three, who approach the nearest round about our Havani, and who are the lords of Asha (the ritual by-eminence), of Righteousness who is (the Best), whose observances are inculcated as precepts by Mazda, and uttered forth by Zarathustra. 13. And I offer with a complete and sacred offering to Ahura and Mithra, the lofty and imperishable, and holy two, and to the stars which are the creatures of Spenta Mainyu, and to the star Tistrya, the radiant, the glorious, and to the Moon which contains the seed of cattle in its beams, and to the resplendent Sun of the fleet horses, the eye of Ahura Mazda, and to Mithra, the lord of the provinces. And I offer with a complete and sacred offering to Ahura Mazda, the resplendent, the glorious, (who rules this day), and to the Fravashis of the saints (who name the month). 14. And I offer with a complete and sacred offering to thee, the Fire, O Ahura Mazda's son! together with all the fires, and to the good waters, even to the waters which are Mazda-made, and to all the plants which Mazda made. 15. And I offer with a complete and sacred offering to the Mathra Spenta, the holy, the effective, revealed against the Daevas, the Zarathustrian law, and to the long descent of the good Religion, of the Mazdayasnian faith. 16. And I offer with a complete and sacred offering to Mount Ushi-darena, the Mazda-made, brilliant [31] Digitized by Google Digitized by

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226 YASNA VII. with holiness, and to all the mountains shining with holiness, of abundant brightness, and which Mazda made, and to the Royal glory unconsumed and Mazda-made. And I offer with a complete and sacred offering to Ashi Vanguhi, and to Kisti Vanguhi, and to Erethe, and to Rasastat, and to the Glory (and the) Benefit which Mazda made. 17. And I offer with a complete and sacred offering to the good and pious Prayer for blessings of the pious man, and to that Yazad, the swift and dreadful Curse of the wise. 18. And I offer with a complete and sacred blessing to these places, districts, pastures, and abodes with their springs of water, and to the waters and the lands, and the plants, and to this earth and yon heaven, and to the holy wind, and to the stars, and the moon, even to the stars without beginning (to their course), the self-appointed, and to all the holy creatures of Spenta Mainyu, be they male or female, regulators (as they are) of the ritual order. 19. And I offer with a complete and sacred blessing to that lofty lord who is Righteousness (the Best), and the Day-lords, the lords of the days during their duration, and to those of the days during daylight, and to the Month-lords, and the Year-lords, and to those of the seasons, the lords who are lords of the ritual, and at the time of Havani. 20. And I offer the Myazda meat-offering with a complete and sacred offering, and Haurvatat (who guards the water), and Ameretatat (who guards the wood), and the flesh of the Kine of blessed gift, for the propitiation of Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, whose body is the Mathra, him of the Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA VII. 227 daring spear, the lordly, the Yazad of the spoken name. 21. And I offer the Haoma and the Haoma-juice for the propitiation of the Fravashi of Zarathustra Spitama the saint, the Yazad of the spoken name. And I offer the wood-billets with the perfume for Thy propitiation, the Fire's, Ahura Mazda's son, the Yazad of the spoken name. 22. And I offer with a complete and sacred offering to the Fravashis of the saints, the mighty and overwhelming, to those of the saints of the ancient lore, and to those of the next of kin. 23. And I offer with a complete and sacred offering to all the lords of the ritual order, and to all the good Yazads heavenly and earthly who are (meet) for sacrifice and homage because of Asha who is Vahista (of Righteousness who is the Best). 24. May that approach to us, and with a sacred blessing (O Lord !) whose benefits the offerers are seeking for. Thy praisers and Mathra-speakers, O Ahura Mazda! may we be named; we desire it, and such may we be. What reward, O Ahura Mazda ! adapted to myself Thou hast appointed unto souls, 25. Of this do Thou Thyself bestow upon us for this world and for that of mind; (yea, do Thou bestow) so much of this as that we may attain to Thy ruling protection and to that of Righteousness for ever. 26. We sacrifice to the Ahuna-vairya, and to the veracious word correctly uttered, and to the good and pious prayer for blessings, and to the dreadful curse of the wise, the Yazad, and to Haurvatat and Ameretatat, and to the flesh of the Kine of blessed gift, and to the Haoma and Haoma-juice, and to the wood-billets, and the perfume, for the praise of the pious and good prayer for blessings. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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228 YASNA VIII. The Yenhe hatam. 27. (To that one) of beings do we sacrifice whose superior (fidelity) in the sacrifice Ahura Mazda knows through his Righteousness (within him, yea, even to those female saints do we sacrifice) whose (superior sanctity is thus known. We sacrifice to all) both males and females whose (superiority is such). (The Ratu speaks.) As an Ahd (revered and) to be chosen, he who is the Zaotar speaks forth to me. (The Zaotar.) So let the Ratu from his Righteousness, holy and learned, speak forth! YASNA VIII. OFFERING OF THE MEAT-OFFERING IN PARTICULAR. The Faituful PARTAKE. 1. A blessing is Righteousness (called) the Best. It is weal ; it is weal to this (man), When toward Righteousness Best there is right. I offer the Myazda (of the) meat-offering with a complete and sacred offering ; and I offer Haurvatatat (who guards the water), and Ameretatat (who guards the plants and the wood), and the Alesh of the blessed Kine; and I offer the Haoma and the Haoma-juice, the wood-billets and the perfume for the praise of Ahura Mazda, and of the Ahuna-vairya, the veracious word, and for that of the pious and beneficent Prayer for blessings, and for the redoubted Curse of the wise, and for the praise of the Haoma, and of the Mathra of the holy Zarathustra ; and may it come to us with sacred fulness (to accept and to recompense our gift). Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA VIII. 229 2. (The Ratu speaks.) Eat, O ye men, of this Myazda, the meat-offering, ye who have deserved it by your righteousness and correctness! 3. O ye Bountiful Immortals, and thou, the Mazdayasnian law, ye just men and just women, and ye Zaothras, whoever among these Mazdayasnians would call himself a Mazdayasnian desiring to live in the practice of the liberality of Righteousness (for by sorcery the settlements of Righteousness are ruined], do ye cause (such an one) to be (still further) taught, (ye), who are the waters, the plants, and the Zaothras ! 4. And whoever of these Mazdayasnians, adults, when he invokes with earnestness, does not adhere to these words, and (so) speaks, he approaches to that (word) of the magician; (but, as against that magician's word) a blessing is Righteousness (called) the Best.' 5. May'st Thou, O Ahura Mazda! reign at Thy will, and with a saving rule over Thine own creatures, and render Ye the holy (man) also a sovereign at his will over waters, and over plants, and over all the clean and sacred (creatures) which contain the seed of Righteousness. Strip ye the wicked of all power! 6. Absolute in power may the holy be, bereft of all free choice the wicked! Gone (may he be), met as foe, carried out from the creatures of Spenta Mainyu, hemmed in' without power over any wish! 7. I will incite, even I who am Zarathustra, the * Or shut out,' which would seem better adapted. * This piece is a reproduction, or close imitation, of some earlier fragment. It sounds like an exhortation delivered while the Faith was still new. Digitized by Google : Digitized by

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230 YASNA IX. heads of the houses, villages, Zantus, and provinces, to the careful following of this Religion which is that of Ahura, and according to Zarathustra, in their thoughts, their words, and their deeds. 8. I pray for the freedom and glory of the entire existence of the holy (man) while I bless it, and I pray for the repression and shame 1 of the entire existence 2 of the wicked. 9. Propitiation to Haoma who brings righteousness (to us) for sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and for praise. (The Zaotar ?) As the Ahd to be (revered and) chosen, the Zaotar speaks forth to me. (The Ratu.) As an Ahu to be (revered and) chosen, the Zaotar speaks forth to me. (The Zaotar.) So let the Ratu from his Righteousness, holy and learned, speak forth ! YASNA IX. THE HO M YAST. The Haoma-yast has claims to antiquity (owing to its subject, but not to its dialect), next after the Sros-yast. H(a)oma=Soma, as a deity, flourished not only before the Gathas, but before the Riks of the Veda, in Aryan ages before Iranian and Indian became two peoples. The astonishing circumstance has been elsewhere noted that a hymn, which is a reproduction of an Aryan original, should, notwithstanding its earlier characteristics, be necessarily assigned to 1 The Pahlavi translator, as I think, had a text before him which read duzhrathrem ; I so correct. Against the keen and most interesting suggestion of dus + athrem, I am compelled to note ahvathre, showing a compositum a + hvathra, which seems not probable if = a + hu + athra. Dusathra, not ahvathre, would have been written. Cp. hveng=hvan for root. Possibly house.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA IX. 231 a date much later than the Gathas in which H(a)oma worship is not mentioned. Probably on account of bitter animosities prevailing between their more southern neighbours and themselves, and the use of Soma by the Indians as a stimulant before battle, the Iranians of the Gathic period had become lukewarm in their own H(a)oma worship. But that it should have revived, as we see it in this Yast, after having nearly or quite disappeared, is most interesting and remarkable. Was it definitively and purposely repudiated by Zarathustra, afterwards reviving as by a relapse? I do not think that it is well to hold to such deliberate and conscious antagonisms, and to a definite policy and action based upon them. The Somaworship, like the sacramental acts of other religions which have become less practised after exaggerated attention, had simply fallen into neglect, increased by an aversion to practices outwardly similar to those of Daeva-worshippers. The Yast is, of course, made up of fragments, which I have endeavoured to separate by lines. In the translation I have given a rhythmical rendering, necessarily somewhat free. It was difficult to import sufficient vivacity to the piece, while using a uselessly awkward literalness. The freedom, as elsewhere, often consists in adding words to point the sense, or round the rhythm. (Expressions for identical Zend words have been here, as elsewhere, purposely varied.) 1. At the hour of Havani?. H(a)oma came to Zarathustra, as he served the (sacred) Fire, and sanctified (its Aame), while he sang aloud the Gathas. And Zarathustra asked him : Who art thou, O man! who art of all the incarnate world the most beautiful in Thine own body 2 of those whom I have seen, (thou) glorious [immortal]? 2. Thereupon gave H(a)oma answers, the holy one who driveth death afar: I am, O Zarathustra * In the morning from six to ten. . Or, beautiful of life.' * Me,' omitted as interrupting rhythm, seems to be merely dramatic ; or did it indicate that there was an original Zarathustrian Haoma Gatha from which this is an extension ? Digitized by Google Digitized by

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232 YASNA IX. H(a)oma, the holy and driving death afar; pray to me, O Spitama, prepare me for the taste. Praise toward me in (Thy) praises as the other [Saoshyants] praise. 3. Thereupon spake Zarathustra: Unto H(a)oma be the praise? What man, O H(a)oma! first prepared thee for the corporeal world? What blessedness was offered him ? what gain did he acquire ? 4. Thereupon did H(a)oma answer me, he the holy one, and driving death afar : Vivanghvant * was the first of men who prepared me for the incarnate world. This blessedness was offered him ; this gain did he acquire, that to him was born a son who was Yima, called the brilliant, (he of the many flocks, the most glorious of those yet born, the sunlike-one of men ), that he made from his authority both herds and people free from dying, both plants and waters free from drought, and men could eat imperishable food. 5. In the reign of Yima swift of motion was there neither cold nor heat, there was neither age nor death, nor envy * demon-made. Like fifteen-yearlings 6 walked the two forth, son and father, in their stature and their form, so long as Yima, son of Vivanghvant ruled, he of the many herds! 6. Who was the second man, O H(a)oma! who 1 Might not the entire sixteenth verse be placed here? The fifth from Gaya Maretan the Iranian Adam, but his counterpart, the Indian Vivasvat, appears not only as the father of Yama, but of Manu, and even of the gods, (as promoted mortals ?). & Compare svar-drisas pavamanas. * So the Pahlavi. * Males, like females, seem to have been considered as developed at fifteen years of age. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA IX. 233 prepared thee for the corporeal world? What sanctity was offered him? what gain did he acquire ? 7. Thereupon gave H(a)oma answer, he the holy one, and driving death afar: Athwya' was the second who prepared me for the corporeal world. This blessedness was given him, this gain did he acquire, that to him a son was born, Thraetaona of the heroic tribe, 8. Who smote the dragon Dahaka 3, three-jawed and triple-headed, six-eyed, with thousand powers, and of mighty strength, a lie-demon of the Daevas, evil for our settlements, and wicked, whom the evil spirit Angra Mainyu made as the most mighty Drug(k) (against the corporeal world], and for the murder of (our) settlements, and to slay the (homes) of Asha! 9. Who was the third man, O H(a)oma! who prepared thee for the corporeal world? What blessedness was given him? what gain did he acquire ? 10. Thereupon gave H(a)oma answer, the holy one, and driving death afar: Thrita ", [the most helpful of the Samas (r)], was the third man who prepared me for the corporeal world. This blessedness was given * Comp. Trita aptia. ? Comp. the Indian Traitana connected with Trita. 3 Let it be remembered that Trita smote the Ahi before Indra, Indra seeming only to re-enact the more original victory which the Avesta notices. Concerning Azhi Dahaka, see Windischmann's Zendstudien, s. 136. Free. o In the Rig-veda aptya seems only an epithet added to the name Trita *; and the two serpents of the Avesta are suspicious. Two names seem to have become two persons, or has the Avesta the more correct representation ? * Have we the Semites here? They certainly penetrated as conquerors far into Media, and it seems uncritical to deny their leaving traces. The gloss may be very old. * And to that of other gods. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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234 YASNA IX. him, this gain did he acquire, that to him two sons were born, Urvakhshaya and Keresaspa, the one a judge confirming order, the other a youth of great ascendant, ringlet-headed ?, bludgeon-bearing. 11. He who smote the horny dragon swallowing men, and swallowing horses, poisonous, and green of colour, over which, as thick as thumbs are, greenish poison flowed aside, on whose back once Keresaspa cooked his meat in iron caldron at the noonday meal; and the deadly, scorched, upstarted ?, and springing off, dashed out the water as it boiled. Headlong fed affrighted manly-minded : Keresaspa. 12. Who was the fourth man who prepared thee, 1 Comp. Kapardinam. I abandon reluctantly the admirable comparison of hvis with the Indian svid (Geldner), also when explained as an inchoative (Barth.), but the resulting meaning is far from natural either here or in Vend. III, 32 (Sp. 105). That the dragon should begin to sweat (1) under the fire which was kindled upon his back, and which caused him to spring away, seems difficult. The process was not so deliberate. He was scorched, started, and then sprang. Also in Vend. III, 32 when the barley is produced the demons hardly 'sweat (with mental misery).' The idea is too advanced for the document. Burnouf's and Haug's 'hiss' was much better in both places. But I prefer the hint of the Pahlavi lala vazland. In Vend. III, 32 (Sp. 105), khist-homand. Ner. taptaska sa nisamsah kukshubhe [dvipado * babhava). Whether hvisatka=hisalka (0) has anything to do with hiz or khiz=Pahlavi akhizidano t, N. P. 'hizidan, is a question. I follow tradition without etymological help; perhaps we might as well write the word like the better known form as a conjecture. The Pahlavi translator makes the attempt to account forthe epithet "manly-minded' as applied to Keresaspa while yet he fled affrighted; he says: Homand mardminisnih hana yehevund, aighas libbemman pavan gasdast; Ner.asya paurushamanasatvam * idam babhava yad asau kaitanyam sthane dadhau, his manly-mindedness was this, that he kept his wits on the occasion. See the same story treated somewhat differently in the Yasts by Darmesteter (p. 295, note 2). + Or, akhezfdano. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA IX. 235 O H(a)oma! for the corporeal world? What blessedness was given him? what gain did he acquire ? 13. Thereupon gave H(a)oma answer, he the holy, and driving death afar: Pourushaspa' was the fourth man who prepared me for the corporeal world. This blessedness was given him, this gain did he acquire, that thou, O Zarathustra! wast born to him, the just, in Pourushaspa's house, the D(a)eva's foe, the friend of Mazda's lore, (14) famed in Airyena Vaegah ; and thou, O Zarathustra ! didst recite the first the Ahunavairya", four times intoning it, and with verses kept apart ((Pazand) each time with louder and still louder voice). 15. And thou didst cause, O Zarathustra ! all the demon-gods to vanish in the ground who aforetime flew about this earth in human shape (and power. This hast thou done), thou who hast been the strongest, and the staunchest, the most active, and the swiftest, and (in every deed) the most victorious in the two spirits' 3 world. 16. Thereupon spake Zarathustra: Praise to H(a)oma. Good is H(a)oma, and the well-endowed, exact and righteous in its nature, and good inherently, and healing, beautiful of form, and good in deed, and most successful in its working", goldenhued, with bending sprouts. As it is the best for drinking, so (through its sacred stimulus) is it the most nutritious for the soul. 17. I make my claim on thee, O yellow one! for Son of Paitirasp or Spetarasp; Bundahis XXXII, 1, 2, &c. ? The Ahuna-vairya is in the Gathic dialect, and in the Ahunavaiti metre; it may have been composed by Z. It named the Galha. 3 Comp. Y. XXX, 6? * Free. * Comp. pathmeng gavoi. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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236 YASNA IX. inspiration? I make my claim on thee for strength; I make my claim on thee for victory; I make my claim on thee for health and healing (when healing is my need); I make my claim on thee for progress and increased prosperity, and vigour of the entire frame, and for understanding?, of each adorning kind, and for this, that I may have free course among our settlements, having power where I will, overwhelming angry malice, and a conqueror of lies. 18. Yea, I make my claim on thee that I may overwhelm the angry hate of haters, of the D(a)evas and of mortals, of the sorcerers and sirens 3, of the tyrants, and the Kavis, of the Karpans, murderous bipeds, of the sanctity-destroyers, the profane apostate bipeds, of the wolves four-footed monsters, of the invading host, wide-fronted, which with stratagems o advance. 19. This first blessing I beseech of thee, O H(a)oma, thou that drivest death afar ! I beseech of thee for (heaven), the best life of the saints, the radiant, all-glorious. This second blessing I beseech of thee, O H(a)oma, thou that drivest death afar! this body's health (before that blest life is attained). This third blessing I beseech of thee, O H(a)oma, thou that drivest death afar! the long vitality of life. * Or, is madhem related to medha as well as mazda (fem.)? Pahl. farzanakih. * Hardly 'witches;' outwardly attractive, but evil female beings. * Pahl. sastarano. Pahl. pavan friftarih; Ner. prataranataya. * Vispo-hvathrem does not mean comfortable' here. Hvan is the root; comp. hveng=sun. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA IX. 237 20. This fourth blessing I beseech of thee, O H(a)oma, thou that drivest death afar ! that I may stand forth on this earth with desires gained', and powerful, receiving satisfaction, overwhelming the assaults of hate, and conquering the lie. This fifth blessing, O H(a)oma, I beseech of thee, thou that drivest death afar! that I may stand victorious on earth, conquering in battles ?, overwhelming the assaults of hate, and conquering the lie. 21. This sixth blessing I ask of thee, O H(a)oma, thou that drivest death afar! that we may get good warning of the thief, good warning of the murderer, see first the bludgeon-bearer, get first sight of the wolf. May no one whichsoever get first the sight of us. In the strife with each may we be they who get the first alarm! 22. H(a)oma grants to racers 3 who would run a course with span both speed and bottom (in their horses). H(a)oma grants to women come to bed with child a brilliant offspring and a righteous line. H(a)oma grants to those (how many !) who have long sat searching books, more knowledge and more wisdom. 23. H(a)oma grants to those long maidens, who sit at home unwed, good husbands, and that as soon as asked, he H(a)oma, the well-minded. 24. H(a)oma lowered Keresani", dethroned him from his throne, for he grew so fond of power, that Pahl. min hvastar. ? Pahl. vanidar pavan kashano. * Arvanto=aurvanto; so the Pahl. arvand. * Comp. the Vedic Krisanu, archer and demi-god who guarded the Soma. Ner. seems to notice that the name recalls that of the Christians. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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238 YASNA IX. he treacherously said: No priest behind i (and watching) shall walk the lands for me, as a counsellor to prosper them, he would rob everything of progress, he would crush the growth of all ! 25. Hail to thee, O H(a)oma, who hast power as thou wilt, and by thine inborn strength! Hail to thee, thou art well-versed in many sayings, and true and holy words. Hail to thee for thou dost ask no wily questions, but questionest direct. 26. Forth hath Mazda borne to thee, the starbespangled girdle , the spirit-made, the ancient one, the Mazdayasnian Faith. So with this thou art begirt on the summits of the mountains, for the spreading of the precepts, and the headings : of the Mathra, (and to help the Mathra's teacher), 27. O H(a)oma, thou house-lord, and thou clanlord, thou tribe-lord, and chieftain of the land, and thou successful learned teacher, for aggressive strength I speak to thee, for that which smites with victory, and for my body's saving, and for manifold delight! 28. Bear off from us the torment and the malice of the hateful. Divert the angry foe's intent! What man soever in this house is violent and wicked, what man soever in this village, or this tribe, or province, seize thou away the fleetness from 1 So the Pahlavi, before others, read apas; comp. fras. * Haug's keen-sighted suggestion, pourvanim=paurva=the Pleiades + ni=leading the P., looks doubtful, and seems refuted by Yast XXIV, 29, where Darmesteter renders a word probably akin, as the many.' I would here render the former.' * The 'grasp,' the 'summary of them.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA IX. 239 his feet; throw thou a veil of darkness o'er his mind; make thou his intellect (at once) a wreck! 29. Let not the man who harms us, mind or body, have power to go forth on both his legs, or hold with both his hands, or see with both his eyes, not the land (beneath his feet), or the herd before his face. 30. At the aroused and fearful' Dragon, green, and belching forth his poison, for the righteous saint that perishes, yellow H(a)oma, hurl thy mace?! At the (murderous) bludgeon-bearer, committing deeds unheard of , blood-thirsty, (drunk) with fury, yellow H(a)oma, hurl thy mace ! 31. Against the wicked human tyrant, hurling weapons at the head, for the righteous saint that perishes, yellow H(a)oma, hurl thy mace! Against the righteousness-disturber, the unholy life-destroyer, thoughts and words of our * religion well-delivering, yet in actions never reaching, for the righteous saint that perishes, yellow H(a)oma, hurl thy mace! 32. Against the body of the harlot, with her magic minds o'erthrowing with intoxicating) pleasures", to the lusts her person offering, whose mind as vapour wavers as it flies before the wind, for the righteous saint that perishes, yellow H(a)oma, hurl thy mace! * Pahl. sakhmakan; Ner. bhayamkare. ? Or, strike thy club,' 8. Deeds apart,' evil deeds. * Free. o Or, 'holding.' * Yexhe must be an error; otherwise 'offering the person to him whose mind as vapour wavers.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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240 YASNA X. YASNA X. 1. Let the Demon-gods and Goddesses fly far away from hence, and let the good Sraosha make here his home! [And may the good Blessedness here likewise dwell], and may she here spread delight and peace within this house, Ahura's, which is sanctified by H(a)oma, bringing righteousness (to all). 2. At the first force of thy pressure, O intelligent ! I praise thee with my voice, while I grasp at first thy shoots. At thy next pressure, O intelligent! I praise thee with my voice, when as with full force of a man I crush thee down. 3. I praise the cloud that waters thee, and the rains which make thee grow on the summits of the mountains ; and I praise thy lofty mountains where the H(a)oma branches spread ? 4. This wide earth do I praise, expanded far (with paths), the productive, the full bearing, thy mother, holy plant ! Yea, I praise the lands where thou dost grow, sweet-scented, swiftly spreading, the good growth of the Lord. O H(a)oma, thou growest on the mountains, apart on many paths, and there still may'st thou flourish. The springs of Righteousness most verily thou art, (and the fountains of the ritual find their source in thee)! 1 The Pahlavi as corrected by the MS. of Dastur Hoshanggi Gamaspgi has bara akhar min latamman padend bara sheda- ; Ner. Rite paskat asmat prapatanti, rite devah rite devasahayah devyah, uttamah Sroso nivasati. Or, 'where, O Haomal thou hast grown,' reading-isa with Barth. as 2nd sing. perf. pret, middle. Or, on the pathways of the birds.' Digitized by Google Digitized by

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YASNA X. 241 5. Grow (then) because I pray to thee on all thy stems and branches, in all thy shoots (and tendrils) increase thou through my word! 6. H(a)oma grows while he is praised, and the man who praises him is therewith more victorious. The lightest pressure of thee, H(a)oma, thy feeblest praise, the slightest tasting of thy juice, avails to the thousand-smiting of the D(a)evas. 7. Wasting doth vanish from that house, and with it foulness, whither in verity they bear thee, and where thy praise in truth is sung, the drink of H(a)oma, famed, health-bringing (as thou art). [(Pazand) to his village and abode they bear him.] 8. All other toxicants go hand in hand with Rapine of the bloody spear, but H(a)oma's stirring power goes hand in hand with friendship. [Light is the drunkenness of H(a)oma (Pazand).] Who as a tender son caresses H(a)oma, forth to the bodies of such persons H(a)oma comes to heal. 9. Of all the healing virtues, H(a)oma, whereby thou art a healer, grant me some. Of all the victorious powers, whereby thou art a victor, grant me some. A faithful praiser will I be to thee, O H(a)oma, and a faithful praiser (is) a better (thing) than Righteousness the Best; so hath the Lord, declaring (it). decreed. 10. Swift and wise hath the well-skilled 2 Deity created thee; swift and wise on high Haraiti did He, the well-skilled, plant thee. 11. And taught (by implanted instinct) on every 1 Having immediate effect, and giving wisdom. * Comp. Y. XLIV, 5. (31) Digitized by Google Digitized by

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242 YASNA X. side, the bounteous 1 birds have carried thee to the Peaks-above-the-eagles 2, to the mount's extremest summit, to the gorges and abysses, to the heights of many pathways *, to the snow-peaks ever whitened. 12. There, H(a)oma, on the ranges dost thou grow of many kinds. Now thou growest of milky whiteness, and now thou growest golden; and forth thine healing liquors flow for the inspiring of the pious. So terrify away from me the (death's) aim of the curser. So terrify and crush his thought who stands as my maligner. 13. Praise be to thee, O H(a)oma, (for he makes the poor man's thoughts as great as any of the richest whomsoever.) Praise be to H(a)oma, (for he makes the poor man's thoughts as great as when mind reacheth culmination. With manifold retainers dost thou, O H(a)oma, endow the man who drinks thee mixed with milk; yea, more prosperous thou makest him, and more endowed with mind. 14. Do not vanish from me suddenly like milkdrops in the rain ; let thine exhilarations go forth ever vigorous and fresh ; and let them come to me with strong effect. Before thee, holy H(a)oma, thou bearer of the ritual truth, and around thee would I cast this body, a body which (as all) may see (is fit for gift and) grown 15. I renounce with vehemence the murderous woman's emptiness, the Gaini's, hers, with intellect i Possibly the birds taught by the bounteous one;' the 'Godtaught birds.' * Elsewhere and here also possibly a proper name. * Or the 'pathways of the birds; ' so Haug, following Spiegel and Justi. Gugrati, as above. * Which is seen as mine well-grown. * Gaini seems always used in an evil sense in the later Avesta. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA X. 243 dethroned?. She vainly thinks to foil us, and would beguile both Fire-priest and H(a)oma ; but she herself, deceived therein, shall perish. And when she sits at home ?, and wrongly eats of H(a)oma's offering, priest's mother will that never make her, nor give her holy 3 sons ! 16. To five do I belong, to five others do I not; of the good thought am I, of the evil am I not; of the good word am I, of the evil am I not; of the good deed am I, and of the evil, not. To Obedience am I given, and to deaf disobedience, not; to the saint do I belong, and to the wicked, not; and so from this on till the ending shall be the spirits' parting. (The two shall here divide.) 17. Thereupon spake Zarathustra: Praise to H(a)oma, Mazda-made. Good is H(a)oma, Mazdamade. All the plants of H(a)oma praise I, on the heights of lofty mountains, in the gorges of the valleys, in the clefts (of sundered hill-sides) cut for the bundles bound by women. From the silver cup I pour Thee to the golden chalice over 6. Let me not thy (sacred) liquor spill to earth, of precious cost. 18. These are thy Gathas, holy H(a)oma, these "I would correct to a form of khratu. Compare the avoiding the service mentioned by the Pahlavi translator on Y. LIII, 5. * Or, more safely, 'many sons.' * Haoma speaks. * Here the priest evidently manipulates the cups containing the Haoma-juice. The application of this term here seems to point to a high antiquity for the Haoma Yast; if not in the present piece, which is not so old as the Gathas, then in previous hymns to Haoma of which this Yast is an improvement, or extension. R2 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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244 VASNA XI. thy songs, and these thy teachings ?, and these thy truthful ritual words, health 2-imparting, victorygiving, from harmful hatred healing giving. 19. These and thou art mine, and forth let thine exhilarations flow; bright and sparkling let them hold on their (steadfast) way; for light are thine exhilaration(s), and flying lightly come they here. Victory-giving smiteth H(a)oma, victory-giving is it worshipped ; with this Gathic word we praise it. 20. Praise to the Kine ; praise and victory (be) spoken to her! Food for the Kine, and pasture! For the Kine let thrift use toil; yield thou us foods.' 21. We worship the yellow lofty one; we worship H(a)oma who causes progress, who makes the settlements advance; we worship H(a)oma who drives death afar; yea, we worship all the H(a)oma plants. And we worship (their) blessedness, and the Fravashi of Zarathustra Spitama, the saint *. YASNA XI. PRELUDE TO THE H(A)OMA-OFFERING . 1. Three clean creatures (full of blessings) curse betimes while yet invoking, the cow, the horse, and then H(a)oma. The cow cries to her driver thus : * Ner. possibly figuratively yah kaskit asvadanah. ? Ner. saundaryam. 3 See Y. XLVIII, 5. * The Yenhe hatam follows. * This characteristic fragment is repeated and extended in the later literature of the Parsis. The curse of the cow, horse, and of Haoma (scilicet the priest) when they are stinted, was extended to all domestic animals. It has been difficult to avoid the full metrical rhythm of the original with its jingling cadence. A full freedom is also not avoided. * Not to the priest;' Ner. grihitaram. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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YASNA XI. 245 Childless be thou, shorn of offspring, evil-famed, and slander-followed, who foddered a fairly dost not use me, but fattenest me for wife or children, and for thy niggard selfish meal. 2. The horse cries to his rider thus: Be not spanner of the racers; stretch no coursers to fullspeed; do not stride across the fleetest, thou, who dost not pray me swiftness in the meeting thick with numbers, in the circuit thronged with men. 3. H(a)oma speaks his drinker thus : Childless be thou, shorn of offspring, evil-famed, and slanderfollowed, who holdest me from full outpouring, as a robber, skulls in-crushing. No head-smiter am I ever, holy H(a)oma, far from death 4. 4. Forth my father gave an offering, tongue and left eye chose Ahura, set apart for H(a)oma's meal. 5. Who this offering would deny me, eats himself, or prays it from me, this which Mazda gave to bless me, tongue with left eye (as my portion). 6. In his house is born no fire-priest, warrior ne'er in chariot standing, never more the thrifty tiller. In his home be born Dahakas, Murakas of evil practice, doing deeds of double nature. 7. Quick, cut off then H(a)oma's portion, gift of flesh for doughty H(a)oma! Heed lest H(a)oma 1.Who dost not give me cooked (food)' seems improbable. If hvastam means fodder, why is it fem., especially here with a feminine correlative? I think that having good food' is the meaning of the word, as an adjective, and agreeing with gam understood. Possibly, 'who dost not bestow upon me as the one well-foddered. * Dialectically used. 3 Light is the intoxication of Haoma;' (other toxicants smite the head). * Having death afar.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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246 YASNA XI. bind thee fettered, as he bound the fell Turanian Frangrasyan (the murderous robber) fast in iron close-surrounded in the mid-third ' of this earth! 8. Thereupon spake Zarathustra:: Praise to H(a)oma made by Mazda, good is H(a)oma Mazda-made. 9. Who to us is one hereupon to thee (becomes) two, to be made to three, for the five 6-making of the four, for the seven-making of the sixth, who are your nine in the decade (?), who serve you and with zeale. 10. "To thee, O holy H(a)oma! bearer of the ritual sanctity, I offer this my person which is seen (by all to be) mature, (and fit for gift); to H(a)oma the effective do I offer it, and to the sacred exhilaration which he bestows; and do thou grant to me (for this), O holy H(a)oma! thou that drivest death afar, (Heaven) the best world of the saints, shining, all brilliant. 1 A Turanian king. * Observe the threefold division of the earth; see it also in Vend. II. * A poetical reproduction. 2. had been long among the ancient dead. The Raspi at present hands the Haoma-cup to the priest at this point; the efficacy of the liquor is supposed to be multiplied. Pendaidyai is to be read as of course; the letter o, not unlike in a MS. when turned, was probably half inverted. 6 This seems rendered by the Pahlavi as an interlude between the Ratu and the Zaotar; comp. Y. XXVIII, II. Several broken sentences from other parts of the Avesta are here doubtfully recalled, perhaps as having especial sanctity. The Raspi brings the Haoma-vessel to the Baresman at this point; and touching its stand, the Mah-ru, lays a cloth on the right hand of the Zaotar, who, looking at the vessel, proceeds to recite as follows in verse 1o. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XII. 247 11. (The Ashem Vohu, &c.) 12-15. May'st Thou rule at Thy will, O Lord?! 16. I confess myself a Mazdayasnian of Zarathustra's order: 17. : I celebrate my praises for good thoughts, good words, and good deeds for my thoughts, my speeches, and (my) actions. With chanting praises I present all good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, and with rejection I repudiate all evil thoughts, and words, and deeds. 18. Here I give to you, O ye Bountiful Immortals! sacrifice and homage with the mind, with words, deeds, and my entire person ; yea, (I offer) to you the flesh of my very body (as your own). And I praise Righteousness. A blessing is Righteousness (called) the Best, &c. YASNA XII (SP. XIII). THE MAZDAYASNIAN CONFESSION .. 1. I drive the Daevas hence; I confess as a Mazda-worshipper of the order of Zarathustra, estranged from the Daevas, devoted to the lore of See Y. VIII, 5-8. I See Y. III, 24, 25. * This piece is in the Gathic dialect, and therefore an especially fitting prelude to the Confession of faith in Y. XII. * This piece in the Gathic dialect has claims to higher antiquity next after the Haptanghaiti. Its retrospective cast shows that it is later than the original period. Verse 7 savours of a later date with its reference to the plants and waters. That Zarathustra, Kavi Vistaspa, Frashaostra, and Gamaspa are named by no means proves that they were still living. Still, they are not mentioned with any fanciful or superstitious exaggeration; they are not yet demi-gods. * As a partial explanation of naismi * from nas, compare the aorist nesat. Possibly also from nad, 'I curse the demons.' Digitized by Google + Digitized by

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248 YASNA XII. the Lord, a praiser of the Bountiful Immortals; and to Ahura Mazda, the good and endowed with good possessions, I attribute all things good, to the holy One, the resplendent, to the glorious, whose are all things whatsoever which are good; whose is the Kine, whose is Asha (the righteous order pervading all things pure), whose are the stars, in whose lights the glorious beings and objects are clothed 2. 2. And I choose Piety, the bounteous and the good, mine may she be 3. And therefore I loudly deprecate all robbery and violence against the (sacred) Kine, and all drought to the wasting of the Mazdayasnian villages. 3. Away from (?) their thoughts do I wish to lead (the thought of) wandering at will, (away the thought of) free nomadic pitching of the tent, for I wish to remove (?) all wandering from (their) Kine which abide in steadfastness upon this land; and bowing down in worship to Righteousness I dedicate my offerings with praise so far as that. Never may I stand as a source of wasting, never as a source of withering to the Mazdayasnian villages, not for the love 7 of body or of life. 4. Away do I abjure the shelter and headship of the And sacrificer. * A genuine citation from the Gathas (see Y. XXXI, 7). A genuine allusion to the Gathas (Y. XXXII, 2). * This preserves the proper reading of tayuska (so the Pahlavi) in Y. XXIX, 1. * Viyapal as beyond a doubt; so viyapem in verse 3. Fra has the same force as in fra perenaoiti (?), to fill forth, to empty. Otherwise, 'forth to their thoughts I offer in my prayer free ranging at their choice, and a lodging where they will, together with their cattle which dwell upon this land. 'Comp. nairi-kinangho, khratu-kinangho, and shaeto-kinangho. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XII. 249 Daevas, evil as they are ; aye, utterly bereft of good, and void of virtue, deceitful in their wickedness, of (all) beings those most like the Demon-of-the-Lie, the most loathsome of existing things, and the ones the most of all bereft of good. 5. Off, off, do I abjure the Daevas and all possessed by them, the sorcerers and all that hold to their devices, and every existing being of the sort; their thoughts do I abjure, their words and actions, and their seed (that propagate their sin); away do I abjure their shelter and their headship, and the iniquitous of every kind who act as Rakhshas act! Thus and so in very deed might Ahura Mazda have indicated 1 to Zarathustra in every question which Zarathustra asked, and in all the consultations in the which they two conversed together. 6. Thus and so might Zarathustra have abjured the shelter and the headship of the Daevas in all the questions, and in all the consultations with which they two conversed together, Zarathustra and the Lord. And so I myself, in whatsoever circumstances I may be placed, as a worshipper of Mazda, and of Zarathustra's order, would so abjure the Daevas and their shelter, as he who ? was the holy Zarathustra abjured them (once of old). 7. To that religious sanctity 3 to which the waters appertain, do I belong, to that sanctity to which the plants, to that sanctity to which the Kine of blessed gift", to that religious sanctity to which Ahura Mazda, who made both Kine and holy men, belongs, * Reading adakhshayaeta; otherwise khshayaeta, commanded. * The Pahlavi structure 'he who' foreshadowed, as often. Not in the sense of recompense here. * Observe this original meaning; butter' is here impossible. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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250 YASNA XIII. to that sanctity do I. Of that creed which Zarathustra held, which Kavi Vistaspa, and those two, Frashaostra and Gamaspa ; yea, of that religious faith which every Saoshyant who shall (yet come to) save (us), the holy ones who do the deeds of real significance, of that creed, and of that lore, am I. 8. A Mazda-worshipper I am, of Zarathustra's order; (so) do I confess, as a praiser and confessor, and I therefore praise aloud the well-thought thought, the word well spoken, and the deed well done; 9. Yea, I praise at once the Faith of Mazda, the Faith which has no faltering utterance ?, the Faith that wields the felling halbert", the Faith of kindred marriage, the holy (Creed), which is the most imposing, best, and most beautiful of all religions which exist, and of all that shall in future come to knowledge, Ahura's Faith, the Zarathustrian creed. Yea, to Ahura Mazda do I ascribe all good, and such shall be the worship of the Mazdayasnian belief! YASNA XIII (Sp. XIV). INVOCATIONS AND DEDICATIONS. 1. I address (my invocation to) Ahura Mazda. And I invoke (among guardian beings) the chiefs of 1 Fraspavaokhedhram; 'y' miswritten for 'v' Fra seems to be prohibitive 'speech without falling, or hesitation;' better as adj. * Comp. Y. XXXI, 18. * This Ratu is the description and representation of the Nmandpaiti as occupying the attention of the worshippers chiefly at the time of his mention in the course of the ritual. (I vary the expression 'chief' with that of 'lord' here for the sake of change.) Once established as a Ratu in the ritual, he became a guardian genius Nmanya ; so of the others. (Y. XIII is in the Gathic dialect.) Digitized by Digitized by Google

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REESE LIBRARY (USERSITY YASNA XIII. CAUFCRNIA 251 the house-lord, and the chief of the Vis-lord?, and the chief of the Zantu-lord 2. And I invoke the chief of the province-lord & And the chief of women I invoke, the Mazdayasnian Faith, the blessed and good Parendi 4, her who is the holy one of human-kind. And I invoke this (holy) earth which bears us. 2. And I invoke the friendly and most helpful person's lord, the Fire of Ahura Mazda, and also the most energetic lords of holy men, those who are most strenuous' in their care of cattle and the fields, and the chief of the thrifty tiller of the earth. And I invoke the steady settler 8 of sanctity, (and) the chief of the charioteer. 3. And I invoke the chief of the fire-priest by means of the most imposing sciences of the Mazdayasnian Faith. And I invoke the chief of the Atharvan, and his pupils I invoke; yea, the lords of each of them. I invoke these lords, and I summon the Bountiful Immortals here, and the Prophets who shall serve us, the wisest as they are, the most scrui Visya. * Zantuma. Dahvyuma=Dahyuma. 4 The goddess of riches. * Lit. biped; see elsewhere where quadruped means merely beast. * Or, 'households.' . ? Ashethwozgatema (several manuscripts have ashe) finds its explanation from the Pahlavi of Dastur Hoshanggi Gamaspgi's MS. It may be read kabed rang rasisntum instead of kabed yom rasisntam. The ancient error of yom arose from the fact that the copyist had before him a form which might be read either rog or rang, the characters being identical for either word. He could not reconcile himself to rang in the sense of effort, and so decided for rong ; but in order to guide his successors aright, he changed it for its synonym yom, which, as Spiegel well remarks, affords but little sense. But the word is rang, as I believe, and this is at once corroborated by Ner.'s bahuklesa. Read as + thwakhsa + gatema= kabed + rang + rasisntam, the most progressing with painful energy. & Or, 'steadiest forces.' Digitized by Google

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252 YASNA XIII. pulous in their exactness (as) they utter words (of doctrine and of service), the most devoted (to their duties likewise), and the most glorious in their thoughts (?) And I invoke the most imposing forces of the Mazdayasnian Faith, and the fire-priests I invoke, and the charioteers, the warriors, and the thrifty tillers of the soil. 4. And to You, O Ye Bountiful Immortals! Ye who rule aright, and dispose (of all) aright, I offer the flesh of my very frame, and all the blessings of my life. Thus the two spirits 8 thought, thus they spoke, and thus they did; 5. And therefore as Thou, O Ahura Mazda ! didst think, speak, dispose, and do all things good (for us), so to Thee would we give, so would we assign to Thee our homage ; so would we worship Thee with our sacrifices. So would we bow before Thee with these gifts, and so direct our prayers to Thee with confessions of our debt. 6. By the kinship of the good kindred", by that of Righteousness the good (Thy righteous servant's nature) would we approach Thee, and by that of the good thrift-law, and of Piety the good. 7. And we would worship the Fravashi of the Kine of blessed gift", and that of the holy Gaya Maretan, and we would worship the holy Fravashi 1 I should think that the reference was here to khratavo, Y. XLVI, 3. See Y. XXXII, 14, as alternatively rendered. * A portion of the text has here fallen out. 3 The recognition of a strong dualism here is imperative. Abura alone is praised. * Or, of the good kinsman, the lord (?).' * Elsewhere meaning 'meat,' just as Ameretatal and Haurvatal mean wood and water. * Or, 'sanctity and the Fravashi.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA xiv. 253 of Zarathustra Spitama, the saint. Yea, that one of beings do we worship whose better service) in the sacrifice Ahura Mazda knows; (even those women do we worship) whose' (better service thus is known). Yea, both (holy) men and women (do we worship whom Ahura Mazda knows?). As the Ahd is excelling, so is our Ratu, one who rules from the Righteous Order, a creator of mental goodness, and of life's actions done for Mazda; and the Kingdom is to Ahura which to the poor (may offer) nurture ? A blessing is the Right called the best, there is weal, there is weal to this (man), when toward Righteousness Best (he does) right? 8. We worship the Ahuna-vairya ; and we worship Asha Vahista the best (?), the bountiful Immortal. And we sacrifice to the Ha fraoreti, even to the confession and laudation of the Mazdayasnian Faith! YASNA XIV (Sp. XV). DEDICATIONS. 1. I will come to You, O Ye Bountiful Immortals ! as a praiser and a priest, and an invoker and sacrificer, as a memorising reciter and a chanter, for Your sacrifice and homage, which are to be offered to You, the Bountiful Immortals, and for our dedication and sanctification; (yea, for ours) who are the holy prophets (destined to benefit the saints). 2. And to You, O Ye Bountiful Immortals?! would I dedicate the flesh of my very body, and all the blessings of a prospered life *. 3. In this Zaothra with this Baresman, I desire to * Feminine. * See Y. XXXIII, 14. 2 Elsewhere with verbal difference. * Verses 1, 2 are Gathic. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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254 YASNA xv. approach the holy Yazads with my praise !, and all the holy lords of the ritual order at their times, Havani at his time, and Savanghi and Visya at their times. 4. I confess myself a Mazdayasnian, and of Zarathustra's order 2. 5. The Zaotar speaks : As an Ahu (revered and) chosen, the Zaotar(?) speaks forth to me (?). The Ratu speaks: As an Ahd (revered and) to be chosen, the Zaotar speaks forth to me. The Zaotar : So let the Ratu from his Righteousness, holy and learned, speak forth! YASNA XV (Sp. XVI). THE SACRIFICE CONTINUES. 1. With precept, praise, and with delight produced by grace 3, I call upon the Bountiful Immortals the good, and also therewith the beautiful by name *; and I sacrifice to them with the blessing of the good ritual, with the earnest blessings of the good Mazdayasnian Faith. 2. Whose best gift from his Righteousness is mine in the offering Ahura this knoweth ; who have lived, and live ever, by their names these I worship, while I draw near with praises. The Good Kingdom is to be chosen, that lot which most of all bears on (our blessings ). 3. Let Sraosha (Obedience) be here present for See Y. II, 18. See Y. III, 24, 25. s Root rap=rabh, a reception of grace, or being received by grace. * Naman may be meant for a locative; 'with the beautiful things in their name (7).' 6 See Y. LI, 22. * See Y. LI, 1. Digitized by Google

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YASNA XVI. 255 the sacrifice of Ahura Mazda, the most beneficent, the holy, who is so dear to us as at the first, so at the last; yea, let him be present here! 4. As the Ahu (revered and) to be chosen, the Atarevakhsha thus speaks forth to me. (Response): So let the Ratu from his righteousness, holy and learned, speak forth ! YASNA XVI (Sp. XVII). THE SACRIFICE CONTINUES WITH INCREASED FULNESS OF EXPRESSION. 1. We worship Ahura Mazda, the holy lord of the ritual order, who disposes (all) aright, the greatest Yazad, who is also the most beneficent, and the one who causes the settlements to advance, the creator of good creatures; yea, we worship Him with these offered Zaothras, and with truthfully and scrupulously delivered words; and we worship every holy Yazad of the heaven (as well)! 2. And we worship Zarathustra Spitama in our sacrifice, the holy lord of the ritual order with these Zaothras and with faithfully delivered words; and we worship every holy earthly Yazad as we worship him; and we worship also the Fravashi of Zarathustra Spitama, the saint. And we worship the utterances of Zarathustra and his religion, his faith and his lore. 3. And we worship the former religions of the world a devoted to Righteousness which were insti 1 This fragment in the Gathic dialect might more properly be placed before the Srosh Yast. * So the Pahlavi translator, probably reading angheus; otherwise Digitized by Digitized by Google

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256 YASNA XVI. tuted at the creation, the holy religions of the Creator Ahura Mazda, the resplendent and glorious. And we worship Vohu Manah (the Good Mind), and Asha Vahista (who is Righteousness the Best), and Khshathra-vairya, the Kingdom to be desired, and the good and bountiful Aramaiti (true piety in the believers), and Haurvatat and Ameretatat (our Weal and Immortality). 4. Yea, we worship the Creator Ahura Mazda and the Fire, Ahura Mazda's son, and the good waters which are Mazda-made and holy, and the resplendent sun of the swift horses, and the moon with the seed of cattle (in his beams "); and we worship the star Tistrya, the lustrous and glorious; and we worship the soul of the Kine of blessed endowment, (5) and its Creator Ahura Mazda ; and we worship Mithra of the wide pastures, and Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, and Rashnu the most just, and the good, heroic, bountiful Fravashis of the saints, and the Blow-ofvictory Ahura-given (as it is). And we worship Raman Hvastra, and the bounteous Wind of blessed gift, (6) and (its) Creator Ahura Mazda, and the good Mazdayasnian Religion, and the good Blessedness and Arstat. And we worship the heaven and the earth of blessed gift, and the bounteous Mathra, and the stars without beginning (to their course), self-disposing as they are. 7. And we worship the glorious works of Righteousness in which the souls of the dead find satisfaction and delight [(Pazand) which are the Fravashis of the conscience that loves the right.' In Yast XIII, 118 the word is a proper name through an error. 1 Possibly in allusion to the menses. The moon is masc. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XVI. 257 of the saints), and we worship (Heaven) the best world of the saints, shining, all glorious. 8. And we worship the two, the milk-offering and the libation, the two which cause the waters to flow forth', and the plants to flourish, the two foes who meet the Dragon demon-made ; and who are set to meet, to defeat, and to put to flight, that cheat?, the Pairika, and to contradict the insulting malice of the Ashemaogha (the persecuting heretic) and that of the unholy tyrant full of death 3. 9. And we worship all waters and all plants, and all good men and all good women. And we worship all these Yazads, heavenly and earthly, who are beneficent and holy. 10. And we worship thee (our) dwelling-place who art the (earth, our) bounteous Aramaiti, and Thee, O Ahura Mazda, O holy Lord of this abode 8! which is the home of healthy herds and healthy men, and of those who are both endowed with health and lover(s) of the ritual right. (Response of the individual worshipper (?).) Wherefore whichever of persons, or whatever of bodily inAuences, is most helpful and preserving in that abode (thus owned by Mazda) let this meet me in mine abode, and there may it abide for summer and for winter. (Or? let that one meet me in all my house, We cannot mistake a connection here with yo ahim gaghanaavasrigat sartave sapta sindhun. ? Or is it possible that a plague of mice is meant, mus being here indeclinable ? * Ordering the execution of many of his subjects. * Gaethyaka with J3, K 11. * Later association of A. and the earth. * Originally recited in private houses. ? Alternative. [31] Digitized by Digitized by Google

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258 YASNA XVII. in whom are what of influences are the most mighty power for the body and the person's life; yea, let that one meet me there, and there abide for summer and for winter (for my help) !) YASNA XVII. To the Fires, Waters, Plants, &c. 1-10!, 11. We worship thee, the Fire, 0 Ahura Mazda's son! We worship the fire Berezi-savangha (of the lofty use 2), and the fire Vohu-fryana (the good and friendly :), and the fire Urvazista (the most beneficial and most helpful '), and the fire Vazista (the most supporting '), and the fire Spenista (the most bountiful"), and Nairya-sangha the Yazad of the royal lineage?, and that fire which is the house-lord of all houses and Mazda-made, even the son of Ahura Mazda, the holy lord of the ritual order, with all the fires. 12. And we worship the good and best waters Mazda-made, holy, all the waters Mazda-made and holy, and all the plants which Mazda made, and which are holy. * See chapter VI, which is nearly identical with XVII, 1-10. * This fire is that before Ahura Mazda and the kings. * This fire dwells in the bodies of men and beasts (animal heat). * This is in trees and plants. * This in the clouds (lightning). 6 This is the fire which is applied in the world (Bundahis, West, page 61). ? That N. is here referred to as connected with the fire, seems certain; this fire corresponds with that of Vahram in places of worship. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XIX, 259 13. And we worship the Mathra-spenta (the bounteous word-of-reason), the Zarathustrian law against the Daevas, and its long descent. 14. And we worship Mount Ushi-darena which is Mazda-made and shining with its holiness, and all the mountains shining with holiness, and of abundant glory, and which Mazda made . 15. And we worship the good and pious prayer for blessings, (16) and these waters and (these lands), (17) and all the greatest chieftains, lords of the ritual order?; 18. And I praise, invoke, and glorify the good, heroic, bountiful Fravashis of the saints, those of the house, the Vis, the Zantuma, the Dahvyuma ?, and the Zarathustrotema, and all the holy Yazads S! YASNA XVIII 1. Grant me, Thou who art maker of the Kine, plants and waters, Immortality, Mazda! Grant, too, Weal, Spirit bounteous -- YASNA XIX. ZAND OR COMMENTARY ON THE AHUNA-VAIRYA FORMULAS (As the Ahd is excellent, so (is) the Ratu (one who rules) from the righteous Order, a creator of mental goodness and of life's actions done for Mazda; and 11-17 occur also in MSS. as Y. LIX, 1-17. ? Dahyuma. The Yenhe hatam follows. See Y. LI, 7, and Y. XLVII. The obvious errors contained in this ancient comment cannot S2 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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260 YASNA XIX. the Kingdom (is) for Ahura which to the poor shall offer a nurturer.) 1. Zarathustra asked of Ahura Mazda : 0 Ahura Mazda, Thou most bounteous Spirit! maker of the corporeal worlds, the holy One! which was that word which Thou did'st declare to me, (2) which was before the sky, and before the water, before the earth, and before the cattle, before the plants, and before the fire, and before the holy man, and the Demon-gods (the Daevas), before the Khrafstramen", and before all the incarnate world; even before all the good creatures made by Mazda, and which contain (and are) the seed of righteousness? 3. Thereupon Ahura Mazda said : It was this pieces, the Ahuna-vairya, O Spitama Zarathustra ! which I pronounced as thine (4) before the sky, and before the waters, before the land, and before the cattle and the plants, and before the fire, Ahura Mazda's son, before the holy man", and before the Daevas, and Khrafstra-men, and before the entire corporeal world, even before the good creatures made by Mazda, which contain (and are) the seed of righteousness. 5. It was these part(s) of the Ahuna-vairya, O Spi destroy its great interest as a specimen of early exegesis. Where I hold it to be erroneous may be seen from my rendering of the Ahuna without further observations. The Ahuna-vairya is in the Gathic dialect, and the Ahunavaiti metre. This Zand is in the Zend (sic). Aha gives better sense as a nom. 1 See daunghoit para below. ? May not khrafstra be a degeneration from kehrp-astar? While the term may be applied to wild beasts, o inclined to hold that foul insects are chiefly referred to. * This part of the Ahuna (?), meaning its several parts. * Tradition naturally specifies Gaya Maretan. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XIX. 261 tama Zarathustra! which especially belongs to me, and when each is intoned aloud without the (needless) repetition of verses and of words, and without their omission, it is worth a hundred of their other stanzas, even although they are prominent in the ritual, and likewise equally as well recited without additions or omissions; nay, further, when it is intoned imperfectly but added to, and with omissions, it is even then in effect equivalent (not to a hundred indeed, but) to ten other (stanzas) that are prominent. Y6. And whoever in this world of mine which is corporeal shall mentally recall, O Spitama* Zarathustra! a portion of the Ahuna-vairya, and having thus recalled it, shall undertone it, or beginning to recite it with the undertone, shall then utter it aloud, or chanting it with intoning voice, shall worship thus, then with even threefold (safety and with speed 2) I will bring his soul over the Bridge of Kinvat, I who am Ahura Mazda (I will help him to pass over it) to Heaven (the best life), and to Righteousness the Best, and to the lights of heaven S. 7. And whoever, O Spitama Zarathustra! while undertoning the part(s) of the Ahuna-vairya (or this piece the Ahuna-vairya), takes ought therefrom, whether the half, or the third, or the fourth, or the fifth, I who am Ahura Mazda will draw his soul off 1 I do not think that mispronunciation is here intended; the Pahlavi has abara shatakih; aighas bara la khelmuned; Ner. na sete. I am strongly inclined to read anapashuta for anapishta. 9 Three times seems to me to lack meaning, but it may have given rise to a foolish belief that the soul went three times before death to heaven. s Vahistaeibyo retaining this sense here. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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262 YASNA XIX. from the better world; yea, so far off will I withdraw it as the earth is large and wide; [and this earth is as long as it is broad']. 8. And I pronounced this saying which contains its Ahu and its Ratu 3 before the creation of this heaven, before the making of the waters, and the plants, and the four-footed kine, before the birth of the holy biped man, before this sun with its body made for the acquisition of the creation of the Bountiful Immortals 4 9. And the more bountiful of the two Spirits (Ahura) declared to me? (Zarathustra) the entire creation of the pure, that which exists at present, that which is in the course of emerging into existence (r), and that which shall be, with reference to the performance and realisation of the actions of a life devoted to Mazda.' 10. And this word is the most emphatic of the words which have ever been pronounced, or which are 10 now spoken, or which shall be spoken in future; for (the eminence of) this utterance is a thing of such a nature, that if all the corporeal and living world Im here equals iyam. Pazand. 3 So, referring to the wording of the Ahuna. * Enabling us to receive the blessings which they bestow through the influence of the sun. "The sun-shaped matter' would give us a materialism. The Pahlavi has 'levind min zak khurkhshedo brine (?) kerpo tanu i khurkhshed pavan bara ayapakih i ameshospendand yehabund.' I hold that Ahura speaks no further here. & See Y. XLV, 1. ? Of course fictitious, as 2. had long been among the dead. 8 Does bavaintika mean past?' * Through the state of action; skyaothananam angheus Mazdai. 10 Can mruye(-ve) be a third singular like ghne, ise ? Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XIX. 263 should learn it, and learning should hold fast by it, they would be redeemed from their mortality! 11. And this our word I have proclaimed as a symbol to be learned !, and to be recited, as it were, to every one of the beings under the influence of and for the sake of Righteousness the Best. 12. And as' (the worshipper has) here spoken it forth, when he has thus 'appointed' the 'Lord and regulator ?,' so (by thus reciting these authoritative words), he acknowledges Ahura Mazda (as prior to, and supreme) over, those creatures who have the mind's as their first. "As' he acknowledges Him as the greatest of them all, so'he assigns the creatures to Him (as to their originator). 13. As he undertones the third sentence, he thereby announces that all the amenities of life appertain to the 'good' Mazda", (and come) from Him. As he recites dazda manangho,''the creator of mind,' he acknowledges Him as superior and prior to mind; and as he makes Him the one who indicates (the truth) to mind, (saying)'manangho of mind,' which means that by this much he makes Him (its director), and then he makes Him the lord of actions.' 14. And when he acknowledges Him for the creatures thus, O Mazda 6 !' he acknowledges Him (as Or, it has been declared to us, the learner, and the one in charge of the ritual.' ? In the words yatha aho vairyo, atha ratus. * See dazda manangho, coming before 'skyaothananam angheus, khshathrem, and vastarem. . * Can the Ahuna have lost words, and is Mazdau hugitis vangheus a citation? At all events, the Zandist errs in separating vangheus from manangho. He attributes mystical meaning to every word. * Comp. ahd-skyaothananam. * Reading Mazda (?). Digitized by Google Digitized by

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264 YASNA XIX. their ruler) when he assigns the creatures to Him thus. He then assigns the Kingdom to Ahura", saying: 'Thine, O Mazda! is the Kingdom.' And he assigns a nourisher and protector to the poor, saying: Yim drigubyo dadat vastarem; that is, as a friend to Spitama". This is the fifth sentence, (and it concludes) the entire recital and word, (even) the whole of this word of Ahura Mazda 8. 15. He who is the best (of all) Ahura Mazda, pronounced the Ahuna-vairya, and as He pronounced it as the best, so He caused it to have its effect 4, (He, ever) the same, (as He is). The evil one at once arose (to oppose Him), but He (Ahura) repelled that wicked one with His interdict, and with this repelling renunciation: Neither our minds are in harmony, nor our precepts, nor our comprehensions, nor our beliefs, nor our words, nor our actions, nor our consciences, nor our souls o ! CATECHETICAL ZAND? 16. And this saying, uttered by Mazda, has three stages, or measures, and belongs to four classes (of men as its supporters), and to five chiefs (in the political world, without whom its efficiency is * Khshathremka Ahurai a. * As having the interest of the poor at heart. * Supposing Ahura () to be meant by Ahll and Ratu; see Mazdai Ahurai. The Zandist may have rendered: As Ahura is the (first) to be chosen, so He is our Ratu from His righteousness, the creator of Vohuman (including all good creatures), &c. Praised' (?). * Reading haithwat; Pahlavi tiz; possibly being present.' * See Y. XLV, 2. ? This Zand differs, as to the application of Ahd and Ratu, from the former. * Afsman elsewhere applies to metre. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XIX. 265 marred), and it has a conclusion ending with a gift. (Question.) How are its measures (constituted) ? (Answer.) The good thought, the good word, and the good deed. 17. (Question.) With what classes of men? (Answer.) The priest, the charioteer (as the chief of warriors), the systematic tiller of the ground, and the artisan?. These classes therefore accompany the religious man throughout his entire duty : with the correct thought, the truthful word, and the righteous action. These are the classes and states in life which give attention to the rulers", and fulfil the (laws) of religion ; (yea, they are the guides and companions of that religious man) through whose actions the settlements are furthered in righteousness. 18. (Question.) How are the chiefs (constituted)? (Answer.) They are the house-chief, the village-chief, and the tribe-chief, the chief of the province, and the Zarathustra as the fifth. That is, so far as those provinces are concerned which are different from, and outside of the Zarathustrian regency, or domain. [Ragha which has four chiefs (only) is the Zarathustrian (district) ]. (Question.) How are the chiefs of this one constituted? (Answer.) They (are) the housechief, the village-chief, the tribe-chief, and the Zarathustra as the fourth. 19. (Question.) What is the thought well thought ? (Answer.) (It is that which the holy man thinks), the one who holds the holy thought to be before all other things ?. (Question.) 1 These are the poor,' but not mendicants. ? A class not in the Gathas; observe the rise of a caste system. * Or, experience.' * Or, the ritual.' 6 The title of a governor. . It did not need the fifth. It was a centre of rule. * Ashavan manas paoiryo. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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266 YASNA XX. What is the word well spoken? (Answer.) It is the Mathra Spenta', the bounteous word of reason. (Question.) What is the deed well done ? (Answer.) It is that done with praises ?, and by the creatures who regard Righteousness as before all other things. 20. (Question.) Mazda made a proclamation, whom did He announce ? (Answer.) Some one who was holy, and yet both heavenly and mundane 3. (Question.) What was His character, He who made this sacred enunciation ? (Answer.) He who is the best (of all), the ruling one. (Question.) Of what character (did He proclaim him the coming one) ? (Answer.) As holy and the best, a ruler who exercises no wanton or despotic power 4. 21. We sacrifice to the (several) part(s) of the Ahuna-vairya. We sacrifice to the memorised recital of the Ahuna-vairya, and its regular chanting and its use in the full Yasna. YASNA XX. ZAND, OR COMMENTARY, ON THE Ashem VoHo. 1. A blessing is Righteousness (called) the best ; there is weal, there is weal to this man when the Right (helps) the Righteousness best, (when the pious man serves it in truth ). Ahura Mazda spake forth: Ashem vohu vahistem asti. To this Asha, the holy ritual sanctity, one attributes the * Probably the Gathas with their lost portions, also the Vendidad. ? Ritual strictness based upon practical piety, 8 The Saoshyant. * The latter part of this Zand shows that the Ratu was recognised as a human ruler in it. * Elsewhere verbally different; when Asha is for A.V.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA xx. 267 qualities of 'good' and 'best,' as one attributes property to an owner; thus this sentence voho vahistem asti is substantiated (at once ?). 2. Usta asti usta ahmai; by this attribution of blessedness (the praiser) assigns every person (or thing) of a sacred nature to every holy person, and as one usually (?) and regularly (?) ? assigns every person or thing (?) : that is holy to every holy man. 3. Yyat ashai vahistai - ; by these words the worshipper ascribes the entire Mathra (to Asha Vahista), and ascribes all to the Mathra, as one ascribes the kingdom to Righteousness, and as one ascribes righteousness to the invoking saint; yea, as one ascribes righteousness to us who are the prophets (who shall help and bless the people). The three maxims of the sentences (are thus fulfilled). And every word (in its detail), and the entire utterance in its proclamation, is the word of Ahura Mazda. CATECHETICAL ADDITION". 4. Mazda has made a proclamation. (Question.) Whom did He announce ? (Answer.) That holy one who is both heavenly and earthly. (Question.) Of what character is He who has thus announced Him ? (Answer.) He is the best, and the one who is exercising sovereign power. (Question.) Of what character is the man whom He announced? (Answer.) 1 It is carried into effect; possibly rendered fit for praising'(?). ? The Pahlavi indicates na staitya . Ashavanem here and in Y. XIX, 19 might be a neuter from a transition, or addition. * Ashem.' * This Catechetical addition is identical with that in Y. XIX. The wording alone is slightly altered in the translation to relieve the sameness. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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268 YASNA XXI. The holy and the best, the one who rules with no capricious tyranny. We sacrifice to the (several) part(s) of the Asha Vahista (prayer). We sacrifice to the heard-recital of the Asha Vahista, to its memorising, its chanting, and its sacrificial use ?! YASNA XXI. CATECHETICAL Zand, OR COMMENTARY UPON THE YENHE HATAM 2. (The Yenhe. (To that one) of beings do we offer, whose superior (fidelity) in the sacrifice Ahura Mazda recognises by reason of the sanctity (within him; yea, even to those female saints also do we sacrifice) whose (superior fidelity is thus likewise known; thus) we sacrifice to (all, to both the males and females (of the saints)!) 1 The Yenhe hatam follows. 9 The expressions in this prayer were suggested by Y. LI, 22; but the Zand does not consistently follow the thoughts in the Gatha. Tem understood should be supplied as an object for yazamaide in connection with yenhe, as well as tauska for yaungham. In Y. LI, 22, it is, however, by no means certain that yazai applies to a tem yehya. Holding the twenty-first verse in mind, I am obliged to refer yehya to na spento. Here, however, men and women are worshipped, as it is improbable that the 'Immortals' whose names are in the feminine are meant. The prayer is in the Gathic dialect, and ancient metre would hardly contain so artificial a formation. It can only be defended from the teng yazai hvais namenis of Y. LI, 22. Or did the composer of the prayer correctly render Y. LI, 22, and boldly write his succinct words as being clear to his hearers from explanations which are now lost? Such explanations (oral or written) as a matter of course existed from the first. No composer fails to discuss his productions. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXI. 269 1. A word for the Yasna by Zarathustra, the saint. Yenhe, &c. Here the worshipper indicates and offers the Yasna (which is the sacrificial worship) of Mazda as by the command (or as the institution) of Ahura'. Hatam. Here the worshipper offers the sacrificial worship as if with the beings who are among those who are destined to live 2. 2. Yaungham. Here he indicates and offers the sacrificial worship of those holy females who have Aramaiti at their head ?, as homage to the Immortals. These are the three sentences which comprehend all the Yasnian speech. (Question.) To whom is this Yasna addressed? (Answer.) To the Bountiful Immortals in the course of the Yasna). 3. Thereupon spake Mazda : Salvation to this one, whosoever he may be! May the absolute ruler Ahura grant it. (Question.) 4. Whom did He answer with this answer ? (Answer.) He answered: The state of salvation; and with this answer, the state of salvation,' he answered every saint who exists, every one who is coming into existence, and every one who shall exist in the future. (Question. Who answered thus ? Answer.) The best One. (Question. What did He answer ?) (Answer.) The best thing. (That is, the best One, Mazda, answered the best and the holy (answer) for the better and the holy man. 5. We sacrifice to this piece, the Yenhe hatam, the prominent and holy Yast. 1 Referring yenhe to Ahura (?). ? Fit to live, clean. 3 The Ameshospends whose names are in the feminine ; so the Zandist erroneously. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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270 YASNA XXII. YASNA XXII. THE SACRIFICE CONTINUES. 1. With the Baresman brought hither together with the Zaothra, for the worship of the Creator Ahura Mazda, the resplendent, the glorious, and for that of the Bountiful Immortals, I desire to approach this Haoma with my praise, offered (as it is) with punctilious sanctity (or, for a blessing), and this fresh milk, and this plant Hadhanaepata. 2. And, as an act of worship to the beneficent waters, I desire to approach these Zaothras with (my) praise offered (as they are) with punctilious sanctity, having the - Haoma with them, and the flesh, with the Hadhanaepata. And I desire to approach the Haomawater with my praise for the beneficent waters; and I desire to approach the stone mortar and the iron mortar with my praise. 3. And I desire to approach this plant for the Baresman with my praise, and the well-timed prayer for blessings, that which has approached (to accept our homage), and the memorised recital and the fulfilment of the good Mazdayasnian Faith, and the heard recital of the Gathas, and the well-timed and successful prayer for blessings, that of the holy lord of the ritual order. And I desire to approach these wood-billets and their perfume with my praise,--thine, the Fire's, O Ahura Mazda's son! Yea, I desire to approach all good things with my praise, those which Mazda made, and which have the seed of sanctity (within them), (4) for the propitiation of Ahura Mazda and of the Bountiful Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXII. 271 Immortals, and of Sraosha the blessed, and of Ahura Mazda's Fire, the lofty ritual lord ? ! 20. And I desire to approach this Haoma with (my) praise, that which is thus lifted up with sanctity, and this milk (fresh as it is, and as if) living and lifted up with sanctity, and this plant the Hadhanaepata lifted up with sanctity. 21. And I desire to approach these Zaothras with (my) praise for the beneficial waters, these Zaothras which have the H(a)oma with them and the milk with them, and the Hadhanaepata, and which are lifted up with sanctity. And I desire to approach the Haoma-water with (my) praise for the beneficial waters, and the two mortars, the stone one and the iron one, (22) and I desire to approach this branch for the Baresman with my praise, and the memorised recital and fulfilment of the Mazdayasnian law, and the heard recital of the Gathas, and the well-timed and persistent prayer for blessings (uttered) by the holy lord of the ritual order, and this wood and perfume, even thine, O Fire, Ahura Mazda's son, and all good objects Mazda-made (23) for the propitiation of Ahura Mazda, the resplendent, the glorious, and of the Bountiful Immortals, and of Mithra of the wide pastures, and of Raman Hvastra", (24) and of the resplendent sun, immortal, radiant, of the fleet horses, and of Vayu, (of predominant influence and) working on high, set over the other beings in the creation [(Pazand); that is for thee thus (O Vayu) when thine influence is that which apper 15-19=Y. III, 5-19; 20-23=1-4 from imem. * The priest? (Repetitions are, as everywhere, curtailed and varied.) * For closer rendering of details, see verses 2, 3, 4, which differ chiefly in the final dedication. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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272 YASNA XXIII. tains to Spenta Mainyu '], and for the propitiation of the most just knowledge Mazda-given, and of the holy and good Religion, the Mazdayasnian Faith ; (25) for the propitiation of the Mathra Spenta, (the bounteous) and holy, and the effective, instituted against the Daevas, the Zarathustrian law, and of the long descent of the good Mazdayasnian Faith 2 (the holding in mind and devotion to the Mathra Spenta, and knowledge of the Mazdayasnian Religion] for the propitiation of the understanding which is innate and Mazda-made, and of that which is heard by the ear; (26) and for thy propitiation, the Fire's, O Ahura Mazda's son! [(Pazand); (yea) thine, the Fire's, O Ahura Mazda's son) with all the fires, and for the propitiation of Mount Ushi-darena, the Mazda-made, radiant with sanctity; (27) and of all the holy Yazads, spiritual and earthly, and of the holy Frayashis, the redoubted and overwhelming, those of the ancient lore, and those of the next of kin and of the Yazad of the spoken name ! YASNA XXIII. THE FRAVASHIS OF THE SAINTS; PRAYERS FOR . THEIR APPROACH S. 1. I desire to approach with my praise + those Fravashis which have existed from of old, the Fravashis of the houses, and of the villages, of the communities, and of the provinces, which hold the And not the evil Vayu, which appertains to Angra Mainyu. ? Insert, and of the good Zarathustrian devotion.' : This chapter is said to be reserved for funeral occasions. * Or, I pray for the approach. See Y. XXVI. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXIII. 273 heaven in its place apart, and the water, land, and cattle, which hold the children in the wombs safely enclosed apart so that they do not miscarry. 2. And I desire to approach toward the Fravashi 1 of Ahura Mazda, and with my praise, and for those of the Bountiful Immortals, with all the holy Fravashis which are those of the heavenly Yazads. And I desire to approach the Fravashi of Gaya Maretan (the life-man) in my worship with my praise, and for that of Zarathustra Spitama, and for those of Kavi Vistaspa, and of Isat-vastra?, the Zarathustrian, with all the holy Fravashis of the other ancient counsellors as well. 3. And I desire in my worship to approach toward every holy Fravashi whosesoever it may be, and wheresoever dead upon this earth (its possessor may have lain), the pious woman, or the girl of tender years, the maiden diligent (among the cattle) in the field (who) may have dwelt (here; yea, all) which are now worshipped from this house , which are attentive to, and which attain to (our) good Yasnas and (our) homage. 4. Yea, I desire to approach the Fravashis of the saints with my praise, redoubted (as they are) and overwhelming, the Fravashis of those who held to the ancient lore, and the Fravashis of the next-of-kin; and I desire to approach toward the Fravashi of mine own* soul in my worship with my praise; and I desire therewith to approach toward all the lords of the ritual, and with 1 Fravashi seems a dative; comp. atf. ? Zarathustra's eldest son by his wife Padokhshah; he was the chief of priests according to tradition. 3 This Yasna was recited from house to house. * The own' soul; notice the seeming distinction between Fravashi and soul. (31) Digitized by Digitized by Google

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274 YASNA XXIV. praise; and I desire to approach all the good Yazads with my praise, the heavenly and the earthly, who are meet for sacrifice and homage, because of Righteousness the Best ! YASNA XXIV. PRESENTATIONS. 1. (And having approached these Haomas with our worship), we present them to Ahura Mazda ; (yea, we present) these Haomas, Myazdas, Zaothras, and the Baresman spread with punctilious sanctity, and the flesh, and the milk, fresh as if living, and lifted up with punctilious sanctity, and this branch the Hadhanaepata likewise lifted up with sanctity. 2. (And having approached these Zaothras in our worship), we present them to the good waters having the Haoma with them, and the milk, and the Hadhanaepata, and lifted up with scrupulous sanctity; and (with them) we present the Haoma-water to the good waters, and both the stone and the iron mortar. 3. And we present this plant of the Baresman, and the timely prayer for blessings, which has approached in the due course of the ritual, and the recollection and practice of the good Mazdayasnian Religion, and the heard recital of the Gathas, and the timely prayer for blessings which has approached as the prayer of the holy lord of the ritual order; and these wood-billets, and the perfume, (even) thine, the Fire's, O Ahura Mazda's son! and all good objects Mazdamade, which have the seed of righteousness, we offer and present. 4. And these we present hereby to Ahura Mazda, and to Sraosha (Obedience) the Or the memorised recital and performance of its rites. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXIV. 275 blessed (and Righteous), and to the Bountiful Immortals; and to the Fravashis of the saints, even to the souls of the saints, and to the Fire of Ahura Mazda, the lofty lord of entire holy creation, for sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and for praise. 5. And these we present hereby to the Fravashi of Zarathustra Spitama, the saint, for sacrifice, propitiation, and for praise, and to that of the people 1 who love Righteousness, with all the holy Fravashis of the saints who are dead and who are living, and to those of men who are as yet unborn, and to those of the prophets who will serve us, and will labour to complete the progress and renovation of the world 6. And we present these Haomas, Myazdas, Zaothras, and the Baresman spread with sanctity, and the flesh, and the milk (fresh as if) living, and lifted up with sanctity, and the Hadhanaepata branch. 7. And we present these Zaothras to the beneficial waters having the Haoma with them, and the flesh, and the Hadhanaepata lifted up with sanctity, and the Haoma-water, to the good waters, with the stone and iron mortars, (8) and this plant of the Baresman, (and) the timely Prayer and the recollection and practice of the good Mazdayasnian Faith 3, and these wood-billets, and the perfume, thine, the Fire's, O Ahura Mazda's son! and all objects which are Mazda-made, and which have, and are, the seed of Righteousness, these we offer and present. 9. (Yea,) we present these hereby to the Bountiful Immortals who rule aright, and who dispose of all Elsewhere perhaps, erroneously, as a proper name: or read angheus. * Pahlavi frashakard kardaran. s And the heard recital of the Gathas.' T2 Digitized by Google Digitized by

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276 YASNA XXV. aright, the ever-living, ever-helpful, who abide with the Good Mind (of the Lord and of His folk')! YASNA XXV. 1. And we worship the Bountiful Immortals with our sacrifice, who rule aright, and who dispose of all aright; and we worship this Haoma, this flesh and branch, (2) and these Zaothras for the good waters, having the Haoma with them, and the flesh with them, and Hadhanaepata, and lifted up with sanctity, and we worship the Haoma-water for the beneficial waters; and we worship the two, the stone mortar and the iron mortar; (3) and we worship this plant for the Baresman and the well-timed prayer for blessings which has approached (in its proper place within the ritual course), and also both the remembrance and the practice 2 of the good Mazdayasnian Religion, and the heard recital of the Gathas, and the well-timed prayer for blessings of the holy lord of the ritual order which has approached, and these wood-billets with the perfume, (even) thine, the Fire's, O Ahura Mazda's son! and we worship all good objects which are Mazda-made, and which contain (and are) the seed of Righteousness. 4. And we worship Ahura Mazda with our sacrifice, the resplendent, the glorious, and the Bountiful Immortals who rule aright, and who dispose (of all) aright, and Mithra of the wide pastures and Raman Hvastra ; and we worship the shining sun, the resplendent, the immortal, of the feet horses. Expressions are See Y. IV, 4-25, which is repeated here. curtailed. ? Or the memorised recital and fulfilment. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXV. 277 5. And we worship the holy wind which works on high, placed higher than the other creatures in the creation; and we worship this which is thine, O Vayu ! and which appertains to the Spenta Mainyu within thee; and we worship the most true religious Knowledge, Mazda-made and holy, and the good Mazdayasnian law. 6. And we worship the Mathra Spenta verily glorious (as it is), even the law pronounced against the Daevas, the Zarathustrian law, and its long descent"; yea, we worship the good Mazdayasnian Religion, and the Mathra which is heart-devoted and bounteous (imparting heart's devotion to the saint); yea, we worship the Mazdayasnian Religion maintained in the understanding ? of the saint; and we honour that science which is the Mathra Spenta, and the innate understanding Mazda-made, and the derived understanding, heard with ear, and Mazdamade. 7. Yea, we worship thee, the Fire, Ahura Mazda's son! the holy lord of the ritual order ; and we worship all the Fires, and Mount Ushi-darena (which holds the light 3) Mazda-made and holy, the Yazad mount, brilliant with sanctity. 8. And we worship every holy spiritual. Yazad; and every holy earthly Yazad (who exists)! * Its long tradition. Or maintaining the understanding. ? A sunrise or sunset mountain; see the word applied intellectually just previously, also previous notes on it. . That is, heavenly. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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278 YASNA XXVI. YASNA XXVI. THE FRAVASHIS; SACRIFICE AND PRAISE TO THEM. 1. I praise, invoke, and weave my hymn to the good, heroic, and bountiful Fravashis of the saints ; (and having invoked these, then) we worship the Nmanyas, and the Visyas, and the Zantumas, and the Dahvyumas !, and the Zarathustrotemas. 2. And of all these prior Fravashis, we worship here the Fravashi of Ahura Mazda, which is the greatest and the best, the most beautiful and the firmest, the most wise and the best in form, and the one that attains the most its ends because of Righteousness. 3. And (having invoked them) hither, we worship the good, heroic, bountiful Fravashis of the holy ones, those of the Bountiful Immortals, the brilliant, of effective glance, the lofty, the devoted, the swift ones of the creatures of Ahura who are imperishable and holy. 4. And (having invoked them) hither, we worship the spirit and conscience, the intelligence and soul and Fravashi of those holy men and women who early heard the lore and commands (of Goda), and loved and strove after Righteousness, the ritual truth; and we worship the soul of the Kine of blessed gift. 5. And (having invoked it) hither, we worship the Fravashi of Gaya Maretan the holy, and the sanctity and Fravashi of Zarathustra Spitama the saint; and we worship the Fravashi of Kavi Vistaspa the holy, and that of Isat-vastra the Zarathustrian, the saint. Dahyumas. Of the early religion.' Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXVI. 279 6. And (having invoked them) hither, we worship the life, conscience, intelligence, soul and Fravashi of the next of kin, of the saints male and female who have striven after the ritual truth, which are those of the dead and living saints, and which are those also of men as yet unborn, of the future prophets who will help on the renovation, and complete the human progress, with them all. 7. And (having invoked them) hither, we worship the souls of the dead [(Pazand) which are the Fravashis of the saints']; and of all the next of kin who have passed away in this house, of the Aethrapaitis (the teachers) and of the disciples; yea, of all holy men and women ; (8) and we worship the Fravashis of all the holy teachers and disciples; and of all the saints both male and female. 9. (And having invoked them) hither we worship the Fravashis of all the holy children who fulfil the deeds of piety; and we worship the Fravashis of the saints within the province; and those of the saints without the province. 10. We worship the Fravashis of (those) holy men and holy women; we worship all the good, heroic, bountiful Fravashis of the saints from Gaya Maretan (the first created) to the Saoshyant, the victorious ? 11. Yea, we worship all the Fravashis of the saints, and we worship the souls of the dead [(Pazand) which are the Fravashis of the saints)! 1 Whether a real distinction existed in the minds of these early writers, between a Fravashi and a departed soul, is hard to say. That a Fravashi was worshipped as existing before the person to whom it appertained was born, may be owing to a poetical, and not a dogmatic, anticipation. . From the Iranian Adam to the Christ of the resurrection; sec Yast XIX, 89, 91. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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80 YASNA XXVII. YASNA XXVII. PRELUDE TO THE CHIEF RECITAL OF THE AHUNA-VAIRYA. 1. This is to render? Him who is of all the greatest, our lord" and master (even) Ahura Mazda. And this to smite - the wicked Angra Mainyu, and to smite Aeshma of the bloody spear, and the Mazainya Daevas, and to smite all the wicked Varenya Daevas. 2. And this is to further Ahura Mazda, the resplendent, the glorious, to further the Bountiful Immortals, and the influences of the star Tistrya, the resplendent, the glorious, (and) to the furtherance of the holy man, and of all the (bountiful and holy creatures of the Bounteous Spirit. 3-55. 6. The Haomas are crushed, O Mazda, Khshathra, and Asha, O ye Lords! Good is Sraosha who accompanies the sacrifice with the great glory, and may he be present affording strenuous help. 7. We are offering saving acts of wisdom and of worship with the sacred gift of the Ahuna-vairya intoned with sanctity, and of the two mortars here 1 Dazdyai would be an infin. for an imperative; but it here refers to the Ahuna. We might say, 'Let this render,' &c. * See Y. XXXIV, 5. * Referring to the Aho and Ratu of the Ahuna, but with erroneous application. * Comp. Vend. XIX, 9 (Wg.). The Ahuna appears here in the MS. with Y. XXXIV, 5, the & airyema, and the Ashem Voh0. * Maza raya; otherwise mazaraya, with greatness (see Y. XLIII, 12). Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXV. 281 brought forward? with holy act, and with that of the correctly uttered words likewise ; and therefore may they be to us the more saving in their wise signifi cance. 8-12 %. 13. As the Ahu is excellent, so is the Ratu (one who rules) from (his) sanctity, a creator of mental goodness, and of life's actions done for Mazda ; and the Kingdom (is) for Ahura, which to the poor may offer a nurturer. 14. (What is Your Kingdom, Your riches; how may I be Your own in my actions, to nourish Your poor, O Mazda ? Beyond ; yea, beyond all we declare You, far from Daevas and Khrafstra-accursed mortals 3!) 15. We worship the Ahuna-vairya. We worship Asha Vahista, the most beautiful", the Bountiful Immortal YASNA XXXV. YASNA HAPTANGHAITI.. With the Yasna of the Seven Chapters' which ranks next in antiquity after the Gathas, we already pass into an atmosphere distinct from theirs. The dialect still lingers, but the spirit is changed. We have advanced personification of the Bountiful Immortals; that is, their personification seems more prominent, while the ideas of which they are the personification already, and to a proportionate degree, have grown dim. The name Amesha Spenta occurs: the Fravashis appear; the Fire is worshipped, the Earth, and the Grass. To the waters, to the Soul of the Kine, and to all holy or clean * Here the Parsi priests now manipulate the mortars. See Y. XXXIII, 11-14; and Y. I, 23, and Y. XII. . See Y. XXXIV, 15. The Ashem follows. * Or, 'the best. * The Yenhe hatam follows. For Y. XXVIII-XXXIV, see the Gatha Ahunavaiti above, pp. 2-194. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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282 YASNA XXXV. beings, the very word yazamaide is applied for the first time. On the other hand, many later objects of worship are totally absent, the six seasons of the creation, the five divisions of the day, the five Gathas, Zarathustra, the Baresman, the Haoma, &c. A considerable period of time must have elapsed since the Gathas had been composed, and a lengthy period must also be supposed to have passed before the Avesta of the later type began to be sung and recited. The chapter numbered XLII in the Vendidad Sadah of Brockhaus (1850), and in the edition of Westergaard (1852), and numbered XLI, 18-35 in Spiegel's edition, seems a later addition; but it cannot be very much later, as it preserves the dialect and general features. An intentional imitation is not probable. Spiegel has included it with chapter XLI to preserve the number * seven ;' and if the entire section is to be called 'the Yasnas of the Seven Chapters,' it should most certainly not be numbered XLII ! I so number merely to follow Westergaard, as do the first two parts of these translations from the Avesta. This portion should neither be incorporated with chapter XLI, nor numbered as a separate one; it should be noted as a supplement. The name Seven Chapters' was of course given to the pieces long after their composition. PRAISE TO AHURA AND THE IMMORTALS; PRAYER FOR THE PRACTICE AND DIFFUSION OF THE FAITH. 1. We sacrifice to Ahura Mazda, the holy Lord of the ritual order, and to the Bountiful Immortals, who rule aright, who dispose of all aright; and we sacrifice to the entire creation of the clean, the spiritual and the mundane, with the longing blessing of the beneficent ritual, with the longing blessing of the benignant Religion, the Mazdayasnian Faith. 2. We are praisers of good thoughts, of good words, and of good actions, of those now and those hereafter [(Pazand) of those being done, and of those * The Pahlavi translator, as so often, first saw the proper explanation here. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXV. 283 completed). We implant*(?) them (with our homage, and we do this, the more, and yet the more since we are (praisers) of the good (from whom they spring). 3. That, therefore, would we choose, O Ahura Mazda! and thou, O Righteousness the beauteous ! that we should think, and speak, and do those thoughts, and words, and deeds, among actual good ? thoughts, and words, and actions, which are the best for both the worlds ; (4) and together with these gifts (?) and actions which are thus the best, we would pray for the Kine (which represents the pure creation), that she may have comfort and have fodder from the famed, and from the humble, from the potent and the weak. 5. To the best of good rulers (is) verily the Kingdom, because we render and ascribe it to Him, and make it thoroughly His own (?), to Mazda Ahura do we ascribe it, and to Righteousness the Best. 6. As thus both man or woman knows (the duty), both thoroughly and truly, so let him, or her, declare it and fulil it, and inculcate it upon those who may perform it as it is. 7. We would be deeply mindful of Your sacrifice and homage, Yours, O Ahura Mazda! and the best, (and we would be mindful) of the nurture of the Kine. And that let us inculcate and perform for You according as we may, and (for) such (praisers as we are). 8. Under the shelter 3 of the ritual Order let us do so in the active fulfilments of its (precepts) toward every one of the (clean) and better creatures which 1 Or, we are purifiers,' or 'adorners.' Tradition 'spreading from man to man,' so thoroughly implanting themselves; comp. perhaps nid. * Hatam in this sense. s Or, in the house and stall.' Digitized by Google Digitized by

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284 . YASNA XXXVI. are fit to live !, with a gift for both the worlds. 9. Yea, those words and sayings, O Ahura Mazda! we would proclaim as Righteousness, and as of the better mind (?); and we would make Thee the one who both supports (us in our proclamation) of them, and who throws still further light upon them (as they are), 10. And by reason of Thy Righteous Order, Thy Good Mind, and Thy Sovereign Power, and through the instrumentality of our praises of Thee, O Ahura Mazda! and for the purpose of (still further) praises, by Thy spoken words, and for (still further) spoken words, through Thy Yasna, and for (still further) Yasnas (would we thus proclaim them, and make Thee the bestower of our light). YASNA XXXVI. To AHURA AND THE FIRE. 1. We would approach You two, O (Ye) primeval ones in the house ? of this Thy holy Fire, 0 Ahura Mazda, Thou most bounteous Spirit! Who brings pollutions to this (Thy flame) him wilt Thou cover with pollutions in his turn). 2. But as the most friendly do Thou give us zeal, O Fire of the Lord! and approach us 3, and with the loving blessing of the most friendly, with the praise of the 1 Or, live-stock.' * Or, in the service of the Fire;' so the Pahlavi: consider also the occurrence of forms of var(e)z in the other sense in the close proximity. Fire temples did not exist; some shelter, however, must have been afforded. Also the dual pouruye(-ve) may refer to Ahura and the Fire. Comp. Y. XXX, 3. Or, is it at first ?' * Possibly, but most favoured is he whom (yem).' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXVII, ERITY 285 CALIFORNIA most adored. Yea, may'st thou ap prosent to aid us in this our greatest (undertaking) among the efforts of our zeal. 3. The Fire of Ahura Mazda art thou verily ? ; yea, the most bounteous one of His Spirit, wherefore Thine is the most potent of all names (for grace), O Fire of the Lord! 4. And therefore we would approach Thee, (O Ahura !) with the help of Thy Good Mind (which Thou dost implant within us), with Thy (good) Righteousness, and with the actions and the words inculcated by Thy good wisdom! 5. We therefore bow before Thee, and we direct our prayers to Thee with confessions of our guilt, O Ahura Mazda ! with all the good thoughts (which Thou dost inspire), with all the words well said, and the deeds well done, with these would we approach Thee. 6. And to Thy most beauteous body ? do we make our deep acknowledgments, 0 Ahura Mazda! to those stars (which are Thy body); and to that one, the highest of the high, such as the sun was called]! YASNA XXXVII. To AHURA, THE HOLY CREATION, THE FRAVASHIS OF THE JUST, AND THE BOUNTIFUL IMMORTALS. 1. Thus therefore do we worship Ahura Mazda, who made the Kine (the living creation), and the (embodied) Righteousness (which is incarnate in the clean), and the waters, and the wholesome plants, the stars, and the earth, and all (existing) objects 1 Voi looks as if it represented val here. See Y. I, 1. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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286 YASNA XXXVIII. that are good. 2. Yea, we worship Him for His Sovereign Power and His greatness, beneficent (as they are), and with priority among the Yazads 1 who abide beside the Kine (and care for her protection and support). 3. And we worship Him under His name as Lord, to Mazda dear, the most beneficent (of names). We worship him with our bones, and with our flesh, (with our bodies and our life). And we worship the ? Fravashis of the saints, of holy men, and holy women; (4) and Righteousness the Best do we worship, the most beauteous, the Bountiful Immortal and that which is endowed with light in all things good. 5. And we worship the Good Mind (of the Lord), and His Sovereign Power, and the Good Faith, the good law of our thrift, and Piety the ready mind (within Thy folk)! YASNA XXXVIII. TO THE EARTH AND THE SACRED WATERS. 1. And now we worship this earth which bears us, together with Thy wives 3,0 Ahura Mazda ! yea, those Thy wives do we worship which are so desired from their sanctity. 2. We sacrifice to their zealous wishes, and their capabilities, their inquiries (as to duty), and their wise acts of pious reverence, i Or, with the priority in the Yasnas, (we who are they) who abide.' ? Tem is interpolated; or shall we render: "We worship Him' as in the F. with adverbial use as in the Greek, and often here? : Compare the Indian gnas. The waters are wives, as is the earth; below they are mothers. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XXXIX. 287 and with these their blessedness, their full vigour and good portions, their good fame and ample wealth. 3. O ye waters! now we worship you, you that are showered down, and you that stand in pools and vats, and you that bear forth (our loaded vessels ?) ye female Ahuras of Ahura, you that serve us (all) in helpful ways, well forded and fullflowing, and effective for the bathings, we will seek you and for both the worlds! 4. Therefore did Ahura Mazda give you names, O ye beneficent ones! when He who made the good bestowed you. And by these names we worship you, and by them we would ingratiate ourselves with you, and with them would we bow before you, and direct our prayers to you with free confessions of our debt. O waters, ye who are productive, and ye 'maternal ones, ye with heat' that suckles the (frail and) needy (before birth), ye waters (that have once been) rulers of (us) all, we will now address you as the best, and the most beautiful; those (are) yours, those good (objects) of our offerings, ye long of arm to reach our sickness, or misfortune 4, ye mothers of our life! YASNA XXXIX. TO THE SOUL OF THE KINE, &c. 1. And now we sacrifice to the Kine's soul, and to her created body, and we sacrifice to the souls 1 Vanguhis with K4, &c. * Compare azi as applied to the Kine. * Compare agnayas, reading agnay8. Or is it agnivau with a suffix va ? * Or, our sicknesses and welfare.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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288 YASNA XL. of cattle who are fit to live? (for us), and whose (we ?) are, such as are the same to them. 2. And we worship the souls of those beasts which are tame and broken in, and of wild herds, and the souls of the saints wherever they were born, both of men and of women, whose good consciences are conquering in the strife against the Daevas, or will conquer, or have conquered. 3. And now we worship the Bountiful Immortals (all) the good, and both those male?, and those female S (by their names). The males among them do we worship, ever living, and ever helpful, who dwell beside the pious, and the females thus the same. 4. As Thou, O Ahura Mazda ! hast thought and spoken, as thou hast determined, and hast done these things (effecting) what is good, therefore do we offer to Thee, therefore do we ascribe to Thee our praises, and worship Thee, and bow ourselves before Thee; and therefore would we direct our prayers to Thee, Ahura! with confessions of our sin. 5. And we thus draw near to Thee together with the good kinship of our kindred, with that of Righteousness the blessed, and the good law of thrift and energy and the good Piety, the ready mind (within Thy folk)! YASNA XL. PRAYERS FOR HELPERS. 1. And now in these Thy dispensations, 0 Ahura Mazda! do Thou wisely - act for us, and with abun 9 Yoi. . Yauska. 1 Live-stock * A fem. noun mazda=medha. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLI. 289 dance with Thy bounty and Thy tenderness 1 as touching us; and grant that reward which Thou hast appointed to our souls, O Ahura Mazda! 2. Of this do Thou Thyself bestow upon us for this world and the spiritual ; and now as part thereof (do Thou grant) that we may attain to fellowship with Thee, and Thy Righteousness for all duration. 3. And do Thou grant us, o Ahura! men who are righteous, and both lovers and producers of the Right as well. And give us trained beasts for the pastures, broken in for riding?, and for bearing, (that they may be) in 'helpfuls companionship with us, and as a source of long enduring vigour, and a means of rejoicing grace to us for this *. 4. So let there be a kinsman lord for us, with the labourers of the village, and so likewise let there be the clients (or the peers). And by the help of those may we arise. So may we be to You, O Mazda Ahura ! holy and true (r), and with free giving of our gifts. YASNA XLI. A PRAYER TO AHURA AS THE KING, THE LIFE, AND THE REWARDER. 1. Praises, and songs, and adorations do we offer to Ahura Mazda, and to Righteousness the Best; yea, we offer and we ascribe them, and proclaim them. 2. And to Thy good Kingdom, O Ahura Mazda ! Otherwise, 'understanding which protects' (?). * So the Pahlavi and Ner. ; Bezvaite. *May we be rejoicing (?). Hakhema (=-a) replacing the airyaman of the Gathas, and throwing light upon its meaning. The form is irregular. * Or, 'holy rishis' (ereshayo?). [31] Digitized by Digitized by Google

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290 YASNA XLII. may we attain for ever, and a good King be Thou over us; and let each man of us, and so each woman, thus abide, O Thou most beneficent of beings, and for both the worlds! 3. Thus do we render Thee, the helpful Yazad, endowed with good devices, the friend of them (who worship Thee) with (well-adjusted) ritual; so may'st Thou be to us our life, and our body's vigour, O Thou most beneficent of beings, and that for both the worlds ! 4. Aye, let us win and conquer (?) long life, O Ahura Mazda ! in Thy grace, and through Thy will may we be powerful. May'st Thou lay hold on us to help, and long, and with salvation, O Thou most beneficent of beings! 5. Thy praisers and Mathra-speakers may we be called 1, 0 Ahura Mazda ! so do we wish, and to this may we attain? What reward most meet for our deserving Thou hast appointed for the souls, O Ahura Mazda! (6) of that do Thou bestow on us for this life, and for that of mind. Of that reward (do Thou Thyself grant this advantage), that we may come under Thy protecting guardianship, and that of Righteousness for ever. We sacrifice to that brave Yasna, the Yasna Haptanghaiti', the holy, the ritual chief! YASNA XLII. A SUPPLEMENT TO THE HAPTANGHAITIO. 1. We worship You, O Ye Bountiful Immortals ! with the entire collection of this Yasna, Haptanghaiti See Y. XXVIII, 3. See Y. L, II. Or, 'abide. * Here the Haptanghaiti once ended. * Of not greatly later origin. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA XLII. 291 (as we sum up all). And we sacrifice to the fountains of the waters, and to the fordings of the rivers, to the forkings of the highways, and to the meetings of the roads. 2. And we sacrifice to the hills that run with torrents, and the lakes that brim with waters, and to the corn that fills the corn-fields; and we sacrifice to both the protector and the Creator, to both Zarathustra and the Lord. 3. And we sacrifice to both earth and heaven, and to the stormy wind that Mazda made, and to the peak of high Haraiti, and to the land, and all things good. 4. And we worship the Good Mind (in the living) and the spirits of the saints. And we sacrifice to the fish of fifty-fins', and to that sacred beast the Unicorn ? (?) which stands in Vouru-kasha, and we sacrifice to that sea of Vouru-kasha where he stands, (5) and to the Haoma, golden-flowered, growing on the heights; yea, to the Haoma that restores us, and aids this world's advance. We sacrifice to Haoma that driveth death afar, (6) and to the flood-streams of the waters, and to the great flights of the birds, and to the approaches of the Fire-priests, as they approach us from afars, and seek to gain the provinces, and spread the ritual lore. And we sacrifice to the Bountiful Immortals all* ! * See, however, Bundahis (West), p. 66. ? See Bundahis, chap. XIX, also Darmesteter, Ormuzd and Ahriman (pp. 148-150). * Yoi yeya darat points to a migration of Zaroastrianism, coming West(?). 4 For Yasna XLIII-LI, see above, pp. 98-187. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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292 YASNA LII. YASNA LII (Sp. LI). A PRAYER FOR SANCTITY AND ITS BENEFITS. 1. I pray with benedictions for a benefit, and for the good, even for the entire creation of the holy (and the clean); I beseech for them for the (generation which is) now alive, for that which is just coming into life !, and for that which shall be hereafter. And (I pray for that) sanctity which leads to prosperity, and which has long afforded shelter, which goes on hand in hand with it, which joins it in its walk, and of itself becoming its close companion as it delivers forth its precepts, (2) bearing every form of healing virtue which comes to us in waters, appertains to cattle, or is found in plants, and overwhelming all the harmful malice of the Daevas, (and their servants) who might harm this dwelling and its lord, (3) bringing good gifts, and better blessings, given very early, and later (gifts), leading to successes, and for a long time giving shelter. And so the greatest, and the best, and most beautiful benefits of sanctity fall likewise to our lot (4) for the sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and the praise of the Bountiful Immortals, for the bringing prosperity to this abode, and for the prosperity of the entire creation of the holy, Or, 'for that which is past ?' bavaithyaika. * Daregho-varethmanem is treated as a feminine; see also daregho-varethmano in verse 3. * Have we hvo-aiwishakim, as representing some more regular form? Medicinal springs. * This Yasna was celebrated from house to house, * Varethmano. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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YASNA LIV. 293 and the clean, (and as for this, so) for the opposition of the entire evil creation. (And I pray for this) as I praise through Righteousness, I who am beneficent, those who are (likewise of a better mind)". 5-8. (See Y. VIII, 5-8.) (For Y. LIII, see Gathas, pp. 190-194.) YASNA LIV: (Sp. LIII). THE AIRYEMA-ISHYO. 1. Let the Airyaman, the desired friend and peersman, draw near for grace to the men and to the women who are taught of Zarathustra, for the joyful grace of the Good Mind, whereby the conscience may attain its wished-for .recompense. I pray for the sacred reward of the ritual order which is (likewise so much) to be desired ; and may Ahura Mazda grant : it, (or cause it to increase). 2. We sacrifice to the Airyema-ishyo, the powerful, the victoriously smiting, the opponent of assaulting malice, the greatest of the sentences of the holy ritual order. And, we sacrifice to the bounteous Gathas that rule supreme in the ritual, the holy (and august). And we sacrifice to the Praises of the Yasna which were the productions of the world of old 4 * Citation from the Gathas (Y. XLV, 6). 9 This piece in the Gathic dialect, and in a metre supposed by some to be identical with that of the Vahistoisti, is very old, and ranks with the Ahuna-vairya and Ashem Voha in importance. * Or, can masata (sic) equal with his liberality, or majesty,' leaving yantu to be understood with Ahuro ? * The later Avesta notes the antiquity of the older. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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294 YASNA LV. YASNA LV (Sp. LIV). THE WORSHIP OF THE GATHAS AS CONCLUDED, AND THAT OF THE STAOTA YESNYA' AS BEGINNING. 1. We present hereby and we make known, as our offering to the bountiful Gathas which rule (as the leading chants) within (the appointed times and seasons of) the Ritual, all our landed riches, and our persons, together with our very bones and tissues, our forms and forces, our consciousness, our soul, and Fravashi. 2. That which Gathas (may) be to us, which are our guardians and defenders, and our spiritual food, yea, which (may) be to our souls both food and clothing, such are these Gathas to us, guardians, and defenders, and (spiritual) food, even such they are, both food and clothing to the soul. And (may) they be to us (for this our offering) abundant givers of rewards, and just and righteous ones, for the world beyond the present, after the parting of our consciousness and body. 3. And may these (Praises of the Offering) come forth, and appear for us with power and victorious assault, with health and healing, with progress, and with growth, with preparation and protection, with beneficence and sanctity, and abounding with gifts 2 toward him who can understand ; yea, let them appear (with free liberality to the enlightened), let them appear as i Staota Yesnya seems to designate that part of the Yasna which begins with the Srosh Yast. : Fraraiti; or possibly to the freely giving,' (the term.'-ti' as a dative) Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LV. 295 Mazda, the most beneficent, has produced them, He the one who is victorious when He smites, and who helps the settlements advance, for the protection, and the guarding of the religious order of the settlements which are now being furthered, and of those which shall bring salvation to us, and for the protection of the entire creation of the holy (and the clean). 4. And may'st thou, (O Asha! who abidest within the Gathas '), give to every holy man who comes with this prayer for a blessing, and endeavouring to help himself ?, according to his good thoughts, and words, and deeds. 5. We are therefore worshipping both the (divine) Righteousness and the Good Mind, and the bountiful Gathas, that rule as the leading chants within (the times and the seasons of the holy ritual order. 6. And we worship the Praises of the Yasna which were the production of the ancient world, those which are (now) recollected and put in use 3, those which are now learned and taught, those which are being held (in mind, and so) repeated, those remembered and recited, and those worshipped, and thus the ones which further the world through grace in its advance. And we worship the part(s) * of the Praises of the Yasna, and their recitation as it is heard, even their memorised recital, and their chanting, and their offering (as complete). i Conjectural; see Ashem below. 9 Pahlavi ave nafsman. * Recited from memory, and used in the ceremonial. * The part, each part.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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296 YASNA LVI. YASNA LVI (SP. LV). INTRODUCTION TO THE SROSH YAST. 1. Let Sraosha (the listening Obedience) be present here for the worship of Ahura Mazda, the most beneficent, and holy, of him) who is desired by us as at the first, so at the last; and so again may attentive Obedience be present here for the worship of Ahura Mazda, the most beneficent and the holy who (is so) desired by us. 2. (Yea), let Sraosha (the attentive Obedience) be present here for the worship of the good waters, and for the Fravashis of the saints which are so desired by us, [and for (their ?) souls), as at the first, so at the last. And thus again may Sraosha (the listening Obedience) be present here for the worship of the good waters, and for the Fravashis of the saints, which are so desired by us, [(and) for (their) souls). 3. Let Sraosha (the listening Obedience) be present here for the worship of the good waters; yea, let the good Obedience be here for the worship of the good and bountiful Immortals who rule aright, and dispose (of all) aright, the good, and for the worship of the good Sanctity, or Blessedness, who is closely knit with the Righteous Order, to perfect us, and to incite us. May Sraosha (Obedience) be here present for the worship of the good waters, he the good and the holy ?, as at the first, so at the last. 1 One might be inclined to render 'who are so desired by us for our souls. But I think that the words are Pazand to the preceding. . Or, 'endowed with recompense.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LVII. 297 4. And so again may Sraosha, (Obedience) the good, be present here for the worship of the good waters, and of the good and bountiful Immortals, and of Blessedness the good who is closely knit with the Righteous Order to perfect and to incite us ?. Yea, we worship Sraosha the blessed and the stately, who smites with victory, and who furthers the settlements in their advance, the holy lord of the ritual orders YASNA LVII (Sp. LVI). THE SRosh YAST": 1. A blessing is Righteousness (called) the Best, &c. Propitiation be to Sraosha, Obedience the blessed, the mighty, the incarnate word of reason, whose body is the Mathra, him of the daring spear, devoted to the Lord, for (his) sacrificial worship, homage, propitiation, and praise. Of the female (feminine) names. ? Or, give to us. The Ahuna and Ashem Voha follow here. * The Yenhe hatam, &c. follows. * As Sraosha is the only divinity of the later groups mentioned in the first four Gathas, this Yast would seem to have claims to antiquity next after the pieces in the Gathic dialect. The name Sraosha does not appear to have lost its meaning as an abstract quality, notwithstanding the materialistic imagery. With Y. XXVIII, 6 in view, where Sraosha finds the way' to Ahura, or finds His throne,' we may understand that the worshippers, who first heard this Yast, praised listening obedience, or repentance, as they did nearly all the remaining abstract qualities, together with their principal prayers, and hymns themselves. The rhythm of the original has been somewhat imitated in the rendering given, as it is difficult to avoid doing so, and to avoid other objectionable features at the same time. Digitized by Google Digitized by G

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298 YASNA LVII. 2. We worship Sraosha, (Obedience) the blessed, the stately, him who smites with the blow of victory, and who furthers the settlements, the holy, (ruling) as the ritual lord. Him do we worship, who in the creation of Mazda the first adored Ahura, with the Baresman spread, who worshipped the Bountiful Immortals 2 (first), who worshipped both the protector and the Creator, who are 3 (both) creating all things in the creation. 3. For his splendour and his glory, for his might, and the blow which smites with victory, I will worship him with the Yasna of the Yazads, with a Yasna loud intoned, him Obedience the blessed, with the consecrated waters, and the good Blessedness, the lofty, and Nairya-sangha, the stately; and may he draw near to us to aid us, he who smites with victory, Obedience the blessed ! 4. We worship Sraosha, Obedience the blessed, and that lofty Lord who is Ahura Mazda Himself, Him who has attained the most to this our ritual, Him who has approached the nearest to us in our celebrations. And we worship all the words of Zarathustra, and all the deeds well done (for him), both those that have been done in times gone by), i So tradition.' . Sraosha was not reckoned as one of the Amesh spends at the time of the composition of this verse. Comp. Y. XXX, 4; but Ahura and some one of the Immortals, or possibly Zarathustra (see Y. XLII, 2), must be meant here. Angra Mainyu could not have been worshipped as either protector or creator. Observe the present tense. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LVII. 299 and those which are yet to be done (for him in times to come). II. 5. We worship Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed and the stately, him who smites with the blow of victory, who prospers the settlements, the holy ritual lord, (6) who first spread forth the Baresman, and the three bundles, and the five bundles, and the seven bundles, and the nine, till it was heaped for us knee-high, and to the middle of the thighs !, for the Bountiful Immortals, for their worship, and their homage, and their propitiation, and their praise. For his splendour and his glory, for his might, and the blow which smites with victory, I will worship him with the Yasna of the Yazads, with a Yasna loud intoned, him Obedience the blessed, with the consecrated waters. III. 7. We worship Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, the stately, who smites with the blow of victory, who furthers the settlements, the holy ritual chief. 8. Who first chanted the Gathas, the five ? Gathas of Zarathustra, the Spitama, the holy (with the fashion) of their metres ?, and after the well-constructed order of their words, together with the Zand which they contain, and the questions which they Le Barsom est de cinq branches dans les Darouns ordinaires. Il est de sept branches pour le Daroun No naber, pour le Freoueschi, et pour le Gahanbar. Il est de neuf branches pour le Daroun des Rois, et pour celui du Mobed des Mobeds (Anquetil). * This proves that the Gathas were greatly older than this Yast. That the Gathas were originally five seems improbable; yet they had become reduced to that number at this time. Nom. sing. ? * Comp. tal thwa peresa, &c.; 'questions back and forth.' 'Digitized by Google

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300 YASNA LVII. utter, and the answers which they give, for the Bountiful Immortals, for their sacrifice and homage, their propitiation, and their praise. For his splendour and his glory, for his might .... IV. 9. We worship Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed and the stately, who smites with the blow of victory, and who furthers the settlements, the holy ritual chief, (10) who for the poor among (our) men and women built a mighty house 1, who after sunset, and with his levelled battle-axe, smites Aeshema bloody wounds, and having struck the head, casts him lightly (?) (to the earth), as the stronger (smites) the weaker. For his splendour and his glory, for his might .... 11. We worship Sraosha, Obedience the blessed and the stately, him who smites with the blow of victory, who furthers the settlements, the holy ritual chief, as the energetic, and the swift, the strong, the daring (and redoubted) hero, (12) who comes back from all his battles (and comes from them) a conqueror, who amid the Bountiful Immortals sits as companion at their meetings. For his splendour and his glory, for his might .... 1 One of the earliest notices of the kind. * Hu+angh, or can sas=to be inactive, indicate a change? * This is possibly the origin of a later view which established Sraosha as one of the Immortals, to fill up the number seven without including Ahura. The original 'seven spirits' included Ahura. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LVII. 301 VI. 13. We worship Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, who is the strongest and most persistent of the youths, the most energetic, and the swiftest, who of all the youths strikes most with terror: from afar (?). [Be ye desirous, O ye Mazdayasnians! of the Yasna of Obedience the blessed ] 14. Far from this house, this village, and this tribe, and from this country, the evil and destructive terrors (shall) depart. In the dwelling of that man in whose abode Obedience the blessed, who smites victoriously, is satisfied and welcomed, there is that holy man who thus contents him (most) forward in the thinking better thoughts, in the speaking truthful (ritual) words, and in the doing holy deeds 8. For his splendour and his glory, for his might .... VII. . 15. We worship Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed and the stately, who is the conqueror of the Kayadha, and the Kaidhya, who was the smiter of the Liedemon of the Daevas, the one veritably powerful, the destroyer of the world, who is the guardian and watchman over all the migrations (?) of the tribes. 16. Who sleeplessly and vigilant guards the creatures of Ahura, who sleeplessly and with vigilance 1 =kat-tarestemem, comp. for form katpayim. * Possibly an ancient interpolation. Repetitions are curtailed. * This verse 14 may be an ancient extension of the Yast; it may of course be taken for granted that within a certain period at a very remote time, the Yast was altered and improved. Verse 16 may have originally formed two sections; the formula "we worship,' &c. having been omitted. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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302 YASNA LVII. saves them, who with halberd raised: on high guards all the corporeal world after setting of the sun, (17) who has never slept in quiet since the two Spirits made the worlds, (the bounteous and the evil one'], who guards the homes of Asha, who battles all (?). the days long and the nights with all the Daevas [(Pazand) the Mazanian), (18) nor terror-stricken does he turn in affright before (their power); but before him all the Daeyas turn in affright against their will, and rush to darkness in their fear. For his splendour and his glory, for his might .... VIII. 19. We worship Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, whom Haoma worshipped on the highest height of high Haraiti, he Haoma, the reviver ?, and the healer, the beautiful, the kingly 3, of the golden eye, (20) of the gracious words", of the warning and the guarding words, who intones our hymns on every side', who possesses understanding and of every brilliant form, which abounds in many an explanation 6 and revelation of the word, who has the first place in the Mathra. For his splendour and his glory, for his might .... IX. 21. We worship Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, 1 This seems a gloss; its import is correct. * The renovator, as completing the progress which makes things fresh, frashokereti. s Possibly compare soma ragan; but see the following adjective, and read as alternative brilliant.' * Possibly who excites to much speech.' 6 Comp. pairi gaethe, Y. XXXIV, 2. * Having much Zand. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LVII. 303 whose house stands with its thousand pillars, as victorious, on the highest height of high Haraiti, selflighted from within, star-studded from without, (22) to whom the Ahuna-vairya has come, the axe of victory', and the Haptanghaiti, and the Fshushomathra which smites with victory, and all the Yasna sections. For his splendour and his glory, for his might .... 23. We worship Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, by whose might and victorious power, and wise conduct, and (full) knowledge, the Bountiful Immortals 2 descend upon this earth of seven quarters. 24. Who as teacher of the law will stride forth upon this earth with its dwellers in the body, and ruling as he will. And in this Religion, Ahura Mazda has been confessed s with faith, and the Good Mind likewise with Him, and Righteousness the Best, and Khshathravairya, and Piety the Bounteous, and the Universal Weal and Immortality; and the question to the Lord is asked, and Mazda's lore (is written). 25. O Sraosha (Obedience), thou blessed one, and stately! protect us for the lives; yea, for both, (for that) of this world which is corporeal, and for the world of mind, against unhappy * death, and the remorseless Wrath of rapine, against the hosts with ill-intent, who lift their bloody spearso against us; Comp. Vend. XIX, 10. ? They listen to Obedience, and so descend. The meaning 'doth confess,' if correct, would show a very great degeneration from the lore of the Gathic period. * Lit. evil. Bannered spears; spears with streamers. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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304 YASNA LVII. yea, against their assaults whom the Wrath-demon will set on, and Vidhatu, demon-made. 26. Therefore may'st thou, O Sraosha, the blessed and the stately! grant swiftness to our teams, soundness to our bodies, and abundant observation of our foes, and their smiting (as we mark them), and their sudden death. For his splendour and his glory, for his might .... XI. 27. We worship Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, whom four racers draw in harness, white and shining, beautiful, and powerful , quick to learn, and fleet", obeying before speech, heeding orders from the mind, with their hoofs of horn gold-covered, (28) fleeter than (our) horses, swifter than the winds, more rapid than the rain(-drops as they fall); yea, fleeter than the clouds, or well-winged birds, or the wellshot arrow as it flies, (29) which overtake these swift ones all, as they fly after them pursuing, but which are never overtaken when they fee, which plunge away from both the weapons (hurled on this side and on that) and draw Sraosha with them, the good Sraosha and the blessed; which from both the weapons (those on this side and on that) bear the good Obedience the blessed, plunging forward in their zeal, when he takes his course from India on the East, and when he lights down in the West. For his splendour and his glory, for his might.... 1 The hosts. So the Pahlavi and Ner. See also Y. IX, 21. * Spenta can hardly mean "holy' here. * Asava for asa ya(?); 'y' miswritten for v.' Comp. gatava (form). * Reading anghamanayau for anhe manayau; otherwise, 'swifter than one's thought' (?). * Lit. not those after overtake. Possibly 'these who all overtake those who fly with turned backs, who are not overtaken from behind.' Digitized by Google Digitized by

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VASNA LVII. 305 XII. 30. We worship Obedience the blessed and the stately, who though lofty and so high, yea, even to the girdle, yet stoops to Mazda's creatures, (31) who thrice within the day, and three times of a night, will drive on to that Karshvar Hvaniratha, called the luminous, as he holds in both the hands? and poizes his knife-like battle-axe, which flies as of itself, and to cleave the Daevas' skulls, (32) to hew down Angra Mainyu, the wicked, and to hew down Rapine of the bloody spear, to hew down the Daevas of Mazendran?, and every Demon-god. For his splendour and his glory, for his might .... XIII. 33. We worship Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed and the stately, him who smites with victory, both here and not here, and on this entire earth. And we worship all the (gifts) of Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, the mighty, and the strong, whose body is the Mathra. Yea, we worship (all the martial gifts) of Sraosha (Obedience) the mighty, both armed with shielding armour, and a warrior strong of hand, skull-cleaver of the Daevas, conquering the endowments of the conqueror, the holy conqueror of the conqueror, and (his) victorious powers, and the Ascendency which it bestows, and we worship 1 Snaithis must designate a two-handed weapon. . Observe how far West the word Daeva is applied; also, if Hindvo is not in a gloss in verse 29, the fact proves that a vast geographical extent was familiar to the writers of the Avesta. : Vanaitis, fem. as vispau refers to attributes celebrated in the Yast. [31] Digitized by Digitized by Google

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306 YASNA LVIII. this Ascendency of Sraosha's (the same which conquers theirs); and that of Arsti do we praise as well. 34. And every house by Sraosha guarded do we worship, wherein the blessed friendly Sraosha is befriended and made welcome, where the holy man is far advanced (?) in holy thoughts, and righteous words and deeds. For his splendour and his glory, for his might, which smites with victory, I will worship him with the Yasna of the Yazads, with a Yasna loud-intoned, him Obedience the blessed, with the consecrated waters, and the good Blessedness, the lofty, and Nairyasangha, the stately, and may he come to us to aid us, he who smites with victory, Obedience the blessed! YASNA LVIII (Sp. LVII). THE FSHUSHO-MATHRA!. 1. (Introduction.) (To the increase of our homage and praise of God) we offer this service? which, as our defence, may shield us, which is worship with its beneficent results; and Blessedness is with it of a verity, and Piety as well. [(Pazand) and of this worship the results here mentioned are the wellthought thought, the word well spoken, and the deed well done]; and let this our worship shelter us from the Daeva and from the evil-minded man. 2. And to this worship do we confide our settle 1 This piece in the Gathic dialect has claims to an antiquity as high as Y. XII. It recalls the Gathas in many ways. The increaser of cattle is identical with the thrifty tiller, and is the typical saint. The Pahlavi has sad a partial transcription, but the word is obscure. 3 See nipatu. - Neme with K11. Ha+get; comp. Indian sa + ghat; or possibly from hak. * Make mention of.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LVIII. 307 --- --- --- - ments and persons for protection and care, for guarding, and for oversight; (3) and in this worship will we abide, O Ahura Mazda! and with joy. In this worship do we exercise our choices; and to it will we approach, and to it will we belong; yea, to revering worship will we confide our settlements and persons for protection, and for care, for guarding, and for oversight, to such worship as is the praise of such as You? MATHRA. 4. The owner of herds is the righteous (one), and he is victorious when he strikes, and thus he is the best; [(Pazand) we therefore offer (this) service (for herd-owners 2)] for the herd-owner is the father of the Kine by the help of him who follows the ritual order ; and he is the father of the holy man as well, and of the sanctified creations. He is in verity the bestower of blessings, and to him", O Ye Bountiful Immortals5! we render, (and his do we make) Your greatness, Your goodness, and Your (spiritual) beauty, and let this man, the cattle-owner, approach to guard over us; and may he be our watchman together with the Righteous Order, and with store for our nourishment and full generous liberality, together with sharing of the goods(r), with gentleness?, and with Ahura Mazda's sacred Fire! 1 Khshmavato is often Gathic for You.' : Pazand, as fshoshe is a plural, and not Gathic. Or, we make men cattle-owners (we invite them to be such).' 3 The creation is mentioned in connection with the Kine. The typical saint stands at the head of the clean creation. * Whose ? See below. * Root vi+ da (dhisha); so also the Pahl.'bara dahisnih.' 7 Akinih va atashik i Adharmazd-dad. The word is difficult. X2 Digitized by Google Digitized by

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308 YASNA LVIII. 5. O Ye Bountiful Immortals! as Ye have made us, so do Ye save us, holy men, and saintly women (as we are, and steadfast in the faith)? Save us, O Ye Bountiful Immortals! Ye who rule aright, and who dispose (of all) aright, for none other do I know, save You; then with Your Righteousness? do Ye save us. 6. And we offer hereby our thoughts, and words, and actions, our herds, and men, to the Bountiful Spirit. And may the creative stars of Ahura Mazda, the Creator, shine down on us, and round about us 3 with full herds and healthy settlements, with healthy herds and healthy men, and with all in vigour, and endowed with the blessing of the Lord. 7. Praise to Thee, O Fire of Ahura Mazda! may'st thou come to (us in) the greatest one of the engrossing interests for the help of the great (effort), for the joy-producing grace of the great interest of our cause); grant us both Weal and Deathlessness ! 8. We sacrifice to the entire collection of the Praises of the Yasna, with the careful structure of their language which has reached the most its object. And we offer (our homage) in our celebrations to Thy body, O Ahura Mazda! the most beautiful of forms, these stars, and to that one, the highest of the high [(Pazand) such as the sun was called). Yea, we worship the Praises of the Yasna which were the production of the world of old. * Or, male and female holy ones, (the Amesha).' 3 Y. XXXIV, 7. * Lit. may we be closely beheld by the creative lights,' &c. * Allusion to maze-yaungho. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LIX. 309 309 YASNA LIX (Sp. LVIII). Mutual BLESSINGS. 1-17. (See Y. XVII, 1-17.) 18-27. (See Y. XXVI, 1-10.) 28. We worship Verethraghna, the Ahura-made, the victorious blow; and we worship the Saoshyant, who smites with victory; and we sacrifice to this Baresman with its Zaothra and its girdle (which is its band) and which is spread with sanctity. And we sacrifice to (our) own soul(s), and to (our) own I'ravashi(s). 29. (See Y. XVII, 19.) 30. (The Ratu speaks): O thou good (servant of the Lord)! may that be thine which is better than the good; m.ay'st thou acquire that which is (thine) own' in the Zaothra; may'st thou attain to that reward which the Zaotar has been obtaining ?, who is far advanced in his good thoughts, and words, and deeds. 31. (The Zaotar speaks): May that happen to you (likewise) which is better than the good, and may that not happen which is worse than the evil, and may that likewise not be my lot. 32. As (our) Ahu (is) excellent, so (is our) Ratu (one who rules) from his Righteousness, a creator of mental goodness, and of life's actions done for Mazda, and the Kingdom (is) to Ahura which to the poor will offer a nurturer. A blessing is Asha called the Best, &c. We sacrifice to the Ahuna-vairya; we sacrifice to Asha Vahistas the most beautiful, the Bountiful 1 Avo nafsman. * Hanayamno aungha, a periphrastic perfect. * Asha Vahista occurs as immediately suggested by the Ashem Digitized by Google Digitized by

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310 YASNA LX. Immortal. And we sacrifice to the Fshusho-mathra, the by-spoken? And we sacrifice to the entire collection of the Praises of the Yasna; (yea), to the Yasna Praises which were instituted in the world of yore. YASNA LX (Sp. LIX). PRAYERS FOR THE DWELLING OF THE SACRIFICER%. 1. Thus that better than the good may he approach, who shows to us straight paths of profit appertaining to this bodily life and to the mental likewise, in the eternal(?) realms where dwells Ahura ; yea, may he approach it, who is Thy worthy servant, and good citizen, O Great giver Lords ! 2. May these blessings approach this house, which are the wise perceptions of the saints, the sacred blessings bestowed through the ritual, their guileless characteristics, together with their recognition of what is due ; and may the Righteous Order appear for this village, and the Divine Sovereign Power, together with the benefit and glorious welfare (which ensues), 3. And with these the long enduring prominence of this Religion of Ahura's, the Zarathustrian Faith. And may the Kinet be now with greatest speed within (the farm-yard of) this house, most speedily Vohu formula, Asha Vahista seems therefore a proper name, both here and in the formula, if one place explains the other (). 1 The ever-spoken (?). The Yenhe and Ahuna follow. ? Said on the visitation of farm-houses by the travelling priest. See Y. XLIII, 3. * Gaus seems feminine here, and used collectively, and haka has the Indian sense of saka. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LX. 311 may the rewarded sanctity and the strength of the holy man be here, most speedily as well Ahura's lore. 4. And may the good and heroic and bountiful Fravashis of the saints come here, and may they go hand in hand with us with the healing virtues of (their) blessed gifts as wide-spread as the earth, as far-spread as the rivers, as high-reaching? as the sun, for the furtherance of the better men, for the hindrance of the hostile, and for the abundant growth of riches and of glory. 5. May Sraosha (Obedience) conquer disobediences within this house, and may peace triumph over discord here, and generous giving over avarice, reverences over contempt, speech with truthful words over lying utterance. May the Righteous Order gain the victory over the Demon of the Lie". 6. As in this (house) the Bountiful Immortals seek for good Yasnas and good praises from the blessed Sraosha (who governs here), and as they seek for (one) good sacrifice and act of homage (more especially their own) which is a good offering (to them) for (our) salvation, and a good offering in praise, together with a long continued offering of the entire self", (7) let not then (their) brilliant glory? ever desert this house, nor the bright abundance, nor an illustrious & offspring legitimatelyborn, nor that long continued companionship which is the Earth-wide, stream-long, sun-high. Isti seems a dative. $ The name Sraosha had not lost its original meaning; so of Ar(a)maiti. * Asha-Drugem? 5 Possibly, 'good support.' . Pahl. benafsman. * Hvathravat hvareno determines the sense. See 'hvathravat.' * The Pahl. does not necessarily render 'heavenly;' the word elsewhere means original.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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312 YASNA LXI. furtherance of that good blessedness which teaches concerning glory? 8-10 (= Y. VIII, 5-7). 11. In order that our minds may be? delighted, and our souls the best, let our bodies be glorified as well, and let them, O Mazda! go likewise openly (unto Heaven) as the best world of the saints as devoted to Ahura, (12) and accompanied by Asha Vahista (who is Righteousness the Best), and the most beautiful! And may we see Thee, and may we, approaching, come around about Thee, and attain to entire companionship with Thee! And we sacrifice to the Righteous Order, the best, the most beautiful, the bounteous Immortal! YASNA LXI (Sp. LX). 1. Let us peal" forth the Ahuna-vairya in our liturgy between the heaven and earth, and let us send forth the Asha Vahista in our prayer the same, and the Yenhe hatam. And let us send forth in our liturgies between the heaven and earth the pious and good prayer of the pious man for blessings, (2) for the encounter with, and for the displacement of Angra Mainyu with his creatures which are likewise evil as he is, for he is filled with death (for those whom he has made). Aye, let us send that petition forth for the encounter with, and for the dislodgment of the Kahvaredhas and of the individual Kahvaredhathe male, and the female Or, 'welfare.' i Aunghan. 3 The nom. is difficult. The Ashem Vohu and Ahuna follow. * De Harlez, 'faisons retentir.' * The Pahlavi perhaps 'diminishers;' Darmesteter, causing to pine.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LXII. 313 (to the last individual of each), (3) and for the encounter with, and the dislodgment of the Kayadhas, and of the individual Kayadhians, male and female', and of the thieves and robbers, of the Zandas?, and the sorcerers, of the covenant breakers, and of those who tamper with the covenants. 4. Yea, we send it forth for the encounter with, and for the overthrow of the murderers of the saints, and of those who hate and torment us for our Faith, and of those who persecute the ritual, and the tyrant full of death. Yea, let us peal them forth for the encounter with, and the overthrow of the wicked, O Zarathustra Spitama! whoever they may be, whose thoughts, and words, and works are not congenial to the holy ritual laws. 5. And how shall we drive the Demon of the Lie from hence from us? Aye, how shall we, the prophets who are yet to serve and save (thy people), drive the Drug from hence, so that we, having power over her as being utterly without power, may drive her hence with blow from the seven Karshvars, for the encounter with, and for the dislodgment of the entire evil world? YASNA LXII (Sp. LXI). To the FIRE. 1. I offer my sacrifice and homage to thee, the Fire, as a good offering, and an offering with our hail 1.Cannibals' has been suggested as the meaning here. * The later Zendiks are of course not meant, unless we have an interpolation. * Citation from the Gathas, Y. XLV,6. * Citations follow. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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314 YASNA LXII. of salvation, even as an offering of praise with benedictions, to thee, the Fire, O Ahura Mazda's son! Meet for sacrifice art thou, and worthy of (our) homage. And as meet for sacrifice, and thus worthy of our homage, may'st thou be in the houses of men (who worship Mazda). Salvation be to this man who worships thee in verity and truth, with wood in hand, and Baresman ready, with fresh in hand, and holding too the mortar. 2. And may'st thou be (ever) fed with wood as the prescription orders. Yea, may'st thou have thy perfume justly, and thy sacred butter without fail, and thine andirons regularly placed. Be of full-age as to thy nourishment, of the canon's age as to the measure of thy food, O Fire, Ahura Mazda's son! 3. Be now aflame! within this house ; be ever without fail in flame; be all ashine within this house ; be on thy growth ? within this house ; for long time be thou thus to the furtherance of the heroic (renovation), to the completion of (all) progress, yea, even till the good heroic (millennial) time when that renovation shall have become complete. 4. Give me, O Fire, Ahura Mazda's son ! a speedy glory, speedy nourishment, and speedy booty, and abundant glory, abundant nourishment, abundant booty, an expanded mind, and nimbleness of tongue for soul and understanding, even an understanding continually growing in its largeness, and that never wanders 3, and long enduring virile power, (5) an offspring sure of foot, that never sleeps on watch [not for a third part of the day, or night], and that rises quick from bed", and Or, for giving light.' ? Or, 'to give light'? comp. ukhshano and ukhsha. * Read a pairyathrem. * Or, has the quickest place.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LXII. REESE..!4. --HUXLERSITY likewise a wakeful offspring, helsedator oft Lure, or reclaim, legitimate, keeping order in men's meetings, (yea,) drawing men to assemblies through their influence and word, grown to power, skilful, redeeming others from oppression, served by many followers, which may advance my line (in prosperity and fame), and (my) Vis, and my Zantu, and (my) province, (yea, an offspring) which may deliver orders to the Province as (firm and righteous rulers). 6. And may'st thou grant me, O Fire, Ahura Mazda's Son! that whereby instructors may be (given) me, now and for evermore, (giving light to me of Heaven) the best life of the saints, brilliant, all glorious. And may I have experience of the good reward, and the good renown, and of the long forecasting preparation of the soul. 7. The Fire of Ahura Mazda addresses this admonition to all for whom he cooks the night and morning (meal). From all these, O Spitama! he wishes to secure good care, and healthful care (as guarding for salvation), the care of a true praiser. 8. At both the hands of all who come by me, I, the Fire, keenly look : What brings the mate to his mate (thus I say to him), the one who walks at large, to him who sits at home ? [We worship the bounteous Fire, the swift-driving charioteer 3] 9. And if this man who passes brings him wood brought (with good measure that is) with sacred care, or if he brings the Baresman spread with sanctity, or Bartholomae follows tradition boldly here, rendering aushalten, festhalten an; giriftar yehvanani().' ? Or, 'is worshipped for.' * This curious gloss seems thrown in as a solace to the Fire for the expression preceding. It savours of the Rik. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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316 YASNA LXV. the Hadhanaepata plant, then afterwards Ahura Mazda's Fire will bless him, contented, not offended, and in its) satisfaction (saying thus). 10. May a herd of kine be with thee, and a multitude of men, may an active mind go with thee, and an active soul as well. As a blest soul may'st thou live through thy life, the nights which thou shall live. This is the blessing of the Fire for him who brings it wood (well) dried, sought out for flaming, purified with the earnest blessing of the sacred ritual truth? 11. We strive after the flowing on of the good waters, and their ebb 2 as well, and the sounding of their waves, desiring their propitiation; I desire to approach them with my praise 8. 12 = Y. III, 24, 25. YASNA LXIII. (Sp. LXII). (See Y. XV, 2; Y. LXVI, 2; Y. XXXVIII, 3.) YASNA LXIV (Sp. LXIII). (See Y. XLVI, 3; Y. L, 6-11.) YASNA LXV (Sp. LXIV). To Ardvi Sora AnAHITA, AND THE Waters. 1. I will praise the water Ardvi Sara Anahita, the wide-flowing (as it is) and healing in its influence, 1 The Ashem Voh occurs here. ? Or, 'falling.' s See as alternative Darmesteter's masterly rendering of the Atas Nyayis, 7-18. * This chapter is composed of short passages from other portions of the Yasna collected together possibly for the purpose of filling out the number of sections to some figure no longer known. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LXV. 317 efficacious against the Daevas, devoted to Ahura's lore, and to be worshipped with sacrifice within the corporeal world, furthering all living things'(?) and holy, helping on the increase and improvement of our herds and settlements, holy, and increasing our wealth, holy, and helping on the progress of the Province, holy (as she is)? 2. (Ardvi Sura Anahita) who purifies the seed of all male beings, who sanctifies the wombs of all women to the birth, who makes all women fortunate in labour, who brings all women a regular and timely flow of milk, (3) (Ardvi Sura Anahita) with a volume sounding from afar 2, which is alone equal in its bulk to all the waters which flow forth upon earth, which flows down with mighty volume from high Hukairya to the sea Vouru-kasha. 4. And all the gulfs 3 in Vouru-kasha are stirred (when it falls down), all the middle doth well up when Ardvi Sura Anahita rushes in, when she plunges foaming into them, she, whose are a thousand tributaries, and a thousand outlets, and each as it flows in, or rushes out, is a forty days' ride in length to a rider mounted well. 5. And the (chief) outlet to this one water (Ardvi Sara Anahita) goes apart, dividing to all the seven Karshvars. And this outlet to my river, Ardvi Sara Anahita, bears off its water's always in summer and in winter. This my river purifies the seed of men, and wombs of women, and women's milk 4. 6. Let the saints' Fravashis now draw near, those of the saints who live, or have lived, of those born, or yet to be born ; yea, let them come near which 1 The Pahlavi has gan, or guy, in which latter case the meaning springs' would be better. 3 Or, 'famed from afar.' 9 Lit. sides.' See Darmesteter's Aban Yast, I-V. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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318 YASNA LXV. have borne these waters up stream from the nearest ones (that lie below as the outlet pours away ?). 7. Let not our waters be for the man of ill intent, of evil speech, or deeds, or conscience; let them not be for the offender of a friend, not for an insulter of a Magian ?, nor for one who harms the workmen, nor for one who hates his kindred. And let not our good waters (which are not only good, but) best, and Mazda-made, help on the man who strives to mar our settlements which are not to be corrupted, nor him who would mar our bodies, (our) uncorrupted (selves), (8) nor the thief, or bludgeon-bearing ruffian who would slaughter the disciples, nor a sorcerer, nor a burier of dead bodies, nor the jealous, nor the niggard, nor the godless heretic who slays disciples, nor the evil tyrant among men. Against these may our waters come as torments. As destructive may these come(?), may they come to him who has done those first (foul evils), as to him who does the lasts. 9. O waters ! rest* still within your places while the invoking priest shall offer. Shall not the invoker make offering to these good waters, and with the inculcated words ? (And how shall this be done?) Shall he not be tongue-fettered, if he offers else than with the ritual ? Shall (not) the words be so delivered as the Aethrapaiti teaches? Where shall the blessings be inserted)? Where the supplications with confessions ? Where the gifts of those that offer? 10%. (It shall be only thus) as Ahura Mazda showed before to Zarathustra, and as Zara Or, drawn up in vapours for the supply of the waters by the rain.' So the indication of the Pahlavi. Si-di. * Or," rejoice ye. * Response. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LXV. 319 thustra taught the corporeal worlds (the men on earth)! Thou shalt pray the first petition to the waters, O Zarathustra, and after that thou shalt offer the Zaothras to the waters, sanctified, and sought out with pious care; and thou shalt pronounce these words (as follows, thus): (11) Oye waters, I beseech of you this favour; and grant ye me this great one in whose bestowal ye flow down to me for the bettering (of my state), with a never-failing truth. Oye waters, I beseech of you for wealth of many kinds (which gives) power (to its holder ), and for an offspring self-dependent whom multitudes will bless, and for whose wasting, or defeat, or death, or vengeful punishment, or overtaking, no one prays. 12. And this do I beseech of you, O waters, this, O ye lands, and this, ye plants! This wealth and offspring I beseech of You, O Ye Bountiful Immortals, who rule aright, who dispose (of all) aright, O Ye good beings, male and female ?, givers of good things; and this I beseech of you, O ye beneficent, mighty, and overwhelming Fravashis of the saints, and this (of thee), O Mithra of the wide pastures, and this of thee, O blest and stately Sraosha ; and of thee, O Rashnu the most just, and of thee, O Fire, Ahura Mazda's son ; and of thee, O lofty lord, the royal Apam-napat, of the feet horses ; aye, of You all, ye Yazads, bestowers of the better gifts and holy. 13. And this do ye therefore grant me, O ye holy waters, and ye lands 8! 14. And grant me likewise what is still greater than this all, and still better than this all, and more Powerful. Some of the names are in the feminine. * Here repeat as above from 'O ye plants' to 'givers of the better thing and holy.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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320 YASNA LXVII. beautiful, and more exceeding precious (and that is, Immortality and Welfare '), O Ye Yazads, holy and ruling mightily, and powerful at once, and grant it speedily according to this Gathic (?) word: (Yea), by veritable grace let that be done ? (?) for us which is most promotive of our weal. 15. And according to this further word again : Grant me, Thou who art maker of the Kine, the plants, and the waters, Immortality and likewise Weal, o Ahura Mazda, Thou most bounteous Spirit. And grant me these two eternal gifts through Thy Good Mind in the doctrine 3. 16-18. (See Y. XV, 2; Y. LVI, 3-4") YASNA LXVI (Sp. LXV). TO THE AHURIAN ONE 6. 1. I am now offering this Zaothra here with sanctity, together with the Haoma and the flesh, and the Hadhanaepata lifted up with sacred regularity as to thee, Ahurian One, for the propitiation of Ahyra Mazda, of the Bountiful Immortals, of Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, and of the Fire of Ahura Mazda, the ritual's lofty lord. 2. Y.VII, 5-19. 3. Y. XXII, XXVIII, 24-27. YASNA LXVII (Sp. LXVI). 1-4. (See Y. XXIII,1-4, replacing 'I desire to approach with sanctity' by `I offer with sanctity;' see also Y.VII, 24.) 5-7. (See Y. XXXVIII, 3-5.) 1 See below. See Y. L, 11. See Y. LI, 7. 4 The Ahuna and Ashem Voha follow. o I should say Ardvi Sara Anahita; see Y. LXVIII, 10, where the good waters are addressed as Ahurian Ones of Ahura. * Or, for a blessing.' Digitized by Google

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YASNA LXVIII. 321 YASNA LXVIII (Sp. LXVII). TO THE AHURIAN ONE, AND THE WATERS. 1. We offer this to thee, O Ahurian (daughter), of Ahura! as a help?(?) for life. If we have offended thee, let this Zaothra then attain to thee (for satisfaction), for it is thine with its Haoma, and its milk, and its Hadhanaepata. 2. And may'st thou approach to me for milk and for libation, O Zaothra! as health, for healing, and for progress, for growth and in preparation for ceremonial merit, for good renown, for equanimity, and for that victory which makes the settlements advance. 3. Yea, we worship thee with sacrifice, O thou Ahurian (daughter) of Ahura with the Zaothras of the good thought; and we worship, O Ahura, one with the Zaothras of the good word and deed (4) for the enlightenment of the thoughts, and words, and actions, for preparation for the soul, for the settlement's advance, and to prepare the saints endowed with ritual merit. 5. And grant me, O thou Ahurian One! Heaven, and to have an offspring manly and legitimate, who may promote my house, my village, my tribe and province, and the authority thereof. 6. We sacrifice to thee, O thou Ahurian one ! And we sacrifice to the sea Vouru-kasha, and to all waters upon earth, whether standing, or running, or waters of the well, or spring-waters which peren 1 The Pahlavi translator saw the root av in this sense here with K4, II; P6, but the form is strange. * So the Pahlavi indicates with no impossible suggestion. (31) Digitized by Digitized by Google

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322 YASNA LXVIII. nially flow, or the drippings of the rains, or the irrigations of canals. 7. With this hymn from the (spirit of) the Yasna do we worship thee, and with the homage which it offers as it is the most legitimate 1 Yasna, and homage of them (all) because of Righteousness the Best. We sacrifice to the good waters, and to the best, which Mazda created. 8. And we sacrifice to the two, to the milk and to the libation, which make the waters flow, and the plants sprout forth, opposing therein the Dragon Daeva-made, for the arrest of that cheat the Pairika, and to contradict the insulting malice of the Ashemaogha (the disturber and destroyer of our Faith), and of the unholy tyrant full of death, and of the human Daeva (worshipper) of hateful malice (and intent). 9. And may'st thou hear our sacrificial chants, Othou Ahurian (daughter) of Ahura! Yea, be propitiated by our Yasna, 0 Ahurian one! and so may'st thou be present? at our Yasna; may'st thou come to us to help, as we chant our full-offered Yast, with the full offering of Zaothras. 10. If any man shall sacrifice to you, O ye good waters, the Ahurian ones of Ahura! with the best and most fitting Zaothras offered piously, (11) to that man ye give both splendour and glory, with health and vigour of the body and prominence of form; yea, to him ye give possessions which entail abundant glory, and a legitimate scion, and a long enduring life, and (Heaven at the last), the best life of the saints, shining, all glorious. 12. And to me also do ye now give it, to me who am offering this Yasna as a priest 3. * Or 'virtuous,' with Darmesteter. : May'st thou sit. * Zoio i yastar homanam. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LXVIII. 323 (Response 1.) And to us Mazdayasnians who are likewise offering sacrifice, do ye grant (both the desire and knowledge of the path that is correct), to us colleagues, and disciples, Aethrapaitis and Aethryas, men and women as well as children, and maidens of the field, (13) who think good only, for the overwhelming of oppression and of malice in the raids of the invader, and in face of foes who hate. Grant to us both the desires of, and the knowledge of that straightest path, the straightest because of Righteousness, and of (Heaven) the best life of the Saints, shining, all glorious. As the Aha is excellent, so is the Ratu (one who rules) from the Righteous Order, a creator of mental goodness and of life's actions done for Mazda. And the kingdom (is) for Ahura, which to the poor may offer nurture. 14. (The Zaotar speaks): I beseech with my benediction for a safe abode, for a joyful and a long abode for the dwellers in this village from whence these Zaothras (which I offer come). And I pray in my benediction for a safe abode, and a quiet and a joyful one, and a long abiding to every Mazdayasnian village, and for a succour even with my wants, for a succour with salutations of salvation, and for one with praises, O Fire 4! and for thee, O Ahurian one of Ahura! do I ask the fullest Yast. 15. And I pray for (?) Raman Hvastra for this Province, and for healthfulness and healing. And I pray for it with my blessing for you pious men, for all. And I pray for him who is saintly with (true) goodness, whosoever he may be, between heaven * Or, the priest continues speaking for the people.' ? See below. * Or, 'this desire, the knowledge.' * Or, 'of the Fire.' Y 2 Digitized by Google Digitized by

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324 YASNA LXVIII. and the earth, for a thousand healing remedies, and for ten thousand of the same. 16-19. (See Y. VIII, 5-8.) 20. Thus may it happen as I pray. 21. And by this may I gain 1 (that) blessing, the good Blessedness (our sanctity rewarded). And we address, and we invoke religious zeal and capability, and the waters with our Yasna? thus : 0 ye good waters ! since (they are) yours, do ye, as you are asked, grant splendour and grant glory, ye who are well able so to give; and do ye, O ye waters! grant (once more) that helpful blessing which was gained from you of old ! 22. Praise (be) to Ahura Mazda, and to the Bountiful Immortals. Praise (be) to Mithra of the wide pastures. Praise to the fleet-horsed sun. Praise to (the star which so we name, and with this sun) Ahura Mazda's eyes. Praise to the Kines (the herds of blessed gift). Praise to Gaya (Maretan) and to the Fravashi of Zarathustra (first of) saints; yea, praise to the entire creation of the holy (and the clean), to those now living, and to those just passing into life, and to those of days to come. 23. And do Thou then Ahura, as in answer to these our prayers and songs of praise, cause us to prosper to salvation through Thy Good Mind, the Sovereign Power, and Thy Righteous Order (in Thy ritual and law )! Or, the good wisdom' from the second da (good adjustment). : Passages follow from Y. XXXVIII, 2-5. * The Gathic Kine. * See Y. XXXIII, 10. Citations follow from Y. XXXVI, 6; Y.XLIII, 6, also the Ashem and Y. III, 24, 25; then Y. XLVII, 1-7. Then the words 'we worship the chapter Spenta-mainyu from the beginning,' then the Yenhe hatam. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LXX. 325 325 YASNA LXIX (Sp. LXVIII). This chapter is composed of fragments : see Y. XV, 2; and Y. LI, 1 and 22. YASNA LXX (Sp. LXIX). TO THE BOUNTIFUL IMMORTALS, AND THE INSTITUTIONS OF Religion. 1. I would worship these (the Bountiful Immortals) with my sacrifice, those who rule aright, and who dispose (of all) aright, and this one (especially) I would approach with my praise, (Ahura Mazda). He is thus hymned (in our praise-songs). Yea, we worship in our sacrifice that deity and lord, who is Ahura Mazda, the Creator, the gracious helper, the maker of all good things; and we worship in our sacrifice Zarathustra Spitama, that chieftain (of the rite). 2. And we would declare those institutions established for us, exact (and undeviating as they are). And I would declare forth those of Ahura Mazda, those of the Good Mind, and of Asha Vahista (who is Righteousness the Best), and those of Khshatra-vairya (the Realm to be desired), and those of the Bountiful Aramalti (the Piety within us), and those of Weal and Immortality, and those which appertain to the body o of the Kine, and to the Kine's soul, and those which appertain to Ahura Mazda's Fire, (3) and those of Sraosha (Obe 1 Reading tashvaunghem (?) (comp. dadhvaunghem), according to the indication of the Pahlavi. ? Tashan with change of accent. So the Pahlavi indicates. Digitized by Google

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326 YASNA LXX. dience) the blessed, and of Rashnu the most just, and those of Mithra of the wide pastures, and of (the good and) holy Wind, and of the good Mazdayasnian Religion, and of the good and pious Prayer for blessings, and those of the good and pious Prayer which frees one from belying, and the good and pious Prayer for blessing against unbelieving words. 4. (And these we would declare) in order that we may attain unto that speech which is uttered with (true) religious zeal, or that we may be as prophets of the provinces, that we may succour him? who lifts his voice (for Mazda 3), that we may be as prophets who smite with victory, the befriended of Ahura Mazda, and persons the most useful to Him", holy men (indeed) who think good thoughts, and speak good words, and do good deeds. 5. That he may approach us with the Good Mind, and that (our souls) may advance in good, let it thus come; yea, 'how may my soul advance in good ? let it thus advance 8.' 6. We praise the food and ebb of the good waters, and their roar, and that high Ahura, the royal Apam-napat, the glittering one, of the fleet horses; and this for the sacrifice, and homage, and propitiation, and praise of the entire holy creation; and may Sraosha (Obedience) be here (to aid us). 7. (Yea), we sacrifice to Sraosha, Obedience the blessed? * Read the gloss to the Pahlavi in Visp. IX, 3, aneraniha. ? Or, barentu, let them lift.' 3 Y. XXXI, 12. See Y. XXXI, 22. Y. XLIV, 1. 6 Y. XLIV, 8. | 1 The Yeshe hatam. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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YASNA LXXI. 327 YASNA LXXI (Sp. LXX). The Yasna CONCLUDING. 1. Frashaostra, the holy, asked the saintly Zarathustra : Answer me, O thou most eminent Zarathustra, what is in very truth) the memorised recital of the rites ? What is the completed delivery of the Gathas?? 2. Upon this Zarathustra said : (It is as follows.) We worship Ahura Mazda with our sacrifice (as) the holy lord of the ritual order; and we sacrifice to Zarathustra likewise as to a holy lord of the ritual order; and we sacrifice also to the Fravashi of Zarathustra, the saint. And we sacrifice to the Bountiful Immortals, (the guardians 2) of the saints. 3. And we sacrifice to (all) the good heroic and bounteous Fravashis of the saints, of the bodily (world on earth), and of the mental (those in Heaven). And we worship that one of ritual lords who attains the most his ends; and we sacrifice to that one of the Yazads, lords of the ritual order, who is the most strenuous, who gains the most, who reaches niost to what he seeks, even that well-timed Prayer which is the prayer of that holy ritual lord, and which has approached the nearest (to us for our help). 4. We sacrifice to Ahura Mazda, the holy lord of This, while very ancient as regards us, is of course not genuine in its present shape. It was doubtless composed long after Frashaostra and Zarathustra had ceased to live. It may be, however, an expansion of an earlier document. ?*The Amesha Spenta of the holy ones.' Digitized by Google Digitized by

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328 VASNA LXXI. the ritual order, and we worship His entire body, and we worship the Bountiful Immortals all; and we worship all the ritual lords. And we sacrifice to the entire Mazdayasnian Faith. And we worship all the sacred metres. 5. And we worship the entire bounteous Mathra, even the entire system of the Faith set up against the Daevas; and we worship its complete and long descent. And we sacrifice to all the holy Yazads, heavenly and earthly; and we worship all the good, heroic, and bountiful Fravashis of the saints. 6. And we worship all the holy creatures which Mazda created, and which possess the holy institutions?, which were established holy in their nature 3, which possess the holy lore, and the holy sacrifice, which are holy, and for the holy, and to be worshipped by the holy. And we worship all the five Gathas, the holy ones, and the entire Yasna [its flow and its ebb, and the sounding (of its chants)]. 7. And we sacrifice to all the Praises of the Yasna, and to all the words which Mazda spake, which are the most fatal to evil thoughts, and words, and deeds; (8) and which designate the evil thought, and word, and deed, and which then cut down and fell every evil thought, and word, and deed. [(Pazand.) One would think of it as 1 The heavenly bodies are thus termed elsewhere, and the sun is called his eye. written for is. ? Possibly, were created pure.' 3 Shaped holy * Or, are worshipped as holy,' vahmyaka, or yesnyaka. *This figure is too advanced to be probable. The text has been disturbed. The words describe the waters elsewhere. So with the Pahlavi, referring the word to the third kar, the root of khratu, passive () form, with active sense. It also, however, not impossibly might mean 'cut around,' preparatory to felling. Digitized by Google

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VASNA LXXI. 329 when the fire cuts, sucks out, and consumes the dry wood which has been sanctified and carefully selected (for its flame).] And we sacrifice to the strength, the victory, the glory, and the speed of all these words (as they go forth for their work). 9. And we sacrifice to all the springs of water, and to the water-streams as well, and to growing plants, and forest-trees?, and to the entire land and heaven, and to all the stars, and to the moon and sun, even to all the lights without beginning (to their course) ? And we sacrifice to all cattle, and to the aquatic beasts, and to the beasts that live on land, and to all that strike the wing, and to the beasts that roam the plains, and to those of cloven hoof. 10. And to all Thy good and holy female (creatures) in the creation do we sacrifice, (O Thou who art) Ahura Mazda 3 the skilful maker! on account of which Thou hast made many things and good things (in Thy world). And we sacrifice to those male creatures in the creation which are Thine and which are meet for sacrifice because of Asha Vahista (of Righteousness the Best). And we sacrifice to all the mountains brilliant with holiness, and to all the lakes which Mazda created, and to all fires. And we sacrifice to all the truthful and correctly spoken words, (1) even those which have both rewards and Piety within them. Yea, we worship (you) for protection and shielding, for guarding and watching; and may ye be to me for preparation. I call upon the Gathas here, the bountiful holy ones, -------- - - * Elsewhere rendered 'stems.' Not determined like the course of a planet. . We should expect the vocative after Thy.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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330 YASNA LXXI. ruling in the ritual order; yea, we sacrifice to you, (O ye Gathas !) for protection and shielding, for guarding and watching. Mine may ye be as a preparation. For me, for (mine) own soul I call on (you) , and we would worship (you) for protection and for shielding, for guarding and for watching. 12. And we sacrifice to Weal, the complete welfare, holy and ruling in its course in the ritual order; and we sacrifice to Deathlessness (the immortal being of the good), holy, and ruling in the ritual order. And we sacrifice to the question of the Lord, and to His lore, the holy chiefs, and to the heroic Haptanghaiti, the holy lord of the ritual order. 13. (Frasha.) Let the holy Zarathustra himself seek out a friend and a protector. And I say? to thee (O Zarathustra !) to make to thee a friend holy beyond the holy, and truer than the true, for that is the better thing; for he is evil who is the best to the evil, and he is holy to whom the holy is a friend 3, (14) for these are the best of words, those which Ahura Mazda spoke to Zarathustra. And * do thou, O Zarathustra! pronounce these words at the last ending of (thy) life. 15. For if, O Zarathustra ! thou shalt pronounce these words at the last ending of (thy) life I, Ahura Mazda, will keep your soul away from Hell. Yea, so far away shall I hold it as is the breadth and extension of the earth [(Pazand) and the earth is as wide as it is long] 16. As thou dost desire, O holy (one)! so shalt thou be, holy shalt thou cause (thy) soul to pass over i Or, 'I would invoke (mine) own soul;' see verse 18. * Possibly the rejoinder of Frashaostra, or these are the best words' referred to in verse 14; but the section is a dialogue. Y. XLVI, 6. * Ahura speaks. Digitized by Google

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YASNA IXXI. 331 the Kinvat Bridge; holy shalt thou come into Heaven. Thou shalt intone the Gatha Ustavaiti, reciting the salvation hail 1. 17. We sacrifice to the active man, and to the man of good intent, for the hindrance of darkness, of wasting of the strength and life, and of distraction. And we sacrifice to health and healing, to progress and to growth, for the hindrance of impurity, and of the diseases of the skin . 18. And we sacrifice to the (Yasna's) ending words, to those which end the Gathas. And we sacrifice to the bounteous Hymns themselves which rule in the ritual course, the holy ones. And we sacrifice to the Praise-songs of the Yasna which were the products of the world of yore; yea, we sacrifice to all the Staota-Yesnya hymns. And we sacrifice to (our) own soul and to (our) Fravashi. 19-21. (See Y. VI, 14-16.) 22. I praise, invoke, and I weave my song to the good, heroic, bountiful Fravashis of the saints, to those of the house, and of the village, the district and the province, and to those of the Zarathustrotemas. 23. And we sacrifice to the Fire, Ahura Mazda's son, the holy ritual chief. And we sacrifice to this Baresman having the Zaothra with it, and its girdle with it, and spread with sanctity, the holy ritual chief. And we sacrifice to A pam-napat, and to Nairya-sangha, and to that Yazad, the wise man's swift Curse. And we sacrifice to the souls of the dead, (which are the Fravashis of the saints). 24. And we sacrifice to that lofty Lord who is Ahura Mazda Himself. * Y. XLIII, 1 follows. Diseases arising from filth. Digitized by

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332 YASNA LXXII. 25. And we pray (again) for the Kine (once more) with these gifts and (ceremonial) actions which are the best?. 26-28. (See Y. VIII, 5-7.) 29-31. (See Y. LX, 11-13.) YASNA LXXII. (See Y. LXI.) See Y. XXXV, 4; Y. XLVIII, 6. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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VISPARAD I. 1. I announce?, and (will) complete (my Yasna) to the lords 3 of the spiritual creatures, and to the lords of the earthly creatures, to the lords 8 of those which live under the waters, and to the lords of those which live upon land, to the lords of those which strike the wing, and to the lords of those which roam (wild) upon the plains, to the lords of those of (homebeasts) of the cloven hoof, holy lords of the ritual order. 2. I announce, and I (will) complete (my Yasna) to the Yearly festivals, the lords of the ritual order, to Maidhyo-zaremaya, the milk-giver, the holy lord of the ritual order, and to Maidhyo-shema, the pasturegiver, and to Paitishahya, the corn-giver, and to Ayathrima, the furtherer or breeder, the spender of the seed of males, and to Maidhyairya the cold", the holy lord of the ritual order, and to Hamaspathmaedhaya, the especial time for ritual deeds, holy lords of the ritual order. 1 This Visparad consists of additions to various portions of the Yasna; and its several chapters generally follow the corresponding portions of the Yasna in the Vendidad Sadah. The word Visparad means all the chiefs,' referring to the lords of the ritual.' Chapter I should be read immediately after Yasna I, 9. : Or, 'I invite.' * Lords because ruling as chief objects of attention during their mention in the course of the sacrifice, also, as in this case, genii guarding over all of their class. * So De Harlez, admirably following the Pahl. sardik (sic). . Pavan yazisn kardarih. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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336 VISPARAD I. 3. I announce, and I (will) complete (my Yasna) to the settlements of the future one, when the future 1 shall produce them as it were anew, and I celebrate and will complete (my Yasna) to the Praises of the Yasna a collected, completed, and much-offered, and to the Myazdas of the saints of the ritual, male and female. 4. And I announce, and will complete (my Yasna) to the Seasons, the lords of the ritual order, and to the heard recital of the Ahuna-vairya, and to Righteousness the Best, to him who has (?) our praise, and to the Yenhe hatam, the frequent chant of sacrifice"), the holy, and ruling in the ritual order. 5. And I announce and complete (my Yasna) to the Gatha Ahunavaiti, the holy, ruling in the ritual order, and to those women who bring forth many sons of many talents, Mazda-given, and holy lords of the ritual order, and to that (chant) which has its Aha and its Ratu * (before it in the Yasna). And I celebrate, and will complete (my sacrifice) to the Yasna Haptanghaiti", holy, and ruling in the ritual order, and to the water Ardvi Anahita ). 6. And I announce, and I (will) complete (my Yasna) to the Gatha Ustavaiti, the holy, ruling in the ritual order, and to the mountains which shine * Aunghairyo, a collective, or zizanen, a participle. 3 Here is praise to a part of the Yasna itself, although not yet recited in the V.S. s Its chief word is yazamaide, it is the well-sacrificed,' the word often occurring. Or, 'to him who is devoted to the Ahuna, with its Ahd and Ratu (?)' Observe the priority of the Haptanghaiti ; it should be read first. * Interpolated. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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VISPARAD I. 337 with holiness, the abundantly brilliant' and Mazdamade, the holy lords of the ritual order. And I announce, and (will) complete (my Yasna) to the Gatha Spenta-mainyu, the holy, ruling in the ritual order ; and I celebrate and will complete (my Yasna) to Verethraghna (the blow of victory 2) Ahura-given, the holy lord of the ritual order. 7. And I announce, and (will) complete (my Yasna) to the Gatha Vohu-khshathra, holy, ruling in the ritual order, and to Mithra of the wide pastures, and to Raman Hvastra, the holy lords of the ritual order. And I celebrate and will complete my Yasna to the Gatha Vahistoisti, the holy, ruling in the ritual order. And I celebrate and will complete my Yasna to the good and pious Prayer for blessings, the benediction of the pious 3, and to that Yazad, the redoubted and swift Curse of the wise, the holy lord of the ritual order. 8. And I announce, and (will) complete (my Yasna) to the Airyema-ishyo, the holy lord of the ritual order, and to the Fshasho-mathra, and to that lofty lord Hadhaokhdha ", the holy lord of the ritual order. 9. And I announce, and (will) complete (my Yasna) to the questions asked of Ahura, and to the lore of Ahura, to the Ahurian Dahvyuma (Dahyuma), and to the Ahurian Zarathustrotema, holy lords of the ritual order, and to the farm-house with its pastures 1 This sense is most obvious. * The 'fiend-smiting' is the common meaning of vritraha; but verethra is clearly 'victory' in Zend; vritra also equals defensive valour. 8 Can dahmaheka mean the departed saint' here? * A lost part of the Avesta, two fragments of which only survive. [31] Digitized by Digitized by Google

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338 VISPARAD II. which give pasture to the Kine of blessed gift, and to the holy cattle-breeding man'. VISPARAD II 1. In this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach the lords of (the ritual) which are spiritual with my praise; and I desire to approach the earthly lords (as well). And I desire to approach the lords of the water with my praise, and the lords of the land; and I desire to approach with my praise those chiefs which strike the wing, and those which wander wild at large, and those of the cloven hoof, who are chiefs of the ritual (in their turn). 2. In this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach the holy Yearly festivals with my praise, the lords of the ritual order, Maidhyo-zaremaya, the milk-giver, and Maidhyo-shema, the pasture-giver, and Paitishahya, the corn-giver, and Ayathrima the breeder, the spender of the seed of males, Maidhyairya, the cold, Hamaspathmaedhaya, the especial time for ritual duties, the holy lords of the ritual order. . 3. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach the future one of the settlements with my praise, the holy lord of the ritual order, when the future one shall produce (them as it were anew). And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach all these chieftains of the ritual with my praise whom Ahura Mazda mentioned to Zarathustra * Comp. Y. XXIX, 2. Y. I, 10-23 follows. * Visparad II should be read after Yasna II, 8, of which it is an extension Digitized by Digitized by Google

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VISPARAD II. 339 for sacrifice and homage because of Asha Vahista (of Righteousness the Best). 4. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach Thee 1, the lord, with my praise, Thou who art Ahura Mazda, the spiritual lord and regulator of the spiritual creatures (the lord and regulator of the spiritual creation). And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach thee, Zarathustra Spitama, with my praise, the terrestrial (lord and regulator) of the terrestrial creation, [the lord and regulator of the terrestrial creation]. 5. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach the man who recites the ritual rites with my praise, who is maintaining thus the thought well thought, and the word well spoken, and the deed well done, and Piety the bountiful, even him who maintains the Mathra of the Saoshyant, by whose actions the settlements are advanced in the righteous order. 6. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach the (yearly) Seasons with my praise, the holy lords of the ritual order, and the Ahuna-vairya as it is recited, and Asha Vahista when he is lauded, and the Yenhe hatam, the frequent chant of sacrifice. 7. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach the Gatha Ahunavaiti with my praise. 1 It is certainly not impossible that the idea of 'invoking the approach of Ahura' was meant, but approaching him' is more natural. Ahumka ratumka, applied to the same person, the usage arising from an erroneous rendering of the Ahuna-vairya ; see Y. XIX, 12. * Yo, with Kyb, Kir, daretem, passive form; or, 'who (has) the Mathra held.' The text must, however, be in disorder. * In the Ashem Vohu. Z 2 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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340 VISPARAD II. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to worship those women with my praise who are wellportioned !, and of good parentage, and who are stately in their growth ; yea, I desire to approach that chant in my praise which has the Ahd and the Ratu, [for He is verily the one who has the Ahd and the Ratu, that is, Ahura Mazda ?]. And I desire to approach the heroic Yasna Haptanghaiti in my praise, the holy, and ruling in the ritual order; and Ardvi Sara Anahita, the holy, and ruling in the ritual order. 8. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach the Gatha Ustavaiti with my praise, the holy, and ruling in the ritual order; and I desire to approach those mountains : with my praise which shine with holiness, abundantly glorious, Mazdamade, the holy lords of the ritual order, and the Gatha Spenta-mainyu, and Verethraghna, the blow of victory, Mazda-given, the holy lord of the ritual order, and the Victorious Ascendency (which it bestows). 9. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach the Gatha Vohu-khshathra with my praise, the holy, and ruling in the ritual order, and Mithra of the wide pastures, and Raman Hvastra, and the Gatha Vahistoisti, and the pious and good prayer for blessings, and the pious and holy man, and that Yazad, the redoubted and swift curse of the wise. 10. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach the Airyema-ishy with my i So the Pahlavi. Erroneous Pazand. 8 This sentence affords support to my rendering of ayese, as expressing a desire to approach, rather than one for the approach of (the Genius of) the Mountain ; at the same time the latter idea may very possibly be the correct one. (Expressions are curtailed.) Digitized by Digitized by Google

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REESE LAS RAD ILO , VISPARAD III. UNIVERSIT341) - SALIFORNIA. 7 praise, and the Fshusho-mathra, and that Toity lord, the Hadhaokhdha, holy lord(s) of the ritual order. 11. And in this Zaothra with this Baresman I desire to approach the question asked of Ahura, and the lore of the Lord (which he reveals in answer), and the farm-house of the man possessed of pastures, and the pasture produced for the Kine of blessed gift, and the holy cattle-breeding man'. VISPARAD III. BEGINNING OF THE HAOMA OFFERING; ROLL-CALL OF THE PRIEST. 1. (The Zaotar speaks.) (I call for) the Havanans, and would have him here. (The Ratu answers.) I will come (and fulfil his duties). (The Zaotar speaks.) I would have the Atarevakhsha - here. (The Ratu answers.) I will come (and fulfil the services which fall to his charge). (The Zaotar.) I would have the Frabaretar 6. (The Ratu.) I will come (and fulfil the services which fall to his charge). (The Zaotar.) I would have the Abereto present. (The Ratu.) I will come (for him). * Y. II, 10 follows Visparad II, 11. * This chapter 1-5 follows Y. XI, 1-8 in the Vendidad Sadah; so, appropriately. * The Ratu answers for all according to the rubric printed by Westergaard, but of later origin than the text. It arose from the fact that the several offices were later united in that of the Ratu. Originally the corresponding official answered to his title. The Havanan was the Mobad who pounded the Haoma in the mortar. * The Mobad who fed the Fire. The Mobad who aided the presentations. The water carrier. Digitized by Google

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342 VISPARAD III. (The Zaotar.) I would have the Asnatar 1. (The Ratu.) I will come (and do the duties which he serves). (The Zaotar.) I would have the Raethwiskar to be here. (The Ratu.) I will come (for him). (The Zaotar.) I would have the Sraoshavareza 8 present, the wisest one, the most correct and veracious in his speech. (The Ratu.) I will come. 2. (The Zaotar.) I would have the Fire-priest to be here, and the warrior, and the thrifty tiller of the earth, and the house-lord, and the lords of the Vis and the Zantu. 3. And I summon the youth of holy thoughts, words and works, and of good conscience; (yea), the youth of good speech, given (in marriage) to his kino. And I summon the province-ranger, and the itinerant of many arts, and the house-mistress. 4. And I summon the woman advanced in her holy thoughts, and words, and deeds, and well subordinated, whose ruler is her lord (r), the holy one, who is (as) the bounteous Aramaiti ; (yea), I summon even Thy wives, O Ahura! And I summon likewise the holy man advanced in his good thoughts, and words, and deeds, who is learned in pious lore, and innocent of the Kayadha, and by whose deeds the settlements are furthered in the righteous order. 1 The washer. The mixer (?), or the Mobad who attended to disinfections. 8 The Mobad who attended to penance. * The typical layman. * This important custom was fully treated in the lost Nask, No. 16 (or No. 18; by another reckoning). * So the most, but ratukhshathra means elsewhere 'ruling in the ritual as supreme.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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VISPARAD IV. 343 5. Yea, we summon you, whoever you may be, if only chiefs of the Mazdayasnians; and we summon the Bounteous Immortals, and the pious Saoshyants (the prophets for our help), the most correct and truthful in their speech, the most zealous, the most glorious in their thoughts, the greatest ones, and the powerful; and we summon the Fire-priests, and the warriors, and the diligent husbandman of the Mazdayasnian Faith. 61. (The Zaotar.) As an Ahu to be (revered and) chosen, the Atarevakhsha (announcing) speaks forth to me. (The Ratu [?].) So let the Ratu from his righteousness, holy and learned, speak forth. (The Ratu.) As an Ahu to be (revered and) chosen, the Zaotar (announcing) speaks forth a to me. (The Zaotar.) So let the Ratu from (his) righteousness, holy and learned, speak forth. (The Ratu.) Thou art the announcer for us, O Fire-priest! [(Pazand.) It is the 8 Zaotar (who is meant).] (The Zaotar.) I will come as this Zaotar, and recite the Staota Yesnya with memorised intoning, chanting, and praise. VISPARAD IV (Sp. V)4 1. (Yea,) we sacrifice to the thoughts of the mind, and to the good wisdom, and to the good and blessed * This section follows Y. XI, 9-15 in the V. S., preceding a section described as Y. XI, 59, 60, in the B.V.S. ? Probably in an imperative sense, or, with some, an infinitive. * Read Zaotasti which contains sandhi. It seems a gloss to explain the Athraom (sic). It is zaota asti. * This section, preceding Y. XI, closed in the B.V.S., seems to me Digitized by Digitized by Google

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344 VISPARAD v. sanctity, and to the good religious knowledge, and to good health (of soul and body). [At their (several) seasons, and with the presence of seasonable circumstances, they are hymned.] 2. Confession is to be made for the Kine; we, Zarathustrian Mazdayasnians, celebrate at the sacrificial time for the Myazda-offering, at the time for the Ratufriti, the prayer for blessings, for the sacrificial worship, homage, propitiation, and praise of the entire creation of the holy (and the clean). VISPARAD V (Sp. VI)?. 1. I come to You, O Ye Bountiful Immortals! as a praiser priest, and invoker, as a memoriser, reciting (Your ritual), and as a chanter for Your sacrifice and homage, Your propitiation, and Your praise ; (yea, for Yours) the Bountiful Immortals, and for our preparation, (O ye holy Saoshyants !) and for your well-timed prayer for blessings, and your sanctification, and for our victorious smiting of our foes, beneficial (as it is) for our souls, for ours, the Saoshyants, (with you), and holy. 2. And I make my offering to You, O Ye Bountiful Immortals, who rule aright, and who dispose (of all) aright! (Yea), I offer You the flesh of my very body, and all the blessings of my life as well. 3. And I confess my belief in Thee, O Ahura to belong properly after Yasna VIII, and the Myazda offering with the Ratufriti. i Pazand. * This piece should be read after Yasna XIV, with which it is nearly identical. The language of the translation is slightly varied to relieve the effect of sameness. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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346 VISPARAD VII. Mithra of the wide pastures. And we worship Parendi the wealthy, wealthy with a wealth of thoughts, with a throng of words, and with a breadth of actions, (for she makes our persons agile (for good thoughts and words and actions)]. 3. And we worship that virile defensiveHeroism which possesses men who think beforehand, and heroic men, which is fleeterthan the fleet, stronger than the strong, which comes to him who is endowed by God, which, when especially made theirs by men, produces one who is a freer of the body. And we worship Sleep 3, the Mazda-made, the gladdener of the herd and men.. 4. And we worship those things in the creation of the holy which are the ancient institutions, those formed before the sky, the water, the land, the plants, and the Kine of blessed gift. And we worship the sea Vouru-kasha, and the stormy wind which is made by Mazda, and the shining heaven, of old created, the first-made earthly object of (all) the earthly world. 5. And we worship thee, the Fire, 0 Ahura Mazda's son! the holy lord of the ritual order, and this Baresman, having the Zaothra with it, and the girdle with it, spread out with sanctity, the holy ritual chief, and we worship Apam-napat (the son of waters). 11 Asialla ? One might consider, 'virile power which has men and heroes in the mind beforehand;' but vareti=gurdih. yayau (sic) and takhmotasyayau (sic) agree with feminines; possibly because of the male qualities referred to. They might be said to be in apposition rather than in agreement with the feminine. o Sleep is elsewhere an evil; a Demon, Bushyasta, rules it; but this is untimely sleep; see, on the other hand, Y. XLIV, 5. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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VISPARAD VIII, IX. 347 347 VISPARAD VIII (SP. IX). 1. With this word be Thou approached 1, with the proper word be Thou present here, Thou who art Ahura Mazda, the holy, together with the good Yazads who are the Bountiful Immortals, who rule aright, and dispose (of all) aright, together with fifty, and a hundred, and a thousand, and ten thousand, and millions, and yet more. 2. And to Him who rules the best let the Kingdom be ?! VISPARAD IX (Sp. X) . 1. (I desire to offer my homage and my praise 4) to the offered Haomas and Zaothras, and to those also which shall yet be offered, which smite victoriously, and are foes of hatred, and following in company (as they do) with the healing virtues of sanctity, following also in company with those of Kisti (religious knowledge), and with the remedies of Mazda, and with those of Zarathustra and the Zarathustrotema, (2) and to the offered Haomas and Zaothras which accompany those remedies which belong to the holy disciple well versed in good devices, and accompanying those of the itinerant also versed in good devices, and accompanying those likewise of the good Mazdayasnian Faith, and those of the pious and beneficent Prayer for blessings, and of the pious and good veracity, and 1 Mediated'(?), or 'known,' madhayangha (-uha). * See Y. XXXV, 5. 8 This section should be read before Y. XXII. * Supplied necessarily from Visp. X, 2; see its genitive. * Or, 'sciences' (in some cases medical). Digitized by Google Digitized by

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348 VISPARAD IX. of the pious word against unbelief, (3) for information and explanation, for preparation (?) and devotion, for the libation and complete offering, for the complete recital of the liturgy memorised as well; and to those Haomas which are pungent, bounteous, holy, and offered with sanctity (and for a blessing), to those which are yet to be offered with sanctity, and which are now being celebrated, and which are likewise in the future to be celebrated, to those which are being pressed with sanctity, and to those which are yet to be pressed, (to these I desire to approach, and to express my homage and my praise). 4. And I desire to express my homage and my praise to the strength of the strong, and to the victorious blow of the mighty, to the powerful Rectitude and Blessedness, to Kisti and the Priority for the powerful Ascendency, and to these powerful Yazads which are the Bountiful Immortals, who rule aright, and dispose of all aright, ever-living, ever-helpful, who, male and female, dwell together with the Good Mind, (to these I desire in my homage and my praises to approach); (5) (yea, I desire to approach for homage and praises toward) our Universal Weal and Immortality, to the body of the Kine, and to the Kine's Soul. (And I desire to approach) the Fire of the spoken name?, and toward that farm-house which is sanctified and which has fields and comfort, and mercy (for the poor); (6) as a praiser with praise for the sacrifice, homage, which is this praise of Ahura Mazda, of the Bountiful Immortals, and of the holy and lofty Lord, for the sacrifice, and homage of the Lord that most attains his ends, and which is this praise of that blessedness * Having a Yast. ? Here is an instance where hvathra may mean 'comfort.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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VISPARAD X, XI. 349 which has approached us, and of that well-timed prayer for blessings offered in the ritual, (7) which is likewise the praise of the Mathra Spenta (the bounteous word of reason), and of the Mazdayasnian Religion, and the Praises of the Yasnas ", which is also that of all the lords of the ritual, and of all the well-timed prayers for blessings, for the sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and glorification of the entire creation of the holy (and the clean). VISPARAD X (Sp. XI) 2. 1. I desire to approach the Arezahis with my praise, and the Savahis, and Fradadhafshu, and Vidadhafshu, and Vouru-baresti, and Vouru-garesti, and this Karshvar which is Hvaniratha. 2. And I desire to approach the stone mortar with my praise, and the iron mortar, and the cup that holds the Zaothra, and the hair (which stays the spilling 3), and Thy Baresman spread with sanctity. And I desire to approach the Ahuna-vairya with my praise, and the ritual prayers beside Ahuna, and the standing offices of the Mazdayasnian Faith. VISPARAD XI (SP. XII). 1. To Ahura Mazda would we present our offered Haomas and that which is lifted up, as the most 1 Perhaps the Yasts in the Yasna,' otherwise the latter portion of the Yasna. % This section follows Y. XXII. * The varesa consists (as used at present) of three, five, or seven hairs from the tail of a white bull, which are tied to a gold, silver, copper, or brass ring. This can be used as long as the bull lives, but as often as it is used it must be reconsecrated. (Haug.) The wording is purposely varied in the renderings to avoid sameness. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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350 VISPARAD XI. beneficial to Verethraghna (the blow of victory) which furthers the settlements; and that which is offered to the good and holy king, and that which is offered to the holy ruler which rules according to, or in the ritual, and we make known our Haomas to the Bountiful Immortals, and to the good waters; and we present our Haomas each to (our) own soul?; and we announce our Haomas in our celebration to the entire creation of the holy (and the clean). 2. Yea, we present these Haomas and Haomaimplements, and these spread mats, and these Myazdas, these stones, the first in the creation, the stone mortar brought here with the yellow ? Haoma in it, and the iron mortar brought here with the yellow Haoma in it, this Haoma-water, and this Baresman spread with sanctity, (3) these bodies, and (their) forces, these striving Zaothras (that seek to find Thy grace), this holy Haoma, and the flesh, and the holy man, and the saint's innate thoughts, even the Saoshyants' innate thoughts. And we present this fresh milk as an offering, now lifted up with sanctity, and this Hadhanaepata plant, lifted up with sanctity; (4) and we offer, and present these Zaothras with our celebration, having the Haoma with them, and the milk, and the Hadhanaepata, to the good waters and offered up with piety. And we present the Haoma-water in our celebrations to the good waters, and both the stone and the iron mortar, (5) and this branch for the Baresman, and the prayer for blessings uttered at the fitting moment which has approached (for our help in its order with the prayers), and the recollec 1 To the soul of the person who may be reciting. 9 Zairi with K4. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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VISPARAD XI. 351 tion and practice of the good Mazdayasnian law, and the heard recital of the Gathas, the well-timed prayer for blessings as it comes uttered by the saint (and for our help), and ruling (while it is spoken) as a ritual lord, and these wood-billets, and the perfume even Thine, the Fire's, O Ahura Mazda's son! and all good objects (which are ours), and Mazda-made, and which have the seed of sanctity (or are that seed). 6. Yea, these we make known and we announce in this our celebration to Ahura Mazda (as our gift), and to Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, and to Ashi (who is the recompense), and to Rashnu the most just, and to Mithra of the wide pastures, and to the Bountiful Immortals, and the Fravashis of the saints, and to their souls, and to the Fire of Ahura Mazda, the lord, and to the lofty lord (the Apam-napat ?), and to the Myazda, the lord, and to the well-timed prayer for blessings as it rules in the order of our prayers, for the sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and adoration of the entire creation of the holy (and the clean). 7. Yea, these we make known in this our celebration hereby for the Fravashi of Zarathustra Spitama, the saint, for its sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise, and to the (Fravashi) of Anghuyu(?)? who hath loved righteousness, together with all the holy Fravashis of the saints, of those now dead, and of those of the living, and of those of men unborn, of the prophets that shall serve us, bringing on the renovation of the completed world. 8-11, see verses 2-5. 12. Yea, we would make these known hereby in our celebrations to the Bountiful Immortals, who rule 1 Here, erroneously, a proper name as in Yast XIII. Possibly of that Zarathustrian world (period) which loved righteousness; the word occurs after the name of Z. I think, that 'y' should be 'v. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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352 VISPARAD XI. aright, and who dispose (of all) aright, the ever-living, ever-helpful, who are good (?), and bestowers of the good, who dwell with the Good Mind ((Pazand) for they who are the Bountiful Immortals abide with the Good Mind, they who rule aright, and dispose (of all) aright, for thence they are regulated, and thence they arose, (namely,) from the Good Mind '] 13. And we make known these our celebrations as the more promotive for this a house, for the furtherance of this house, and as benefits for this house, because of the increase of this household, as overcoming the restrictions which impede this household, and as overcoming the harmful malice which may mar this house, to bless its herds, and its retainers, born, and yet to be born, for the saints of the house as it was aforetime, of it as it stands here now, and to which we likewise now belong as the Saoshyants of the provinces, (14) (which (is that we are Saoshyants) for the saints who do good deeds, and of the female saints who do good deeds, and of the saints who do the deeds conspicuously good, and of the females likewise thus, of the saints who do good deeds upon good deeds, and of the females thus the samel 15. And we make these known in our celebrations to the good Fravashis of the saints which are formidable and overwhelming in their aid. 16. And we make these known in our celebrations hereby to Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, and to the good 1 Vohu Manah certainly appears the most prominent here. They arose from the good thought' of Ahura. . This office was celebrated in private houses by itinerant priests. Yenhe aem might be a citation from some lost prayer. The singular aem may, however, be taken collectively, as families are spoken of. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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VISPARAD XII. 353 Blessedness, and to Nairya-sangha, and to the victorious Peace, and to Ahura Mazda's Fire, and to the lofty lord, for sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and for praise, to the entire creation of the holy and the clean. 17, 18=Visp. X, 1, 2. 19. (Sp. XIII.) Yea, we make that known which is lifted up in offering, and which is the Avesta' as the holy Ahura Mazda directed that it should be said, and as Zarathustra, the holy, directed, and as I, the priest, who am acquainted with their sacrifice and homage, am now letting it be known. I who understand the lawful and legitimate Avesta ?, and the ritual prescripts (20) for Your sacrifice, homage, and propitiation, O Ye who are the Bountiful Immortals, and for our preparation (?), and for the success of our well-uttered prayer for blessings, for victory, sanctification, and the well-being of our souls, (of ours), for (we are) the holy Saoshyants. 21. Yea, we make these known in our celebrations here, and we offer them to Him who is Ahura Mazda, of all the greatest, the master and the Lord. VISPARAD XII (Sp. XIV). 1. For the offered Haomas which have been offered in libation to that lofty Lord Ahura Mazda and to the holy Zarathustra Spitama (produce) abundance in cattle and in men; and this abundance is (as) the good Sraosha, who accompanies (us) with the great Avista probably=Avesta ; compare Veda. The moral and ceremonial laws. 9 Avestic. 9 Follows Y. XXVII. * Ha seems to have a certain conjunctive force like sa in composition, 'And thereto the good Sraosha;' or is it an interjection? (31) Aa Digitized by Google Digitized by

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354 VISPARAD XII. splendour of sanctity, and may he be here with energetic effort (to aid us in our worship). 2. We offer the wise offerings of the Ahuna-vairya intoned with sanctity and yet to be intoned, possessing their many teachings of religious wisdom (as they do), and those of the two mortars which pour the Haomas out, and which are pushed forward with precision 3, and are now in the course of being thus advanced once more? 3. (And so we teach as well the many teachings of the religious wisdom) contained in the words correctly spoken, in the Zarathustrian utterances", and in the ceremonies correctly practised, and the Baresmans spread exactly, and the Haomas pressed correctly, and the praise, Yasnas, and the doctrines of the Mazdayasnian Religion with their recitations, and their movements. 4. For thus they may become to us more full of devices and of wisdom, and so we offer these wise ritual deeds in the creation, so we impart them with their many points of meaning while we (ourselves) still ponder them as those which Ahura Mazda, the holy One, delivered, which have (as if) their nourishment from Vohu Manah 6 and their growth from the Righteous Order, which are the greatest of all beings, the best, and the most beautiful; for thus shall these be to us the more full of wisest meaning, and more full of incitation o, and may we be among those (who are) of Spenta Mainyu's world in that we are imparting (to the chosen) these 1 Recall heka of Y. XLVI, 1. * With punctilious sanctity. The Parsi priests at present make appropriate manipulations here. * In the now ancient Gathas, &c. 5 Compare gaethau vispau yau voho thraosta manangha. . Or, 'may we be more zealous than any. who are in the creation of the bounteous spirit.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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VISPARAD XIII. 355 precepts of the wisest meaning and these incitations which are contained therein. 5. And full of wisest meaning be ye two to us, O (thou) stone mortar, and (thou) the iron one, as ye are now turned, and as ye are now being advanced', ye two mortars of the house, (and of the village, of the tribe, and of the province, and ye who are in this house (itself), this village, tribe, and province]; yea, in those which are ours, Mazdayasnians, who are steadfast in our worship, who appear with our wood-billets and our perfumes, and with our supplicated blessings [(Pazand) for so may they be to us, the more full of wisest teaching] VISPARAD XIII (SP. XV) 2. 1. According to the ritual we worship Ahura Mazda; according to the ritual we worship the Bountiful Immortals; and we sacrifice to the sacrificial word correctly spoken, and to every Mathra (as to a sacred word of reason). And we sacrifice to Zarathustra, him who is especially the possessor of the Mathra 3; and we sacrifice to the blessings for the saints'4; and we worship the 'hail's addressed to the Bountiful Immortals. 2. Also we worship the three principal (chapters) uttered (in the Yasna) without addition or omissione ; 1 Referring to manipulations. * This fragment follows Y. XXX in the Vendidad Sadah, and was written in allusion to Y. XXVIII, Y. XXIX, and Y. XXX. * Referring to mathra srevaema in Yasna XXVIII, 8. * Referring to the words savaka ashavabyo in Yasna XXX, 11. * Referring to the word usta in Yasna XXX, 11. * The three first chapters XXVIII-XXX; the text has bad grammar, or broken connection. A a 2 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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356 VISPARAD XIV. and we worship the three principal ones without addition or omission; we worship the three commencing ones entire without addition or omission'. And we worship the entirety of the three principal ones without addition or omission; and their Has, their metrical lines, their words, and their wordstructure [and their recital, memorising, chanting, and their steadfast offering]. VISPARAD XIV (Sp. XVI) 3. 1. (We worship Ahura Mazda, the holy Lord of the ritual order*; and we sacrifice to the Gatha Ahunavaiti) with its measures, and word-structure, and its Zand, with its questions and counter-questions, with its words and its metric feet. And we sacrifice to these as well-recited, and now in the course of being recited, as well-worshipped, and now in the course of being used in worship. 2. (Yea, we sacrifice to it) in 1 It is difficult to see how anapishuta can mean without retrenchment,' but the context seems to require it, and the Pahlavi translation bears evidence to it. Perhaps read anapashuta. 2 "The whole three first. Some suppose the three prayers to be intended the Ahuna-vairya, the Ashem Vohd, and the Yenhe hatam). I think that the three chapters XXVIII-XXX are meant. As the piece follows those three chapters in the Vendidad Sadah, so its expressions indicate a reference to them. This might tend to show that the Ahunavaiti was at one time, if not originally, divided at this place. 8 This fragment was written in evident allusion to the entire Ahunavaiti, which it follows in the Vendidad Sadah. It expresses the veneration acquired by the first Gatha long after its composition. * From the Vendidad Sadah. * Frayazentam may be a metaplasm; otherwise of the sacrificers.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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VISPARAD xv. 357 its own wisdom'', in its own 'clearness', in its own *loving intention'?, in its sovereignty, and its own ritual order, and its acquired boon', which is also that given by Ahura Mazda for the promotion of piety, for that thought which originates from the 'heart-devoted self'2. 3. (Sp. Chapter XVII.) Also we worship the Ahuna-vairya, the holy lord of the ritual order, the holy lord with its Ahu and its Ratu [(Pazand); for He is the one with the title Ahu and Ratu, who is Ahura Mazda :). 4. And we sacrifice to the constituent parts of the Gatha Ahunavaiti, to its chapters, and its metrical lines, its words, and word-structure, [and to its heard-recital, and memorised recital, its continuous and its steadfast offering). VISPARAD XV (Sp. XVIII) 4. 1. Hold your feet in readiness, and your two hands, and your understandings", O ye Zarathustrian Mazdayasnians! for the well-doing of lawful deeds in accordance with the sacred Order, and for the avoidance of the unlawful and evil deeds which are contrary to the ritual. Let the good deeds for the furtherance of husbandry be done here. Render ye the needy rich ?. 2. Let Sraosha (Obedience) be present here for the worship of Ahura Mazda, 1 Dami with K4. Possibly in their own house (dami=dani). 2 These words probably allude severally, say, to dam in Y. XXXI, 7, kithra in Y. XXXI, 22, zaoshe in Y. XXXIII, 2, 10, ayapta in Y. XXVIII, 8, to zarzdau in Y. XXXI, 1. 3 Erroneous. * This piece is a later composed prelude to the Haptanghaiti, which it precedes in the Vendidad Sadah. . Sursum corda! Comp. gavoi verezyatam, Y. XLVIII, 5. 7 Place the needy with those without need.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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358 VISPARAD XVI. the most helpful, and the holy, who is so desired by us in the pronunciation, and for the service, and the pondering of the Yasna Haptanghaiti, for the heart's devotion to it, for its memorisation, and its victorious and holy recital (or for the victorious saint), without addition or omission, (3) which has been intoned, and which shall yet be uttered as great, powerful, smiting with victory, separate from harmful malice, for the pronunciation of victorious words for Ahura Mazda's Fire. (4, 5 are identical with Visp. IX, 6, 7.) VISPARAD XVI (Sp. XIX)". 1. And we worship the Fire here, Ahura Mazda's son, and the Yazads having the seed of fire in them, and the Rashnus having the seed of fires in them; and we worship the Fravashis of the saints. And we worship Sraosha who smites with victory, and the holy man, and the entire creation of the holy (and the clean). 2. And we worship the Blessedness and the Fravashi of Zarathustra Spitama, the saint. And we worship the saints and their blessed Fravashis (as of one). And we worship all their Fravashis (as considered each apart), and those of the saints within the Province, and those of the saints without the Province; yea, we worship the Fravashis of holy men and holy women (wherever they may be, those devoted to the Order of the Faith). And we sacrifice to those whose (service) 1 Possibly mazdataeka. * This piece follows the Haptanghaiti in the Vendidad Sadah; it was intended as a sequel to it. * Having the power to propagate its worship, maintaining it unextinguished. De Harlez makes the admirable suggestion, 'bright as flame'; but the Pahlavi renders tokhmak. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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VISPARAD XVII, XVIII. 359 for us in the Yasna Ahura Mazda, the holy, has known as the better 1, and of these Zarathustra is the living chief? and master. And we sacrifice to the fields and the waters, the lands and the plants, and to the constituent parts of the Yasna Haptanghaiti, its chapters, its metred lines, its words, and wordstructure. VISPARAD XVII (Sp. XX) !. And we strive after the good thoughts, words, and deeds inculcated in the Yasna Haptanghaiti. A blessing is the Right (called) the Best, (there is) weal; (there is) weal for this (man) when toward Righteousness Best (there is) right. VISPARAD XVIII (Sp. XXI)". 1. We worship Ahura Mazda with the usta 6. And we worship the Amesha Spenta with the usta, and the holy man, the saint. And we worship the prior world of the holy (and of the clean) with an usta, and the state of weal and salvation for the holy man (the saint). 2. And we worship that life-long state of blessedness (for the holy) which is the evil man's calamity(r); yea, we worship his eternal? salvation, and with the salvation prayer. And we sacrifice to every saint who Comp. Y. LI, 22. * Anghuska ratuska here referred to the same person; comp. ahd. * An addition to chapter XVI. * This piece having reference to various expressions in the Gatha Ustavaiti, follows it in the Vendidad Sadah. * Referring to usta in Y. XLIII, 1. See Y. XLV, 7. 1 Akaranem=the eternal thing; otherwise an adjective of two terminations; or, finally, read -am. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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360 VISPARAD XIX. exists, who is now coming into existence, and who shall exist in future. .VISPARAD XIX (Sp. XXII)". 1. We worship Ahura Mazda the bountiful; and we worship the Bountiful Immortals (saying the Spenta). And we sacrifice to the bountiful saint, and to the bountiful anticipative understanding ? Also we sacrifice to the good and bountiful Aramaiti (the ready mind). And we worship her together with the bountiful creatures in the creation of the pure. And we sacrifice to the holy creatures who have intelligence as their first", (to those foremost in their mind). And we worship the omniscient understanding, and Him who is Ahura Mazda (Himself). 2. And we sacrifice to the shining sun, which is the highest of the high; yea, we worship the sun together with the Bountiful Immortals, and the Mathras with their good ceremonies 6. Also we sacrifice to the glorious achievements, and to this glory (which we have gained). And we sacrifice to the herds which have the Fire and its blessings 6. Also we worship the holy benefit which is so widely 1 The word spenta throughout alludes to the Gatha Spentamainyu, but it is of course not without grammatical application. . In the Bundahis especially referred to Ahura. Or, together with the bountiful creatures we worship the holy creatures.' * This expression may have been accidentally determined by the position of the word mano in the Ahuna-vairya formula ; see Y. XIX, 12. * Or, 'the well-fulfilled.' Fire-made' is unintelligible ; 'fire gifts-having' may refer to the flocks and herds, as expressing the source of that prosperity which is represented by the holy Fire. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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VISPARAD XX. 361 diffused, and that wisdom which is the bounteous Aramaiti, whose are the laws of the Righteous Order, and of those holy creatures who have Righteousness as their first. VISPARAD XX (Sp. XXIII) 8. 1. (Homage to the Gatha Vohu-khshathra*! We sacrifice to the Vohu-khshathra), (the good kingdom) even the Khshathra-vairya, the kingdom to be desired ; and we sacrifice to the iron-founding , and to the (sacrificial) words correctly spoken which smite (the foe) with victory, and which hold the Daevas subject. And we worship that reward and that health, that healing and that progress, that growth and that victorious smiting? (2) which are between the Vohu-khshathra and the Vahistoisti , (and which are acquired by us) by the memorised recital of the good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, for the withstanding of evil thoughts, and words, and deeds; yea, for the undoing of all treacherous thoughts (directed) against me, and of all false words, and unfair deeds. 3. [And we sacrifice to the later Yasna, the heroic Haptanghaiti", (and which as it recurs becomes the holy ritual chief.] i Pahl. fravaft sud. ? Dathra with K4. 3 This piece from the later Avesta follows Y. LI, in the Vendidad Sadah. From the Vendidad Sadah. Associated with this Gatha from Y. LI, 9. * Compare Y. LI, 3. "Y. LI, 9; also perhaps Y. LIII, 8, 9. Between; that is, described in the space between the Vohukhshathra and the Vahistoisti, i.e. in Y. LII. See hamistee in Y. LII, 4, and paitistatee in Visp. XX, 2. * This would seem misplaced; perhaps Y. XLII is meant, which follows the Haptanghaiti. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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362.., VISPARAD XXI, XXII. VISPARAD XXI (Sp. XXIV). 1. We strive earnestly, and we take up our Yasna and our homage to the good waters, and to the fertile fruit-trees (which bear as of themselves), and to the Fravashis of the saints; yea, we take up our Yasna, and our homage earnestly to those beings which are (so) good, the waters, and the trees, and the Fravashis of the saints, (2) and to the Kine, and to Gaya (Maretan), and to the Mathra Spenta (the bounteous word-of-reason), the holy, which works (within and for us with effect), to these we take up our Yasnas and our homage with earnest zeal, and to Thee, O Ahura Mazda! and to thee, O Zarathustra, we do the same; and to thee, O lofty lord (the Apam-napat), and to the Bountiful Immortals. 3. And we sacrifice to the listening (that hears our prayers) and to that mercy, and to the hearing of (our spoken) homage, and to that mercy which is (shown in response to our offered) praise. And we sacrifice to the fraraiti vidushe, which is contained in the piece hvadaenais ashaonis; and we sacrifice to the good praise which is without hypocrisy, and which has no malice (as its end)'; and we sacrifice to the later Yasna and to its offering; and we sacrifice to the chapters of the later Yasna, and to its metrical lines, its words, and word-structure. VISPARAD XXII (Sp. XXV). With this chant (fully) chanted, and which is for the Bountiful Immortals and the holy Saoshyants (who are the prophets who shall serve us), and by means of these (ceremonial) actions, which are (of all) Digitized by Digitized by Google

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PREESE TIPI-APIER (UNTERSITY VISPARAD XXIII. CALIFORNIA: 363 the best, we desire to utter our supplications for the Kine. It is that chant which the saint has recognised as good and fruitful of blessed gifts, and which the sinner does not know? May we never reach that (ill-luck that the sinner) may outstrip us in our chanting), not in the matter of a plan (thought out), or of words (delivered), or ceremonies (done 2), nor yet in any offering whatever when he (?) approaches (us for harm). VISPARAD XXIII (Sp. XXVI) 3. 1. We worship Ahura Mazda as the best* (worship to be offered in our gifts). We worship the Amesha Spenta (once more, and as) the best. We worship Asha Vahista (who is Righteousness the Best). And we sacrifice to those (prayers) which are evident as the best; that is, the Praises of the Yasnas. Also we sacrifice to that best wish, which is that of Asha Vahista, and we worship Heaven, which is the best world of the saints, bright and all-glorious; and we sacrifice likewise to that best approach which leads to ' it. 2. And we sacrifice to that reward, * The parties are divided by knowledge and ignorance (compare the Gnosis). See Y. XXXI, 12 * Not in thought, word, or deed may we reach (his) priority in progress. o This piece from the later Avesta follows Y. LIII, in the Vendidad Sadah, and has reference to its expressions. It is an important suggestion which holds vahistem as equal to saying vahistem,' in allusion to the Vahista istis; but as the word is inflected further on see vahistahe), and as it moreover once applies to Asha, as Asha Vahista, it is better to render it as having adjective application throughout, being none the less, of course, an intentional echo of the first word of Y. LIII, 1. * Or, of it' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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364 VISPARAD XXIII. health, healing, furtherance, and increase, and to that victory which is within the two, the Ahunavairya and the Airyema-ishyo, through the memorised recital of the good thoughts, words, and deeds (which they enjoin). ? Possibly between them,' meaning the Gathas which are so placed. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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AFRINAGAN. As to the present use of these blessings, says Haug (ed. West): "Afrinagan are blessings which are to be recited over a meal consisting of wine, milk, and fruits, to which an angel, or the spirit of a deceased person, is invited, and in whose honour the meal is prepared. After the consecration (which only a priest can perform) is over, the meal is eaten by those who are present. The performance of these Afrinagan is required of every Parsi at certain fixed seasons of the year. These are the six Gahanbars, each lasting five days (at the six original seasons of the year) for which the Afrinagan Gahanbar is intended, the five Gatha-days (the five last days of the year), during which the Afrinagan Gatha must be used ; and, lastly, the third day (Ardibahist) of the first month (Fravardin) in the year, at which the performance of Afrinagan Rapithwin, devoted to the spirit presiding over the southern quarter (who is the guardian of the way to paradise), is enjoined to every Parsi whose soul wants to pass the Kinvad after death.' (Essays, 2nd edition, page 224.) 1. AFRIN[-AGAN] GAHANBAR?. 1. I confess myself a Mazda-worshipper, and of Zarathustra's order, a foe of the Daevas, devoted to the lore of the Lord, for the holy Havani ", the regulator of the ritual order (and its lord in its turn), for its sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise; (and I confess myself) for Savanghi and for Visya, the holy lords of the ritual order, for their sacrifice, homage, 1 The Afrin for the morning hours from 6 to 10. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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368 AFRIN(-AGAN] 1. propitiation, and praise, and for that of the Asnya, the day-lords of the days during daylight, and of the days in their length, for the Mahya, month-lords, and the Yairya, year-lords, and for those of the especial seasons, and for the worship, homage, propitiation, and praise of that lofty lord who is the Ritual Righteousness (itself); yea, for the worship, homage, propitiation, and praise of the lords of the days, months, years, and seasons--for those lords of the ritual order who are of all the greatest, who are the regulators of the ritual at the time of Havani. 2. To Maidhyo-zaremya", the lord (or to Maidhyoshema ", the lord, or to Paitishahya', the lord, or to Ayathrima", Maidhyairya', or Hamaspathmaedhaya) be propitiation, homage, and praise. 3. O ye Mazdayasnians who are here present ! offer yethis ritual service, and present ye the Myazda which is that of the Maidhyo-zaremaya, taking a piece of sound flesh from a choice beast, with a full flow of milk. 4. If ye are able to do this, (well); if ye are unable to do it, ye may take then (a portion) of some liquor of equal value, it matters not which it is, and have it consumed as it is proper; and so be ye discreet from your obedience, most correctly faithful in your speech, most saintly from your sanctity, best ordered in your exercise of power, least straitened by oppressions, heart-easy with rejoicings, most merciful of givers, most helpful to the poor, fulfilling most the ritual, the blest and longed-for Asha, (coy ?) riches womanminded (?) bringing (as reward). If ye can do this 1 The name of the season at the time present, when the text is recited, is to be used. * Bring ye, O these Mazdayasnians ! Digitized by Digitized by Google

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AFRIN(-AGAN] 1. 369 and with vigour, (well); (5) if not, bring wood to the Ratu's house. It matters not what kind, so it be well cut, and very dry, and in loads of fitting size. If that is possible, (well); if not, then let a man bring wood to the Ratu's dwelling, and heap it up as high as the ear, or to reach the fore-shoulder, or with the fore-arm measure, (or at least as high as the end of the hanging hand). If that is possible, (well); (6) but if it has not been possible, then let the worshipper (with the mind's offering) ascribe the power to him who rules the best, Ahura, (saying): Wherefore for this cause verily we offer and ascribe the Sovereign Power to Ahura Mazda, who rules the best, and to Righteousness (the ritual and moral Order), and we complete our sacrifice to them. Thus is the Myazda offered with the well-timed prayer for blessings. 7. In case that a man does not give of the first Myazda which is that of the Maidhyo-zaremaya, O Spitama Zarathustra ! the Ratu that has the right to that Myazda, and who has this person under his guidance, expels ? that (false) disciple who has not his Myazda with him, as a man that does not worship, from the midst of the Mazda-worshippers. 8. In the case that a man does not give of the second Myazda, O Spitama Zarathustra! which is that of the Maidhyo-shema, then let ? the Ratu to whom the Myazda should come, and who has the person under his guidance, expel that disciple, since he comes without his Myazda, as he would a man who refuses to recite his vows, from among the number of the Mazda 1 Or, 'because we offer.' * Not 'renders him (detected) among the Mazdayasnians ;' compare for form antare-mraye; see also fra-dasti and fra-perenaoiti; also the present may be used for the imperative. (31) Bb Digitized by Digitized by Google

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370 AFRIN(-AGAN] 1. worshippers. 9. In the case that a man does not give of the third Myazda, O Spitama Zarathustra ! which is that of Paitishahya, then let the Ratu who ought to receive that Myazda, and who has had the person under his guidance, expel that disciple which brings no Myazda, as a detected ' reprobate, from among the number of the Mazdayasnians. 10. In case that a man does not offer of the fourth Myazda, O Spitama Zarathustra! which is that of the Ayathrima, let the Ratu who ought to receive that Myazda, and who has the person under his guidance, expel that disciple, since he brings no Myazda, as a refuse 2 beast from among the number of the Mazdayasnians. 11. In the case that a man does not give of the fifth Myazda, which is that of the Maidhyairya, then let the Ratu to whom that Myazda belongs as a perquisite, and who has that person under his guidance, expel him, since he brings no Myazda, as an alien >>, from among the number of the Mazdayasnians. 12. In case that a man does not give of the sixth Myazda, which is that of the Hamaspathmaedhaya, O Spitama Zarathustra ! let the Ratu to whom that Myazda belongs as a perquisite, and who has this person under his discipline to learn him the lore of Ahura, expel him, (as ignorant) since he brings no Myazda, from among the number of the Mazdayasnians. 13. And let him decry him afterwards without hesitation, and drive him out; and let that Ratu lay upon him after Possibly having a breast burnt by the ordeal,' and so 'detected;' or 'hot-breasted, vehement'(?); comp. uras. * It may be (his) excluded beast,' or 'his stray beast' (?). * Or, possibly, he is rejected when offering himself as arrived from the settlements' (?). * Without recoiling.' * Syazdayoit. Digitized by Google

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AFRIN[-AGAN] 1. 371 wards the expiating deeds without reserve; and in accordance with these rules, let the disciple treat the Ratu. (Let him beware of failure to bring his Myazda, or if he fails let the disciple bear, as is befitting, what is due.) A blessing is Righteousness (called) the Best, it is weal, it is weal for this (man) when toward Righteousness Best there is right. 14. I bless with my prayer the royal Province-chiefs (who are faithful worshippers) of Ahura Mazda, the resplendent, the glorious, (beseeching) for superior strength for them, and for more important victory, and more influential rule, and desiring for them further authoritative power, and helpful support, and long duration to their reign, and the prolonged vitality of their frames, and health. 15. And I pray in my benediction for strength well-shaped and stately of growth, and which smites victoriously, Ahuramade, and crushing, and for an ascendency abundantly subduing all who are filled with furious hate, assaulting the evil-minded enemies, and destroying, as if at once, the deadly, godless foes. 16. And I pray in my blessing that he (the province-governor) may conquer in victorious battles every malicious foe, and each malignant, profane in thoughts, and words, and actions, (17) that he may indeed be constantly victorious in his own religious thoughts, and words, and deeds, and unvarying in the smiting of every foe, and of every Daevaworshipper, and that he may, as he proceeds ?, be well rewarded, and of good repute, possessing a farforeseeing preparation of the soul. 18. And I pray with blessings thus : Live thou long and blessed be Unfriendly and untrue ; ** avratya.' * Recall ydi zazente vanghau sravahi. Bb 2 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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372 AFRIN(-AGAN) 11. thou, 'hail' to thee; live for the aid of holy men, and for the crushing of the evil; and I pray for Heaven (for thee) the best world of the saints, shining, all glorious. And thus may it happen as I pray-? 19. And I bless in my prayer the sacrifice, and homage, and the strength, and swiftness of the day-lords during daylight, and of the lords of the days in their length, of the month-lords, and the year-lords, and of the lords of the seasons (in their course), and for the worship, homage, propitiation, and praise of the lofty lord who is the Righteous Ritual itself, and of those lords of the ritual who are of all the greatest, and who are the lords of the ritual at the time of Havani, for Maidhyo-zaremaya the lord, ((or) for Maidhyo-shema the lord, (or) for Paitishahya2 the lord, or for Ayathrima, Maidhyairya, or Hamaspathmaedhaya 2+8]. II. AFRINC-AGAN]* GATHA. 1. As the Ahd is (revered and) to be chosen, so (is) the Ratu (one who rules) from the Righteous Order, a creator of mental goodness, and of life's actions done for Ahura, and the Kingdom (is) to Mazda, which to the poor may offer a nurturer. I confess myself a Mazda-worshipper-for the praise of Ahura Mazda, the resplendent, the glorious, and of the Bountiful Immortals, for the bountiful and i See Y. XXXV, 2. The Ahuna follows. The name varies with the season in which the sacrifice is made. : As in 18. * Recited during the days called after the Gathas, the last five of the year. A long period of time must have elapsed since the Gathas were composed, as they probably were not originally 'five.' and yet seem to have been only remembered as such. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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AFRIN(-AGAN] 111. 373 holy Gathas which rule in the ritual order. (Propitiation and praise be) to the Gatha Ahunavaiti, and to the Gatha Ustavaiti, to the Gatha Spenta-mainyu, and to the Gatha Vohu-khshathra, and to the Gatha Vahistoisti. 2. Propitiation to the Fravashis of the saints, the mighty, overwhelming, even to those of the saints of yore, who held the primeval faith (the Gathic faith), and to those of the next of kin. 3. We sacrifice to Ahura Mazda, the resplendent, the glorious; and we sacrifice to the Amesha Spenta who rule aright, and who dispose (of all aright). And we sacrifice to the bounteous and holy Gathas, which rule (as the first) in the ritual order. We sacrifice to the Gatha Ahunavaiti, the holy, as it rules in the ritual order; and we sacrifice to the Gatha Ustavaiti, the holy, as it rules in the ritual order; and we sacrifice to the Gatha Spenta-mainyu, the holy, as it rules in the ritual order; and we sacrifice to the Gatha Vohu-khshathra, the holy, as it rules in the ritual order; and we sacrifice to the Gatha Vahistoisti, the holy, as it rules in the ritual order. 4= Yt. XIII, 49-521, III. AFRINC-AGAN]? RAPITHVIN. 1. I confess myself a Mazda-worshipper, of Zarathustra's order, a foe to the Daevas, devoted to the lore of the Lord, for Rapithwina, the holy lord of the ritual order, for sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise, and for Fradat-fshu S and Zantuma", Verses 5, 6=A. I, 14-18; for verse 6, see verses 1, 2; also see A. I, 19. ? To be recited on the third day (Ardibahist) of the first month (Fravardin). A genius who furthered cattle. * The genius of the Zantu, presiding over this Gah Rapithvin. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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374 AFRIN(-AGAN] 111. the holy lord(s) of the ritual order. 2. And to Ahura Mazda, the resplendent, the glorious, and to the Bountiful Immortals, be propitiation, and to Asha Vahista (who is Righteousness the Best), and to the Fire, Ahura Mazda's son, and to all the holy Yazads, heavenly and earthly, and to the Fravashis of the saints, the mighty and overwhelming--. 3. For thus did Ahura Mazda speak to Spitama Zarathustra the word which was spoken for the ritual time of the Rapithwina, (saying) : Ask us, O holy Zarathustra ', what are Thy questions to be asked of us?, for Thy question is as that mighty one when Thy ruler speaks his mighty wish!. 4. Then Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda : 0 Ahura Mazda, most bountiful creator of the material worlds and holy! what does that man acquire, what does he merit, what reward shall there be for that man (5) who shall recite the Rapithwina office with the Rapithwina prayer for blessing, and who shall sacrifice with the Rapithwina office with hands (well) washed, and with (well) washed mortars, with the Baresman spread, and with Haona high uplifted, and with fire brightly flaming, with Ahuna-vairya loud intoned, with Haomamoistened tongue, and with a body Mathra-bound? 6. And Ahura Mazda answered him: As the wind from the southern quarter, O Spitama ! causes the entire material world to advance and to increase, and as it will bless it", rejoice it, and cause it to progress , such a like reward does such a man receive, (7) who Erroneous. Ahmai; see Y. XLIII, 10 with ehma. 3 Insert spirit. Or, 'to.' * Saoshyatika; or can saoshyanti be a locative absolute, preserving a fuller form? * Or,'causes it to enter into helpful joy'(?). Digitized by Digitized by Google

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AFRIN(-AGAN] 1. 375 recites the Rapithwina-ratu with the Rapithwina blessing, and sacrifices with 1 it with (well) washed hands, and mortars, with Baresman spread, and Haoma lifted, with fire brightly flaming, and with Ahuna-vairya loud intoned, and with Haoma-moistened tongue, and a body Mathra-bound! 8. Thus hath Ahura Mazda declared to Spitama Zarathustra the word which (should be) spoken at the Rapithwina time. 9, 10. (See A. I, 14-19.) * Or, 'to.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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THE GAHS. Digitized by Google

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THE GAHS. THE Gahs are the five divisions of the day. The Havani from 6 to 10 A.M., the Rapithwina from 10 A. M. to 3 P.M., the Uzayeirina from 3 to 6 P.M., the Aiwisrathrima from 6 to 12 P.M., the Ushahina from 12 P.M. to 6 A.M. The Gahs here following are prayers which must be recited at the Gahs of the day; hence their name? I. THE GAH HAVAN Unto Ahura Mazda be propitiation. A blessing is Righteousness (called) the Best -- 1. I confess myself a Mazda-worshipper, of Zarathustra's order, a foe to the Daevas, devoted to the lore of the Lord, for the holy Havani, regulator of the ritual order, for its sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise, and for Savanghi and Visya, the righteous regulator(s) of the ritual order, for their homage, sacrifice, propitiation, and praise, and for those of the Asnya, the day-lords during daylight, and the Ayara, lords of the days in their length, and for the Mahya, the month-lords, and the Yairya, year-lords, and for those of the especial seasons. 2. And to Mithra of the wide pastures, of the thousand ears, of the myriad eyes, the Yazad of the spoken name 3, be sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise, and to Raman Hvastra. 3, 4. And we sacrifice to Ahura Mazda the holy 1 The term Gah, itself, may have arisen from the practice of chanting the Gathas at different fixed times in the day. ? To be recited every day at the time of Havani, * Having a special Yast. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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380 GAH 1. lord of the ritual Order, and to Zarathustra, and to the Fravashi of Zarathustra, the saint. And we sacrifice to the Bounteous Immortals, (the guardians) of the saints, and to the good, heroic, and bounteous Fravashis of the saints (of the living and of the dead), of the bodily, and of those in heaven. And we sacrifice to the highest of the lords, the one that most attains its ends; and we sacrifice to the most strenuous of the Yazads, the most satisfying of the lords of the ritual order, the one who reaches (what he seeks), the most infallibly of those who have as yet approached the nearest in the ritual, even to the timely prayer of the saint who rules in the ritual order. 5. And we sacrifice to the Havani, the holy lord of the ritual order, and to the Universal Weal, the holy, ruling in the ritual order, and to Deathlessness, the holy, ruling in the ritual order. And we sacrifice to the question and lore of the holy lord of the ritual. And we sacrifice to that heroic mighty Yasna, the Haptanghaiti, the lord of the ritual order. 6. And we sacrifice to Savanghi and Visya, the holy lord(s) of the ritual order; and we sacrifice to the Airyema-ishyo ', the holy lord of the ritual order, the powerful, victoriously smiting, that which no hate can reach, which overwhelms all torments, and which passes over all torments with victory, which is the uppermost, and the middle, and the foremost, for the effective invocation of that surpassing Mathra, the five Gathas. 7, 8. And we sacrifice to Mithra of the wide pastures, and to Raman Hvastra, for the worship and exaltation of Visya, the chief. And we sacrifice to The personified prayer; see Y. LIV. Digitized by Dignized by Google

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GAH 11. 381 Visya, the holy lord of the ritual order, and to Mithra, and to Raman Hvastra --, 9-11. And we sacrifice to thee, the Fire, O Ahura Mazda's son, the holy lord of the ritual order. And we sacrifice to this Baresman which has the Zaothra with it, and the girdle with it, and which is spread with exact sanctity, itself the holy lord. And we sacrifice to the Apam-napat, and to Nairya-sangha, and to that Yazad, the swift curse of the wise. And we sacrifice to the souls of the dead, which are the Fravashis of the saints] And we worship that exalted Lord who is Ahura Mazda, the highest object of the ritual order, who is the one who has attained the most to homage in the ritual. And we sacrifice to all the words which Zarathustra spake, and to all the deeds well done, and to those which shall yet be done in days to come. (And) we sacrifice to that male one of beings whose (gift) in the offering Ahura doth know to be better, and of female saints, the same. As the Ahd is to be (revered and) chosen, so (is) the Ratu, one who rules from the Righteous Order, a creator of mental goodness, and of life's actions done for Mazda, and the Kingdom (is) to Ahura, which to the poor shall offer a nurturer - II. GAH RAPITHVIN 1. 1. Propitiation to Ahura Mazda. A blessing is Asha Vahista. I confess as a Mazda-worshipper, and of Zarathustra's order-for Rapithwina, the holy lord of the ritual order, for sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and for praise, and for Fradat-fshu and Zantuma, the holy lord(s) of the ritual order, for sacrifice, homage, Recited every day at the hour of Rapithwina. Digitized by Google

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382 GAH II. propitiation, and for praise. 2. And propitiation be to Asha Vahista, and to Ahura Mazda's Fire, for sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise'. 3, 4. (See Y. LXXI, 2, 3.) 5. And we sacrifice to the Rapithwina, the holy lord of the ritual order, and to the Gatha Ahunavaiti, the holy, and ruling in the ritual order; and to the Gatha Ustavaiti, and to the Gatha Spenta-mainyu, and to the Gatha Vohu-khshathra, and to the Gatha Vahistoisti, holy, and ruling in the ritual order. 6. And we sacrifice to Fradat-fshu, and to Zantuma, and to the Fshusho-mathra, even to the word correctly spoken, and we sacrifice to the (nany) words correctly spoken, even to the victorious ones which slay the Demongods (the Daevas 2). And we sacrifice to the waters and the lands, and to the plants, and to the heavenly Yazads who are givers of the holy and the good. And we sacrifice to the Bountiful Immortals, (the guardians) of the saints. 7. And we sacrifice to the good, heroic, bountiful Fravashis of the saints, and to the heights of Asha (called) Vahista, and to the greatest Mathras as moving us to action, the greatest as teaching faithfulness to holy vows, the greatest as referring to actions which are evidently just, and the greatest for the acquisition of the Mazdayasnian Faith. 8. And we sacrifice to that assembly and reunion which the Bountiful Immortals hold when they gather (?) on the heights of Heaven, for the sacrifice and homage of Zantuma, the lord. And we (therefore) sacrifice to Zantuma (as) the holy lord of the ritual order. 9. And we sacrifice 1 The Ahuna follows. ? Zarathustra conquered the Demon with the Ahuna-vairya. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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GAH 111. 383 to Asha Vahista (who is Righteousness the Best), and to the Fire, Ahura Mazda's son -- 10. Yea, we sacrifice to Thee, the Fire, Ahura Mazda's son, the holy ritual lord -- I bless the sacrifice, homage, strength, and swiftness of Asha Vahista, and of the Fire, of Ahura Mazda - And to this one be the glory! III. GAH UZIREN. 1. Propitiation to Ahura Mazda! A blessing is Asha Vahista--. I confess myself a Mazda yasnian of the order of Zarathustra, a foe to the Daevas, devoted to the lore of the Lord, for the Uzayeirina, the holy lord of the ritual order, for sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise, and for Fradat-vira and Dahvyuma, the holy lord(s) of the ritual order, for their sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise. 2. And to that lofty Ahura, Apam-napat, and to the waters which Mazda created be sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise?! 3, 4. (G. I, 3, 4.) 5. We sacrifice to the Uzayeirina, the holy lord of the ritual order. And we sacrifice to the Zaotar, the holy lord of the ritual order, and to the Havanan, and to the Atarevakhsha, and to the Frabaretar, and to the Aberet, and to the Asnatar, and the Raethwiskar, and to the Sraoshavareza, holy lords of the ritual order. 6. And we sacrifice to Fradat-vira and Dahvyuma, the holy lord of the ritual order. And we sacrifice to the stars, the moon, and the sun, and to the constellations (?), and we sacrifice to the stars without beginning (to their course ?), and to the glory of the doctrinal proclama * Recited every day at the hour of Uzayeirina. 2 The Ahung follows. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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384 GAH iv. tions which are the evil man's distress? 7. And we sacrifice to the manifest performer of the truth (the correct maintainer of the rites), the holy lord of the ritual order. And we sacrifice to the later lore; yea, we sacrifice to the manifest fulfiller of the truth, and to the (entire) creation of the holy (and the clean) by day and by night with Zaothras together with offered prayers, for the sacrifice and homage of Dahvyuma, the lord. And we sacrifice to Dahvyuma, the holy lord of the ritual order. 8. And we sacrifice to that lofty and royal lord, the brilliant Apamnapat of the fleet horses; and we sacrifice to the water which is Mazda-made and holy. 9, 10. And we sacrifice to thee, the Fire, Ahura Mazda's son. II! And I bless the sacrifice, homage, strength, and swiftness of that lofty Ahura Napat-apam, and of the water which Mazda created 4. IV. GAH AIWISRUTHRIMA 6. 1. Propitiation be to Ahura Mazda. A blessing is Asha Vahista -- I confess myself a Mazdayasnian, and of Zarathustra's order, a foe to the Daevas, devoted to the lore of the Lord, for Aiwisrathrima, and Aibigaya (r), the holy lord(s) of the ritual order, for their sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise, and for Fradat-vispam-huggaiti ? and Zarathustrotema, the holy lord(s) of the ritual order, for their sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise. 2. And to the 1 See Y. XLV, 7. 9 The Yenhe hatam here follows. * The Ahuna follows. The Ashem follows. Recited every day at the hour of Aiwisrathrima. * Or, that furthers life.' The genius presiding over all that furthers happiness. . The genius presiding over the highest office in a province. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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GAH IV. 385 Fravashis of the saints, and to the women who have many sons, and to that prosperity of home which lasts without reverse throughout the year, and to Strength, well-shaped and stately, and to the victorious Blow Ahura-given, and for the crushing Ascendency which it bestows, (to all) be propitiation--. 3, 4. (See Gah I, 3, 4.) 5. And we sacrifice to Aiwisrathrima (and) Aibigaya, the holy lord(s) of the ritual order, and to thee, O Ahura Mazda's Fire! And we sacrifice to the stone-mortar, and to the iron-mortar, and to this Baresman spread with sanctity, with the Zaothra, and with its girdle, holy lords of the ritual order. Also we sacrifice to the sacred two, to the waters and the plants, and to the sacred vows for the soul, (as) holy lord(s) of the ritual order. 6. Also we sacrifice to Fradat-vispam-hug yaiti (as) ruling in the ritual order; and we sacrifice to Zarathustra, the holy lord of the ritual; also we sacrifice to the Mathra Spenta, (the bounteous word of reason'), and to the soul of the Kine, and to the Zarathustrotema? 7. Also we sacrifice to the Firepriest, the holy lord of the ritual order, and to the charioteer (the warrior), the holy lord of the ritual order. Also we sacrifice to the thrifty tiller of the earth, the holy lord of the ritual order. And we sacrifice to the house-lord, and to the village-chief, and to the Zantu-chief, and to the province-chief of the province, the holy lord of the ritual order. 8. And we sacrifice to the youth of the good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, even to the youth of good conscience, the holy lord of the ritual order; yea, we 1 The Gathas and Vendidad; the first verse of the Gathas mentions the Kine's soul. 3.And to Zarathustra.' (31) CC Digitized by Digitized by Google

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386 GAH IV. sacrifice to the youth of the spoken word (who spoke the words which we hold so dear ), the holy lord of the ritual order. Yea, we sacrifice to the youth who is given to his kin (and married to his blood), the holy lord of the ritual order. And we sacrifice to him who ranges through the province ?, and to the itinerant with his many arts deg, the holy ritual lords. And we sacrifice to the house-mistress, holy, and ruling in the ritual order. 9. And we sacrifice to the holy woman forward * in good thoughts, and words, and deeds, receiving her instructions well, having her husband as her lord, the holy, and such as Aramaiti, the bounteous, is, and such as are thy wives, O Mazda, Lord! And we sacrifice to the holy man most forward in good thoughts, and words, and works, wise as to piety, simple as to sin, by whose deeds the settlements advance in the holy order, for the worship and homage of the Zarathustrotema, the lord. And we sacrifice to the Zarathustrotema, the holy lord of the ritual order. 10. And we sacrifice to the good, heroic, bountiful Fravashis of the saints, and to the women who have many sons, and to that Prosperity which endures throughout the year, and to the wellshaped and stately Strength. And we sacrifice to the Blow of Victory, Ahura-given, and to the crushing Ascendency which it secures. 11, 12. (See Gah I, 9, 10.) 13. (The Ahuna-vairya, &c.) * See Yast XXII. It is very probable that the Yasna was at that period celebrated from house to house, * Medical ? * Is it possibly, 'favouring good thoughts,' &c. ? Digitized by Digitized by Google

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GAH V. 387 V. GAH USHAHINI. 1. Propitiation to Ahura Mazda. I confess myself a Mazda-worshipper, of the order of Zarathustra, a foe to the Daevas, devoted to the lore of the Lord, for the Ushahina, for sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise, and to Beregya and Nmanya, the holy lord(s) of the ritual order. 2. Propitiation be to Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, endowed with recompense, smiting with the blow of victory, and causing the settlements to advance and to increase. 3, 4. (See Gah I, 3, 4.) 5. We sacrifice to Ushahina, the holy lord of the ritual order; and we sacrifice to the beautiful Aurora, and to the dawn of morning; yea, we sacrifice to the morning, the shining?, of the glittering horses, having the men of forethought (as its servants), yea, having men of forethought and heroes (awake and at their work), to the morning which gives light within the house 8. And we sacrifice to the lights of dawn which are radiant with their light and fleetest horses which sweep over (?) the sevenfold earth. And we sacrifice to Ahura Mazda, the holy lord of the ritual order, and to the Good Mind, and to Asha Vahista (who is Righteousness the Best), and to Khshathra-vairya, and to Aramaiti, the bounteous and the good. 6. And we sacrifice to Beregya, even the holy lord of the ritual order, even to Nmanya with the longing desire for the good Asha, and with the longing desire for the good Mazdayasnian law, for the worship * Recited every day at the hour of Ushahina. ? So, better than royal,' which is, however, possible. Or, while it abides.' CC 2 Digitized by Digitized by Google

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388 GAH v. and homage of Nmanya, the lord. 7. And we sacrifice to Sraosha, and to Rashnu, the most just, and to Arstat, who causes the settlements to advance and to increase. 8, 9. (See Gah I, 9, 10.) 10. And I bless the sacrifice, homage, strength, and swiftness of Sraosha (Obedience) the blessed, endowed with sanctity, smiting with the blow of victory, and who causes the settlements to advance; and I bless the sacrifice of Rashnu, the most just, and that of Arstat, who causes the settlements to advance and to increasel * The Ashem and the Ahmai raeska. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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MISCELLANEOUS FRAGMENTS. 1. (An incitation to the priest or worshipper.) As thou keepest company with the Good Mind, and with Righteousness the Best, and with Khshathravairya (the Kingdom to be desired), speak to the male and female disciples of Zarathustra Spitama the saint, (and declare) the praise which is to be spoken, that of the Yasna, even the words against which no anger shall prevail. 2. And do thou, O Zarathustra >! declare our words for sacrifice and worship, ours, the Bountiful Immortals', that the waters may (thus) be sacrificed to by thee, and the plants, the Fravashis of the saints, and the created Yazads, heavenly and earthly, which are holy and beneficent. 1. I confess myself a Mazda-worshipper-for the praise of Thraetaona, the Athwyan. Let them declare it Propitiation be to the Fravashi of Thraetaona, the Athwyan, the saint. 2. We sacrifice to Thraetaona, the Athwyan, the holy lord of the ritual order ; and may we be free from the dog Kuro 3, and the Tarewani?and the Karpan, (we who are) of those who sacrifice in order. 3. (The Ahuna 1 Others the unrestricted words. ? Perhaps * Zarathustra' is here merely the equivalent of " priest. Obscure. 4 Awkward formations. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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390 MISCELLANEOUS FRAGMENTS. follows.) Sacrifice, homage, strength, and swiftness be to the Fravashi of Thraetaona, the saint. (The Ahem and Ahmai raeska follow.) III. 1. All good thoughts, and all good words, and all good deeds are thought, and spoken, and done with intelligence; and all evil thoughts, and words, and deeds are thought, and spoken, and done with folly. 2. And let (the men who think, and speak, and do) all good thoughts, and words, and deeds inhabit Heaven (as their home). And let those who think, and speak, and do evil thoughts, and words, and deeds abide in Hell. For to all who think good thoughts, speak good words, and do good deeds, Heaven, the best world, belongs. And this is evident, and as of course (?) (or, and therewith their seed'). IV. 1. I proclaim the Airyema-ishyd as the greatest of all authoritative prayers, O Spitama ! as the most influential and helpful for progress; and may the Saoshyants (who would further us) use it and revere it. 2. I am speaking in accordance with it, O Spitama! and therefore I shall rule as sovereign over creatures which are mine, I who am Ahura Mazda. Let no one rule as Angra Mainyuover realms that are his own, O Zarathustra Spitama! 3. Let Angra Mainyu be hid beneath the earth 8. Let the Daevas likewise 1 Ashaeta=a + shaeta used subjunctively. Insert of the evil faith.' * In Y. IX, 14, 15, it is the Ahuna-vairya which drives the Daevas beneath the earth. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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MISCELLANEOUS FRAGMENTS. 391 disappear. Let the dead arise (unhindered by these foes), and let bodily life be sustained in these now lifeless bodies. 1. To Ahura Mazda, the radiant, the glorious, to the Bountiful Immortals, to Force well-shaped and stately, to the Blow of Victory, Ahura-given, to the Victorious Ascendency (which it secures), to the path of pleasantness, to the good Zarenumant, to the Glowing' Mountain made by Mazda, and to all the Yazads! 2. We sacrifice to Ahura Mazda, the radiant, the glorious, and to the Bountiful Immortals who rule aright, who dispose (of all) aright, and to Force well-shaped and stately, and to the Blow of Victory, and to the Ascendency of Victory, and to the path of pleasantness, and to Zarenumant, the good, which Mazda created, and to the 'Glowing' Mount, and to every saint. VI Propitiation be to the created body of the Kine of blessed endowment, and to the Kine's soul (so, if there is one cow presented ). Propitiation be to the body and soul of you two (so, if there are two ). -To your body and soul (if there are three, or the entire herd ). (The Ahuna follows.) * According to the Bundahis, the name of a lake * This fragment was spoken when the milk was drawn from the cow, or cows, for the offering, and when the water was received with which the udder of the cow was to be washed. (Sp. transl. vol. ii, p. 254.) * These words are in Persian introduced as rubric. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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392 MISCELLANEOUS FRAGMENTS. VII. 1. To the good waters, and to all the waters which Mazda created, and to that lofty lord, Apam-napat, and to thee, O Ahurian One of Ahura, that water which Mazda created ! be sacrifice, homage, propitiation, and praise. (The Ahuna follows.) 2. We utter our praises forth to thee, O Ahurian One of Ahura! and we complete good sacrifices, and deeds of adoration, with good gifts of offering, and gifts with praise, which are appropriate to thee among the holy Yazads. I will seek to render thee content. I will pour thee out. (Let them now recite the lofty Gathas which belong to the ritual.] VIII 1. The moons* of the season will wane. Let the Mazdayasnian (pray) for a smiter who may destroy quickly (the demon who causes their decrease). And quickly indeed may the malignant one die off--. For no one of her adherents can maintain this Drug(k) by prayers. 2. Smiting fiercely: with her weapon, she, the Drug(k), goes on, and most mighty she has been. And she wanders on, O Zarathustra ! as mindful of her might, and strong * in proportion as she advances * This was to be spoken when the vessel containing the Zaothras was taken in hand (Sp.). * This fragment is very much broken in its connections, and most corrupt in its grammatical forms. The translation is entirely conjectural. Section IX has also irregularities. Some form of dva may be conjectured. With her weapon.' Digitized by Digitized by Google

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MISCELLANEOUS FRAGMENTS. 393 as the sinful Drug(k). But may Khshathra e be with me-, so that .... the deadly one may die away, for thereupon the blow of destruction shall come upon the Drug(k) 2. IX. 1. The Ahuna-vairya is a prayer to be (revered and) chosen as the choice one of Mazda. The Khshathra-vairya is likewise such, and the Ya daena 3. They (it) will gain the reward. Yatha aho vairyo. It is the word of Mazda. They are the words in season. It is the Mathra-spenta word, the unsubdued, the undeceived, the victorious, the opponent of malice, the healing and victorious word of Mazda, which, as it is pronounced 4, gives most the victory to him who utters it. 2. I have declared the hymn which is most helpful and victorious against the words of Aeshma, which is healthgiving and healing, and conducive to progress, the multiplier, and the furtherer of growth. And let the worshipper present it with a liberal offering .... with its pleasing words. Let that be done through veritable grace which helps us on the most. The Kingdom (is) to Ahura, which to the poor may grant a nurturer Khshathraka? * See Y. XXX, 10. So I conjecture as the commencing words of some piece. * 'For healing.' Y. L, 11. * Last line of the Ahuna. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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INDEX Aeshma, page xix, xxi, 161, 280, 393. Aethrapaiti, 279, 318, 323. Aethrya, 323. Age of the Gathas, &c., xxviii-xxxvii; age as compared with one an other, xxvii, 92. Agni, so, 129. Abi, 233 Ahuna-vairya, 2, 194, 227, 228, 254, 260, 261, 264, 293, 303, 309, 313, 336, 349, 354, 336, 357, 360, 364, 372, 374, 375, 384, 386, 391, 392, 393. Ahunavaiti(9), xxvii, 2, 3, 91, 92, 336, 339, 373, 382. Aburian, 287, 320, 371, 372, 373, 337, 392. Ahd, 228, 230, 255, 259, 262, 281, 309, 323, 336, 357, 372, 381, Aibigaya, 197, 201, 204, 209, 215, 119, 384, 385. Airyema-ishy8, 293, 337, 340, 364, 380, 390. Airyena Vaegah, 135. Aiwisrathrima, 197, 301, 304, 309, 215, 219, 224, 379, 384, 385. Aka Manah, xviii, xix, 60. Alborg, 19. Alexander, xl. Ameretatat, 66, 76, 207, 211, 213, 226, 227, 228, 252, 256. Amesha Spenta, xxx, 281, 327, 345, 351, 363. Ameshospends, 11, 13, 14, 37, 145, 148, 369; (bidden to approach, 77). Andhita, XXX. Angra Mainyu, xxx, 25, 110, 233, 272, 298, 312, 390. Apam-napat, 197, 204, 209, 215, 219, 224, 319, 326, 331, 346, 351, 362, 381, 383, 384, 393. Arda Viraf, xl. Ardibahist, 367. Ardvi Sara Anahita, 316, 336, 340. Arezahi, 349. Armenian, xlii. Arsacids, xli. Arstat, 198, 205, 209, 215, 230, 234, 256, 345, 388. Arsti, 306. Artaxerxes Mnemon, XXX. Artaxerxes, the Sasanian, xli. Aryan, x, xviii, xxiv, xlii, 1. Asha, xxiv, 3, 5, 6, 7, 12, 14, 15, 16, 33, 39, 44, 68, 77, 89, 94, 127, 157, 159, 161, 163, 164, 165, 168, 176, 182, 191, 325, 248, 295, 301, 311, 368, 387. Asha Vahista, 2, 201, 218, 267, 268, 281, 309, 312, 325, 329, 339, 363, 374, 382, 383, 384. Ashem Voh, 293, 356. Ashi, 200, 345. Ashi Vanguhi, 206, 211. Asiatic Commentaries, xxxvii xliii. Asnya, 196, 219, 223, 368, 379. Aurora, 114, 175, 387. Authorship of the Gathas, xxiii, 2, 167-169, 173. Avesta, xxix, xxx, xxxiii, XXXV, xxxix, xli, xlii, xlvi, xlvii, 15, 17, 40, 51, 68, 71, 78, 88, 126, 167, 184, 185, 282, 293, 337, 353, 361, Ayara, 379. Ayathrima, 198, 205, 210, 216, 210, 224, 335, 338, 368, 370, 372. Azhi Dahaka, 233. Aberet, 341, 383. Adarbad Mahraspend, xli. Afrinagan, ix, 367. Aramaiti(1), xii, 14, 15, 37, 32, 33, 46, 58, 77, 87, 88, 101, 109, 124, 126, 146, 148, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156, 159, 167, 176, 180, Arani, 41. Archangels, xxiv, 27, 124, 178. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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396 INDEX 186, 191, 256, 257, 269, 311, 325, 342, 360, 361, 386. Asnatar, 342, 383. Atarevakhsha, 255, 341, 343, 383. Atharvan, 251. Athwya, 333, 389. Demi-gods, 4, 85, 240, 260. Dog, 389. Dragon, xxvi, 233, 234, 239, 322. Draogha, xxx. Drug (Drug), xix, 33, 35, 40, 160, 163, 192, 233, 313, 392, 393. Dualism, xix, 25, 26, 123. Erethe, 226. Babylon, xxxv. Bactria, xxviii, xxix, xxxii, xxxv. Bagahya, xxx. Bardiya, xxxv. Baresman, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 213, 246, 253, 270, 299, 309, 314, 315, 331, 338, 339, 340, 341, 346, 349, 350, 354, 374, 381. Battle, 39, 50, 110, 118, 154, 163, 189. Bebistun, xxix, xxxv. Bendva, xxvi, 160, 162, 163. Beregya, perhaps better as adj., 197, 205, 209, 215, 220, 224, 387. Bridge, 140, 154, 183, 194, 261. Bundahis, 37, 360, 391. Burial, xxxi. Bashyasta, 346. Captivity, xlvi. Conversion of all men, 41. Cow, 45, 391. Creation, 108, 196. Cremation, xxxi. Croesus, xxxi. Cuneiform Ins., xxix, xxxiv. Cyrus, xxxv. Fire, 41, 80, 84, 95, 96, 100, 102, 116, 132, 138, 147, 150, 177, 182, 196, 199, 204, 206, 208, 209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 216, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 127, 258, 260, 270, 271, 272, 274, 275, 276, 277, 281, 284, 285, 314, 315, 316, 319, 320, 323, 325, 331, 346, 348, 351, 353, 358, 360, 374, 375, 381, 383, 384, 385. Fire priest, 243. - Berezi-savangha, 258. -Spenista, 358. - Urvazista, 258. - Vazista, 258. - Vohu-fryana, 258. Frabaretar, 341, 383. Frangrasyan, 346. Frashakard, 27, 82, 96, 101. Frashaostra, xxvi, xxviii, 14, 15, 22, 69, 76, 92, 133, 142, 153, 161, 165, 168, 169, 185, 190, 247, 250, 327, 330. Fravashi, 27, 32, 197, 199, 201, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 212, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 223, 224, 227, 244, 255, 256, 259, 272, 273, 275, 278, 279, 281, 286, 294, 296, 309, 311, 317, 319, 324, 327, 338, 331, 345, 351, 352, 358, 362, 374, 381, 382, 385, 386. Fradat-fshu, 197, 204, 209, 215, 219, 123, 373, 381, 382. Fradat-vira, 197, 204, 209, 215, 219, 224, 383. Fradar-vispam-hugyaiti, 204, 209, 215, 219, 224, 384, 385. Fryana, 133, 141, 190. Fshusho-mathra, 303, 306, 310, 337, 341, 382. Daena, 124, 126, 155, 161, 165, 169, 189. Daeva, xix, xx, xxi, 8, 26, 27, 39, 51, 54, 57, 58, 59, 70, 85, 110, 111, 121, 122, 129, 132, 153, 160, 161, 164, 189, 199, 202, 211, 212, 231, 235, 236, 241, 247, 249, 260, 272, 280, 281, 292, 301, 302, 305, 306, 317, 322, 366, 371, 379, 387, 390. Dahaka, 233, 245. Dabuyuma (Dahyuma), 197, 204, 209, 215, 219, 224, 251, 259, 278, 337, 384. Dakhma, xxxi. Darius, xxx, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvii. Daughter, 37, 92, 123, 146. Gahanbar, 367. Ganrak Minavad, 35. Digitized by Google Digitized by

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INDEX. 397 250. Garddman, 19, 109, 170, 173, 184, Hukairya, 317. 345. Hvaniratha, 305, 349. Gaya Maretan, 252, 260, 324, 362. Hvogva, xxvi, xxviii, 92, 94, 133, Gah, ix, 373, 379. 142, 185. Gatha(a), ix-xlvii, 1-194, 195, 208, 213, 214, 230, 231, 243, 270, Immortality, 94. 281, 282, 293, 295, 299, 329, India, xxxii, 137. 330, 331, 336, 337, 339, 340, Indo-aryans, xxxiii. 351, 356, 372, 373, 392. Inscriptions, xxx, xxxiv. Geus Urvan, 11. Iran, xxxvii, 137. Gnostic, xiv, xx, xlvi, 71. Irano-aryans, xxxiii. Grehma, xxvi, 63, 64. Isha-khshathra, 97. Israel, 160. Gaini, 192, 242. Isti, 97, 135. Gamaspa, xxvi, xxviii, 76, 94, 143, 153, 166, 168, 169, 185, 247, Kabvaredhas, 312. Karpans, xxvi, 63, 65, 66, 121, 140, 158, 177, 184, 236, 389. Hadhaokhdha, 337, 341. Karshvar, 58, 305, 313, 317, 349. Hadhanaepata, 208, 270, 316, 320, Kavis, xxvi, 56, 64, 65, 66, 121, 140, 321, 350. 142, 183, 185, 186, 190, 236, Haekat-aspa, xxvi, 142, 191. 247, 250, 273. Hamaspathmaedhaya, 198, 205, 210, Kayadha, 301, 313, 342. 316, 320, 325, 335, 338, 370, Kaidhya, 301. 372. Keresani, 237. Hamestaga, 72. Keresaspa, 234. Haoma, 158, 208, 213, 214, 227, 228, Khrafstra, 30, 85, 87, 260, 281. 230, 231, 232, 233, 235-246, 271, Khshathra, xxiv, 12, 14, 33, 55, 128, 302, 321, 347, 349, 350, 353, 146, 152, 162, 178. 354, 374, 375. Khshathra-vairya, 182, 256, 325, 361, Haoma-water, 208, 227, 228, 270, 387, 389. 271. Kine, xix, xx, cp. xxix, 14, 36, 38, Haptanghaiti(i), 91, 247, 281, 303, 44, 46, 55, 56, 62, 63, 65, 69, 72, 330, 336, 340, 380. 73, 82, 90, 111, 114, 121, 131, Haraiti, 241, 302, 303. 135, 136, 137, 146, 147, 148, Haurvadad, 119. 149, 152, 171, 176, 177, 180, Haurvatat, 66, 76, 207, 211, 213, 184, 196, 226, 227, 244, 248, 226, 228, 252, 256. 249, 259, 262, 283, 286, 307, Havan, 379. 310, 320, 325, 332, 346, 348, Havanan, 341, 383. 363, 385, 391. Havani, 196, 198, 101, 103, 105, 207, Kuro, 389. 209, 210, 211, 212, 215, 219, 322, 123, 226, 231, 254, 367, Kinvat Bridge, 141, 161, 173, 183, 368, 372, 379, 380. 331, 345, 367. Heaven, a spiritual state, xx, xlvii, Kisti, 152, 177, 200, 211, 226, 347. 25, 30. Hegelianism, xix. Last judgment, 95, 100. Hell, a spiritual state, xx, xlvii, 25, 30. Magavan, 70. Heptade, xvij. Maghavan, 75. Herodotus, xxix, xxx, xxxv, 69, Magi, xxxv. 130. Magian, xxxi, 185, 318. Historical character of the Gathas, Magic, 239. xxvi, 1. Maidhyairya, 198, 205, 210, 216, 210, Hoshanggi G., 240, 251. 225, 335, 338, 368, 370, 372. Hom Yat, 13. Maidhyo-mah, xxvi, xxviii, 186. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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398 INDEX. Padokhshah, 273. Paederast, 183. Pairika, 257. Paitishahya, 198, 205, 310, 316, 220, 234, 335, 338, 368, 370, 372. Pantheism, xviii. Paradise, 71, 143, 261. Parahaoma, 208, 214. Parendi, 251, 346. Parsi, xxxix, xl, 48, 108. Paitirasp, 235. Perozes, xxii. Persepolis, xxix, xl. Persian, xi, xxxi, xxxix, xl, xlii, xlvi, 6, 34, 69. Personification of Ameshospends, xxiv. Place of Origin of the Gathas, xxviii Xxxii. Pleiades, 238. Pourukista, 191. Pourushaspa, 235. Pungab, xxxiii. Maidhye-shema, 198, 205, 210, 216, 320, 114, 335, 338, 368, 369, 372. Maidhyo-zaremaya, 198, 205, 210, 316, 320, 334, 335, 338, 368, 369, 372. Marriage song, 187. Maruts, 108. Mazainya, 280. Mazdaism, xxix seq. Mazdayasnian, 206, 217, 225, 229, 238, 247, 253, 256, 270, 272, 277, 282, 323, 328, 343, 344, 345, 347, 349, 351, 354, 355, 357, 368, 369, 370, 382, 383, 387. Mazendran, 305. Mah-ru, 246. Mahya, 198, 205, 220, 224, 368, 379. Mazanian, 302. Mathra, xx, 10, 15, 21, 25, 37, 74, 105, 110, 119, 123, 126, 172, 173, 174, 176, 179, 181, 185, 199, 206, 208, 213, 214, 217, 218, 237, 238, 238, 256, 259, 266, 267, 272, 277, 290, 297, 301, 305, 306, 307, 310, 328, 339, 341, 349, 355, 360, 362, 374, 375, 380, 382, 385, 393. Medes, xxxi. Medha, 8, 9, 104. Media, xxxiv, xxxv. Metres, xviii, xlii, 133. Mithra, xxx, 196, 199, 204, 205, 209, 210, 216, 219, 220, 223, 225, 256, 371, 319, 326, 337, 346, 351, 379, 380, 381. Mobad, 341, 342. Mohammed, 160. Moon, 113. Mortar, 370, 350, 354, 355, 374, 385. Mount Alborg, 19. Moghu, 185. Murakas, 245. Myazdas, 207, 214, 226, 228, 229, 350, 368, 369, 370, 371. Nairya-sangha, 258, 398, 331, 345, 353, 381. Neryosangh, xii, xiv, xxxix. Nmanya, 197, 205, 209, 215, 220, 224, 387, 388. Raethwiskar, 342, 383. Ragha, xxviii, xxix. Rakshas, 249. Rapithwina, 197, 201, 204, 209, 215, 219, 223, 367, 373, 374, 379, 381, 382. Rasastat, 200, 211, 217, 226. Rashnu, 198, 205, 209, 215, 210, 214, 256, 319, 326, 345, 351, .358, 388. Raspi, 246. Ratu, 3, 12, 41, 66, 71, 73, 78, 101, 146, 163, 176, 177, 180, 208, 213, 228, 230, 246, 250, 253, 254, 259, 262, 309, 323, 336, 340, 343, 357, 369, 370, 371, 372. Ratufriti, 344. Rama, 163. Raman Hvastra, 196, 204, 209, 256, 271, 323, 337, 340, 379, 380. Recompense to the good and evil, 34, 35, 52, Too, 161, 167. Renovation of the world, 33, 82, 90, 131. Resurrection, 391. Rig-veda, xxxvi, xxxvii, xl, xlv, 35, 114, 139, 162, 199, 233. Riks, xv, xxxvi, xxxviii, xlv, 30, 34, 70, 80, 315. Rishi, 91. Omniscience of Ahura, 47, 101. Origin of evil, xix, 25, 29, 30, 31. Originality of the Gatbas, xx. Digitized by Google

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INDEX, 399 Ushahina, 197, 202, 205, 209, 215, 219, 224, 379, 387. Ushi-darena, 200, 206, 211, 225, 259, 277. Usig(k), xxvi, 121. Ustavaiti(i), xxvii, 91, 92, 331, 336, 340, 359, 373, 382. Usta, 7, 91. Uzayeirina, 197, 301, 204, 209, 215, 319, 224, 379, 383. Sadduceeism, xxxii. Saoshyant, 71, 82, 101, 114, 119, 131, 132, 136, 153, 158, 176, 189, 191, 232, 250, 266, 309, 339, 343, 344, 350, 352, 362, 390. Sasanids, xxii. Satan, 26, 54. Savahis, 349. Saviours, 89, 94, 131, 133, 189. Samas, 233. Savanghi, 196, 201, 202, 304, 307, 209, 212, 215, 219, 232, 233, 254, 367, 379, 380. Sayana, xl. Scyths, xxxii. Shapur 11, xli. Snaithis, 110, 123, 305. Soma, 158, 231. Sovereignty of Ahura, 8. Spenista fire, 258. Spenta mainyu, 45, 67, 70, 83, 106, 145, 199, 200, 210, 211, 216, 217, 225, 226, 229, 272, 277. Spenta-mainyu Gatha, xxvii, 92, 145, 307, 337, 340, 360, 373, 381, 382. Spitami, 191. Spitama (Spitama), xxvi, xxviii, 92, 133, 141, 182, 186, 188, 190, 212, 218, 227, 255, 264, 299, 313, 315, 325, 339, 351, 353, 370, 374, 375, 389, 390. Sraosha (transl. Obedience), 15, 20, 74, 93, 95, 96, 97, 101, 103, 104, 105, 127, 197, 205, 208, 209, 212, 215, 218, 221, 222, 214, 254, 256, 271, 274, 280, 296, 297-306, 311, 319, 320, 325, 326, 352, 353, 357, 358, 388. Sraoshavareza, 342, 383. Srosh Yast, 296, 297. Staota Yesnya, 294, 331. Texts, xliv, Thraetaona, 233, 389, 390. Tistrya, 199, 210, 216, 225, 256, 280. Tradition, xii. Traitana, 233 Trisbrup, xliii, 91, 145, 162. Turanian, xxi, 133, 141, 188, 346. Unicorn (), 291. Urvakhshaya, 334. Urvazista, 258. Vahista Manah, 31, 66. Vahistoisti(i), 293, 337, 340, 361, 373, 382. Varenya, 280. Varesa, 349. Vayu, xix, 189, 192, 193, 271, 272. Veda, xxix, xxxix, xliv, 14, 32, 102, 136, 143, 164. Vedic, x, xv, xxix, xxxvi, xliii, xlvi, 14, 32, 103, 136, 143, 164. Vendidad, xxiji, xxvi, xxx, xxxiii, 1, 78, 81, 95, 110, 149. Vendidad Sadah, 17, 195, 335, 355, 356, 358, 359, 361, 363. Verethraghna, 337, 340, 350, Visparad, ix, 332, &c. Vivasvat, 332. Vidadhafshu, 349. Vidhatu, 304. Vis, 259, 35, 343.. Vistaspa, xxv, xxviii, xxix, xxxiii, 14, 15, 32, 69, 76, 133, 142, 153, 166, 168, 169, 170, 185, 186, 190, 247, 250. Visya, 196, 202, 204, 209, 212, 215, 219, 223, 251, 367, 379, 380. Vivanghusba, 61. Vivanghvant, 233. Vohu-fryana, 258. Vohu-khshathra, 337, 340, 361, 373, 382. Vohu Manah, xii, xxiv, 5, 12, 16, 33, 66, 127, 148, 154, 162, 256, 352, 354. Vologeses I, xli. Vouru-kasha, 317, 321, 346. Thrita, 233. Waters, 286, 316, 393. Yama, 232. Yasna, ix, 1, 91, 195. Yast, 1. Yazad, 207, 209, 212, 218, 227, 255, 258, 259, 272, 306, 320, 327, Digitized by Digitized by Google

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400.... INDEX. 328, 331, 337, 347, 348, 374, 380, 389, 391, 393. Yairya, 198, 368, 379. Yenhe batam, 228, 268, 281, 336. Yima, 61, 232. Zand, 40, 356. Zandas, 313 Zantu, 230, 251, 315, 342, 373, 385. Zantuma, 197, 204, 209, 215, 219, 123, 259, 373, 381, 382. Zaotar, 149, 213, 228, 230, 246, 254, 342, 343, 383. Zaothra, 203, 204, 206, 207, 213, 214, 255, 309, 331, 323, 338, 339, 340, 341, 350, 384, 385. Zarathustra, personal history, xxiii, xxiv; call, 9; unfavourable reception, 5, 11, 101, 103; consecration to Ahura, 79, 108; suf fering, 93,134; trust in Ahura, 81. Zarathustrotema, 197, 204, 209, 215, 124, 259, 331, 337, 347, 384, 385, 386. Zarenumant, 391. Zendiks, 313. In addition to the occurrences cited above, the words aeshma, aka manah, ameretatat, amesha spenta, asha, ashi vangubi, asnya, aramaiti, atharvan, drug, frashakard, ganrak minavad, haurvatat, isti, khshathra, kinvat, kisti, mazda yasnian, mahya, mathra, ratu, spenta mainyu, sraosha, vahista manah, verethraghna, visya, vohu manah, zaotar occur as translated. With regard to the subject indexed as the originality of the Gathas, it is not intended to deny that the original migrations of the entire Aryan race may have been from the North-west. On page 198 read Maidhyo-shema, Maidhyo-zaremaya; p. 204, -gyaiti; P. 209, "tyaite. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS ADOPTED FOR THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. MISSIONARY ALPHABET. (31) CONSONANTS. Sanskrit. Zend. Pehlevi. Persian Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese. I Class II Class. III Class. Gutturales. 1 Tenuis ....... 2 , aspirata .. 3 Media ....... 4 , aspirata ....... 5 Gutturo-labialis ...... a ::: 9 . . . 6 Nasalis ......... 13 (ng) :::Mbey : 492 (ng)|:::|:: . W (N) :::::::suto ::::9 : 5:ng : --www: ARAMA: EZCAE: --www Dd h, hs 7 Spiritus asper....... , lenis ........ >> esper faucalis ... lenis faucalis ... 11 ,, asper fricatus .... 12 >> lenis fricatus .... :::: TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPARX E 1: 404 CALIFORNIA OCESE !' iis o :: Digitized by Google Gutturales modificatae (palatales, &c.) 13 Tenuis ......... 14 ,, aspirata ....... 15 Media .......... 16 , aspirata . . . , Nasalis. : 2:a:: www: ww :::: ::

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MISSIONARY ALPHABET. CONSONANTS (continued) Sanskrit. Zend. Pehlevi. Persian Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese. 402 I Class. 11 Class III Class. 18 Semivocalis... yn yo :4: 22 19 Spiritus asper...... 20 lenis ...... 21 >> asper assibilatus. lenis assibilatus Dentales. 23 Tenuis ...... 24 aspirata ...... 25 , assibilata .. 26 Media ...... 27 , aspirata .... 28 , assibilata .... 29 Nasalis .......... 30 Semivocalis ....... 31 >> mollis 1... mollis 2... 33 Spiritus asper 1... 34 >> asper 2.. 35 . lenis .. 36 , asperrimus 1 asperrimus 2 .. TH ::3 ::37 9:02: 1: 0 ::?:933 1. 17:13:23: - TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS DH :: :: 4 : 84 31 24:44:42 Digitized by Google 32 s z z (3) 3, zh

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op out of Dentales modificatae (linguales, &c.) 38 Tenuis ........ 39 , aspirata ...... 40 Media ........ 41 , aspirata .... 42 Nasalis ........... 43 Semivocalis ........ fricata .... tricata....! 45 diacritica .. 46 Spiritus asper.. 47 lenis ........ :::::-::: 44 :: H : Labiales. 48 Tenuis .......... 49 aspirata ...... 50 Media .......... 51 ,, aspirata ... 52 Tenuissima...... 53 Nasalis ..... 54 Semivocalis ..... 55 ,, aspirata ... 56 Spiritus asper ...... 57 , lenis ......... 58 Anusvara ......... 59 Visarga ............ : : &:Le : : : ::ger : -::L5e : C: 6 : 2 do :::-:::: **:'3::::: 3:11::: : 9:::::::: AMAN::::: : ::::.: :21: : FOR THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. 4 A.:::*:Sasa DO: EBRO: Digitized by Google 403 .

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MISSIONARY ALPHABET. Sanskrit. VOWELS. Zend. Pehlevi. Persian Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese. I Class II Class. Ill Class. :::: 404 w init. : :::::: ~::::en] 1 Neutralis .......... 2 Laryngo-palatalis ..... 3 , labialis ...... 4 Gutturalis brevis ... 5 longa ... 6 Palatalis brevis ... 7 longa ..... 8 Dentalis brevis ....... 9 , longa ..... 10 Lingualis brevis ...... 11 , longa ...... 12 Labialis brevis ....... 13 , longa ....... 14 Gutturo-palatalis brevis . . 15 ,, longa .. e (ai) (e 16 Diphthongus gutturo-palatalis di (ai ei (ci) oi (ou) 19 Gutturo-labialis brevis . ... 0 >> longa .... | 8 (au) (0) 21 Diphthongus gutturo-labialis au | (au) eu (cu) Jou(ou) 24 Gutturalis fracta ..... 25 Palatalis fracta ....... 26 Labialis fracta ........ 27 Gutturo-labialis fracta .... 0 :::29:E::::: :: 44: :: mms WA 4 mal 14 : : 1 :vylib: 1: :yuli bi : : : :mlt::ob : : : : :1 In bal : : : : :/4: ::: ::sich :::::: lol: : : :14: : : : : : : : : : : : TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS. 17 ) 20 (au) s` | Digitized by Google 23 >> :::: :: .

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HOME USE CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT MAIN LIBRARY This book is due on the last date stamped below. 1-month loans may be renewed by calling 642-3405. 6-month loans may be recharged by bringing books to Circulation Desk. Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date. ALL BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO RECALL 7 DAYS AFTER DATE CHECKED OUT. DEC 2 2 1974 17 RCD CRC DE NOY 22'? AUTO OISE MAYAY PL91990 LD21-A-40m-5,74 (R8191L) General Library University of California Berkeley

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YC 54595 U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES C0226 74806

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Google This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project to make the world's books discoverable online. It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover. Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you. Usage guidelines Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying. We also ask that you: + Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for personal, non-commercial purposes. + Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help. + Maintain attribution The Google "watermark" you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it. + Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe. About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at http://books.google.com/

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UC-NRLF B 3 022 011

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- =- = -= - = -= -= " + " Digitized by Google

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THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST [37] Digitized by Google

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London HENRY FROWDE DOM MA NVS TIO ILLINEN OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE AMEN CORNER, E.C. Digitized by Google

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THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST TRANSLATED BY VARIOUS ORIENTAL SCHOLARS AND EDITED BY F. MAX MULLER VOL. XXXVII F. : UNTVE "TY Orford AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1892 ( All rights reserved ] Digitized by Google

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RIESE, Oxford PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS SY HORACR HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY Digitized by Google

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PAHLAVI TEXTS TRANSLATED BY E. W. WEST PART IV CONTENTS OF THE NASKS Orford AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1892 [All rights reserved] Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. . . . . INTRODUCTION . . . . Abbreviations used in this volume PAGE . XXIX . xlix CHAP. . * . . . 10 12 13 CONTENTS OF THE NASKS. DINKARD, Book VIII. 1. Classification, names, and divisions of the Nasks 2. Sadkar Nask 3. Varstmansar Nas 4. Bako Nask 5. Damdad Nask . . 13 6. Nadar Nask: only the Avesta extant . 7. Pagag Nask: meat-offering, preparations, and priests for season-festivals; ($ 10) periods of day and year, fravardikan days; gathering herbs, chastisement of sinners, 33 chieftainships, apostasy; ($ 20) almsgiving, summer and winter, calamity of a century, months. . . 8. Rado-dad-astag Nask . . . . . . . 9. Baris Nask: good and evil; advantages and disadvan tages of the period . . . . . . . 20 10. Kaskisrobo Nask . . . . . . . 23 11. Vistasp-sasto Nask: particulars about Kai-Vistasp, visit of the archangels to him, and his war with Argasp . 23 12. Vastag Nask: not extant . . . . . . 25 13. Kitradad Nask : races and monarchs from Gayomard to Zaratust; ($ 17) the Sasanians and some leaders of religion . . . . . . . . . 25 14. Spend Nask: birth and life of Zaratust, his vision of the past, future, and other world ; ($ 12) his posthumous sons, the future apostles, . . . . 31 15. Bakan-yast Nask: worship of the sacred beings and duties of the worshippers . . . . . . 34 Digitized by Google

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viii CONTENTS. snAR. PAGE 16. Patkar-radistan section of the Nikadum Nask: misery from sin and assault, kinds of assault and magisterial enquiry; ($ 13) punishment without enquiry, counter assault . . . . . . . . . 35 17. Zatamistan section of the same : assault and its conse quences, begging and beneficence, perversion, using weapons, conflict through assault, tumult, false-teach ing, starving, spells, and threats, by men, women, and children; ill-treatment of slaves, compensation the only atonement, responsibility of fathers for crimes of children . . . . . . . . 39 18. Reshistan section of the same: kinds of wounds, scourg ing, 76 members of the body, effects of assaults, modes of assaulting, description of a wound and the weapon, curing wounds . . . . . . . 41 19. Hamemalistan section of the same: various accusations, true and false, and retribution for the offences; pollution, a young woman well taught, slander, care of a pregnant woman, a householder neglecting his family, opinions of quiet and unquiet people; ($ 10) cowardice, impenitence, sin of priests, retribution, authority of priests, punishment of judges, illegal action of plaintiff, seizing purity of foreigners, those worthy of death, confession; ($ 21) assault with a weapon, curing a wounded person who afterwards dies, security taken from defendant, procrastination by plaintiff, mediation, assaults furious and harmless, punishment of a child for sin, interpretation, signs of approval by the dying; ($ 31) undefined assault, killing a foreigner, great hinderers, indiscriminate assault, a frontier governor, striking the living and dead, timber and firewood, atonement and ordeals, physicians, mutilating a horse ; (8 41) a wound as evidence of crime, modes of using a weapon, assault and retribution, incarceration, pulling a steed's tail, threats and spells, various plaints and plaintiffs, pleadings inconsistent with accusations; ($ 50) master unfriendly to disciple, arresting and prosecuting a thief, the good to be treated like oneself, when carrying off property becomes theft, native and foreign thieves, why the foreigner is unfettered, assail Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. CHAP. PAGE ants to be restrained, renunciation of sin, avoiding one worthy of death; (8 60) informing about a righteous man, giving weapons to generals and governors, execu tion and reprieve of one worthy of death, witchcraft. 43 20. Fifth section of the same : an armed man riding to attack another, overhearing talk of murder or robbery, how to act when a companion murders, saving one worthy of death for medical purposes, legal argument unnecessary only when the judge is a supreme priest, unauthorised combatants, travellers' supplies, penalties; ($ 10) power and good works of the worthy, weakness and sin of the unworthy, how to conduct legal proceedings, a wife can do so for her husband, particulars about ordeals, measures of distance; ($ 20) litigation as to a costly article, annulling decisions by appeal or ordeal, litigation of three claimants, selling another's property, disputing, litigation of Iranians with foreigners or slaves, a noisy plaintiff, a high-priest, a wife unfit for evidence; ( 30) a pledge, property of partners, or held without evidence of ownership, ordeal of excessive eating, dispute as to a stolen female, property of any one given by another to a third party without dispute, a master teaching his disciple not to litigate, dispute about alms, a successful triple ordeal, spells and threats; ($ 40) ordeals, a thief liberated to attend a ceremonial, a priest's personal property and its inheritance, residuary wealth of fathers, penalty for stealing cattle, three plaintiffs, three claimants, and three thieves; (8 50) imprisoning a native for theft; duration, order, hardship, and stratagems of legal proceedings; ordeals, benedictions on decisions, evidence, ownership; (8 60) certainty of statements, incrimination, treatment of apostates, origins of virtue and vice, harm of unatoned sin, Tanapuhar sin, atonement and ordeal, witnessing a theft, decisions according to scripture or precedent; (8 70) when men and beasts can be sold with a warranty, an exceptional decision, appointment and qualification of judges, legal proceedings producing injustice, litigating thieves convicted, offences as to property, isolation; ($ 80) dispute about property resigned by a third party, disputing Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. CHAP. PAGE fathers' debts, when women and children can be condemned for spells, lowest and highest values, stealing one's own property, false and true investigation, litigation of man and wife, who gives away the daughter of a dead father; (890) estranging a wife from her husband, bartering girl for girl, consequent injury to one's own wife, overpayment for wife recoverable, sin of keeping a marriageable daughter unmarried, a wife can be given only to a Masda-worshipper, mortal sin of giving no food, chastising a wizard, longest and shortest days and parasangs; ($ 101) work and food of an injured beast, manslaughter by a sheep, period from certainty to doubt, useless witnesses and unjust judges, harm of gifts to the unworthy, gifts and righteous gifts; (8 110) crime of not maintaining families under one's control, punishment and atonement for sin and assault, all prosperity given to Zaratust and his disciples, an isolated creature, keeping and breaking promises; sin and punishment of strife, insincerity, and slander; hostages and ransom; (121) sin of a governor, ransom of thieves, stolen article tied to the thief's neck, no atonement for theft without confession, stolen property to be recovered by authorities, sin of giving a woman to one when engaged to another, cheating an ignorant man, interceding for him, fitness for sovereignty; ($ 130) indisputable ordinances, enquiry after confession, squandering alms, delay of legal proceedings, a woman without a guardian, written statements in law, sin of frightening away, restoring what was extorted, minor decisions obvious from greater ones, benefit of a family; ( 140) sin of wealth from unnatural intercourse, a decree of three kinds, a stolen tree, a sin aggravated by deceit, defilement, stopping a combat, counter-assaults, no property for one worthy of death, abettors of sin; ($ 150) harm of an incompetent president, sin of deciding by origin of claimant, sin of delivering an Iranian to a foreigner; gifts of the righteous, controversy with apostates, necessity for maintaining the truth, sin of occasioning schism, injustice produced by the evil spirit, complaint Digitized by Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. ti CHAP. PAGE of aristocrats condemned for taking bribes, the just judge; ($ 160) possibility of reaching heaven, true and false justice, learning the Gathas, Hadokht, and Vastag; greatness of the law, kinds of property not to be taken as security, ten friends differing, and much other ad judication . . . . . . . . 53 21. First section of the Ganaba-sar-nigad Nask : the thief, his arrest, sin, punishment, and ransom, pinioning and fettering, imprisonment at expense of privileged accusers; kinds of theft, theft with plunder, injury, and in confederacy; shares in theft, assisting a thief, theft by women and children, property to be preserved from thieves; ($ 10) testimony of thieves, rewards, difference of theft and plunder, property to be restored to its owners, protectors of thieves. . 74 22. Second section of the same is miscellaneous: authority for enquiry into sin of a relative, teaching and sin of children, not killing in war, property of a slain soldier, weapons not for women, children, or foreigners; a woman's treatment of two men, supplies found by a warrior, property inexpedient, delays of a judge ; ($ 10) improper decisions, duties of judges; (SS 21) fitness of women and children for judgeship, aiding a disciple, supremacy of Rashnu, property in trust, consistency of actions, congregational actions, misuse of the law . . . . . . . . . 77 23. Pasus-haurvastan section of the same: selection and efficiency of the shepherd's dog, preparations for him his duties; ($ 12) characteristics of sheep, way to the village, when starved the dog may kill a sheep, stray sheep and dogs; treatment, punishment, instruction, and peculiarities of the dog . . . . . 81 24. Storistan section of the same: sin of injuring cattle, beasts, and sheep; branding, making a dog dumb, plucking birds, spoiling fish, beating cattle, leathern and woollen clothing, sin of burning it, good works lead to heaven, and sin to hell. . . . . 84 25. Argistan section of the same: value of property, animate and inanimate, and of preserving the righteous; damaging the sacred fire . . . . 86 Digitized by Google

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xii CONTENTS. CHAN PAGB 26. Aratestaristan section of the same : destroying wolves, two-legged and four-legged; supplies, equipnients, and horses for warriors; training of horses, efficacy. of warriors, sin of a warrior's village on account of a battle, armour, officers and troopers, number of troopers; ($ 10) supplies for two warriors, medicinal herbs and accoutrements, feeding warriors on day of battle, wealth of the enemy, friendship and devotion of warriors, the general and his strategy, requisite horses to be seized, sentinels; ($ 20) demonstrations, altercation with enemy, speech to troops, conciliating and encouraging them, religious rites before the battle, reserves who keep the stores and prisoners, refreshment and return of stores after the battle . . . . 86 27. A miscellaneous section of the same: a warm bath, exertion of a horse, precautions with regard to fire when cooking and travelling, picketing a horse, food of men, fire, and cattle; hospitality, clothes, a streetkeeper; (SS 10) providing in summer for the winter, reaping, union for good purposes, produce of plants and animals, property of nobles and the multitude, envy among animals and people . . . . 90 28. Aerpatistan section of the Hasparam Nask: providing flr a priestly assembly, the priest and his disciple, district priest to be appointed, five dispositions of priests, enquiry into concealed parentage of a priest, his accountability for sin, worry in forming a priestly assembly, relative superiority of priests . . . 92 29. Nirangistan section of the same: ritual and priests for the ceremonial, the sacred cake, abstaining from wine, recitation of Avesta, the ceremonial when the priest is a Tanapuhar sinner, priestship of a woman or child, he who is cursed, season-festivals and periods of the day; ($ 11) sacrifice of a sheep, stations of the priests, the perfect ceremonial, sacred shirt and girdle, sacred twigs, firewood, ceremonials of various grades, celebrations of the ceremonies; (SS 21) cleanliness of the celebrator, place, and apparatus; ceremony of the waters, and other particulars; families of Zaratast, Hvov, and Vistasp . . . . . . . . . 94 Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. xiii . CHAP. PAGE 30. Goharikistan section of the same: superiority; selling property of another, cattle, slaves, and without warranty ; (9) houses and clothing used during contagious sickness, fatal or otherwise, family alliance with foreigners, sheep of good breed . . . . 97 31. A miscellaneous section of the same: stealing, religious instruction, oppression and deceit, reducing liberality, limit of a wife's liberality, a bride going to her husband's house, quarrels in wedlock, menstruation, foreigners seeking wives; ($ 9) birth and care of a son, injurious things that must be kept, those who must not punish, rejoicing and gifts at a birth, naming the child, breeding sheep and dogs; (SS 20) fees for priestly duties, guardianship of a child, sickness from evil eye or touching a menstruous woman, fearfulness, supplies, produce of property, duties of judges; ($ 30) creation and production of corn, excitement due to blood, ownership, land-grabbing, supplies sold in distress, supremacy of sin, atonement for various sins; ($ 42) the oppressor, greed, the weak man should be good. 99 32. Another section of the same: about an ordeal , 105 33. Another section of the same: mad animals and their care . . . . . . . . . 103 34. A miscellaneous section of the same: amassing property, arranging marriages for one's children, portioning daughters, righteous gifts, an Iranian vainly asking reward for assisting foreigners in battle, offering up of water; ($ 10) best and worst actions, heinous sins, various sins, assisting foreigners, destroying plants, digging a grave, clothing a corpse; defiling fire, water, or people; about water, damage by water or fire; preventing misery and adversity . . . . 106 35. Another section of the same : seeking and begetting a son, conception, tokens of sex, development of fetus; period of gestation and birth, period of determination of sex, childbirth and care of child; (SS 10) periods of gestation in various animals, spiritual perceptions of the child, habits tending to beauty, evils of unnatural intercourse and adultery; increased and diminished vigour of the female and male, respectively. . . 109 Digitized by Google

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xiv CONTENTS. * PAGE 112 114 CHAP. 36. Another section of the same: ownership and litigation about property; earnings, family guardianship and income ; about wives, adoption, partnership of brothers, inheritance, and giving in marriage. . 37. Another section of the same: daily food of men, women, children, and dogs; religious conversion, association of various kinds, sins of falsehood and extortion, atonement for deprival of food, necessary debt; ($ 14) physicians, medical treatment and fees; ( 30) suitability for trust, unauthorised dwellings, boundaries, testimony of the orthodox and heterodox, priestly dwellings, abode of fires, water oozing and flowing, works on a frontier; ($ 40) sheep trespassing, animals' food, distance of house from river, grazing sheep, felling trees, slaughtering, defensive clothing, migration during war, waters reverenced by a traveller, obedience of disciple to priest; (50) frontier war, various advantages . . . . . . 38. One of the first 30 sections of the Sakadam Nask: future reward and punishment, necessity of seeking the good law and scrutinizing actions, noticing a fire, intentional injury, extent of the fire's light, size of its sanctuary door, care and food of a new-born child, keeping a cooking-pot pure; ($ 11) proper bed-places, curing defective sight, workmen and women, giving no food thrice and four times, care of anything pointed and of all utensils, injury by a door, washing the head and shaving ; ( 21) custodians and rules of a market, giving forth pointed things and victuals lawfully and unlawfully, horse-courses and manoeuvres, admitting listeners, making and tying the sacred girdle, scratching with the nails, care of fire when travelling ; (29) panic at night among warriors, marching in fear or fearlessly, demanding a share, care of firewood, warming bull's urine, selecting pasture, farm-houses, interference with the seizure of cattle, hanging things up, stabling horses; (SS 40) cutting trees, washing clothes, walking in, passing through water, canals and fords; (SS 52) two warriors marching, sin of eating on the road, remedies for cattle, their breeding, Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. khu CHAP. PAGE removing an ox that steals hay, danger from illomened speaking, a father's sin owing to his child's misbehaviour; (8 60) gathering medicinal herbs, feasting with idolators, atonement for starving, ordeals, religious secrets, evil-speaking to others' wives, extent of communities, habits of Frashostar and Gamasp . 121 39. Hakidakanistan section of the same: sequestration of property, sheep, horses, cattle, and their young, milk, and wool; their shelter and ill-treatment; ($ II) handing over sheep to the sequestrator and his responsibility, a free sheep among those seized, the killing of a seized sheep, particulars of a seized animal to be stated when it is kept with others, care of a man wounded in slaughtering, gain of a sequestrator of animals in various circumstances; ($ 17) treasure found in various places and at various depths of earth and water; ($ 24) nourishing a seized sheep, disputes as to its identity, keeping it in the mountains, and other details . . . . . . . 131 40. Ziyanakistan section of the same : duty of protecting animate and inanimate existences, and sin of injuring them; a damaged gift or animal, inanimate property and its increase, merit of not rejecting a damaged article . . . . . . . . . 136 41. Vakhshistan, one of the last 22 sections of the same: atonement, compensation, active and existent increase, increase upon increases, righteous gifts, interest simple and compound, how loans are treated on the death of lender or debtor; ($ 10) retribution, penalty for inefficient breeding of animals, animals' milk and hair, males preferable to females, an injured camel, improved dog or pig, buying up supplies too much; ($ 20) giving away necessary clothing, penalty for deprival of food, litigation about debts, unauthorised supplies, multiplication of sheep and other details, loans and repayment by instalments, seizure of slaves to work off a debt; ( 30) seizure of a cloak or a water-skin, increase of grains and sheep, seizure of clothes and implements, produce of land and ornaments . . . . . . . . . 138 Digitized by Google

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xvi CONTENTS. CHAP. PAGR 42. Varistan section of the same: trial and execution of a wizard, trial by ordeal, and particulars about ordeals. 144 43. A miscellaneous section of the same: assistants, wealth causing imprisonment, confession, disciple and master, penalties, sins owing to the wrathful, an unjust judge and one of long experience; ($ 10) a daughter controlled by parents and one without a guardian, bequeathing property, sin of declining adoption, property of a liberal man and of a damsel, a damsel taken by an idolator and offered to a Masda-worshipper, a mother being guardian of her son's father, providing a high-priest; (820) sin of not providing a husband for an adult daughter, inadvertent sin, worst demonservice and sins, furtherances and destroyers of the world, truth that is wicked, driving spiritual benefit from the world, three kinds of righteous men, sin of defiling water and fire; merit of removing dead matter of men, dogs, and reptiles from water; reptiles may be killed in water, but must be removed to gratify the earth-spirit and vex the demons; ( 30) a well-managed drinking-party, the sin of him who leaves it uproariously, animals produced from the sole-created ox, offerings to the sacred beings; injury to the world by fiends, idolators, and wolves; the necessity of destroying them, advice not to reverence the evil spirits, nor to chatter unseasonably, the advantage of the ceremonial of the sacred beings 145 44. Vendidad Nask: corresponding with the contents of fargards I-XI, XIII-XXII . . . . . 152 45. Hadokht Nask: recital of Ahunavair, high-priests, 21 chieftainships, duties at periods of the day, season-festivals, superiors, membership of the community, prayers at eating, recitations, invocation, devotion; ($ 10) good attributes and qualities, diligence, righteousness, the chief resource of the creatures, sayings full of humility . . . . 166 46. Stod-yast Nask. . . . . . . . 169 Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. xvii CHAP DINKARD, Book IX. PAGE 1. Introductory . . . 172 2. Sudkar Nask, fargard 1. Use of various repetitions of the Ahunavair, and the division of the Nasks accord ing to its lines . . . . . . . 172 3. Same, fargard 2. The Ashem-voho . . 175 4. Same, fargard 3. Formation, decline, and death of human beings; illiberal opulence . . . . 175 5. Same, fargard 4. The utilisers and misusers of life, the latter being the defects of Dahak; the vices driven away by Yim, what is to be avoided, the distresser and the distressed, and the mode of relieving the latter . . . . . . 177 6. Same, fargard 5. Forgetfulness of kinsfolk and un forgetfulness of the Gathic spirit, complaint and power of that spirit . . . . . 178 7. Same, fargard 6. The five excellences, distribution and acquirement of fortune, grief of an old man, things to be amassed in youth, storeholders of excellence, how one should drink and eat . . . . 179 8. Same, fargard 7. The four periods in Zaratust's mil lenium . . . . . . . . . 180 9. Same, fargard 8. Abstinence from sins due to rever ence for the arch-demons, chattering while eating, prayer and purity at meals, loss of merit from want of a priest, proper times for the ceremonials of various sacred beings . . . . . . 181 10. Same, fargard 9. Heinous sinfulness of sodomy . . 185 11. Same, fargard 10. Complaint of fire against seven kinds of people who injure it; ($ 10) proper and improper fire, its wish to leave the world resisted, attention to it is the best worship, the righteous are to be pleased and not vexed . . . . . 186 12. Same, fargard 11. Petition of fire for removal to the sky or to Afran-veg, the propitious fire Gusn-asp; reward of the promoters of fire, and sin of its injurers; ($ 10) evil of maintaining fire by extortion, and of neglecting it; all food to be consecrated, opposition of the fiend to worship, three grades of (37) Digitized by Google

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xviii CONTENTS. CHAP. PAGE ceremonial, sin of not reciting the Gathas, coming of the demon of death, disbelief of the wicked; ($ 20) mourning for the dead prohibited, different desires of body and soul, self-injury of a liar, sin of employing or being an improper Zoti, controllers of sin; (8 30) wounders to be brought before four priests, promises not to be broken. . . . 189 13. Same, fargard 12. Advantage of satisfying water, impure recitation, impurity of greed, birds kill snakes, effectual invocation, goodness of archangels and Zaratust, gifts to his disciples . . . . . . 195 14. Same, fargard 13. The spirit of the sacred cake attacks demons when the cake is consecrated, men who pray are righteous if not deceitful, a heinous sin no ob literator of other sin . . . . . . 196 15. Same, fargard 14. The torment of Keresasp's soul, notwithstanding his heroic deeds, owing to smiting the fire which opposes his soul, though befriended by Gos-aurvan, until Zaratust intercedes . . . 197 16. Same, fargard 15. Proceedings of the demon of death, the soul alone sees the events of the spiritual state, treatment of the corpse and misery of its consciousness; (SS 9) worldly happiness seldom lasts a century, ordainable supplies, the seven immortal rulers in Khvaniras , . . . . . . . 199 17. Same, fargard 16. Bridge-judgment of sinners, merit of certain good works, punishment of certain sinners, Gathas for an ordeal . . . . . . 204 18. Same, fargard 17. Where seven particular classes of sinners have to go . . . . . . . 206 19. Same, fargard 18. Pregnancy of the fiend due to certain sins; the soul blesses the body when righteous, and curses it when wicked; proper times for reciting the Ahunavair and Ashem, the corruption of the wicked. 206 20. Same, fargard 19. The souls praise a virtuous high priest, miseries of hell, the Kinvad bridge, promises not to be broken, not even those to a courtezan, in which case the penalty is childlessness in hell. , 209 21. Same, fargard 20. Dahak's oppressiveness, the people's reproaches contrasting him with Yim, Fretun's smiting Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. xix CHAP. PAGE and binding him ; ($11) gradual submission of most of the regions, war with the Mazendarans; ($ 22) their defeat and slaughter by Fredan, since which time none of them have entered Khvaniras, except two men who came to consult Frashostar . 212 22. Same, fargard 21. The four best prayers; the Dahman Afrin making a good man infinitely more splendid than the finest woman, horse, ox, or sheep, and a bad man infinitely worse. The reign of Kai-Os, his success and ruin; ($ 10) his fight followed by the spirit of Kai-Khasroi and the angel Neryosang 219 23. Same, fargard 22. Kaf-Khusroi riding upon Vae in the form of a camel, his finding Haoist, Tas, and KaiApiveh, his meeting Soshans, who praises him for his exploits; Keresasp, exhorted by Tas, adopts the religion, and so all the producers of the renovation are united . . . . . . . . 223 24. Varstmansar Nask, fargard 1. Zaratust relates the incidents of his birth to Maidok-mah; his first three utterances that routed the demons; (SS 12) his profession of the religion, Adharmasd's advice and its acceptance, grumbling of the evil spirit, creation by Adharmazd, reverencing fire, water, and a spirit 226 25. Same, fargard 2. Worthiness of a ruler and high-priest 231 26. Same, fargard 3. In praise of righteousness . . 232 27. Same, fargard 4. Worship of Adharmasd and the arch angels. . . . . . . . . 233 28. Same, fargard 5. Worthiness of Zaratust and obeisance to the sacred beings, the supreme heaven, praise of Zaratust and Frashostar, assisting others, good works, wisdom of Zaratust . . . . . . 234 29. Same, fargard 6. Complaint and petition of Gos-aurvan, the reason of her creation, her colloquy with Adhar. masd; (89) nourishment of cattle, punishment of their oppressor, wisdom of Allharmasd, benefit of the liturgy, goodness of Zaratust . . . . 237 30. Same, fargard 7. Benefits of worship, advice to man, falsehood of the demon Aresh about the origin of Adharmazd and Aharman, their difference of motive and action, the demons' want of discrimina b 2 Digitized by Google

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XX CONTENTS. CHAP. PAGE tion, their deception of man; ($ 10) monarchy and religion provided for the creatures who triumph in the end, the producers of the renovation and future existence, the doers of good, advice to man . . 241 31. Same, fargard 8. Reciting revelation, benefit owing to Adharmazd and misery to Aharman, the actions of both spirits; ($ 6) colloquy of the demon Aresh and Zaratust, power of the liturgy, creation by Adharmazd, benefits from Vohuman, merit of benefiting cattle, hypocrisy, work of the creator; ($ 17) complete mindfulness, liberality, the worst ruler, judges and guardians, conflict of good and evil, apostates; (SS 24) the three nights, Khurdad and Amardad, the good ruler . . . . . . . . . 245 32. Same, fargard 9. Three deceitful demons and their colloquy with Adharmasd; ($ 8) arrival of demons in the world, their evil doings and those of their followers, evil of burying a corpse, its impurity; ($ 17) evildoers of the ninth and tenth centuries, their evil deeds; ($ 25) the final punishment in melted metal, at the renovation, is the end of evil . 252 33. Same, fargard 10. The renovation and Soshans, merit of a good priest, avoidance of oppressors, the Kinvad bridge; Zaratust, taught by Adharmazd, is Zoti of the world at the renovation; the names of his assistant priests . . . . . . . . . 260 34. Same, fargard 11. Vohuman reports to Adharmazd thrice a day, the demons trying to seduce man are vexed by his resistance, Armat and Tarokmat, opposition to the demons, advantage of religion and its reward. . 263 35. Same, fargard 12. Benefits of religion; mutual service of men, cattle, and the sacred beings; evil deeds prohibited, worship by the righteous is the best, begging for life; ( IT) duties to fire, Zaratust's seeing the future existence, benefits of worship; ($ 17) colloquy of Adharmand and Zaratust . . 265 36. Same, fargard 13. Reward and tokens of righteousness 269 37. Same, fargard 14. Adharmazd's creativeness, threat of the evil spirit, praise of religion, the wicked in hell, the demons. . . . . . . 270 Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. xxi PAGE CHAP. 38. Same, fargard 15. The seven perfections of religious advice, power and contempt for the demons given to the creatures, praise of Zaratust . . . . 273 39. Same, fargard 16. Worship not to be neglected on any account, want of spirituality in men, liberality of the archangels, promises for the future, praise of the renovators; ($ 13) characteristics of the heretic Manih, attracters to the religion, the last millenniums, disturbers of religion ; ( 20) praise of the Fryanaks, liberality for the archangels, praise of Vistasp, advice to the Spitamas, four marvels in the other world, advice to Zaratast . . . . . . . . 276 40. Same, fargard 17. Praise of truth, cattle, good works, ordeals . . . . . . . . . 282 41. Same, fargard 18. Evidence of the future existence, four triumphs of the sacred beings over the demons, enquiring about religion, avoiding apostates; (SS 12) mankind attaining wisdom, care for cattle, oppression by wrath and envy; (SS 21) progress of righteousness, the renovation, next-of-kin marriage, girdling. . 284 42. Same, fargard 19. Protection at the renovation, belief necessary for being convinced, evil of a wicked judge and vicious people; praise of Zaratust, Frashostar, and Gamasp; punishment of the wicked . . 289 43. Same, fargard 20. Assistance by the archangels, reward given to the righteous in the other world when unattainable here, cattle for warriors, advancement of religion by force, assisters of the dead righteous, reason for certain movements of the Zoti, worship of archangels, merit of Zaratust, reward of good works . . . . . . . . . 291 44. Same, fargard 21. Desire for a good ruler; where the best wealth, prayer, and sovereignty exist; favours from the sacred beings, memory and discrimination, attraction of spiritual mercy and leadership in heaven, good works and wealth, submission to the priesthood meritorious, creations for the benefit of the creatures, comfort for the spirit of the liturgy; (10) the wicked deceiver, man prepared for future existence by fire, the supreme heaven for the righteous only, enmity Digitized by Google

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xxii CONTENTS. PAGE CHAP. of Akht the heretic, Kaf and Karap excluded from virtue; praise of Vistasp, Frashostar, Hvobo, Gamasp, Maidok-mah, and Zaratust . . . 294 45. Same, fargard 22. Perfection of prayers, glory of the Spitamas, praise of Porukast and Hatos, characteristics of the preparers and disturbers of the end, the apostle and follower of the demons is to be smitten by the righteous ruler . . . . . . . 298 46. Same, fargard 23. Benefits of the Afrman supplication 302 47. Bako Nask, fargard 1. The Ahunavair produced before the creation; its divisions, goodness, and use; benefit of its proper recital and sin of imperfect recital ; ($ 12) it was the first creature and teaches submission to the king, the reward of Vohman, dominion given to Adharmasd, assistance to the poor, entrance of the destroyer; use of this saying by the degrees, classes, and chieftainships; the summing up of liberality . 303 48. Same, fargard 2. Excellence is producing suitably, reward of good works . . . . . . 308 49. Same, fargard 3. Worship of Adharmasd and the arch angels, particulars regarding worship . . 309 50. Same, fargard 4. Praise of Zaratust, giving joy to Adharmazd, good work of reverence, wisdom of Vohaman, benefit of cattle and the worthy, prosperity of the worthy, ($ 10) reverence of the good, supplicants should be contented, the way to heaven, reverence, acquaintance with religion, teaching righteousness, seeing the throne of Adharmaad, welcoming him, recommending to rulers for benefit, the way of prosperity; ($ 20) a suitable sovereign solicited, the praiser, religion made progressive, zealousness for good works, the man praised above others, assister of the ignorant, wisdom for Adharmasd; the past, present, and future periods . . . . 311 51. Same, fargard 5. Complaint of Gos-adrvan, care of cattle, the cattle-master, keeping animals properly, admitting the male, not slaughtering the young, he whose power is most useful, power for worship, reward stimulates perseverance; ($ 10) a virtuous mouth, religious duty developes knowledge, teaching Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. xxiii CHAP. PAGE the good, obtaining a throne in heaven, preventing damage from want of resources, recommending the righteous to rulers, what is taught by true service for the king . . . . . . . . 318 52. Same, fargard 6. Enlarging the priestly assembly, glori fication of Auharmasd, worship of Vohman, the ceremonial becomes greater through virtue, the extender of religion, discrimination as to duty, giving to the needy, granting the leadership, selecting the better of two ways; (8 10 the discriminator of sagacity, thinking of eternity, preventing reverence of demons, practising liberality, persistence in virtue and attachment to the sacred beings for sake of reward, advantage of the righteous . . . 323 53. Same, fargard 7. The world freed from destruction, apostates forced to make the religion progressive, triumph of the priests, miraculousness of Adharmasd, decision of acquittal or conviction, rite of ordeal, appointing a priest, reciter of revelation ; ($ 10) teaching employers their responsibility, thinking of religion, teaching the nature of the sacred beings, giving a sheep to the diligent and moderate, development of the world and sheep, inward prayer, keeping animals and men as property, giving predominance to those of Gayomard's nature, telling rulers the truth; ( 20) keeping sovereignty within Adharmasd's will, illustrating the information due to religion, the virtuous course of the liturgy, he whose Vohuman is Adharmaad's progeny, the good creation is Adharmasd's, a ruler as to actions, giving Spendarmad to Adharmagd, wisdom that arises through care of cattle, admitting the male; (30) the way to heaven, assistance to the renovation, a heart and mind for not being misled, he who sees his sin mingled with good works, giving a loan, non-injury of the innocent, he who makes Adharmasd ruler in himself, a decider informs others, a proper nurturer is an indicator for others, the demeanour for virtuous statements; (8 40) indicating the acquitted and convicted, immortal and complete progress, making the Digitized by Google

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xxiv CONTENTS. CHAP PAGE soul immortal, persisting in good works, maintaining predominance as high-priest, growth and increase owing to Vohman, welcoming Adharmasd in one self, evidence of the well-informed. . . 327 54. Same, fargard 8. Not being deceived by an apostate, making Spendarmad an archangel, wisdom teaches not to destroy, teaching how to learn, strengthening the archangels and the good, loving Vohuman, giving thought to religion, keeping wealth in Zaratust's control, destiny controlled by self, good works be coming one's own . . . . . . . 340 55. Same, fargard 9. The Gathic lore, priestly-controlled action, command of the liturgy, personal assistance to the creatures, reverence, causing progress for one's own, benefit for a cultivator through cattle, making righteousness one's own, three things promoted by submission, pleasure of energy . . . . 342 56. Same, fargard 10. Advantage of doing good works, injuring an apostate, he who is eager for knowledge, slaying an apostate, development by Vohamanic rule, the ceremonial a great ordinance, a ceremonial of the needy, the way of righteousness, reward of a teacher of professionals. . . . . . 345 57. Same, fargard 11. All good works belong to him who teaches virtue, doing the best for one's own, he whose work is good work, he for whom the best occurs in both existences, the worship of Adharmasd, a leader in religion, a server of religion, the authoriser of a wish for life; ($ 10) giving acceptance, hints, and words to Adharmasd, teaching the words of Adharmasd, providing care for fire, teaching the religion with joyfulness, obeisance, strengthening fire for its greatest work, being informed as to religion, sagacity of teaching words and actions, praising the perfection of Adharmasd's body, all excellence is both root and fruit; ($ 20) invoking Adharmasd as lord, invoking by name, benefit for one race is felt by all, he who is the sacred beings' own, and when his own is in their guardianship, giving life to mankind, obtainer of Adharmasd's friendship, causing righteous Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. XXV SNAR, PAGE 348 ness and the propitiousness of Adharmasd, his perpetual guardianship . . . . . 58. Same, fargard 12. Benefits, pleasing superiors, the best for one's own in every mode, teaching virtue to all, one whose spirit is connected with Adharmasd, whose words are through Vohuman, who produces long-continued joy, who teaches the proper way to man, who gives heat to fire; ($ 10) assistants of the renovation, the progeny of Adharmaad, defeating the bad and accepting the good, transformation of the creatures, teaching religion like a priest, wisdom of Adharmasd, complete mindfulness that is not deceived, maintaining the destinies of the body, conveying to the rulers for benefit; ($ 20) benefit of sovereignty for that which arises, liberality to fire, thinking of righteousness, interrogating religion, progress of religion, pleasure given to a friend, gratification from Adharmazd, indication of intellect in a vigorous-minded man, the spirit of Adharmasd, reward taught in the publicity of the sun. . 59. Same, fargard 13. Obeisance to the archangels, seven kinds of men, Vohumanic attainment to religion, perfection of the first of existences, nourisher of good works; ($ 10) development in virtue, words and actions through complete mindfulness, exposition of the renovation, deciding about duty and opinion, propagation and progressiveness of the religion, protection from the annoying spirit, exploits of the archangels, people shall become supplicant, in terested liberality . . . . . . . 60. Same, fargard 14. Instruction to be heard, perfection of the first next-of-kin marriage, the teaching of it, daughterhood of Spendarmad, this is taught by him who is completely mindful, attraction to good works, reverence for Vohoman, ceremonial taught with com plete mindfulness . . . . . . . 61. Same, fargard 15. To what lands one should step, diligence in good works, teaching religion, even in an exhausted province, protection of fire, giving oneself in discipleship, he who so gives men and women, 353 360 364 Digitized by Google

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xxvi CONTENTS. CHAP. PAGR goodness taught to the good by him whose Kinvad passage teaches them to step forth; ($ 10) the world produces abundance through complete mindfulness, the wicked man becomes unprivileged, as in the case of Argasp, contentment of the archangels, he who thinks of Zaratust. . . . . . 367 62. Same, fargard 16. The wise, practising the deeds of complete mindfulness, nourishing good works and the creatures with propriety, giving pasture, he who becomes a benefit to the good, sentence according to declaration of acquittal or conviction, a strong foundation for learning. . . . . . 370 63. Same, fargard 17. Maintaining the benedictions of re ligion, making known the Kinvad passage, causing a change from evil to good, generosity to tillers, developing the world, formation of creatures and devastation by Vohuman caused by him whose rule is for Adharmasd, he who increases virtue in a province, he who loves Vohuman, virtuous deeds set going . 371 64. Same, fargard 18. He who makes people intelligent through his complete mindfulness, how this occurs, discriminating through wisdom, teaching joyfulness in righteousness to Frashostar, and ardour in good works, supplying guardianship, a master of all commands, Vohuman's guarding the creatures of Adharmagd, the arrival of the wicked in the fiend's abode, ($ 10) reverence coming to assistance through invocation, the supplicant for what is coveted from Adharmazd; Adharmasd's statement about one's own, confederate, and serf . . . . . . 373 65. Same, fargard 19. Sheep-nature, mankind nourished, he who produces joyfulness and provides the ceremonial, displaying wisdom, instructing the tongue, teaching preparation and the virtuous way; ($ 10) obeisance for the archangels, taking assistance, within the day till dawn made as a signal, complete mindfulness among the existences . . . . 376 66. Same, fargard 20. Adharmasd's command about smiting the deceiver and giving sovereignty to him who is good, providing complete mindfulness, the coveted Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. xxvii CHAP. PAGE thing expedient for sovereignty to give away, words of Vohuman, innocence from discontinued good works, causing goodness, way of righteousness not concealed, repletion unnecessary for cattle, housewifery, loving religion through knowledge, gratifica tion of Adharmaad . . . . . . 379 67. Same, fargard 21. Performing the ceremonial, spirits lodging in the body, teaching the religion, diligence in good works, loving the beneficial way, giving a daughter in daughterhood, authority of Vohuman, a daughter given to a father for womanly service, reverence of a wife for her husband, producing origin and effect, dominion in the house . . . . 381 68. Same, fargard 22. Giving delight to him who is a right living poor man . . . . . . . 383 69. A selection from the whole Yast referring to the de veloper : containing many unidentified statements by Adharmasd, Zaratust, Soshans, Vohaman, and Spend. armad; and concluding with a long series of short quotations, from the Pahlavi Gathas, concerning what every one shall do, or know, in the future existence . . . . . . . . 384 . . . 399 401 * 406 * 410 . 418 DETAILS OF THE NASKS FROM OTHER SOURCES From the Selections of Zad-sparam Dinkard, Book III. Book IV. . . Rivayat of Bahman Pungyah. Kamah Bahrah . Nareman Hoshang. Barzu Qiyamu-d-din >> Din-vigirgard . . Nask-fragments that are still extant INDEX . . . . . . . ERRATA . 419 428 433 438 449 489 501 Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the Translations of the Sacred Books of the East. . 503 Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. ATTENTIVE readers of the Sacred Books of the East have had ample opportunities of becoming acquainted with the Zoroastrian scriptures, so far as these have been preserved by the Parsis. In vols. iv, xxiii, and xxxi they have translations of all the texts extant in the original language of the Avesta, excepting a few fragments which are not yet collected. And in vols. v, xviii, and xxiv they have translations of later Pahlavi texts, showing how faithfully the old doctrines and legends were handed down by the priests of Sasanian times to their immediate successors. But they will also have noticed that the translators of these texts are well aware of the fact that the texts themselves are mere fragments of the religious writings of the Zoroastrians, which owe their preservation to the circumstance that they were those portions most usually committed to memory by the priesthood, such as the liturgy, sacred myths, and ceremonial laws. The object of the present volume is to add to those fragments all the accessible information, that can be collected from Iranian sources, regarding the contents of the whole Zoroastrian literature in Sasanian times. It has been long known that this literature was contained in twenty-one Nasks, or treatises, named either from the nature of their contents, or from their initial words, and each having one of the twenty-one words of the Ahunavair attached to it as a kind of artificial reminder of their proper order and number while enumerating them. Very brief statements of the contents of each Nask have also been accessible in manuscripts of the Persian Rivayats, such as those translated in pp. 419-438 of this volume. And the existence of a much longer account of the Nasks in the Dinkard was ascertained by Haug, who published Digitized by Google

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XXX PAHLAVI TEXTS. some extracts from it in 1870, when describing several of the Nasks in the Index to the Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary. He was unable to do more, on account of the defective state of all modern manuscripts of the Dinkard, in which a large portion of the text of the description of the Nasks, in the eighth and ninth books, is missing in various places without any hint of the omissions. These defects were owing to the abstraction of 52 folios of this part of the Iranian manuscript of the Dinkard, after it was brought to India and before any copy of it had been written; and, even now, two of these folios are still missing, as stated in pp. 262, 270. The importance of recovering these 52 missing folios was due to the fact that they contain the text of Dk. VIII, Chaps. VII, 5-XIX, 36, XXXI, 31XXXVIII, 19, XLIV, 34-XLVI, 5, and Dk. IX, Chaps. I, 1-XI, 11, XII, 15-XLVII, 17, or nearly half the text of the two books. Regarding the early history of the Dinkard there exists a detailed statement in the last chapter of its third book, which can now be translated with greater precision than was possible in 1867, when Haug published its Pahlavi text, with an English translation, in his introduction to the Farhang-i Oim-aevak, or Zand-Pahlavi Glossary. In this historical statement it is evident that $8 1-8 refer to the traditional history of the Zoroastrian scriptures generally, considered as the original source of the information contained in the Dinkard; but $9-13 may be accepted as the actual history of the compilation of the work itself, the facts of which may, very possibly, have all been within the personal knowledge of the writer of the statement. The Pahlavi text of this statement, as preserved in the manuscripts B and K (see pp. xxxv-xxxviii and 2), may be translated as follows: '1. About the Dinkard scripture (nipik), from the Exposition of the Good Religion, there is this :--The Dinkard scripture is a work which is adorned with all wisdom, and a publication of the Magda-worshipping religion. 2. And, first, the work-which was derived from the good religion of those of the primitive faith, and which was the knowledge revealing the good religion of the Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxxi prophet (vakh shvar) Spitaman Zaratust, whose guardian spirit is reverenced, and his first disciple through asking and hearing the same reverenced guardian spirit-is information which is a similitude of enlightenment on every subject from the original light. 3. And those original questions and the decision of the exalted ruler Kai-Vistasp to have them written were its origin, and he ordered them to deliver the original to the treasury of Shapigan', and to distribute copies provided. 4. And, after that, he sends a copy to the fortress of documents, to keep the information also there. 5. And during the ruin that happened to the country of Iran, and in the monarchy, owing to the evil-destined villain Alexander, that which was in the fortress of documents came to be burnt, and that in the treasury of Shapigan into the hands of the Arumans, and was translated by him even into the Greek language, as information which was connected with the ancients (min pesinigan padvastako). 6. And that Artakhshatar, king of kings, who was son of Papak, came for the restoration of the monarchy of Iran, and the same scripture was brought from a scattered state to one place. 7. The righteous Tosar of the primitive faith, who was the priest of priests, appeared with an exposition recovered from the Avesta and was ordered to complete the scripture from that exposition. 8. He did so accordingly (ham-gunako), to preserve a similitude of the splendour of the original enlightenment in the treasury of Shapigan, and was ordered to distribute copies of the information provided. 9. And after the ruin and devastation that came from the Arabs, even to the archives (divan) and treasures of the realm, the saintly. Atur-farnbag, son of Farukho-zad, who became the leader of the orthodox, brought those copies, which were scattered on all sides, and new resources, back from dispersion into union with the archives of his residence; and, through observance and consideration for the Avesta and Zand of the good religion, he made the sayings of those of the primitive faith again a similitude of the illumination (firoko) from that splendour. 1 Both MSS. have Shaspigan here, but see p. 413, n. 4. So in K, or perhaps Shfzigan; B bas Shaspigan. * So in K. So in K; B has Shapan. 5 B bas A tarpad inserted here by mistake. Digitized by Google

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xxxii PAHLAVI TEXTS. 10. Through the awful displeasure (or defect) and ruin (or injury) that happened to Zaratust, son of Atur-farnbag, who became the leader of the orthodox, even those archives came to devastation, that scripture to dilapidation and dispersion, and the statements (vakih) also to obsoleteness, perversion, and corruption. 11. And, after that, I, Atarpad, son of Hemed and leader of the orthodox, have likewise written, from their fragments (su baragano), a new means of giving assistance to the Masda-worshipping religion, with much prayer, investigation, and trouble. 12. From whatever was recovered from those dilapidated (visandako), decayed, worn out, and dust-mingled (kh a k-ameg) archives-and these, too, brought back by taking away, carrying off, and seizing -it is selected, owing to the assistance of the counselling wisdom of the mighty spirit, for the rediffusion of the words and deeds of the ancients, and of the evidence of the Avesta, for those of the primitive faith. 13. And the increase of knowledge from the good religion, arranged and prescribed in its chapters, is a lustre from encountering that splendour from the enlightenment of the original light primarily composed for the exposition of the good religion, and this which is named is a resemblance by adoption of the thousand chapters of that great original Dinkard. 14. It is perfected by the sacred beings, and transmits the powerful effect which has come upon even that which is the perfect religion of the sufferers in this age, and also the coming of the assistance of the soul to the knowledge of the orthodox; and even reunion with the rest of Iran is acquaintance with the exposition of the Mazda-worshipping religion, and the reproviding of more resources of a like origin, which will be also due to those whom the Supreme has provided, the disciples of Allshedar", son of Zaratust, for asking again a declaration of the good religion from Adshedar.' From this statement it appears that the compilation of the Dinkard was commenced by Atar-farnbag, son of Farukho-zad, one of the leaders or supreme high-priests of the Mazda-worshippers, and was revised and completed * Assuming that m stands for min. Both MSS. have zak raba bun Deno-kardo. * K has den 0-1 bardaran. *B has 'arising.' SB has and the reunited selection for.' . See Dk. VIII, Chap. XIV, 12. B omits 'a declaration of.' Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxxiii by Atarpad, son of Hemed, one of his successors. From the Madigan-i gugastak Abalis we learn that Atar-farnbag had a religious disputation with Abalis in the presence of the Khalifah Al-Mamun, who reigned A. D. 813-833; he must therefore have been compiling the Dinkard during the first half of the ninth century. In the Sikand-gumanik Vigar, IV, 107, IX, 3, X, 55, he is also mentioned as a compiler of the Dinkard, but the details there quoted must have been taken from its first two books which are still missing. It is likewise stated at the beginning of both its fourth and fifth books that their contents are derived from his statements, and a similar acknowledgement is made with regard to some of the contents of Chap. CXLII of the third book; so that the evidence of his authorship is very complete. With regard to Aturpad, the completer of the Dinkard, we may safely identify him with the Atorpad, son of Hamed, mentioned in Bd. XXXIII, 11 as a contemporary of Zad-sparam, who flourished at the latter end of the ninth century (see S. B. E., vol. xviii, p. xiv). We have, therefore, every reason to be satisfied that the whole of the Dinkard was compiled during the ninth century. The history of the transmission of the text of its last seven books, through the last thousand years, down to the present manuscripts, is equally satisfactory, owing to the preservation of a series of colophons appended to the text, of which the first and most important may be translated as follows: Completed in great joy and full of gratification this last portion of the manuscript of the incomparable, priceless, and unequalled Dinkard, at the place where it was found and happily disinterred? by us in Asuristan, within the happily prosperous, odoriferous, precious, well-thriving, and glorious Bakdad of Good Rectitude"; from a copy which, as regards the religion, is just as the leaders of the saintly and orthodox, who were of the family of the saintly Aturpad, son of Maraspend, (who re-explained knowledge, by five or six well-destined ones, from the pure revelation Khas-kand might be the name of a place here, but cannot be so in the next paragraph. * The angel Ahartsvang (Av. ashis vangahi). [37] Digitized by Google

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xxxiv PAHLAVI TEXTS. which is the all-embellished learning of learnings) and the successive leaders of the orthodox (who again provided at different times [a ham var] for its restoration, through manuscripts at various places, to maintain reading and investigation therein) had written. I, Mah-vindad, son of Naremahan, son of Vahram, son of Mitro-apan, like an adopted son for his own possession, who wrote it, am letting it forth on the day Den of the month Tir, the victor, of the year 369 after the year 20 of that Yasdakard, king of kings, who was son of Shatro-ayar (2nd July, 1020]"; in reliance on the pure good religion of the Mazda-worshippers, as regards remembrance of Zaratast, the Spitaman with the righteous guardian spirit, and of the genuine achievement of Aturpad, son of Maraspend; and as regards remembrance of the righteous utterance of blessings for the whole embodied existence by the desirers of righteousness, who are thinkers of good thoughts, speakers of good words, and doers of good deeds; in the worldly existence, through completely-wishful kind regard of the practices of righteousness, they shall unite with the union of the renovation of the universe, and spiritually their pure souls and guardian spirits attain to the supremely great position and eminence, and complete acquirement of recompense, which are in the light that is endless, constantly beneficial, and full of glory, which they shall obtain. This is especially for those saintly and supremely learned men, alurfarnbag, son of Farukho-zad, and Aturpad, son of Hemed, by whom this priceless Dinkard scripture was selected so learnedly and (with a pure perception of the spiritual lord, in seizing the cream of the fortunate commentary of the good religion) so truly amicably, and fully affectionately for the good creatures and religion, with great advantage for us moderns, and concealed for me who, through eagerness for righteousness, like an adopted son, have happily disinterred this scripture; and even he who reads, and shall make use of it, is reliant and free from doubt about it; and him who shall take a copy from it, and preserves it with propriety, they shall appropriately connect with it.' The remainder of this colophon, so far as it is here translated, is also quoted in the second colophon. * Here written ar'go, but it is an-ar'go in the second colophon. Reading den farukho zand shir-hako-1, but this is doubtful. From this point the whole of the rest of this colophon, including the aphorisms, is also found in K. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. XXXV (This is followed by a long succession of aphorisms, and the colophon winds up with some threats against those who shall misuse the manuscript.) As this colophon mentions only the last portion of the Dinkard, and is appended to the text of Dk. III-IX, it is probable that the first portion of the work, Dk. I, II, had already become separated from the rest within 150 years of its revision and completion. And if Mah-vindad did not copy from the original manuscript of Aturpad, he must certainly have done so from a very early transcript. The second colophon was written by Shatro-ayar, son of Erdishir, son of Airik, son of Rastam, son of Airik, son of Kubad, son of Airan-shah, who completed his copy on the day Adharmazd of the month Spendarmad in the year 865 after the 20th year of Yazdakard (3rd October, 1516], having transcribed it from a copy written by Mar' za pan, son of Spend-dad, son of Mar'zapan, son of Mitro-dpan, son of Spend-dad, son of Mitro-apan, son of Mar'zapan, son of Dahisn-aiyyar, son of Rog-veh, son of Shah-mard. The date of Mar'zapan's copy may be approximately fixed by observing that his father's first cousin wrote a copy of AV. and Gf., mentioned in K20, in the year 690 of Yazdakard, while his great great granduncle wrote a similar copy, mentioned in MH6, in the Parsi year 618. If this Parsi year be reckoned from the era of the 2cth year of Yazdakard, as seems probable', these dates give 52 years for three generations; and Mar'sapan, living one generation later than the writer of A. Y. 690, may perhaps have written his copy of the Dinkard about A.Y. 707 [A. D. 1338]; so that there was probably another copyist, intermediate between him and Mah-vindad-i Naremahan, of whom no record has been preserved. Shatro-ayar concludes his colophon by quoting a long passage from the first colophon, as already stated in p. xxxiv, n. 1, and by acknowledging his obligations to three other persons whom he names. This colophon is the last that now remains attached to the manuscript B, but it was formerly followed Observe the use of the phrase ' Parst year' in the third colophon and in the manuscript K (see p. xxxviii). C 2 Digitized by Google

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xxxvi PAHLAVI TEXTS. by a third colophon, written by the actual writer of B, and preserved in copies transcribed from B since its arrival in India. This third colophon was written by Mah-vindad, son of Vahram, son of Erdishir of Turkabad, who completed his copy, from that of Shatro-ayar, on the day Avan of the month Khurdad in the Parst year 1009 after the 20th year of Yazdakard [21st December, 1659, N. S.]. This copy, which constitutes the manuscript B, was afterwards approved by Vahram, son of Mah-vindad, son of Rustam, son of Anoshak-ruban, son of Rastam of Turkabad, who blesses the writer of the second colophon, on the day Tistar of the month Vohuman in the year 1038 of Yazdakard (18th August, 1669, N. S.). It was also finally seen and approved by Rustam, son of Gastasp, son of Erdishir, who likewise blesses the writer of the second colophon ; and the approximate date of this approval may be guessed from the fact that Rustam Gastasp is known to have copied one manuscript in A. D. 1706, and another in 1741. Regarding this manuscript B, written in 1659, it appears from Mulla Firaz's Avigeh Din (Bombay, 1830) that Mulla Bahman, son of Mulla Behram, a Parsi priest of Yazd, brought this manuscript of the Dinkard from Tran to Surat in 1783, and, having shown it to Aspandiarji Ratanji-shah, he lent it to Kausji Rustamji, then Dastar of Surat, and allowed him to have it copied. Mulla Bahman had great difficulty in obtaining the return of his manuscript, and when it was returned many folios were missing. It was after this loss of folios that Aspandiarji had several other copies transcribed from the defective manuscript, to be sent to various persons, and all these copies were therefore equally defective. This manuscript B, thus defective, afterwards came into the possession of Mulla Firuz, who was high-priest of the Kadmi Parsis in Bombay; and, after his death in 1830, it descended to his successor. In 1875 it belonged to Dastur Sohrabji Rustamji, high-priest of the Kadmis, through whose courtesy, and that of Dastar Dr. Jamaspji Minochiharji, it was then lent to me long enough to Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxxvii enable me to copy and collate two-thirds of Dk. III and to collate Dk. IV-IX; and Dastur Jamaspji, afterwards, kindly supplied me with a copy of the remainder of Dk. III. The manuscript has been bound in its defective state, and contains 322 folios, originally fourteen inches high and ten inches wide, written 20 to 22 lines to the page. When complete it appears to have consisted of 392 folios, all numbered in Persian words, but with several blunders, including one of fifty folios, so that the last folio was really numbered 442. Of the 70 folios not bound with the rest of the manuscript, fourteen were lying loose in the volume; forty-three belonged to Dastur Rustamji Kaikobadji of Nausari, with a copy of which I was kindly supplied by Dastar Dr. Peshotanji Behramji of Bombay, who also enabled me to collate it with the original folios; and seven folios were lent to me by Dastur Dr. Hoshangji Jamaspji of Poona, for the purpose of copying. The remaining six folios have not been discovered; they comprise the first folio of the manuscript, containing the commencement of Dk. III, which was probably lost before the manuscript arrived in India ; also one folio in Dk. VII, two in Dk. IX (see pp. 262, 270 of this volume), and the last two folios of the manuscript, containing the third colophon and final approvals (see p. xxxvi). I am likewise much indebted to the kindness of Professor Kielhorn, who gave me a modern copy of Dk. IV-IX (with the text in its defective state) which had been prepared at Poona, so that it was only necessary to collate this copy with the original text of the manuscript B. With the aid of all this liberal assistance I was enabled to obtain the whole text of the Dinkard, known to exist in the course of a few months; that it has since taken as much as sixteen years to find opportunities for translating and publishing rather more than one-fourth of its contents, will not surprise any one who is acquainted with the nature of the work that had to be done. The only known manuscript, independent of B, that contains any portion of the Dinkard, is the old codex K Digitized by Google

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xxxviii PAHLAVI TEXTS. brought from Persia by the late Professor Westergaard in 1843, and now No. 43 of the Iranian manuscripts in the University Library at Kopenhagen. This codex contains about one-fifth of the text of the Dinkard in two detached portions, together with other Pahlavi texts. The first portion occupies fols. 177-261, and comprises Dk. VI, of which one-eighth is missing, with Dk. III, Chaps. CLX and CCLXXXIII, and a colophon, all written in the district of Turkabad by Mitro-dpan, son of Anoshak-raban, son of Rustam, son of Shatro-ayar, son of Mah-vindad, son of Vahram, son of Gashisn-ayar, son of Mitro-apan, and completed on the day Gos of the month Mitro in the Parsi year 943 after the 20th year of Yazdakard (ioth May, 1594, N. S.]. This copyist appears to have been a great-uncle of the writer who approved the manuscript B in 1669, ten years after it was written ; and the original from which he copied was, no doubt, descended from Mah-vindad-i Naremahan's manuscript of 1020, as he appends to his colophon all the latter part of Mah-vindad's colophon (see p. xxxiv, n. 3). The second portion of the text of the Dinkard, contained in the manuscript K, is written by another hand on 42 additional folios, and comprises the last two chapters of Dk. III, the whole of Dk. V, and the first three-tenths of Dk. IX (as mentioned in p. 172, n. 1, of this volume). This manuscript supplies several short passages in the Dinkard, which are omitted by B, especially in the first portion of the text described above. It has also afforded much assistance in the translation of Dk. IX, Chaps. I, 1-XXXI, 17. Regarding the authorship of the summary account of the Nasks, contained in Dk. VIII, IX, it may be reasonably assumed, in default of any positive information, that the compiler was Atorpad, son of Hemed, the last editor of the Dinkard. And, as nothing is said about any previous treatise being consulted, it may be safely supposed that he had access to the Avesta texts and Pahlavi versions of all the Nasks he describes, fully three centuries after the Muhammadan conquest of Persia. The only Nask he could not obtain was the Vastag, and the Pahlavi version Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxxix of the Nadar was also missing ; under which circumstances, the fully detailed accounts of these two Nasks, given in the Persian Rivayats, must be viewed with suspicion, until better evidence of their authenticity has been discovered than is at present available. The survival of so much of the sacred Zoroastrian literature, during three centuries of Muhammadan rule, indicates that the final loss of nearly all this literature was not so directly attributable to the Arabs as the Parsis suppose. So long as a considerable number of the Persians adhered to their ancient religion, they were able to preserve its literature almost intact, even for centuries, but when, through conversion and extermination, the Mazda-worshippers had become a mere remnant, and then fell under the more barbarous rule of the Tartars, they rapidly lost all their old literature that was not in daily religious use. And the loss may have been as much due to their neglecting the necessary copying of manuscripts, as to any destructiveness on the part of their conquerors; because the durability of a manuscript written on paper seldom exceeds five or six centuries. The statements of the Dinkard, about the classification and subdivisions of the Nasks, are corroborated and supplemented by those of Zad-sparam (see pp. 401-405). The division of all literature into three classes of knowledge, religious, worldly, and intermediate, is one that would naturally suggest itself to any classifier", but the names employed (which are transcribed from the Avesta, and do not exactly correspond with these three meanings) must have originated at a period when the Avesta language was still spoken. That such a classification cannot be very strictly carried out in practice is already admitted in Dk. VIII, Chap. I, 13. Professor Darmesteter has suggested to me the very similar apportionment of the old Hebrew literature, mentioned in Jeremiah xviii. 18, thus :-'For the law shall not perish from the priest, nor counsel from the wise, nor the word from the prophet.' And in Ezekiel vii. 26, thus:- Then shall they seek a vision of the prophet: but the law shall perish from the priest, and counsel from the ancients.' the lawshi, a6, thus: com the wise.us Digitized by Google

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x2 PAHLAVI TEXTS. The further division of the literature into twenty-one books, seven in each of the three classes, is a much more artificial arrangement, and can, perhaps, be best explained as an attempt to make the twenty-one words of the Ahunavair serve the purpose of a reminder for enumerating the Nasks in their proper order. This arrangement was probably made at some period when the scattered Avesta literature was being collected and re-arranged, the Pahlavi versions being then supplied, and the present Pahlavi names of the Nasks appointed. This may possibly have been the work of composition and preservation' attributed to Aturpad, son of Maraspend, in Dk. VIII, Chap. I, 22, when the Nasks were enumerated' (see Dk. IV, 27, in p. 415), which occurred in the fourth century. Why the established sequence of the Nasks, detailed in Dk. VIII, Chap. I, 12, should differ from the successive sequences of their three classes, given in $$ 9-11, is very imperfectly explained; but some of the reasons for the difference may perhaps be guessed. If the notation proposed in p. 7, n. 3, be adopted, the established sequence is G2-4; H1-7; 65; L6; G7; L7, 1-5; G6, 1; in which the only Nasks that are out of their order in the classes are G1, 5-7 and L6, 7. The placing of G6, 1 next after L5 (that is, the Hadokht and Stod-yast next after the Vendidad) may perhaps have been owing to the constant use of these three Nasks in the liturgy, in which either the Vendidad, or the Hadokht!, was frequently interpolated in the recitation of the Stod-yast which comprised by far the larger portion of the present Yasna and Visperad. But this position of the Stod-yast, at the end of the list of Nasks, was probably considered derogatory to its sacred character by most of the writers of the Persian Rivayats, who have, therefore, restored it to its original place at the head of the Gathic Nasks. Dk. VIII, Chap. I, 15, states that G5 was placed after H7 because the Vastag was connected with the Vistasp-sasto, probably by the nature of its contents. And, possibly, the sequence L6, G7, L7 of the Kitradad, Spend, and Bakan-yast, between the Vastag * So long as it was preserved. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xli and Nikadum, may indicate some similar resemblance of contents; especially as the contents of the Kitradad and Bakan-yast were so far from being strictly legal that these Nasks were placed in a sub-class by themselves, and the connection of the Spend with the Gathas appears to have been merely historical. The Persian Rivayats place the Spend next after the Vastag, thereby bringing the two imperfectly Gathic Nasks together, as well as the two imperfectly legal ones; but then they also transpose the Ganaba-sar-nigad and the Husparam, for which there seems to be no justification. With regard to the names of the Nasks, it is evident that several of the Persian names, used in the Rivayats, are more or less irreconcileable with the Pahlavi names in the Dinkard, and some others are improbable readings of the Pahlavi forms. In this translation the Pahlavi forms have been followed, as clearly more authentic than the Persian corruptions, and some few of the names have been read differently; while in other cases the most probable readings have been merely suggested in foot-notes, not on account of the Persian reading being justifiable, but because the evidence for the suggested reading is less complete than would be desirable. In dealing with this account of the Nasks it is always necessary to remember that the compiler of the Dinkard relies entirely upon their Pahlavi versions, as he states distinctly in Dk. VIII, Chap. I, 3; he occasionally mentions the Avesta texts, as in Chaps. VI, I, XII, I, and it is abundantly evident, to the practised translator, that Avesta phrases often underlie the Pahlavi passages which seem to be quoted at length from the original Nasks, especially in Dk. IX; but, for some of the details mentioned, there may be no older authority than a Pahlavi commentary, and this should ever be borne in mind by the sceptical critic in search of anachronisms. Owing to his complete reliance upon the Pahlavi versions, it is impossible to ascertain with certainty whether any particular statement, made by the compiler of the Dinkard, was contained in the Avesta text; his summary, there Digitized by Google

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xlii PAHLAVI TEXTS. fore, throws little or no satisfactory light upon the origin of that text. A few of the details he mentions (such as those contained in Dk. VIII, Chaps. XIII, 17-20, XLIII, 24 and Dk. IX, Chaps. XXXII, 17, XXXIX, 13-16, LIII, 3) evidently refer to Sasanian times, and may be reasonably supposed to have originated in the Pahlavi versions of those times. But vaguer prophecies of good or evil, such as are common in all religions at all times, may have often occurred in the Avesta texts themselves. It is evident, however, that all the Nasks have accumulated around the Gatha centre of the Stod-yast, and that this Gatha centre in the earliest Sasanian times was neither more nor less extensive than it is at present. The age of Gathic composition had so long passed away in the time of the earliest Sasanian monarchs, that the sages whom they appointed to collect and re-arrange the sacred literature, were unable to fully understand many of the stanzas they had to translate into Pahlavi, much less could they have added to their number. How far they may have been able to write ordinary Avesta text is more uncertain, but any such writing was probably confined to a few phrases for uniting the fragments of old Avesta which they discovered, or for interpolating opinions of their own. All such compositions, however, would have been hazardous, as forming no part of their duties, which seem to have been confined to the arrangement of the fragmentary Avesta texts, and their translation into Pahlavi with explanatory comments in that language. It appears from the traditional statements, mentioned in p. 415, that this work was completed, and the Nasks were fully arranged, by Aturpad, son of Maraspend, in the reign of Shahpahar II (A. D. 309379); but the Pahlavi versions were certainly revised, and some further commentaries added, after the suppression of the heresy of Mazdak, as late as the reign of Khusrdi I (A. D. 531-579). That the Avesta texts themselves were not written, to any great extent, in Sasanian times, is shown by the quantity of Pahlavi commentary necessary to adapt them to the altered circumstances of those times. The Gathic Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xliii Nasks, being strictly religious, required only some explanations, with little extended commentary; because the religion had to be maintained without sensible modification. Of the Hadha-mathric Nasks we know but little. But the strictly Legal Nasks consisted chiefly of the commentary which is always necessary to adapt ancient laws to modern ideas. With regard to the mode of describing the Nasks, adopted in the Dinkard, it is evident that the compiler intended, in the first place, to give merely a very short account of the general contents of each Nask, to be followed by a detailed statement of the particular contents of each chapter (see Dk. VIII, Chap. I, 23, 24). But, when he had fully carried out this intention with respect to the first three Nasks, his work came to a premature conclusion, which has deprived us of mu garding the rest of the Nasks. The descriptions of these other Nasks vary in extent, but may be roughly classified as follows :-Of the Nadar and Vastag there is no description whatever. Of the Damdad, Rado-dad-aitag, Kaskisrobo, Vistasp-sasto, Bakan-yast, and Stod-yast the description is very short, averaging 80 Pahlavi words for each. Of the Pagag, Baris, Kitradad, Spend, and Hadokht the description is rather longer, averaging 358 Pahlavi words for each ; but, as such a description is still far too brief to be satisfactory, the compiler must have intended to add a detailed account of each chapter of all these Nasks. On coming to the strictly Legal Nasks, however, he adopted a different plan, by giving a much more voluminous statement of the contents of certain selected chapters; thus the very long description of the Nikadum, Ganaba-sar-nigad, Husparam, and Sakadum averages 3670 Pahlavi words for each. This change of plan is somewhat modified in the case of the Vendidad, where the description of 1272 Pahlavi words is only moderately long. While the first three Nasks, the Sadkar, Varstmansar, and Bako, after a very short description averaging 65 Pahlavi words for each, are again described in detail, as already mentioned, to the average extent of 8647 Pahlavi words for each. Digitized by Google

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xliv PAHLAVI TEXTS. From these descriptions, and their connection with certain Avesta texts and Pahlavi writings, it is now possible to form a more or less adequate conception of the contents of Nasks I-IV, X, XIII-XIX, XXI, and also some idea of those of Nasks VI, XII; but the accounts of the remaining six Nasks, most of which belonged to the Hadha-mathric or scientific class, are very unsatisfactory. With reference to the total extent of the Nasks, when they were all extant, it is obvious that the length of descriptions, drawn up on the same plan, ought to bear approximately some definite proportion to the lengths of text described; so that, if the extent of the text of one Nask be known, and the proportion it bears to the length of its description be ascertained, this proportion becomes a rough means of estimating the probable extent of other Nasks, from the length of their descriptions drawn up on the same plan. Three years ago an attempt was made to estimate the total extent of the Nasks in this way, based upon the assumptions that the Nasks still extant were three in number, that the length of the description of the Vendidad was a fair average one for estimating the extent of Pahlavi version in all the lost Nasks, and that the proportion of Avesta text to Pahlavi version in the Nirangistan was also a fair average for estimating the extent of their Avesta texts. These assumptions were carefully made, as the least liable to objection, and the total extent of the Nasks in Sasanian times, thus estimated, amounted to 133,000 words of Avesta text and 844,000 of Pahlavi version. Since the completion of the translation of Dk. IX it has, however, become possible to estimate the probable extent of the first three Nasks from the proportion between the actual extent of the first three fargards of the Bako (Yas. XIX-XXI) and the length of their description. It has also been thought no longer reasonable to neglect the actual length of the Nirangistan as a basis for estimating the extent of the Pahlavi versions of the strictly Legal Nasks XV In the Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen und historischen Classe der k. b. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Munchen, 1888, PP. 441, 442. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xlv Hi , 4. XVIII; and the Bakan-yast has been identified with the Yasts still extant. These additional considerations have led to a new estimate of the probable extent of each Nask separately, based upon the best data available in each case, as stated in detail in the foot-notes to the names of the Nasks in the Extant Fragments (pp. 451-488 of this volume). These estimates are here collected, for the sake of convenient reference, as follows: Avesta. Pahlavi. G2: Nask 1. Sadkar . . . 4,700 words 10,500 ~ 2. Varstmansar 8,300 18,500 , 3. Bako 9,500 21,200 4. Damdad. 8,900 29,300 5. Nadar .. 6,800 22,200 6. Pagag 9,100 29,800 7. Rado-dad-aitag . . 10,500 34,300 8. Baris . . 4,400 , 14,600 9. Kaskisrobo 5,500 17,900 10. Vistasp-sasto . 2,200 7,200 II. Vastag . 8,900 18,400 12. Kitradad. 2,600 23,400 13. Spend . * 9,900 20,500 , 14. Bakan-yast . . 22,000 , 44,000 15. Nikadum. . 562,900 , 16. Ganaba-sar-nigad , 28,000 ,, 251,500 , 17. Husparam . . 44,900 403,600 ,, 4 , 18. Sakadam. . . 53,000 476,600 ,,5 ,, 19. Vendidad . . 23,000 48,000 G6 , 20. Hadokht . . . 8,400 * 17,400 ,,I >> 21. Stod-yast . . . 12,500 ,, 22,400 Total extent of 21 Nasks * 345,700 2,094,200 This total is about 24 times as great as that of the former estimate, but, as nearly the whole of this increase is in the four strictly Legal Nasks, whose length is well attested by that of the extant Nirangistan, there is little probability that further investigation will lead to any re 1 This bad been done, long ago, in a Persian Rivayat, quoted in Bag, fol. 164, which states that the following sixteen Yasts were in the Bayan-yast Nask, namely, the Hormezd, Aban, Mah, Tir, Gos, Mihir, Srosh, Rashn, Fravardin, Bahiram, Ram, Din, Ashasang, Astad, Zamyad, and Khurshed Yasts. Digitized by Google

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xlvi PAHLAVI TEXTS. duction of this estimate. No probable alteration of the estimate of the extent of the Hadha-mathric Nasks, which is the most uncertain, would materially affect the total. Another matter of interest to the readers of translations from the Pahlavi, especially to those who are aware of the ambiguities of the original text, is the degree of confidence they can place in the correctness of the translation. In the case of the Dinkard it is fortunately possible to consult manuscripts written in Persia, and descended through only four or five intermediate copies from the work of the original writer, so that the text is remarkably free from copyists' errors. The eighth and ninth books also contain very few of those involved sentences, with long parenthetical clauses, which, owing to the habitual absence or misplacement of stops, are very perplexing to a translator. The chief difficulties of the text arise from its synoptical character, and the consequent want of connection between its sentences; there being often too little context to define the meaning of a doubtful word. The number of words of doubtful meaning in Pahlavi is, however, fast diminishing, in proportion to the advancing study of the texts; and the certainty of a translator, as to the correctness of his work, is increasing in a like proportion. At any rate, the reader may safely rely upon the general accuracy of these translations, even if a few errors should hereafter be discovered. As an instance of such possible errors I will here correct one that exists in my translation of the Epistles of Manllskihar, which was pointed out to me by Mobad Tehmuras Dinshawji Ankalesaria, in a letter dated 28th October, 1887. In Ep. II, ii, 9-11, there occurs an illustration of what should be done when commentators differ, derived from the use that can be made of different observations of the stars, and containing three names that were difficult to identify. These names were doubtfully read as corruptions of the names of three of the lunar mansions, but it now appears that they were the names of three sets of astronomical tables (zik); so that Shatro-ayaran, Hinduk, and Ptolemeos should be read, instead of Satvaharan, Avenak, and Padramgos; both sets of readings expressing the same Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION, xlvii Pahlavi letters. With these alterations the passage may be translated as follows : Ep. II, ii, 9. And there may be a position of the stars, settled even by computers of the stars, when they would take that of the sun and moon from the tables of Shatro-ayar, that of Saturn from the Hindu tables, and that of Mars from the tables of Ptolemy, and the position comes out very good, and they are able to speak of the maturity of strength undoubtedly brought on. 10. That this is to be seen as an occurrence is a conjunction which is not possible ; because, if the tables of Shatro-ayar be exact, yet, since its Saturn and Mars are not from the tables, the effect is not a good configuration; if the Hindu tables be correct, yet, since its sun, moon, and Mars are not from those tables, the effect is not good; and if the tables of Ptolemy be correct, yet, since its sun, moon, and Saturn are not from those tables, the effect is not good; on account of which the conjunction is not correct in any way; they believe it possible, however, for a firm mind to accomplish this auspicious labour. 11. But they say the just and wise are making the decision that this would be a very good position, because that which is in the tables of Shatro-ayar is truly issuing from him, the great Shatro-ayar; and that of Shatro-ayar, being better through the tables of Ptolemy, remains that employed.' In conclusion, it is desirable to make some remarks upon the transliteration of Pahlavi, because it is necessary to express not only the various sounds of the letters of a very deficient alphabet, but also the mode of writing several abbreviated compounds which are quite as essential to the correct orthography of Pahlavi as the forms of the separate letters themselves. For this purpose italics are used to indicate not only a few differences of sound from the usual English pronunciation of consonants, but also different letters having the same sound, and letters abbreviated in the writing of compounds. When the abbreviated letter is already italicised, the preceding short vowel (which is not expressed in Pahlavi writing) is also italicised to indicate the abbreviation, or an apostrophe is introduced between the two consonants when no short vowel sound intervenes. Hyphens are used both to connect the conponents of compound words, which are often written Digitized by Google

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xlviii PAHLAVI TEXTS. separately, and also to separate words that are written together in Pahlavi. The application of these rules will be best understood by reference to the following list of . transliterations which have been found necessary : ALPHABET. da (initial), a, h, kh, ed. 2, a (privative), ae, de (final), h (final). Jb. Uf, p, v. po d, t. 98, k, . Ji, r. 20 or 3,5 +3. os, sh, 3+w, g-a. 2gh. k. fm. 1 I, n, 0, 0, 1, 0, v. 11,r. 3 d, e, g, 8, ga, i, y. Sz. IRREGULAR COMPOUNDS. y aya. ew (w + Q, or w+Q) aek, af, ag, ap, av, az, af, dg, dk, dp, dv, dz, haf, hak, hap, haz, khef, khek, khz. *an. JU 3, ae, ae (final), eh (final). Yo adin, didd (better bida). 1p, rag, raz, r'g, rp, r'z. es dif, dip, gif, sag, sak, sap, sig, sip, sp. ex s'k, yaf, ydv. fm-e. e dag, d-k, eg, ek, gag, gak, gug, ik, tv, fz, yaz, yez. den (better ben), yen. Digitized by Google

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ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS VOLUME. A.D. for Anno Domini; Af. for Afringan ; Ar. for Arabic; AV. for Arda-Viraf namak, ed. Hoshangji and Haug, 1872; Av. for Avesta ; A.Y. for Anno Yasdakardi; B for Bombay MS. of Dinkard, written in Iran, A.D. 1659, see pp. xxx-xxxvii; B29 for MS. No. 29 in the University Library at Bombay; Bd. for Bundahis, as translated in vol. v of this series ; Bk. for Book ; B.P. for Bahman Pangyah, see p. 418, n. 3; Byt. for Bahman Yast, as translated in vol. v of this series ; Ch. or Chald. for Chaldee; Chap. for chapter ; Dd. for Dadistan-i Dinik, as translated in vol. xviii of this series; Dk. for Dinkard; Dv. for Dinvigirgard; ed. for edited by or edition; Ep. for Epistles of Manuskihar, as translated in vol. xviii of this series ; Farh. Oim. for Farhang-i Oim-aevak, or Zand-Pahlavi Glossary, ed. Hoshangji and Haug, 1867; fol. for folio; G for gathic; Gah. for Gahanbar or Gahanbar; Gen. for Genesis; gen. for genitive ; Gesch. der Sas. for Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden, 1879; Gf. for tale of Gost-i Fryano, ed. West and Haug, 1872; Gld. for Geldner; H for hadha-mathric; Haug's Essays for Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings, and Religion of the Parsis, by M. Haug, 2nd ed.; Hn. for Hadokht Nask, ed. Haug, 1872; Ibid. for ibidem; J2 for Jamaspji's Yasna MS. with Pahlavi, now in the Bodleian Library, by the same copyist as K5; K for Kopenhagen MS. No. 43, written A.D. 1594, see pp. xxxvii-viii; Ki, K5, K20, K35 for Iranian MSS. Nos. 1, 5, 20, 35 in the University Library at Kopenhagen; L for legal ; 1. for line; ll. for lines; Mf4 for the Mulla Firuz Library's Yasna MS. with Pahlavi, descended from an ancestor of K5; MH6, MH10 for MSS. Nos. 6, 10 of Haug's Collection in the State Library at Munich; Mkh. for Dina-1 Mainog-1 Khirad, as translated in vol. xxiv of this series; MS. for manuscript; n. for foot-note; N.S. for new style; Ny. for Nykyis ; 0225 for MS. No. 225 of Ouseley's Collection in the Bodleian Library at Oxford: OM for Olshausen and Mohl's Fragmens relatifs a la religion de Zoroastre; p. for page; Pahl. [37] Digitized by Google

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PAHLAVI TEXTS. for Pahlavi: Paz. for Pazand; Pers. for Persian; pp. for pages; Pt4 for Peshotanji's Yasna MS. with Pahlavi, similar to Mf4; Riv. for Rivayat; S.B.E. for Sacred Books of the East; Sd. and Sg. for Sad-dar and Sikand-gumanik Vigar, as translated in vol. xxiv of this series; Sir. for Sirozah; Sls. for Shayast-la-shayast, as translated in vol. v of this series; Sp. for Spiegel; Vend. for Vendidad; Vig. for Vigirkard-i Dinik, ed. Peshotan, Bombay, 1848 ; Visp. for Visperad; vol. for volume; W. or Westerg. for Westergaard; Yas. for Yasna; Yt. for Yast; ZA. for Zend Avesta; Zs. for Selections of Zad-sparam, as translated in vol. v of this series. Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS OF THE NASKS AS STATED IN THE EIGHTH AND NINTH BOOKS OF THE DINKARD. (37) Digitized by Google

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OBSERVATIONS. 1. For all divisions into chapters and sections the translator is chiefly responsible, as the stops found in the manuscripts are not used systematically. 2. Italics are used for any English words which are not expressed, or fully understood, in the original text, but are added to complete the sense of the translation. 3. Italics occurring in Oriental words, or names, represent certain peculiar Oriental letters (see the 'Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets' at the end of this volume), or certain abbreviated modes of writing Pahlavi letters, for which see the remarks on Pahlavi transliteration near the end of the Introduction. Italic a, d, d, e, , h, 1, 3, kh, 1, p, r, sh, u, v, ed indicate no change of pronunciation; but g should be sounded like i, hv like wh, k like ch in church's like sh, and Avesta . like French j. 4. In the translation words in parentheses are merely explanatory of those that precede them. 5. For the meaning of the abbreviations, used in the notes, see the explanatory list after the Introduction. 6. The manuscripts used, being the only two independent authorities for the text of the Dinkard known to exist, are: B (written A.D. 1659), a nearly-complete MS. of Books III-IX, brought from Iran to Surat in 1783, and now divided between three, or more, owners in Bombay, Nawsari, and Poona. Of the Books here translated two folios are missing, which contained portions of Bk. IX, Chaps. XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXVI, XXXVII. K (written A.D. 1594 and later), No. 43 in the University Library at Kopenhagen, a miscellaneous MS. containing several fragments of Books III, V, VI, IX. Of the Books here translated it contains the text of Bk. IX, Chaps. I, 1-XXXI, 17. Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS OF THE NASKS. DINKARD.-BOOK VILKUT - VisitTY ( T4 ' CHAPTER I. 1. Praise for Adharmazd, and obeisance to the Mazda-worshipping religion which is the ordinance of Adharmazd opposed to the demo s. 2. The eighth book is the present (latamman) memorandum about a summary of what is in the Nasks of the Mazda-worshipping religion, each separately. 3. That which is within the compass (shad-aarvan) of this book, about the account of the good religion, is a writing for the information of the many, and an announcement from the commentary (zand)that which is in explanation of revelation (deno)--which, for this simple (padram) high-priest, is in itself the writing of the voice of revelation 4. But, before that, is a writing of the usage about the divisions (bangisno) of the reckoning of the Mazda-worshipping revelation, also the parts (bahar) of its divisions, and the sections (burinako) of the parts; and the exposition of the account, 1 The author means that he derives his information about the contents of the Nasks entirely from their Pahlavi versions which, so far as he is concerned, are of equal authority with the Avesta text. * This introductory chapter. B 2 Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK VIII. which, though very condensed, is in its divisionis also condensed in the parts of its division, and more diffuse in the sections of the parts. 5. The divisions of the reckoning of the Mazda-worshipping revelation are three :-Gathas which are the higher spiritual knowledge and spiritual duty; Law which is lower' worldly knowledge and worldly duty; and the Hadha-mathric which are mostly information and matters about what is between these two 2. 1 Or 'mostly,' if we read avirtar, instead of azirtar, as is done in the next clause of this sentence. 2 The three Pahlavi terms are gasano, dad, and hadak-mansarik. Of these dad evidently means 'law,' because the Dadik Nasks are chiefly devoted to legal matters (see Chaps. XVI-XLIV); and gasand appears to mean 'gathas' rather than 'verses,' because the first Gasanik Nask contained the Gatha texts (see Chap. XLVI), the next three were commentaries upon the Gathas (see Chaps. II-IV and Bk. IX, Chaps. II-LXVIII), and the remaining three, so far as we are informed, were devoted to religious matters, but we have no reason to suppose that any of them were metrical, except the Gathas themselves. The exact meaning of hadakmansarik is less clear; it is derived from Av. hadha-mathra, provided with spells, or inspired words,' a term applied to Zaratust in Visp. XIII, I and also to the Mathra-spenta, or liturgy, in a phrase (see Westerg. 2. A., p. 485) which is appointed to be used in certain parts of the liturgy whenever the Vistasp Yast (a remnant of the last Hadha-mathric Nask) is recited; just as another phrase, referring to the Law, is appointed to be used in the same places whenever the Vendidad (one of the Dadik Nasks) is recited. In what sense the Hadha-mathric Nasks can be said to be provided with spells' is not clear from the details given in Chaps. V-XI, but, practically, the meaning of the term must be something like 'semi-religious,' being applied to philosophy and science which are neither strictly religious nor strictly secular. The same three terms were applied to the three classes of mankind, probably the priests, philosophers, and laity; a classification analogous to that of the three professions, the priests, warriors, and husbandmen, but not quite identical with it, as may be gathered from a passage in the sixth book of the Dinkard. This book is Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER I, 5-7. 6. And the reason of the triple division of the reckoning of revelation is the exposition of all knowledge and duty, and the kinds of knowledge and action in the same revelation are these three that have been written. 7. Also in the Ahunavair', which about an epitome, composed and preserved by those of the primitive faith, concerning the statements of the religion of Mazdaworship;' and its statements are introduced by the following words :- Those of the primitive faith, who were the sages of the ancients, considered thus, &c.' Near the middle of the book the following passage occurs :- And this, too, was considered by them thus, that these are the three species of mankind :-One is the Gathic, one the Hadha-mathric, and one the Dadik. The association (hamih) of him who is Gathic is with the sacred beings, and his severance (vigi-aitagih) from the demons and fiends; the extent of his wealth is due to members of the community and religious feasts (da hm va-sur), and the punishment for the sin which he may commit is shame and is invisible. The association of him who is Hadha-mathric is with the righteous, and his severance from the wicked; also the extent of his wealth is that which may be produced virtuously, and the punishment for the sin he shall commit is the goad, or scourge (see Chap. XLIV, 65 n); also noxious creatures for the body, and compensating the destitute. And the association of him who is Dadik is with Iranians, and his severance from foreigners; also the extent of his wealth is due to affairs that it is possible to accomplish lawfully, and the punishment for the sin which he shall commit is for the lifetime of a fowl (kak), the day of a demon.' This information seems to be taken from the first fargard of the Sadkar Nask (see Bk. IX, Chap. II, 19). The Ahunavair (Av. ahuna vairya) is the name of the most sacred formula of the Parsis, derived from its second and third words; it is also called the Yatha-ahu-vairyo, from its first phrase, and is a declaratory statement in metre, consisting of one stanza of three lines, containing twenty-one Avesta words, as follows: Yatha ahu vairyo, atha ratus ashad-kid haka, Vangheus dazda manangho shyaothananam angheus mazdai, Khshathremka ahurai a, yim drigubyo dadad vastarem. The usual Pahlavi version of this formula explains it as follows: Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK VIII. is the basis of the reckoning of revelation, are three metrical lines (gas); the first chiefly indicates the Gathic lore, the second the Hadha-mathric lore, and the third the Law. 8. And there have been twenty-one parts of its divisions, which are called Nasks :-(9) Seven are Gathic, because they are composed for the Gathas, "As is the will of the spiritual lord (as is the will of Adharmasd) so should be the priestly master (so virtuous should he be) owing to whatsoever are the duties and good works of righteousness (the duties and good works should be as virtuous as the will of Adharmazd). Whose is the gift of good thought (that is, the reward and recompense that good thought gives, it gives also unto him) which, among spiritual lords, is the work of Adharmazd (that is, he would do that which Adharmazd requires): (there are some who would say thus : Whose gist is for good thought that is, the reward and recompense which they give for good thought, they give also unto him); and there are some who would say thus : Whose gift is through good thought (that is, the reward and recompense which they give up through good thought, they would also give even him); Aturpad, son of Zaratust, said thus: Owing to the gift of good thought, among spiritual lords, they recognise a doer of deeds). The dominion for Adharmayd is his (that is, his dominion exists through the advantage that Adharmasd has maintained) who gives allotments (vayagano) to the poor (that is, he would make intercession for them).' The Avesta text may be translated, according to Haug, as follows: As a spiritual lord is desirable, so is a priestly master, for the sake of every righteousness, to be a giver of good thoughts as to the actions of life towards Mazda; and the dominion is for the lord whom he (Mazda) has given as a protector for the poor.' According to Geldner the first two lines refer to Zaratust, and, if we assume that yim is a contraction of ye im, the Avesta text may be translated somewhat as follows:- As he is the desirable spiritual lord, so is he the priestly master with every right, the producer of the actions of the good thoughts of life towards Mazda. The dominion, however, is for Ahura who has given him as a protector for the poor.' 1 See $$ 18, 19. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER I, 8-13. and their names are that of the ritual of the Gathic worship, which is the Stod-yast, with the Sadkar, Varstmansar, Bako, Vastag, Hadokht, and that which has made them Gathic?, the Spend. 10. And the names of the seven Hadha-mathric are Damdad, Nadar, Pagag, Rado-dad-aftag, Baris, Kaskisrobo, and Vistasp-sasto. II. And seven are Legal, because they are composed for the lawyer (dadik), and their names are those of the legal, and those are the Nikadum, Ganaba-sar-nigad, Husparam, Sakadum, and Vendidad, and those which are composed for the law with separate dedications, the Kitradad and Bakan-yast. 12. And the sequence is Sadkar, Varst-mansar, Bako, Damdad, Nadar, Pagag, Rado-dad-aitag, Baris, Kaskisrobo, Vistaspsasto, Vastag, Kitradad, Spend, Bakan-yast, Nikadum, Ganaba-sar-nigad, Hasparam, Sakadum, Vendidad, Hadokht, and Stod-yast 3. 13. In all three divisions all three are found; in the Gathic are the Hadha-mathric and Legal, in the Hadha-ma thric are the Gathic and Legal, and in the Legal are the Gathic and Hadha-mathric. For variants of these names, in the order stated in $ 12, see the notes to the first sections of Chaps. II-XVI, XXI, XXVIII, XXXVIII, XLIV-XLVI, which begin the summary description of each of the twenty-one Nasks. * Referring probably to the bestowal of the other Nasks' mentioned in Chap. XIV, 5. This is the order in which the twenty-one words of the Ahu. navair are applied to the twenty-one Nasks, as hinted in SS 19; and, therefore, the order in which they ought to be enumerated. Representing the three divisions of the Nasks by G, H, L, respectively, and the seven Nasks in each division by the ciphers 1-7, the order of enumeration is as follows:-G 3-4; H 1-7; G 5; L 6; G7; L 7,1-5; G 6, 1. More or less fanciful reasons for this dislocation of the divisions are given in $$ 15-17. Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK VIII. 14. In each separately that which is essentially and specially itself is included, and that which is partly another and introduced is included; and the reason of it is that in spiritual and worldly existences, and in worldly and spiritual existences, and in that which is between the two, there are both existences. 15. The occurrence of the joining of the Vastag part of the Gathas on to the last of the Hadhamathric? is because it is written in connection with the Vistasp-sasto, the last of the Hadha-mathric. 16. The reason of the Hadokht and Yast being in succession to the Vendidad, the last of the Law, and 'the production of the worldly creationa' being between the Hadha-mathric and those spiritual Gathas, is because the spiritual existence likewise, which is spiritual life (a hvo), is the beginning; and the worldly existence is purposed and caused, and a part is preserved (nostaito), important for the purpose and intended for the spiritual life, the part at the beginning. 17. And the rejoining of the end of the Law, which is about the Hom", to the Gathas, which are the beginning, 1 That is, the placing of G 5 after H 7. ? That is, the placing of G 6, 1 after L 5. The Vendidad appears to be the last of the truly legal Nasks, as the contents of the Kitradad (see Chap. XIII) appear to have been chiefly historical, and those of the Bakan-yast (see Chap. XV) chiefly religious. These two Nasks are also placed in a sub-class in SS 11. * This Dahisno-i-stih-dado is evidently another name for the Damdad, or the creatures produced,' which is placed between G 2-4 and H 2-7. * Written Him in Pazand, for Ham; and referring to the white Hom, mentioned in Pahl. Vend. XX, 17, 21, and its healing properties. It is not absolutely necessary to understand from the text that the twentieth fargard was literally the end of the Vendidad in Sasanian times, because Chap. XLIV, 81 is quite as descriptive of the twenty-second as of the twentieth fargard. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER I, 14-21. is a symbol of the existence of the pure influence of the Gathic lore upon the first spiritual state--that which exists likewise at last--and of the rejunction of the worldly existence to the spiritual, because it came down from the spiritual to exist at present. 18. And the reason of the twenty-one-fold partition of the three divisions of the reckoning of revelation is in the distinction which is evident from their composition; also in the three metrical lines of the Ahunavair, which is the basis of the reckoning of revelation, there are twenty-one words (marik). 19. As the three metrical lines of the Ahunavair, which is the basis of the reckoning of revelation, are an emblem of the triple division of the reckoning of revelation ; so the twenty-one words of the three lines indicate the twenty-one-fold partition of these three divisions; as it is declared that He who is the omniscient creator produced a discourse from every single word.' 20. As to the sections of the parts, such as the Has and Fargards in the Nasks, it is known there were one thousand?, from the testimony and knowledge of the religion owing to the teaching of Zaratast-whose guardian spirit is reverenced--in the country of Iran. 21. And after the devastation occurred, owing to the evil-destined and raging villain Alexander, there was not so much of them 1 The term Ha (had, Av. haiti) is applied to the chapters of the Yasna, and the term Fargard (Av. fra+kereta) to the chapters of the Vendidad and most of the other Nasks. * Combining the information given in the Persian Rivayats with that in the Dinkard we find only 905 chapters enumerated, of which 180 are said to have been lost, from the philosophical Nasks, during the Greek rule. Digitized by Google

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10 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. recovered as would be possible for a high-priest to preserved. 22. And that which the saintly (hufravardo) Atur-pad?, son of Maraspend, achieved through their composition and preservation, is known so far as the decrees (kako) in the treatises (ma digan) of the country of Iran are preserved as teaching and admonition (panda no). 23. After writing of each separate Nask, that is, as to what it speaks about more particularly, each Nask is accounted for separately, and what is in its various Has and Fargards comes to be realized" ; for in these particulars (madigan) any ruggedness of the auspicious and desirable collection is explained. 24. But, first, the class of writing of the various Nasks--that is, about what they speak--is here written ; the extent of attainment not being adapted to their peculiarity of wonderfulness. CHAPTER II. 1. Homage to the glory of the good religion of Mazda-worship! 2. The Sadkar 6 contains particulars about the Probably meaning not more than a high-priest could retain in his memory. : A supreme high-priest who was prime minister of king Shahpahar II (A.D. 309-379). * In this eighth book of the Dinkard. * In the more detailed statements in the ninth book. * Reading husukangan, but it may be khuskunino, beneficent,' or anasikon-gun, 'unconfusing.' . Corresponding to the first word, yatha, in the Ahunavair, according to the Persian Rivayat of Bahman Pangyah, which adopts the sequence detailed in Chap. I, 12. All other Persian Rivayats and also the Dini-vigirkard adopt the sequence G1-4; H1-7; Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER 1, 22-II, 5. power of the pure glorifying of the first utterance of Allharmazd", through thinking, speaking, and acting; and about abstaining from the law of very evil and very disturbing people. 3. Glorifying the observances (hunarano) and good works of the good religion and of a like nature, as well as their effectualness; and condemning the faults and sin of him of very evil religion, when all kinds of neglect of the spiritual ceremony and of care for the archangel of the worldly existence are owing to hims; also much information about spiritual matters. 4. It has become old (kahoni':), and is a witness whose statement extends even unto the renovation of the universe. 5. Righteousness is perfect excellence. G 5,7; L 6, 7, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5; G 6. Like most of the names of the Nasks, Sadkar is an adjective, meaning 'causing benefit, or acting beneficially;' it is corrupted into Stadgar, or Istadgar, in the Rivayats and Dv. For a detailed account of the contents of each of its twenty-two fargards see Bk. IX, Chaps. II-XXIII. 1 The Ahunavair, or Yatha ahu vairyo, which Adharmazd recited before the creation in order to confound Aharman (see Bd. I, 21, 22). This clause refers chiefly to the first fargard of the Sudkar (see Bk. IX, Chap. II). Referring to Bk. IX, Chaps. V, IX, X, &c. See Bk. IX, Chap. IX. See Bk. IX, Chap. XXIII, 7. * The text is aharayih dsadih pahlum aite, the Pahl. equivalent of the Av. ashem voh vahistem asti, righteousness is the best good,' the first metrical line of the Ashem-vohu formula, with which it is usual to conclude forms of prayer and religious writings. It is here used to conclude the account of each of the twenty-one Nasks, and twice over at the end of the last one, so that it occurs twenty-two times in this eighth Book. In the ninth Book it concludes the account of each fargard of the three Nasks detailed, and is written twice at the end of the second Nask, and twice at the end of the Book; so that it occurs in three series of 22, 24, and 24 repetitions, respectively, in the ninth Book. As the formula, Digitized by Google

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1 2 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. Chapter III. 1. The Varstmansar? contains particulars about the birth of Zaratust, his attaining the religion?, and whatever is on the same subject. 2. A notice (numad) of the priestliness, discipleship, spiritual lordship, priestly authority, and steadfastness which are in his original more concise words of the Gathas. 3. The explanation (zand) of the statements about everything and also the good arrangement (khusradako) are such as that which one speaks of thus : --' It is the Varstmansar which has given forth an exposition upon everything.' 4. So that, in the Varstmansar, something is said about everything that is mentioned in the Gathas. 5. Of righteousness the excellence is perfect. which is thus repeated, consists of four words, it is capable of I X2 X3 X4 = 24 permutations in the order of its words; and it appears as if the author intended that each of the four series of repetitions of the formula, contained in the two Books, should give all these permutations successively; and, with the exception of a few deviations (chiefly in the first two series, and probably due to the errors of copyists), he has maintained this fanciful peculiarity throughout. The English translations of the formula have been varied, so as to preserve this peculiarity to some extent, but it has not been found possible to differentiate the whole of the twentyfour permutations. 1 Corresponding to the second word, a hu, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the third Nask in other Rivayats. Varstmansar means used as spells, or employed as liturgy,' and is often corrupted into Vahist-manthrah in the Rivayats. For a detailed account of the contents of each of its twenty-three fargards see Bk. IX, Chaps. XXIV-XLVI. ? See Bk. IX, Chap. XXIV. This final phrase is often used for unspecified details, and may be considered as equivalent to et caetera. * See Bk. IX, Chap. XXV. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER III, I-V, I, 13 CHAPTER IV. 1. The Bako? contains particulars about the division of the recital of the first saying of revelation, the first creatures in that saying, the first occurrence of it, the adaptation of the creature, and the greatness of that saying which is incorporating the creature, owing thereto; also, especially, the intermingling of thought (med)* with it. 2. Very comprehensive knowledge about everything, each separately its own offspring, and many an appendage as much connected with it as that which is said concerning the Bako, that 'the Bako of the community (dahman) is heard where it is spoken for the community,' that is, whoever shall do this good work, for him this good work will be done. 3. Righteousness is perfect excellence. CHAPTER V. 1. Amid the Damdade are particulars about the maintenance of action and the production of the 1 Corresponding to the third word, vairy 8, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the fourth Nask in other Rivayats. Bako means 'subdivision, or apportionment,' and is written Bagb, or Bagh-ast, in the Rivayats. For a detailed account of the contents of each of its twenty-two fargards see Bk. IX, Chaps. XLVII-LXVIII. * The Ahunavair (see Chap. II, 2 and Bk. IX, Chap. XLVII, 3). : The Ahd, or spiritual lord,' who is the first creature mentioned in the Ahunavair (see Bk. IX, Chap. XLVII, 4). * Av. maiti, Paz. mit in Bk. IX, Chap. XLVII, 5; the Av. manas of Yas. XIX, 29 (Sp.). This section is an extreme condensation of the contents of Bk. IX, Chaps. XLVIII-LXVIII. * Corresponding to the fourth word, atha, in the Ahunavair, Digitized by Google

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14 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. beneficial creatures. 2. First, as to the spiritual existence, and how much and how is the maintenance in the spiritual existence; and the production of the worldly existence therefrom, qualified and constructed for descending (fitodano) into the combat with the destroyer, and accomplishing the associated necessity for the end and circumvention (garang) of destructiveness. 3. The manner and species of the creation of the creatures; also their material existence, ard the character and use of the races and species ; and whatever is on the same subject. 4. The reason for their creation, and for their perfection at last. 5. About the adversity, injury, and misery of those creatures, and their secret (nihono) resources and means of attacking and annihilating them; with the preservation or disablement (apikarinidano) of the creatures thereby? 6. Of righteousness the excellence is perfect excellence. according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the fifth Nask in other Rivayats. Da mdad means 'the creatures produced,' and it is called Dvazdah-hamast (or humast) in the Rivayats, which also state that it contained thirty-two kardah, or subdivisions. No further particulars of this and the subsequent Nasks are given by the Dinkard, beyond the contents of this eighth Book. 1 So far as this brief account of the Damdad goes, it corresponds very well with much of the contents of the Bundahis. Zad-sparam, in his Selections, IX, I, 16, also quotes the Damdad as the authority for certain details contained in the Bundahish, which work must therefore be considered as derived from this Nask. It is very probable, however, that the Nask contained much more information than is here hinted, because the author's usual plan, in these brief summaries, is evidently to confine his remarks to a few of the details near the beginning of each Nask. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER V, 2-VII, 2. 15 CHAPTER VI. 1. On account of the Zand of the Nadari not reaching us, the Avesta is retained, for teaching, recital, and ceremony, because it has come unto us with authority. 2. Of righteousness the excellence is perfect excellence. CHAPTER VII. 1. The Pagag? contains particulars about lawfully slaughtering a sheep, for the ceremonial of fires, waters, and holy-water, in aid of a seasonfestival of the Mazda-worshippers; besides this, namely, in what are the skill, and the means for selection, of a man for such work, and the formula (nirang) of the ceremony. 2. And this, namely, from which limb of the sheep species is the Corresponding to the fifth word, ratus, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the sixth Nask in other Rivayats. Owing to its Zand, or Pahlavi version, having been lost, the author does not undertake to describe its contents; but the Rivayats state that it consisted of thirty-five zurat, or compilations, about astronomy and astrology. The traditional name Nadar, or Nadar, is probably a misreading; as Vakhtar (for Vakhttar), 'more destined,' and Vakhtvar, 'fate-bringing,' would be more intelligible readings of the same letters. Corresponding to the sixth word, ashad, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the seventh Nask in other Rivayats. Pagag probably means 'cooking,' with reference to the preparations for the sacred feasts; it is called Pagam, Pakam, or Pazun in the Rivayats, which also state that it contained twentytwo kardah, or subdivisions. * The six Gahanbars or season-festivals are held on the five days ending, respectively, with the 45th, 105th, 180th, 2 roth, 290th, and 365th days of the Parsi year (see Sls. XVIII, 3 n). Digitized by Google

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16 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. share of the fires and waters to be taken", and how is the preparation which is to be carried on, and with what Avesta. 3. And whatever is about a seasonfestival; where the appointed place is, when one celebrates it, and when it has fully elapsed; the assembly of the season-festival, and the donation for the feast; where and when the celebration is possible, in what proportion the provisions are to be given out, and when to be prepared and divided ; where its advantage is, and what benefit there is from it to the good creations both spiritually and materially. 4. And this, namely, what skill is more suitable for the sacerdotal (rad-pisag) leadership and other priestly authority (radih) each separately. 5. About the business of the sacerdotal leadership, where it is owing to having appointed the place and having gone forth to the assembly of the Mazda-worshippers, and when they are to be made aware that that assembly is more particularly for the arrangement of renunciation of vice and retribution for sin; the needful supply of things for the feast; the selection of the men for the Zoti duty and Raspi duty before the day?; the Zotis, Raspis, and others who put in action the work for the preparation and giving of the portions; and the cleansing of the body-clothing. 6. As to the selection of the president (pes-gas) of the feast there is this, namely, what ability is requisite for that presidentship. 7. The allotment of the portions, and giving them sooner to those who are sooner in need of them. 8. Scoffing before The heart for the fires, and the fore-legs for the waters, according to Sls. XI, 4. : The Zoti is the chief officiating priest in the ceremonial, and the Raspi is the assistant priest. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VII, 3-12. 17 priestly authorities, who are great and good, and when they do not give a portion to the authorities are cases when the season-festivals are not to be considered as celebrated. 9. This, too, that the Zotis and Raspis are for the Zoti duty and Raspf duty, and the other priestly authorities for the control of sin and computation (avar) of the portions; and more on the same subject. 10. About the rotation of the day-watches (gas), days, months, and seasons of the year-which are when it is summer and winter-and the appearances (sahisno) therein which are owing to the motion of the constellations ? 11. Where the coming of the righteous guardian spirits (frava har) into the worldly existence occurs, in those ten days which are the end of the winter and termination of the year, because the five Gathic days, among them, are for that purpose; the cessation of that same, as well as its continuance. 12. The great needfulness of the guardian spirits of the righteous in the ceremonial and obeisance of those ten days, and their abundant gratification therefrom; their vexation from ? That is, the apparent motions of the akhtaran, or signs of the zodiac. * The five supplementary days, named after the five Gathas, which are added to the twelfth month of thirty days to complete the 365 days of the year. They are also called fravardikan, or 'those devoted to the Fravards,' or Fravashis, the guardian spirits, or prototypes, of created beings, who are supposed to revisit their old haunts on earth during those days. The last five days of the twelfth month are also considered a part of the same festival of ten days, which would have terminated at the vernal equinox, as indicated in the text, about A. D. 1000 if the ordinary receding calendar of the Iranian Parsis were used; but it secms probable, from Bd. XXV, that the calendar in those times was fixed for the new year to begin at the vernal equinox. [37] Digitized by Google

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18 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. want of welcome and want of obeisance; and their ascent from the worldly existences. 13. The extreme importance (frevoanikih) of liberality and bounty at that season; and the proper duty of the priestly authority of a district (shatro) in assisting and interceding for the poor, for the sake of teaching, from the days devoted to the guardian spirits, proper actions among those having guardian spirits. 14. About the period for taking medicinal plants, and whatever is on the same subject. 15. About where there is a household, village, communal, or provincial petitioning for the royal chastisement of sins affecting the soul, each separately; and for whom is the atonement. 16. About the advantage owing to disposal of sin and infliction of chastisement, and the harm owing to not disposing of sin and neglecting the chastisement inflicted. 17. About the first thirty-three chieftainships (radih), around and concealed; that is, which and how many are spiritual, and how many worldly; and which is the second, and which the third, of the spiritual and worldly existences. 18. About the admirableness and great meritoriousness of public observances, and the awfulness and grievous sinfulness of apostasy. 19. And also this, that is, when any one is doubtful, through apostasy, which is the law from the sacred beings in elucidation, and which of the sacred beings is to be entreated for assistance. 20. About this, namely, for which of the women the bringing of a handful of anything, from the property of her husband, to be given away is allowable, in what proportion, and how, and for whom; and for whom, when she gives it away, it is allowable for the husband to bring it back. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VII, 13-VIII, I. 19 21. About this, namely, when summer comes on, where does winter run to; and when winter comes on, where does summer go to ? 22. About the amount of disaster that has passed by in one century, and the duration of its passing ; everything which is connected with the disaster, and whatever is on the same subject. 23. Where and how many months are of such a kind ?, and how many of such a kind ; as well as the religious names of the twelve months, and the reason of the name of each one of them, that is, to which of the sacred beings, in the ceremonial, each one of these twelve months is predominantly appertaining ; so also of the thirty days which are in every month, and so also of the five Gathas in every year--that is, the five Gathic days at the end of the year all the sacred beings to whom they are appertaining, and when the righteous guardian spirits (ardai fravardo) are reverenced. 24. Righteousness is perfect excellence. CHAPTER VIII. 1. The Rado-dad-aftag: contains particulars about the religious and important customs and laws to be * Paz. voighn. * Reading hamgun in both places; but the two words may be hamino, summer,' and kham ind, wet weather.' The five supplementary days mentioned in $11. . * Corresponding to the seventh word, kid, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the eighth Nask in other Rivayats. Rado-dad-aitag means concerning the habits of a priestly master,' which is a fair description of the contents of this Nask, but it is misread Ratustai, or Ratustaid, in the Rivayats, which also state that it contained originally fifty kardah, or subdivisions, of which only thirteen were recovered after the time of Alexander. C2 Digitized by Google

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20 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. enforced. 2. The reason of the worthiness and superexcellence in a sacerdotal leader, and his possession of a portion of the other authority (patih) of a ruler also ; that is, how worthiness is to be distinguished from unworthiness, and superexcellence from unworthiness, in him, namely, in the priestly chieftainship (radih) of Khvaniras' and the other regions, each separately, the first which stood aloof from the Mazda-worshippers. 3. About the demonstration and notification of the sitting together of the archangels, the ritual and appliances in the ceremonial of the sacred beings, the position and business of the Zotis and Raspis 2 in a ceremonial, and also all the business of the leaders in their duty, each separately and originallys. 4. The greatness of the helpfulness (vigidardahisnih) in good works, the kinds of helpfulness, and the proximity of Adharmazd to the thoughts, words, and deeds of the embodied existence. 5. The excellence of righteousness is perfect. CHAPTER IX. 1. The Barist contains particulars about the invigorating power, truth, and generosity of the many 1 Av. Hvaniratha, the central region of the earth, containing the countries best known to the Iranians, around which the other six smaller regions were supposed to be arranged. ? See Chap. VII, 5. Or "fundamentally' (val bun). * Corresponding to the eighth word, haka, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the ninth Nask in other Rivayats. Baris, or Baris, means 'splendid, sublime ;' and the Rivayats state that it contained originally sixty kardah, or subdivisions, of which only twelve were recovered after the time of Alexander. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VIII, 2-IX, 8. 21 capabilities of instinctive and acquired wisdom. 2. And also the ill-advisedness of falsity, stinginess?, and ignorance; and the many defects which are fraternizing with the opponent of capabilities. 3. The blessing and cursing, the good will and ill-will of the good ritual and evil ritual, the good statements and evil statements of Vohuman, Spendarmad, Srosh, Aharisvang?, and many other sacred beings, and of evil thought, lust, wrath, unrighteousness 3, and many other demons; and whatever is on the same subject. 4. The destiny, nature, desire, religion, habit, learning, business, and diligence of the period, and whatever is on the same subject, as regards sovereignty, government, priestly authority, justice, and mediation. 5. The union, peace, and promise-keeping, and whatever is on the same subject. 6. The law and custom, good works and sin, good repute and evil repute, righteousness and wickedness, and whatever is on the same subject. 7. The modesty and pomp, glory and penance (sroshikih)", and whatever is on the same subject. 8. The connec 1 Pas, the demon of misers in Bd. XXVIII, 28. . These four angels are personifications of Av. vohu mano, good thought,' spenta armaitis, 'bountiful devotion,' sraosho, the obedient one,' and ashis vanguhi, 'good rectitude.' These four demoniacal propensities are here mentioned as the opponents of the foregoing four angels. Akomano and Aeshm, the first and third, are the recognised opponents of Vohuman and Srosh, respectively (see Bd. XXX, 29). Vareno, the second, is considered a demon (see Bd. XXVIII, 25), and is mentioned in the Dinkard, book VI, as opposing the angel Ard or Aharisvang (see Dd. XCIV, 2); here he evidently opposes another female angel, Spendarmad, while Aharisvang or Ashi is opposed by her simple negation, Anahar. * Av. sraoshya, see Pahl. Vend. XIII, 9. Digitized by Google

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22 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. tion through ownership, subordination, service, and religion, and whatever is on the same subject. 9. The suitability and unsuitability, friendship and enmity, and whatever is on the same subject. 10. The handsomeness and ugliness, youth and decrepitude, opulence and destitution, happiness and misery, and whatever is on the same subject. II. The strength in races and species of things, and whatever is on the same subject. 12. The learning, solving of questions, complete virtue, and whatever is on the same subject. 13. The hunger and thirst, and their remedy, and whatever is on the same subject. 14. The delirium and death, and their expediency, and whatever is on the same subject. 15. The primitive state and tendency of things, precedence and sequence, and whatever is on the same subject. 16. The acceptableness and unacceptableness, gratification and afflictiveness, and whatever is on the same subject. 17. The mightiness (takikih), loquacity, sociality, and whatever is on the same subject. 18. The understanding and mind; the body and soul; the heaven, hell, and future existence; and whatever is on the same subject. 19. The omniscience of the creator Adharmazd, and all goodness of like motive, the life and glory of a righteous man, and whatever is on the same subject 8. 20. And many other arrangements of the creator, through propagation of statements, preparation of sovereignty, maintenance of the body, and preserva I Supposing that suko stands for sad. * Reading beshinidarih which is more probable than the beshdxinidarih, curativeness,' of the MS. * All the details in $85-19 are to be read in connection with 'the period' mentioned in $ 4. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER IX, 9-XI, I. 23 tion of the soul; a statement adapted to that which one mentions thus: Truly-spoken statements are the Baris, Kaskisrobo, and Vistasp-sasto.' 21. The excellence of righteousness is perfect. CHAPTER X. 1. The Kaskisrobol contains particulars about the explanation of the ceremonial and ritual of the sacred beings, through what arises its conversion into demon-worship, and information as to cleanness and uncleanness. 2. The preparations and precautions for the Yasts? ; the tokens and signs of the overflowing and evil owing to the demons at various times, and the cause of their exhaustion and the final victory of the sacred beings. 3. Then the exalting chants of every kind, which Adharmazd taught to Zaratust, are called the teaching (sasto) of the spirits. 4. Excellence that is perfect is righteousness. CHAPTER XI. 1. The Vistasp-sastos is about particulars of Corresponding to the ninth word, vangheus, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the tenth Nask in other Rivayats. Kaskisrobo may perhaps mean with happy, or comfortable, statements,' and is corrupted into Kassrob, Kaskasirah, or Kaskaniz, in the Rivayats, which also state that it contained originally sixty kardah, or subdivisions, of which only fifteen were recovered after the time of Alexander. * The minor ceremonies. Corresponding to the tenth word, dazda, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the eleventh Nask in other Riva Digitized by Google

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24 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. every kind relating to Kal-Vistasp"; the temper, character, demeanour, knowledge, learning, and law for sovereignty; the government of the creatures, and the advancement of the will of the sacred beings requisite for it. 2. The creator Adharmazd sends the archangels 2 on to Kai-Vistasp as evidence about Adharmazd, and a reminder of Spitaman Zaratust, of the pure goodness of the Mazda-worshipping religion, and of the command for the ruler Vistasp, as to its triumph, on accepting the religion from Zaratust. 3. The visible coming of the archangels to the metropolis, and, secondly, their domestication (handemanih) at the residence of Vistasp and his companions; the envoys' explanation of Adharmazd's message to Vistasp, and the accepting of the Mazda-worshipping religion by the obedient king Vistasp. 4. The outpouring (sarinidano) of Argasp the Khyon", by the demon of wrath, for war with Vistasp yats. Vistasp-sa sto means "the instruction of Vistasp,' and is corrupted into Vistasp-shah, Vistaspad, or Vistasp, in the Rivayats, which also state that it contained originally sixty kardah, or jurat, of which only ten, or eight, were recovered after the time of Alexander. The last number refers, no doubt, to the eight fargards still extant under the corrupt name Vistasp Yast, which probably consist of fragments of the Avesta text of this Nask; but in comparing that text with this description it must be remembered that the author is describing the contents of the Pahlavi version which would contain much commentary. 1 The king of Iran in the time of Zaratust, who accepted the Masda-worshipping religion; the last king of the old history derived from the Avesta (see Chap. XIII, 15, 16). * Compare Vistasp Yt. 40. * The deadly Huyaona Aregad-aspa' of Yt. IX, 30, XVII, 50, whom Kavi Vistaspa prayed to be delivered from. Accor the Yadkar-i Zariran, Argasp, king of the Khyons, made war upon ayed to be delivered from According on Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XI, 2-XIII, 1. 25 and disturbance of Zaratust; the arrangements and movements of king Vistasp for that war, and whatever is on the same subject. 5. Excellence that is perfect is righteousness. CHAPTER XII. 1. The Avesta and commentary of the Vastag 1 have not reached us through any high-priest. 2. Excellence that is perfect is righteousness. CHAPTER XIII. 1. The Kitrada da contains particulars about the race of mankind; how the formation of the first Vistasp on account of the latter's conversion to Mazda-worship, and was defeated with great difficulty in a most desperate battle which is also described in the Shahnamah. Whether the Khyons were the Chionitae of later times is uncertain. 1 Corresponding to the eleventh word, manangho, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the twelfth Nask in other Rivayats. The name of this Nask is very uncertain; in five occurrences of the word the first letter is omitted once and may once be the conjunction and,' and the last syllable is also omitted once; the B.P. Riv. calls it Dad, by omitting the first and last letters and varying the reading of the rest, and the other Rivayats call it 'Hast or 'Hast. They also state that it contained twentytwo kardah, or fargards, in six divisions treating of various religious and worldly duties, as detailed in the translations in the latter part of this volume. . Corresponding to the twelfth word, shyaothananam, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the fourteenth Nask in other Rivayats. Kitradad means 'the races produced,' a name of the same form as Damdad, but it is read Kidrast, Kirast, or Girast in the Rivayats, which also state that it contained twentytwo kardah, or subdivisions, Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK VIII. arose. man, Gayomard1, by Auharmazd was for the manifestation of the bodily form (kerpih); and in what manner the first couple, Mashya and Mashyoi 2, 2. About their progeny and lineage during the entire progress of mankind in the central region of Khvaniras3, and the distribution from them into the six regions which are around Khvaniras. 3. The various races, which are specially enumerated, were ordered to disperse by the attracting or banishing command of the creator, to each separate race, as to the place where went to; and whose life and soul (nisman) are appointed from yonder world. 4. Also the original description of their descent into the various regions, of those, too, who are on the frontiers of Khvaniras, and those who also made their habitation in the intermediate places; and the customs of each one of the species of mankind which was produced among the original 26 races. 5. The original establishment of law and custom; that of village superintendence (dihankanth), for the cultivation and nourishment of the world, based upon the traditional early law (vasarid pesdado); and that of monarchy, for the protection and govern 1 The original human being who was created as the source whence mankind were to spring, in the same way as 'the solecreated ox' was to be the origin of all other animals (see Bd. III, 14, 17, 19-23, IV, 1, XV, 1, 31). 2 Literally 'man and woman,' here written masye va-masyaoi. The mode of their origin from Gayomard and the development of man upon the earth are detailed in Bd. XV. See Chap. VIII, 2. The MS. has 'seven' by mistake. 5 A more probable reading than gehanakanih in the sense of 'colonization.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIII, 2-8. ment of the creatures, upon Hoshang the Pesdadian ?. 6. A report of the lineage of Hoshang, who was the first, and Takhmo-rupo 2 who was the second ruler of the seven regions; and an enumeration of reports of lineage from the original creation even unto Yim. 7. A report of the lineage of Yim, the third ruler of the seven regions; information as to his period, and the progress (sakisno) of time from the original creation till the end of the reign of Yim. 8. A report of the ill-informed evil ruler of the seven regions, Dahak; his lineage back to Taz', the brother of Hoshang and father of the Taziks (Arabs); information as to him and his period, the progress of time from the end of the good reign of Yim till the end of the evil reign of Dahak, and the lineage from Yim as far as Fredun. This 'Hoshang of the early law,' Av. Haoshyangho paradhato, is considered to have been the great-grandson of Mashya and first monarch of the world, being the founder of the Pesda dian dynasty (see Bd. XV, 28, XXXI, 1, XXXIV, 3, 4). * Here written Takhmo-ripo, Av. Takh mo-urupa; the greatgrandson and successor of Hoshang (see Bd. XXXI, 2, 3, XXXIV, 4). . Ay. Yimo khshaeto, the Gamshed of the Shahnamah; the brother and successor of Takhmo-rupo (see Bd. XXXI, 3-5, XXXIV, 4). Also called Az-i Dahak, Av. asis daha ko, 'destructive serpent,' a name applied to a foreign dynasty, considered as a single king who conquered Yim and succeeded him, being traditionally his third cousin once removed (see Bd. XXXI, 5, 6, XXXIV, 5). Further details are given in Bk. IX, Chap. XXI, 1-13. Dahak was the last ruler of all the seven regions, excepting Kai-Us. * See Bd. XV, 26-28. Av. Thraeta ono, son of Athwyo, and, traditionally, the ninth in descent from Yim (see Bd. XXXI, 7, 8); nine generations being assumed necessary to allow for the thousand years reign of the Dahak dynasty which he put an end to. His rule was confined to the central region of Khvaniras. Digitized by Google

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28 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. 9. A report of Fredun, the ruler of Khvantras; as to the smiting of Dahak, the conquering of the country of Mazendaran', and the allotment of Khvaniras among his three sons, Salm, Tag, and Alrik 2 ; their union with the daughters of Pat-srobos, king of the Arabs and descendant of Taz, and the lineage and report of them, each separately. 10. The reign of Mandskihar of Iran, descendant (napo) of Airik. 11. The expiating + monarch Frasiyav of Turan, and Adzobo o the Tamaspian, monarch of Iran. 12. The descendant of Mangskihar, Kavf-Kavad, who was progenitor of the Kayans and ruler of Iran; and the expiating ruler Keresasp. 13. KalUs, grandson? of Kavad, ruler and maintainer of royalty (kal-dano) in the seven regions. 14. KaiKhusroi who was son of Siyavakhsh and ruler of The land on the southern coast of the Caspian belonging to the Mazainya daeva (demons, or idolators) of the Avesta. ? The last of whom was slain by his brothers, and was avenged by his descendant Manuskihar (see Bd. XXXI, 9-12). * Possibly the celebrated individual of that name who is mentioned, in Pahl. Vend. XX, 4, as an instance of opulence. The Shahnamah speaks only of the three daughters of the king of Yaman. * Or plundering;' but Tag-homond here, and Tugavand in $ 12, may perhaps mean 'descended from Tag,' as Frasiyav was the sixth in descent from Tag (see Bd. XXXI, 14). o Said to have been a great-grandson of Manuskihar (see Bd. XXXI, 23). . Probably the hero who was sixth in descent from Tag, and third cousin of Frasiydv (see Bk. IX, Chap. XV; Bd. XXXI, 14, 26, 27); though placed by Firdaust as a king Garshasp preceding Kai-Qubad. ? As appears from Bd. XXXI, 25. * The son of Kaf-Us, who did not become king. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIII, 9-18. 29 Khvaniras. 15. And a special report of many particulars of the races of Iran, Turan, and Salman", even unto the ruler Kai - Loharasp and the monarch Kai-Vistasps 16. The prophet (vakhshvar) of the Mazda-worshipping religion, Zaratust the Spitaman, and the progress of time from the beginning of the reign of Fredun till the coming of Zaratust to conference with Adharmazd 4. 17. And many races and statements, onwards from that time, are enumerated in the same Nask as having existed, and are characterized by it for existence, such as the Sasanians--whom it reckons as the well-created and their sovereignty. 18. In the race of Manuskihar, Nodar", Yosko Fryano e, and * The people of the Airya, Tuirya, and Sairima provinces, mentioned in Yt. XIII, 143 Fifth in descent from Kavi-Kavad, and third cousin once removed of his predecessor Kai-Khusrdi (see Bd. XXXI, 25, 28). Son of Kai-Loharasp (see Bd. XXXI, 29). * The historical legends contained in the Avesta end with the sons of king Vistasp, and other contemporaries of Zaratust; not a word being said of any succeeding monarch. Similarly, Bd. XXXI and this historical Nask fail to carry on the details of the royal line beyond Vistasp; ignoring the Achaemenians, Alexander, and the Askanians, they leap over an evident gap in history (very insufficiently bridged in the more modern chapter, Bd. XXXIV) to the Sasanians. This gap, between Avesta legends and the later undoubted Persian history, is a very weak point in the continuity of the two periods. And as the mode of bridging over this gap in Bd. XXXIV occurs in a chapter 'on the computation of years of the Arabs' (see S. B. E. vol. v, p. xxxvii) it must be considered as more of an Arab than a Persian contribution to history. Av. Naotara; a son of Manuskihar (see Bd. XXXI, 13, 23, XXXIII, 5). * Doubtful; if the second name be a patronymic, the combination suggests the Yoisto yo Fryana nam of Yt. V, 81, XIII, 120, regarding whom the tale of Yost- Fryano is told. No son of Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK VIII. Namun, son of Spend-shed1, is included the father of Avarethrabau, Atur-pad son of Maraspend; and its existence, even then, remains for the future. 19. Also about the many qualities of capability and glory of the selfsame sovereignty, which are promoting the renovation of the universe destined for the races; and its fortune and splendour which are shed upon the race, and are not severed from it till the renovation3. 30 20. About the original knowledge of the professions, care, and industry of the period; the great acquaintance of mankind with the putting aside of injury from the adversary, the preservation of the body, and the deliverance of the soul; the govern Nodar with a corresponding name is known, so that we are not dealing with a complete pedigree. 1 Probably intended for Spend-dad, and we should perhaps read 'Vohumano, son of Spend-dad,' whose reign is celebrated as the silver age in Byt. II, 17 (see also Bd. XXXI, 29, XXXIV, 8). 2 This name, or surname, is given in Pazand, and is also to be found in Yt. XIII, 106, as follows: 'we reverence the guardian spirit of the righteous Avarethrabau, son of Rastare-vaghant.' If the latter epithet were a surname of Atur-pad, the famous prime minister of Shahpuhar II, as the text intimates, we must conclude that the former epithet was a surname of his only son, Zaratust, mentioned in his Pandnamak. These surnames, and others of their time, might have been easily interpolated in the long list of uncouth names included in the Fravardin Yast, when the Avesta books were revised during the reign of Shahpahar II, and the Nasks were 'reckoned,' as stated in the fourth book of the Dinkard (see Haug's Essay on Pahlavi, pp. 146, 152). SSSS 17-19 refer to text which must have been written either in the time of Shahpuhar II, or at some later period during Sasanian rule. Whereas SSSS 1-16 are descriptive of an older record which, though consistent with the extant Avesta texts, could not have been compiled from them alone. And SS 20 describes text that might have been written at any time. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIII, 19-XIV, 3. 31 ment necessary for the world, even before the coming of Zaratust by order of the creator ; the bringing of the word' from the sacred beings, and all occurrences to the leaders of religion at various times; and whatever is on the same subjects. 21. Perfect righteousness is excellence. CHAPTER XIV, 1. The Spends contains particulars about the origin and combination of the material existence, guardian spirit, and soul (nisman) of Zaratust ; how the creation of each one occurred in the spiritual existence, and in what mode it was produced for the worldly existence; how their connection with the parents arose, the coming of the parents together, the combination in the mother, and the birth from the mother; and whatever is on the same subject. 2. Also about the arrival of both spirits, the good one for developing, and the evil one for destroying; the victory of the good spirit, and the rearing of Zaratast. 3. His attainment on maturity, at thirty years of age, to a conference with Adharmazd; and the 1 Reading vakhsh in the same Avesta sense as in vakhshvar, 'a prophet;' it may, however, mean "gain, fortune, gifts. A similarly-written word, vaya, air, breath,' is used in Sg. XIII, 7 to translate the Spirit' of God in Gen. i. 2. * Corresponding to the thirteenth word, angheus, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; and it is the thirteenth Nask in all Rivayats. Spend means 'beneficent, or bounteous,' and is written Sfend, or Spentah, in the Rivayats, which also state that it contained sixty kardah, or subdivisions. Digitized by Google

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32 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. occurrence of seven conferences in ten years. 4. Many marvels, owing to him, are published therein, just as there are some which, collected and selected, are noticed by the Dinkard manuscript ?. 5. In seven sections (burino), such as are called Spend, are the seven enquiries, in each instance a single enquiry; and the bestowal of the other Nasks, in these seven enquiries, was through speaking out in each one of the places of conference. 6. About the various enquiries, the period of the sitting and rising on each occasion, the nature of the sitting of the archangels, the coming forward of Zaratust to that domestic conclave (handemanih), his position in that place, what there was to say to him, and what there was to exhibit to him. 7. The conferring of the wisdom of omniscience upon Zaratust, and what was seen by Zaratust of the past and future, and the perpetual amount of duration therein, through that wisdom. 8. The existence of that wisdom, and what that is which, after having subsisted in it, is again well recognised ; such as, owing to it, are the highest and best of places, heaven and the various grades of position and reward of the righteous, according to their worthiness through the practice of good works; the most downward and worst of places, hell and the place of punishment of the wicked, according to their sin; and, between the two, the place of the ever-stationary, those having equal good works and 1 In its seventh book which contains a full account of the birth and much of the life of Zaratust, with a narrative of future events, all derived, no doubt, from the Spend Nask. Particulars connected with his birth will also be found in Bk. IX, Chap. XXIV. * See Byt. II, 5-9. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIV, 4-12. 33 sin; the Kinvad bridge?, at which is the account as to good works and sin; and the future existence, in which is the consummation of every one, righteous and wicked, and the preservation of all good creations from every evil occurs. 9. Information also as to many other things which are marvellous, and as to a summary of the statements of these seven enquiries, which is derived from knowledge of every kind. 10. Likewise, about the communication of Zaratust's knowledge of the Mazda-worshipping religion to the world, his attracting mankind to the religion, and the ages, after Zaratust, until the renovation of the universe. II. And about the nature of the advancement of the people of the period, the separation of centuries and millenniums, and the signs, wonders, and perplexity which are manifested in the world at the end of each millennium in the world. 12. Also as to the birth and arrival of Aushedar?, son of Zaratust, at the end of the first millennium 3, and a report of him and his time, and of the many destroyers of the organizers of the period between Zaratust's millennium and the coming of Aushedart. Av. kinvato peretus, the route to the other world (see Bk. IX, Chap. XX, 3). ? Commonly written Hashedar, but i' is a corruption of Av. Ukhsbyad-ereta. He is the first of the three posthumous sons of Zaratust, who were expected to restore his religion and make it triumphant by three successive efforts, each preceded by a period of anarchy (see Bd. XXXII, 8, 9, Byt. III, 13, 43-50). s The millennium of Zaratust, which, according to the chronology of the Bundahis, must have ended during the period A.D. 593-635 (see Byt. III, 11 n). * The occurrence of such an interval between the first millennium and the coming of Adshedar seems inconsistent with the previous [37] D Digitized by Google

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34 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. 13. The arrival of Aushedar-mah', son of Zaratast, at the end of the second millennium; information about him and his time, and the destroyers of the organizers who were within the millennium of Adshedar. 14. The coming and arrival of Soshans, son of Zaratust, at the end of the third millennium, the destroyers of the organizers who were within the millennium of Adshedar-mah, the arrival of Soshans, and information about Soshans and his time. 15. Also, as to the renovation of the universe and the future existence, it is declared that they arise in his time. 16. Perfect is the excellence of righteousness. CHAPTER XV. 1. The Bakan-yasts contains particulars, first, about the worship of Adharmazd, the highest of divinities (bakan), and, secondly, of the worship of the angels of other invisible and visible worldly existences, out of whom are likewise the names of statement as to his arrival at the end of that millennium, but, from Byt. III, 44, it appears probable that he was expected to come in the booth year of the next millennium (A.D. 1193-1235). i Commonly written Hushedar-mah, but it is a corruption of Av. Ukhshyad-nemangh. He is the second of the expected posthumous sons (see Byt. III, 52, 53). ? Av. Saoshyas; the last of the posthumous sons, who is expected to complete the triumph of the religion, and prepare for the renovation of the universe (see Bd. XXX, 4, 7, 25, 27, Byt. III, 62). * Corresponding to the fourteenth word, mazdai, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the fifteenth Nask in other Rivayats. Bakan-yast means worship of the divinities,' and is written Baghan-yast, or Bayan-yast, in the Rivayats, which also state that it contained seventeen kardah, or subdivisions. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIV, 13-XVI, 2. 35 the days ? ; also their glory, power, triumph, and marvellousness. 2. Besides, also, many angels who are invoked by name in their worship, and the attention and obeisance due to them. 3. The worthiness and dispensation of favour for worshippers, and the duty of their many separate recitations unto the angels. 4. The duty of unlimited acquaintance with knowledge about the possessions and arrangements of the period, over which the creator Adharmazd has appointed them, and they remain to cause industry. 5. Perfect is the excellence of righteousness. CHAPTER XVI. 1. The beginning of the law is the Nikadam of thirty fargards. 2. The section Patkar-radistan (magistrate code') * is about this, that the ruin and misery (ayoyakih) from the destroyer, for mankind and animals, occurring really apart from the spiritual existence, have arisen through the sinfulness even of Each of the days of the Parsi month being named after some particular angel, or spirit. From this description it appears probable that the Yasts formed a part of this Nask; but, if so, it ought to have contained at least thirty chapters. 9 Corresponding to the fifteenth word, khshathrem ka, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the sixteenth Nask in other Rivayats. This name should probably be Vik-aft-tum, meaning the most separate concerns,' as the Nask refers chiefly to public law; but it is called Niyaram, or Niyadam, in the Rivayats. * The Rivayats say fifty-four kardah, which number may have been obtained by adding the twenty-four particulars,' mentioned in Chap. XX, 1, to the thirty fargards stated here. The patkar-rad, or settler of disputes, appears to have held a position somewhere between an arbitrator and a judge, and which may be approximately defined as that of a magistrate. D2 Digitized by Google

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36 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. mankind; and the progress of ruin and misery in the world is owing to unauthorisedly assaulting one another. 3. Advice to mankind about abstaining therefrom, with an estimate of an authorised assault, and, again, for a slight assault and no assault. 4. To stand magisterially, even opposed to the unmagisterial, with freedom from hurt and loss to oneself; and to abstain altogether, likewise, from the most innocuous (anakhragunotum) assault even upon an unmagisterial. person. 5. In all magisterial investigation (patkar-radth) -of which, when the custom that exists is established judicially, the substance is two statements, which are verbal and demonstrable, that subsist in different combinations--there are four species : the verbal and demonstrable, the verbal which is not demonstrable, the demonstrable which is not verbal, and that which is neither verbal nor yet demonstrable. 6. In the arguments (sa man) which are allotted as verbal are four species, the dispute having different arguments and different assertions which are for unmagisterial investigation, for one's own priestly authority (rado), for another good man - three of such being requisite?--and also for other evidence. 7. And in those which are allotted as demonstrable are six species, and for an unmagisterial person the assertions, like the previous species which are on the same subject, are twelve? 8. Of 1 Evidently referring to arbitrators with an umpire. ? Reading hano gokayih, but hano is an unusual form. Perhaps agokayih, want of evidence,' would be more suitable to the context. So the MS., but 'four' would suit the context better, and the two Pahlavi ciphers do not differ much in shape. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVI, 3-II. 37 all unmagisterial proceedings-which, though it be a custom, is to proceed unauthorisedly--the species are five', which consist in having demonstrated, getting upon, striking, having caused a wound, and having slain. 9. Of those subject to the magistrate (patkarrado-homond) the twelve species are divided into four sections of three each. 10. One section are the hearing who are seeing, they to whom a dispute which is verbal [is demonstrable; the hearing who are not seeing, they to whom a dispute which is verbal 3] is not demonstrable; and the seeing who are not hearing, they to whom even a dispute which is demonstrable is not verbal. II. And with these three, who are in one section, there is magisterial investigation; and the magistrate, unless (bava hat) risk for the body be certain, is then irresistible; which is as though it be said that to restrain by 4 1 These five grades of unauthorised retribution are analogous to the five grades of personal outrage mentioned in Vend. IV, 17. 'Pahl. zatam, 'a blow, assault, striking,' is used throughout, instead of zakham (Pers. za'hm), which latter word does not occur in these two books of the Dinkard, except in the form zakhamihastano in Bk. IX, Chap. VIII, 6. The Farhang-i Oim-aevak also uses zatom in the same sense, in its oldest MSS.; and Dd. V, I has zatam. Darmesteter suggests that zatam and zakham are both traceable to an original zathma, or zathema. The words in brackets are omitted by mistake in the MS. The ambiguity, mentioned in the latter clause of this section, appears to lie in these words, which mean either 'but if' or 'only if.' Such ambiguity must have existed in the original Pahlavi text of the Nask, and probably indicates that the earlier part of this section is a summary of the Pahlavi version of the original Avesta text, while the latter part is a summary of the Pahlavi commentary upon that version. As the same ambiguity occurs, without comment, in 12, where the meaning seems tolerably certain, it is doubtful if the commentator's opinion can be adopted. Digitized by Google

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38 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. wounding (resh) is not justifiable, but the decision therein is this, that, when they do not change through lawful litigation, and they cannot hold back without wounding, it is justifiable to keep them back even by wounding. 12. One section are the not hearing who are also not seeing, the women, and the children; and with these three, who are in one section, there is no magisterial investigation; and the decision as to the bodies thereof is this, that, unless risk for the body be certain from their complete change, they are then to be completely changed (bara vardisno). 13. One section are the foreigner and him worthy of death, certain of thereby producing a sentence for being executed from the judges ; also the highwayman, when he stays on the highway and his destruction is proclaimed, but it is not possible to effect it. 14. With these three, likewise, who are in one section, there is no magisterial investigation, but the decision about them is even this, that when one is utterly destroying their life, one is thereby possessing merit. 15. One section are they who are walking, or coming upon one, unseasonably, or retreating confused into a rugged place, and, when people ask them to speak, they are giving no answer, and they are not suspicious as foreigners. 16. With these three, likewise, who are in one section, there is no magisterial investigation, and the decision about them is this, that when one kills them outright, one does not become sinful thereby. 17. As to whatever is on the same subject it introduces many opinions, and also this, that a counter-assault (avaz-zatam) is that which becomes a blow and wound, and is to be so committed when it Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVI, 12-XVII, 4. 39 is possible to produce them again exactly in every single particular. CHAPTER XVII. Nikadum Nask. 1. The second section is the Zatamistan (' assault code'), particulars about assault (zatam) and the annoyances (veshigano) from assault, such as pain, blood, and unconsciousness; also the sin that a man may commit in a state of unconsciousness. 2. About the seven kinds of symptoms of unconsciousness, and separate decisions about assaults that adults may commit among those who are children; also as regards an assault which proceeds to pain and blood, and as regards that in which the duration of the disposition of wrath abates the pain and blood. 3. About begging (khvahisno) and beneficence (ha-dahisno)?, such as those of which one says in particular there are four species : when stinginess (pa sih) benefits pride (piko), when pride benefits stinginess, when stinginess benefits stinginess, and when pride benefits pride; and there are three other species that originate from these last two, in consultation together, when stinginess and pride benefit stinginess and pride, when stinginess and pride benefit stinginess, and when stinginess and pride benefit pride, all which, together, constitute the seven primary species ; many others, too, are traced back to these. 4. Also about seeing the depravity (khang 1 Involuntary violations of the ceremonial law. 2 The terms used in this section are not quite certain. Digitized by Google

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40 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. didano) of a perverting member of the community (kastar dahm) and of the perverter of a member of the community, and whatever is on the same subject. 5. About a weapon seizable, and a weapon one brings, there is this, namely, what is the thing which is imperfect (anasporik) as a weapon, what is that which is not, and what is that which is welcome as a weapon ; what is that which, when any one forces it back at any one as a weapon, is itself something annoying to him ; what is his natural annoyance and what his imparted; and the penalty in property and difference of sentence on a man who is carrying a weapon, due to any weapon he has to carry away. 6. About the six modes of engaging in conflict : through assault, tumult (kh vasisno) * false teaching (mitok-sasto), giving no food (atapdado) 3, speaking with wizard's spells 4, and speaking with threats of danger 6; and, where there is an engaging 1 Pers. 'hasis. Farh. Oim, p. 34, 11. 6-8, has Av. vaiti=Pahl. khvasisno is that when one runs behind any one for offensiveness.' ? Farh. Oim, p. 35, 11. 1-4, has 'Av. mitho sast and its explanation" false teaching" are that when one teaches a false way to any one; even when he unaccustomedly shows it rightly to any one, it is a committal of Mithosast by him.' Compare Pers. tabah, to, toi. Farh. Oim, p. 38, 11. 2-4, has Ataftdad is that when one keeps back food and drink, whereby there is hunger and thirst.' It is worthy of death (see Chap. XX, 97). * Farh. Oim, p. 34, 11. 3-5, has 'Av. yatukhta, through wizard's spells (yatak-go bisniha), is that when one shall speak thus: "I will destroy thee through witchcraft;" when one says "through the spirits' lack of good religion " it is of the same kind.' Farh. Oim, p. 34, II. 5, 6, has 'Av. dudhuwi buzda, threats of danger (sa ham-numayisnih), is that when one speaks thus: "I will strike with worldly weapons." Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVII, 5-XVIII, I. 41 in conflict, it then occurs when one has stood up for beginning it and the assault is committed, on one by the other, and not before. 7. And this, too, that engaging in conflict occurs as regards adult with adult, childless women with childless women, pregnant women with pregnant women, and children of seven years with children of seven years--but, as regards children of seven years in sight of their fathers, it becomes an engaging in conflict of the fathers--and the decision about it is this, that the atonement for every sin which may be committed through engaging in conflict goes to the priestly authorities. 8. About the affliction of a pure lord who sees any one who has been useless (abun) unto his slave, though the slave is beseeching, and does not contend for his ownership. 9. About sin affecting accusers 1 not being atoned for by any other good work, except unto the accuser himself; also about the slaying of a servant together with his lord, and whatever is on the same subject. 10. About slaying by untaught children of seven years, or even of eight years in sight of their fathers; and the criminality of the fathers therein, when it is possible for them to hinder it and they do not hinder it, and when it is not possible for them to hinder it. CHAPTER XVIII. Nikadam Nask. 1. The third section is the Reshistan (wound code"), particulars about cutting, tearing, cleaving, A sin which injures another person, or any good creation, who must be satisfied by compensation before the sin can be remitted. Digitized by Google

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42 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. disembowelling, stabbing, gnawing ', rupturing, hacking, mutilating, and withering? ; such as are all called wounds. 2. The upheaving circular movement of a certain serpent-scourges, the throwing down of the person, and the flow of blood from the bodies of the people. 3. How the various members are divided into seventy-six that are more particularly called principal, which are comprised in two classes ; two of these, which are clothed and different, one from the other, are female, and some out of the surrounding parts (girvoganih), which are apart from eight of the principal, that are comprised in the members of the two classes and among those seventy-six-and which, in like manner, are different one from the other-are female, and are of different purpose and different design, one from the other. 4. These, too, namely, when any one, through an assault, produces, for any other, stupefaction, swelling, or leanness, blackness", or paleness, shortness, or tallness, want of intelligence, much eating, little eating, or moderate eating, indolence, or diligence, or dulness of hearing; or he wishes to speak some words, and they strike him in return; or one altogether diminishes any one's speech, sight, or hearing, * Or, perhaps, khvayisno (compare Pers. 'hayidan) may mean biting.' The last four terms are, in Pahlavi: skonisno, khQrdo kardano, tashidano, and khusinidano. * The mar-gano (Av. khrafstraghna), we are told in Pahl. Vend. XVIII, 6, 'may be made of anything, but a leathern one is good' (see also Bd. XXVIII, 22). Intended as a snake-killer, it was misused as a scourge for human beings. * Assuming that vesih, 'excess,' is a miswriting of siyahih. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVIII, 2-Xix, 1. 43 wisdom, strength, or semen, milk, or pregnancy; or when one destroys the spleen (spur) or milk of females, or, in revenge (gifar), kills his son outright; or when they would inflict a wound upon a wound, and one's blood goes streaming forth. 5. Also about an assault with one, two, or three weapons, or more, in conjunction; or they may commit it on the spot, or in confederacy, or as a first offence! 6. About the measure of a wound when a two-edged sword (dobarako) plunges down, the area (saral), walls, and surroundings, and the shape which is plunged; that which is hacked, or cleft, or mutilated, or a torrent of blood streaming; the affliction (vamang) of the furious serpent-scourge (marvano), and the length, glitter, and weight of the weapon. 7. The ritual for the departure of a wound and the departure of pain, watching over it for the duration of three nights or a year, its greater wretchedness or less wretchedness, its cure (sporikih) or incurableness, and whatever is on the same subject. 8. Trivial enumerations, and decisions upon each separately. CHAPTER XIX. Nikadum Nask. 1. The fourth section, which is also called the law of the Hamemalistan (accuser's code'), contains particulars about accusation, and about the false 1 These three modes are expressed by Paz, ithrih, hidhih, and a pavara varstih, which stand evidently for the original Avesta words ithra, hadha, and a paurvavarsta (see Chap. XXI, 6). . See SS 2. Digitized by Google

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44 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. accusation by any one, regarding any other, as to witchcraft, destroying a righteous man, theft, plunder, injuring the existence, minor injury as regards several particular things, taking up a weapon, threatening with its, assault, tumult", incarcerating', false teaching, fettering, making dejected (niguno), giving no food, falsehood, speaking with wizard's spells, or with threats of danger, abstracting i Pahl. ahar0bokih (=Av. ashavagha) must not be confounded with a haraboih, righteousness,' for which a harayih is more commonly used. . These two kinds of injury, usually written ba io dok-ze do and kaityok-gado in the Dinkard, are mentioned in Farh. Oim, pp. 32, 1. 8-34, 1.2, as follows: Av. baodhagad=Pahl. b6d8-zed and Av. baodho-varstahe=Pahl. bodok-varst are as it were "observantly assaulted," and one mentions them most about the assault and injury of anything which is noticeable. Through falsehood other noticeable sin is small, and is subdued through being devoid of an injurer, as the assault and injury of anything through wear is a small sin. Kaityo-ged is a sin for mankind, which is a degree of Bodok-zed, but less; so also the decree (dastinak) is different from Bodok-varst. The principal Bodok-zed, that of animals with observance, the Bodok-zed through wear, and the Kaityok-zed sin towards people are sins which are hame. malan (" affecting accusers "). The dissipating weapon for sin dissipates the sinfulness of the other sin, which is called rubanik ("affecting the soul"). These two terms are agerepto and a voiristo (Av. agereptem and avaoiristem) which are thus described in Farh. Oim, p. 36, ll. 4-6: 'agerept, "seized," is that when they shall take up a weapon for smiting an innocent person ; avoirist, "turning," is that when one turns the weapon upon an innocent person.' . See Chap. XVII, 6, for some of these terms. * Pahl. handereto which is thus described in Farh. Oim, pp. 34, 1. 8-35, l. 1: Av. handereiti, Pahl, handereto, is that when, owing to negligence, one keeps any one exhausted; when one would make him fallen who is of the ruined, or him who is a master of arms, and has imprisoned him, the causing of much anguish thereby is the committal of incarceration. See also $ 44. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIX, I-11. 45 the increase of labourers' wages, wishing to cut (vuridane) and squeeze (pashkhadane) anything from any one, and seizing (magidano) it for fire and water, and whatever is on the same subject. 2. Also about the limitation of the accusation of sin therein, the retribution for it, and the dust, or ashes, or four, for the eyes and the rest of the bodies of human beings, it now speaks henceforth for thirty successive heads. 3. About the sin of making people eat bodily refuse', and bringing it unlawfully to their persons or clothes ; and of going to a menstruous woman, or a wizard. 4. About a juvenile and well-behaved woman who comes out from a house of those of the good religion, and is considered as well taught. 5. About falsehood and slander, small and great, and whatever is on the same subject. 6. About the care of a pregnant woman in lawful reclining (kha pak), feasting (gashno), and work. 7. About a householder who does not teach his own household, in order to teach the household of another; and whatever is on the same subject. 8. About a quiet and an unquiet person with equal opinionativeness, and the opinion which they have to form before beginning. 9. About the expediency or inexpediency of the opinion which is announced, and the reason of both. 10. About the man who, for fear of a counter-assault, runs away. 11. Also about not renouncing sin, neglecting complaints, and whatever is on the same subject. * Paz. knin (=knun). ? Of which the details are not mentioned. Pahl. hikhar (Av. hikhra) is any refuse or dirt from the living body, or any liquid exudation from a corpse. Digitized by Google

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46 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. 12. The difference of sin in priests from that in any one else, as regards its renunciation. 13. About the expediency of retribution, and the measure of the expediency. 14. About and to what extent is the authority of one's own priestly master, for allowing the sin which any other person may commit as regards a disciple of that same, and that, too, of his disciple affecting the soul. 15. About the chastisement of a judge who is releasing sinners, and whatever is on the same subject. 16. About the justifiableness of a plaintiff in committing illegality. 17. About seizing the purity produced for foreigners, and whatever is on the same subject. 18. About one worthy of death making supplication (lavako), co-operation with one worthy of death, and whatever is on the same subject. 19. About confession as regards anything, the object of confession, and whatever is on the same subject. 20. About exhibiting a liking for sin worthy of death. 21. About a blow with a weapon, which is incomplete or not incomplete, when adults or children shall inflict it, or when children with mutual assistance. 22. About a wounded person whose anguish was allayed by medicine, the arising of the anguish again from disease, when he died, and whatever is on the same subject. 23. About taking security (garobo) from the defendant after the decree of the judges. 24. About the legal proceedings as to an offence when, owing to the incapability of the plaintiff, adjournment has always occurred, and a man would occasion an acceleration of the statement of law (dado va k) and of the procedure of the plaintiff. 25. About appointing Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIX, I 2-34. 47 a mediator (dadak-gobo), and the object of mediation. 26. About an assault (zatam) which is altogether of furious (pur-tak) origin. 27. And about a harmless (azad) assault and striking back fairly to test a weapon, and, when it is not possible fairly, turning it into execution of duty, or giving of scars (pisang, das), or punishment; a statement of the change, and whatever is on the same subject. 28. About the limit of the punishment of a child for the sin it may commit. 29. About seeking an interpretation (pado-khan), the limit of interpreting, and whatever is on the same subject. 30. As regards a signal of approving the words of any one, on passing away, are these :-About giving up anything, making a will about it, and renunciation of sin. 31. About committing an assault upon an unknown person at an indefinite time, and whatever is on the same subject. 32. About giving a weapon and telling some one to kill a foreigner who is taken for judicial investigation, and whatever is on the same subject. 33. About the great hinderers' who are slain by a righteous man, who the great hinderers are, and unto whom it occurs; when one has to command it as assistance for one or many, or they shall commit the assault in advance or afterwards, and whatever is on the same subject. 34. About the weapon they shall seize it is stated thus: 'I see a man and a sheep, I strike upon this and upon that, and it is gone :' and whatever is upon the same subject. * Doubtful : the word can be read freh-gasigan on its first occurrence, and freh-gasigano on its last; but both reading and meaning are very uncertain. Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK VIII. 35. About petitioning, and the going of a frontier governor (mar'zpan) to the feet of tyrants (sastarano) to speak of regulations, and whatever is on the same subject. 36. Where and when one strikes a living person he vexes him, and the living person he strikes vexes him when dead; but he who strikes a dead person is vexed alive, and the dead person he strikes vexes him when dead; and whatever is on the same subject. 37. As to wood and useless pith (dil), that which is for keeping is as far as a dimension that is mentioned, and one, therefore, passes it by not to burn; concerning also that wood which is only for the blast of a furnace (gurih ziga) as firewood, the burning and dimensions and blast of the furnace are stated, and whatever is on the same subject. 38. About the sin through which a man attains from atonement to the sacred-twig ordeal (baresmok-varih), and from the sacred-twig ordeal to the heat ordeal (garemok-varih) which has maintained the worthiness of an assault that is an actual inexcusability (a karih) to reasoning thought; and whatever is on the same subject. 39. About the excellence of physicians, their merit from doing good, and sin from not doing good; the quality that exists as regards medicines, seeking a physician for animals also, and whatever is on the same subject. 40. About a horse, which is new to the saddle (kofak), being made tailless (ka pk) and not feeding (akhavano), how it is done, the sin owing to doing it unlawfully and heedlessly, the ? It might be 'inevitability, but this would render the ordeal unnecessary. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIX, 35-46. 49 wound and damage that arise from it, and whatever is on the same subject. 41. About several persons, when anything that is imperfect, or even not imperfect, as a weapon is convenient to them, and a wound occurs, and it is not evident which, or who, threw the weapon, it is not necessary to know its imperfection or lack of imperfection?; and whatever is on the same subject. 42. About the three modes for thrusting a weapon are these details, that is, so much of it when one thrusts it on ground that is hard, or soft, or full of ruggednesses (a kariganako); when one shall bear it up aloft, and the amount of the height; and when one impels it again with a sweep, or has to draw up its centre at the time of a sweep; and whatever is on the same subject. 43. About an assault and the most hurtful occasion when, for the same reason, they would celebrate a religious rite; the retribution on the spot, and the sentence upon the fourth occasion 44. About incarcerating (handereto) in a frightful and inaccessible (avidarg) place, and among noxious creatures; the quantity of noxious creatures, and whatever is on the same subject. 45. About grasping the tail of an ox, or a horse, on which another sits, to hold it back, and whatever is on the same subject. 46. About threatening danger, The fact of the wound being sufficient to prove the unlawfulness of using the weapon. * According to Vend. IV, 35, if a man wounds another so that the blood comes, and does this for the fourth time, he becomes an outcast and receives the maximum punishment. Also, when a person walks without the sacred girdle or shirt (Vend. XVIII, 59), it is at the fourth step that the demons possess him, [37] Digitized by Google

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50 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. . wizard's spells ?, and whatever is on the same subject. 47. About plaints as to the value of a lamb?, or a sheep, or a beast of burden (stor), or a human being (virok)*; either when the plaintiffs are one, or two, or three, or four, or many; how one has to summon the defendant, and how much time there is. 48. About when the controversy (han-beshinih) is as to theft (dugo), and the confession as to plunder (avor); or the controversy is as to plunder, and the confession as to theft; and when the controversy is as to injuring the existence', and the confession as to minor injury; or the controversy is as to minor injury, and the confession as to injuring the existence; and when the controversy is as to theft and plunder, and the confession as to injuring the existence and minor injury; or the controversy is as to injuring the existence and minor injury, and the confession as to theft and plunder. 49. And when the controversy is about so much, and the confession about so much of a different kind; when the controversy is about so much, and the confession about more of a different kind; when the controversy is about so much, and the confession about less of a different kind; when the controversy is about so much, and the confession as to more of the same kind; and whatever is on the same subject. See Chap. XVII, 6. * Pahl. Av. aspereno (=Pahl. anasporik) imperfect, immature;' an epithet for a lamb or kid. * Pahl. a no moye (Av. anumaya), probably 'bleater,' an epithet for a sheep or goat. * These four grades of value are mentioned in Vend. IV, 48. See $1. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIX, 47-56. 51 50. About the sin of unfriendliness of a master towards a disciple, and whatever is on the same subject. 51. About taking a thief of any one's goods (aisigano), conducting him to the judges, and whatever is on the same subject. 52. This, too, that when affliction has come upon a good man, the effort of every one, for removing that affliction, should continue just as though it happened to himself. 53. And when a good man is beaten through malice, the effort of every one, in demanding compensation for him from the smiter, should continue just as though it happened to himself. 54. And this, too, that, when there is no danger for one, the power of affording assistance is thus assistance of the innocent; and, as to the property which may be carried away from him, and of which they shall make no restitution, after as much as a Hasarthe carrier off becomes guilty and liable to penalty. 55. About the distinction of indigenous and foreign (air va-an-afr) thieves as to cold and the clothing given, and as to sickness and undergoing remedies. 56. About the hands of a foreigner being unfettered for no other reason but care of water and fire, to 1A Hasar (Av. hathra) is a measure of distance, as well as of time. This is stated in Farh. Oim, pp. 41, 1. 11-42, l. 3, thus : of the Hasar there are also several kinds that express measurement. A medium Hasar on the ground, which they call also a Parasang, is a thousand steps of two feet which have to walk. With the lapse of time of a medium Hasar the day and night are computed.' Again, p. 43, 11. 1-3 state that of twelve Hasars is the longest day; that day and night in which is the longest day are twelve of the longest Hasars, eighteen of the medium, and twentyfour of the least. From this it appears that an average Hasar of distance is a thousand paces, or Roman mile; and an average Hasar of time is one hour and twenty minutes. E 2 Digitized by Google

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52 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. preserve them from blood, filth, and injury (asipo). 57. About the sin of not restraining him who is the first assailant of two combatants, as soon as his attack is seen. 58. About teaching the peace of renunciation of sin, the bond of worthiness of him of great power even when proffering union in renunciation with him of little power, and whatever is on the same subject. 59. On the nature of responding about the keeping away from one worthy of death which arises through great judiciousness, the reason of keeping, how to keep, and whatever is on the same subject. 60. And on the nature of responding when they ask in malice about a righteous man, when one knows his whereabouts, and when one does not know. 61. About how one is to give a weapon to generals (hen-go-padand) and august frontier governors. 62. About authorisedly shooting an arrow at one worthy of death, which is given again for killing him to any one unto whom the person worthy of death is consigned and becomes supplicating (lanako) and goes to the middle of the distance, and they shall afford him assistance and enervate him for it, when, through the three words' which he utters, they do not deliver him up again. 63. About one worthy of death who is preserved with great judiciousness when the evidence, which they give before that about him, is through another one worthy of death, and whatever is on the same subject. 64. About evidence as to witchcraft and destroying a righteous man, that is, in what propor * Possibly humat, hukht, huvarst, 'good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, which would be accepted as a sign of repentance, Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIX, 57-XX, 5. 53 tion it is certain or doubtful. 65. About causing the execution of one worthy of death for entertaining fondness for witchcraft and laughing at witchcraft, and whatever is on the same subject. CHAPTER XX. Nikadum Nask 1. In the fifth section are twenty-four particulars? about the standing up and going forth of a man with a weapon and angry thoughts towards another man; and also when he takes a beast of burden, saddles it, and sits upon it, takes the rein? (ayokham) in hand and walks away; this, too, that, when he arrives there, he smites that man, or some one else ; and whatever is on the same subject. 2. About what one has to do when the conversation of two men is of the destruction of a righteous man, of highway robbery, and of the cursing owing thereto; and whatever is on the same subject. 3. About what one has to do when, of two men who are on the same road, one slays a righteous man; and about the other when he is fearless, and when he is fearful. 4. About preserving one worthy of death when it is requisite for medical purposes (bezashkih), though the plaintiff is of a different opinion; and whatever is on the same subject. 5. About the needlessness of plaintiffs and defendants speaking as to the substance (min tana) of It is not clear whether these twenty-four particulars are to be sought in the details of $1, or in the whole chapter, or some portion of it. Merely a guess. Digitized by Google

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54 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. the law, when the witness and judge is the supreme priest; the confidence which they may place in the decision of the supreme priest, due to his own knowledge and evidence, when, moreover, they have not to atone in the body; and the want of confidence in another judge when, moreover, they have to atone in the body, and the needfulness of plaintiffs and defendants speaking on the substance (val tand) of the law, even when the judge is aware of the law. 6. About unauthorised combatants, become mutually sinful, when, to dissipate (sikhtano) a wound of the one, he would make the other one worthy of death. 7. About supplies (pishon); in travelling together, and their renewal; and whatever is on the same subject. 8. About inflicting penalties by magistrates, the assistance of the unmagisterial given to magistrates, the assistance of the magistrates, and the exemption of these latter from atonement to those former; likewise about conversation as to an assault, and whatever is on the same subject. 9. About the evasion of penalty by men at the time when a sin may be committed, and the arrest of their nearest relations being important, in whatever measure implicated therein and impossible to consider innocent; how to confine and make them really coerced to seek a remedy, and whatever is on the same subject. 10. About the powerfulness which comforts in sin where there is any special worthiness, and the reason 1 Compare Pers. bising, Av, fshaoni. In some cases it might perhaps be read pikhvo, and be traced to Av. pithwa. The word often occurs, as in $ 11, Chaps. XXIII, 3, 15, XXVI, 10, XXVII, 4, 6, XXXI, 25, 36, XXXVII, 5, 7, 22, XLI, 19, 23, XLIII, 19, and its meaning, provision, or nourishment,' is well ascertained. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XX, 6-13. 55 of any worthiness; the want of power where there is special unworthiness, and the reason of any unworthiness; the production of the good works of one towards another of the powerful, and of the sin of one of those lacking power; and whatever is on the same subject. 11. About the plaint which one has to argue, and for the defendant to dispute; the time for making the statement (gobo) when the defendant does not come, or comes not to conduct the business; the several peculiarities of plaintiff and defendant, the time for conducting being on the day before yesterday, the firm one and the powerless, the incrimination therein, the death-blow on the exhaustion of the possessions of the plaintiff, and provisions for conducting the legal proceedings; a privileged wife 1 shall be capable of making a plaint for her husband, and of informing the husband of the plaint; when her property is anything whatever, and nothing is manifest as to that wealth, she is to be admitted for evidence; and whatever is on the same subject. 12. About the ordeal of those who have atoned, of those undergoing the sacred-twig ordeal, and of those undergoing the heat ordeal, who are pure; the freedom from falsehood of which, each separately, which they, every one of them, request when the ordeal is not that for their own station, but that for the station of others; and whatever is on the same subject. 13. About the object of any evidence, and, on account of the reason of its propriety, the impropriety of any one being without evidence; and what 1 One married to her husband with the parents' consent, and never betrothed to another, so that she and her children belong to him in both worlds (see Bd. XXXII, 6 n). Digitized by Google

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56 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. ever is on the same subject. 14. About the reality of a statement due to an ordeal, and so many having gone to the ordeal place for the sake of watching the first-comer and after-comer; the time of performance, the statement, the ceremonial and the invulnerableness due to it; the kinds of incrimination, how to protect the limbs by which the ordeal is accomplished, and each one of the formulas (nfrang) of protection; the superintendence for observing the ceremonial, and the decision about the acquitted or convicted one. 15. This, too, that is, whose going to the ordeal place is first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth ; and by whom is the command to be given. 16. About the business of the ordeal attendants (var austigano). 17. About incrimination through confession, or some other reason, the reliance restored thereby, and whatever is on the same subject. 18. About a thief destroying life and escaping, the suspicion owing thereto, about any one, as to assisting the thief, and whatever is on the same subject. 19. About there being no ordeal for those confessing, and so also as regards those of good repute ; accusation as to the existence of a limit to the good repute, even that which is for the extent of a Yugyast, a Dashmest, an Agoyost, a Takar, and a Hasar 1 at the least. 1 The relative lengths of these five measures of distance are stated in Farh. Oim, p. 41, II. 9-11, as follows:- So much as two Dashmest (Av. dakhshmaiti) is as much as a Yogyast (Av. yugyasti); so much as two Agoyohast is as much as a Dashmest; so much as two Takar is as much as an Agoyohast; and so much as two Hasar (Av. hathra) is as much as a Takar (Av. takara).' As the average Hasar is a Roman mile (see Chap. XIX, 54 n), the Takar (run?') is two, the Agoyost or Agoyohast 'cattle-run ?' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XX, 14-26. 57 20. About litigation as to a costly article, when a witness of its possession by the one party is combined with non-possession by the other one with no witness, or with its possession by the other one with a single witness; or the witness of one is with the sacred beings, and its possession by the other one is likewise not manifest; when both parties are related (khidyahik), or both are unrelated (anazdthik); and what kind of possession they say is most real. 21. About annulling the decision of a judge, and the time it is done at the court of a chief judge, and also owing to an ordeal for certainty; and whatever is on the same subject. 22. About the litigation of three persons as to property it is declared, so much is given to one on the day Adharmazd to the day Vohuman', to another one on the day Ardavahist, and possession is not made over to the third one at all. 23. About selling property which is not one's own, and whatever is on the same subject. 24. About controversy as to anything which ought not to occur. 25. About any essential dispute that any one has, when agreeing thus: 'I do not have it as my own, but owing to the other person ;' and whatever is on the same subject. 26. About the litigation of an Iranian with a foreigner, or with foreigners, of a Av. gaoyaoiti?) is four, the Dashmest ( distance-mark?') is eight, and the Yogyast (stage?') is sixteen miles. This series of distances is analogous to the Sanskrit series, but more elaborate; the Hasar is best compared with the Krosa as the commonest unit of moderate distance, though less than half its usual length; the Agoyost is nearly the same as the Gavyata ; and the Yugyast is analogous to the Yogana, though nearly double its length. That is, on the first or second day of the Parsi month; and to the other on the third day. Digitized by Google

Page #1423
58 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. foreigner with an Iranian, or a slave with a man of the country, as to a costly article; and whatever is on the same subject. 27. About a much-clamouring plaintiff having summoned defendants to the judges regarding a decision, and about the perverted wordiness and mixed verbiage in the legal proceedings; and whatever is on the same subject. 28. About the time for a high-priest of property and possessions, what is the specific necessity for a high-priest, and whatever is on the same subject. 29. About the fitness of a woman for evidence and judgeship when guardian over herself, and the unfitness of a privileged wifel who is a foreigner and worthy of death for only a single offence, even with the authority of her husband; and whatever is on the same subject. 30. About the owner of a pledge not depositing the pledge beforehand, and whatever is on the same subject. 31. About giving up the property of partners, and whatever is on the same subject. 32. About the property that any one possesses, and is without any witness as to his ownership and possession of it. 33. About the ordeal of excessive eating (pa uru-kharang) for escaping distress (must-kar zih) by plaintiffs and defendants before driving each other into legal proceedings, and whatever is on the same subject. 34. About the legal proceedings as to a female : they steal from some one, and she becomes a suppliant of a thief; some one takes her by sequestration (hakidakih), and they steal her also from him ; 1 See & un. ? A slave no doubt. "This is the technical term for legal seizure, or sequestration (see Chap. XXXIX). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XX, 27-43. the original possessor (ban) sees his own, not knowing she is back alive, when they become disputing about her; and whatever is on the same subject. 35. About property which is in the possession of any one, when some one gives it up to some one else in his sight, and he does not dispute it. 36. About a master teaching a disciple not to go back to legal proceedings, and whatever is on the same subject. 37. About controversy, with any one, as to special property in righteous gifts, and whatever is on the same subject. 38. About legal proceedings in which one accomplishes an ordeal three times, and it comes off in one way; and whatever is on the same subject. 39. About the existence of the many kinds of speaking with wizard's spells !, and those with threats of danger; and about the usage in witchcraft as to the moderate and justifiable production of mutual afflictiveness thereby. 40. About which is the ordeal for one worthy of death, the greatness and littleness of an ordeal, and also this, that is, which are the blessed among twenty of those undergoing ordeals. 41. About the proportion of firewood, and from which tree it ought to be good; and again, too, the several appliances and formulas that are necessary in accomplishing the ordeal. 42. And this, too, that when the man is aware of his own truth, even though he be aware of it, the fire speaks in the words of men thus : 'Walk not on to me! for I chastise during one's progress.' 43. About one still mediating in legal proceedings as to a thief who has acted faithfully about quitting confinement and fetters to See Chap. XVII, 6. Digitized by Google

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60 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. cause a ceremonial ", and whatever is on the same subject. 44. About the wealth of a priest who is not keeping his property in edifices (a uzdesikih) or domains (mata), but goes on with his occupation; and when he passes away, to whom and how it has to come. 45. About litigation as to property from the residuary wealth of fathers, about keeping it together (vaham-dar), and whatever is on the same subject. 46. About the amount of retribution, in confinement, fettering, and punishment, for a lamb, a sheep, or a beast of burden, which is stolen ; and whatever is on the same subject. 47. About a defendant regarding whom three plaintiffs complain, all. three as comrades, one as to a lamb, one as to a sheep, and one as to a beast of burden; and whose answer is first given. 48. About the litigation of three persons as to a costly article which remains apart from theni, he who deposited it being a strong person, and the ownership of not even one of them being certain. 49. About the coming of retribution to three persons who, all three as comrades, have stolen a lamb from one, a sheep from another one, and a beast of burden from a third one. 50. About the reason of the justifiableness, and that also of the unjustifiableness, of confining a fellow-countryman for his own theft, and whatever is on the same subject. 51. About the extent of continuance in hearing a defendant, and this, too, as to a plaintiff ; also about the time appointed for speaking, and its extent. 52. And about this, * Or it may be to provide supplies.' * See Chap. XIX, 47. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XX, 44-60. 61 namely, when any one has made an accusation about any other, and goes back at the time appointed, and, before a reply is given, he shall make out another accusation about the same man, to which of the two accusations a reply is to be first given. 53. About the reason of the hardship of legal proceedings; about what man it is whose statement is second, third, fourth, and last in conducting legal proceedings; and about the twenty-two stratagems in conducting legal proceedings. 54. About the cancelling (padyaranih) of an ordeal, even that which is accomplished with three selected witnesses. 55. About the season of the hot ordeal, and also that of the cold; and whatever is on the same subject. 56. About one, in a procedure, demanding an ordeal, the other one having appointed the time for the supreme priest, and whatever is on the same subject. 57. About the benediction of the supreme priest on making, or changing, a decision; also this, namely, which are the blessings for changing, through their nature, a decision which is made. 58. About evidence of walking upon a water-skin (khik) and putting something inside it, of assault and wounds, of wealth which they squander (nikizend) and a righteous gift, of a damaged and sequestrated thing; and of rubbing up (pado-malisno) and buying it strengthened", and at a price, 59. On litigation about the ownership of a wife, cattle, trees, and land; and whatever is on the same subject. 60. About the certainty of the statement of several leaders of an affair, as to that on which their affair * Paz. adganghen for Av, aoganghem=aoganghem (see also Chap. XLI, 17, 18). Digitized by Google

Page #1427
DINKARD, BOOK VIII. depends, and of the supreme priest, or three witnesses, in every legal proceeding. 61. About incrimination (afrikhtakih) of several kinds as to statements in legal proceedings, and whatever is on the same subject. 62. About the modes of action for eradicating the deceptions (frevoano-fitar) of apostates, and whatever is on the same subject. 63. About cases where the virtuousness of the thoughts, words, and deeds of mankind is all derived from the virtuousness of the beneficent spirit, and mankind themselves shall render it their own, and, in that way, its reward reaches them; and their viciousness is all derived from the viciousness of the evil spirit, and mankind themselves shall render it their own, and, in that way, its bridge penalty? reaches them. 64. About the injuriousness due to unrenounced sinfulness, that is, what is injured by the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth unrenounced Aredas sina. 65. About where and which is the speaking with threats of dangers, and which is the taking up of a weapon (agerepto), not the turning it down, that becomes a Tanapuhar sin*; also the sin which is owing to such sin. 1 The decision announced at the Kinvad bridge (see Chap. XIV, 8), as to the fate of the soul until the renovation of the universe, after the account of its good works and sins has been accurately balanced. ? Farh. Oim, p. 36, 11. 6, 7, has when through sinfulness one lays a weapon upon a sinner, the name is Aredus.' See Chaps. XVII, 6, XIX, 1. * Whereby a person becomes an outcast and worthy of death. According to Vend. IV, 67-72, 75-78, 81-84, this occurs on the eighth committal of an Agerepto, on the seventh of an Avoiristo, and on the sixth of an Aredas; or on the first committal of any of the three, if the criminal refuses to atone for it. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XX, 61-73. 66. About the case where one has to atone, and who does it; he who undergoes the sacred-twig ordeal has atoned best; and which is the least heat ordeal. 67. About two men having seized property together, and having together, at the time, demanded a judge and ordeal about it; and when one seizes the property some time earlier, and the other one demands the judge and ordeal earlier; and whatever is on the same subject. 68. About some one carrying off the property of a person from the custody of another person in sight of the same, and he who kept it before is, within a Hasar', a witness before the judge as to its custody or possession ; and also when the witness of it has not come within the Hasar; and whatever is on the same subject. 69. About cases where the decision of the judge is to be made from the Avesta and Zand ?, or from the common consent of the good, and whatever is on the same subject. 70. About the justifiable selling of a man, a sheep, or a beast of burden, as free from defect when its defect is not obvious; also about the symptoms of their defects. 71. About the case where and how far a decision, about which one is in dispute, is a solitary statement, or more. 72. About the object of the appointment of a judge, the eminence of an appointed judge, and whatever is on the same subject. 73. About the reasonableness of the severity and want of severity 1 Eighty minutes on the average (see Chap. XIX, 54 n), but varying from one hour to two, according to the duration of daylight. That is, from the scriptural law and its commentary. * That is, according to precedents recorded by the priesthood. Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK VIII. of judges. 74. And this, too, that the judgeship is to be given to him who is acquainted with the law (akas-dad); and the object of acquaintance with the law. 75. About the case where there are a supreme judge of the law, a plaint, a defence, an arrangement of legal proceedings, and an award; and through what sin it becomes injustice. 76. And this, too, that the justice of him who may therein commit falsehood, as regards so many essential decisions, is injustice. 77. About the many who may seize wealth, which is the property of some one, with their own hands; and, when they litigate about it, he says it is his own property, whereby they are convicted. 78. About incrimination of five kinds as to whatever property is on the spot, or at a distance (pavan hasar); and whatever is on the same subject. 79. About putting apart, keeping apart, and two apart before being put away; also about litigation as to keeping apart, and whatever is on the same subject. 80. And when some one has to deliver property which is a person's own to some one else, in the ! This term is explained in an extract from some Nask (compare Chap. XLIII, 9) quoted in Farh. Oim, pp. 17, l. 9-18, 1. 5, as follows:- Av. ko asti dkaesho vivisdato, which is the judge who is acquainted with the law? Av. yo aeta pairi arethra frazanaiti, he who thoroughly understands the adjudication from the statements (even though he does not easily understand many of the statements, and though it be not easy as regards the statements which are not numerous, is an official who is acquainted with the law (kardar-i a kas-dad); and he who does not thoroughly understand the adjudication from the statements, even though the statements are not numerous, and it be not easy for him as regards them, is to be still considered as unacquainted with the law (anakas-da d)]. 2 Compare $115. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XX, 74-88. sight of him whose own it is, and he who is seizing upon it disputes about it as his own property; and whatever is on the same subject. 81. About disputing the debts of fathers when one of their associates is confessing them, and the rest have come, and it is possible for them to dispute them, but they do not dispute. 82. And about the progress of a dispute of one of the associates as to the whole debt of one's fathers. 83. About the possibility of children being worthy of death, for wizard's spells, when with their guardian; and of a woman being so when guardian of herself. 84. About a case where the amount of a lamb (midat-1 aspereno) is the lowest, and the amount of a human being (virok mozd) is the highest l. 85. About theft and plunder as regards one's own property, when one brings it away from the possession of some one without dispute. 86. About the triumph of him who, falsely investigating, may act judicially by illegally-issued incentives, when he institutes legal proceedings for the sake of appearances ? ; as distinguished from him who is truly seeking and truly investigating. 87. About the statements of a litigation of man and wife, which is justifiably brought ons 88. And also this, namely, when she sees herself injured, or defence is possible by means of that which 1 The minimum and maximum grades of value mentioned in Chap. XIX, 47. Here it is evident that midat and mozd are synonyms, the former being, no doubt, the Zvaris, or Semitic, equivalent of the latter, compare Chald. 17o. * Pahl. kha kuniha, literally 'through making a dust.' . Or it may be of a man and a woman who is domineeringly plundered.' [37] Digitized by Google

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66 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. is discharged by two fingers ', it is justifiable when they shall institute no litigation but seizing. 89. About the person who has become privileged to give away a daughter to a husband, her father having passed away. 90. About the sin of making a damsel (kanik) weary of her husband. 91. About the sin as regards property in this action, either produced where the action for this purpose is really devoid of illiberality (adahisnih), or to commit in order that they shall give me a wife even when they do not give her on that account. 92. About the sin of giving a girl (kanik) for a girl, or other living thing, or of speaking thus : 'Do thou go in unto my sister, or daughter, while I, too, will go in unto thine.'' 93. And the sin as regards the person of my wife, too, which is owing to that sin. 94. About one obtaining back the value which he gives away for a girl, when the girl is not that value in wedlock. 95. About a girl who, after fifteen years of age, is not given to a husband ; and her father, to satisfy her menstrual excitement (dashtan-meyah vigardano), and to sustain it, becomes sinful and harbours a paramour; and whatever is on the same subject. 96. About having given food, and anything except a wife, to any one who praises the Mazda-worshippers' religion of another, even though it be through fear; also this, that it is only he, when he has thereby become quite of the same tenets with the religion of the Mazda-worshippers, to whom the gift of a wife worthy of a man (vir masai) is then to be pre That is, in some very easy way. The intention was probably to discourage petty disputes between man and wife, by not interfering with the stronger party when aggrieved. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XX, 89-105. 67 sented. 97. About committing the sin of giving no food", which is one of those worthy of death. 98. About the duty imposed of chastising a wizard for the Tanapuhar sin? of assisting a demons, so that one's duty is manifold, and to be accomplished during several years. 99. About the day and night which are longest, medium, and shortest; that is, how many Hasars * they are, each separately; and, as to their occurrence, in what control is the appointed time which is really theirs, each one, as to period. 100. About the Parasang 6 which is the longest, medium, and shortest ; and whatever is owing to their subdivision. . 101. About the work and fodder (vasan) of an injured beast of burden, by day and night. 102. About a sheep which kills a person, and whether its owner be innocent, or sinful, through not putting a tether (band) upon it; and the reason of the sinfulness and innocence therein. 103. About the period that extends from certainty to dubiousness, even though it be for the supreme priest, or one provides three witnesses; and how long it is. 104. About the multitude of witnesses who give no evidence, together with the judge who is unjustly deciding. 105. About the injuriousness (azarikih), for the 1 See Chap. XVII, 6. See $65. * Reading dev-vigin which is miswritten by 18. * See Chap. XIX, 54 n. * A distance of four Hasars (Bd. XVI, 7), or as far as a far-seeing man can distinguish a black ox from a white one (Bd. XXVI, 2). It is usually from 3 to 4 English miles, but in Pahlavi texts it often stands for a Hasar, or Roman mile, both being measures for long distances. * Orrations' (vayagan). F? Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK VIII. priestly authorities, of anything that is given to the unworthy. 106. About what kind of gift, that is given, was accepted; that is, how, when given by one when another claims it, it returns to him; how, and in what proportion, when the other does not claim it, its expediency does not arise; and whatever is on the same subject. 107. About a case where there is property of several kinds which a man has given away as a righteous gift, and it is allowable. 108. About the case where whatever is given and reaches some one, when he gives it and does not say how it was given, it becomes a righteous gift. 109. And about its not having become a gift, through fear of whatever is its danger. IIO. About the theft and extortion of him who does not maintain the wives and children of persons in his control, to preserve and nourish them, through fear. III. About the allotment of punishment for the limbs of sinners, and upon which limbs is the allotment, 112. About the atonement for sin where it is most irksome. 113. About the amount of retribution for an assault (zatam) which may be committed upon one worthy of death who is preserved through great judiciousness. 114. About Auharmazd having given all prosperity to Zaratust and the disciples of Zaratust; the theft and extortion which have arisen in a man when he has not given to a worthy person any of the prosperity that has befallen him; and whatever is on the same subject. 115. About how an animate being is situated who is in a place apart (aham), and when he dies in innocence and keeping apart', his 1 Compare SS 79. 68 Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XX, 106-122. wound being also through duty; and whatever is on the same subject. 116. About the advantage and pleasure of keeping a promise (mitro-darih), and the gravity, harm, and vexation owing to various degrees of promise-breaking (mitrok-dragih); also how a promise is kept. 117. About the grievous sinfulness of strife, insincerity (a vakhih), and slander, and the harm that proceeds therefrom; also the frost (pazd) and punishment provided for them ', and whatever is on the same subject. 118. About having given frontier people as hostages (garobo) to foreigners who have demanded a ransom (navisno). 119. About taking up (lala gerefstano) anything whatever that is precious to a foreigner, and has become of exceeding value, when they give it up as a ransom 8 to Iran; the extreme value of a youth (tigil) when they shall carry him off as a hostage from the foreigners, in place of ransom; and how they are to keep both. 120. About the grievous sinfulness of a man stealing back his ransom from foreigners, though it be his own son. 121. About the sinfulness of the governor (sardar) of a province through any harm that occurs in the province owing to his elevation and evil commands. 122. About the existence of so many thieves assisting a thief with special ransom, and what kind of reward (navisno) one is to use with thieves, to 1. In hell (compare AV. XL, 7). * Pahl. mar'sanan, which might be supposed to be a defective writing of margar'ganan, those worthy of death' (the two letters equivalent to rga being omitted), but see Chap. XXI, 13. The MS. pak is evidently a defective writing for navak which is written correctly in the next clause of this section. Digitized by Google

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70 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. deceive with great judiciousness. 123. About attaching to the neck of a thief the thing which was stolen by him, for his personal identification, and conducting him to the judges. 124. About the nonatonement of thieves, by any amount of anything whatever, without confession as regards their own sin. 125. About the assistance to possession which is claimed by any one from the authorities (padan), when his property is stolen or extorted. 126. About the grievous sinfulness and deceitfulness of many kinds which occur when a woman who is given away with her concurrence, and her acceptance is announced, is given to another man; and whatever is on the same subject. 127. About the unjustifiableness of the wisdom of a man, through which he took away property in dispute, from him who was ignorant, before there was certainty about it. 128. About making intercession in a dispute, for him who is ignorant, with the judge and other authorities and chiefs, even including the king of kings ", when there is no intercessor for him. 129. About the reason of the fitness of a man for sovereignty, and the lodgment of Adharmazd upon the limited (tang) person of him who is a good ruler. 130. About the five special ordinances (dadistan) that are certain ; these are without ordeal, because they are to be considered as certain, and the penalties thereof are to be fully inflicted. 131. About investigation after confession. 132. About squandering (nikizand) wealth of which the custom (dastobar) of maintaining is begging for it. 133. About the progress (sakisno) of legal proceedings not having 1 The Persian monarch. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XX, 123-143. 71 occurred, which is not demanded on account of the existence of want of power, and the number of kinds of that want of power. 134. About a woman without a guardian, when she takes a paramour, and whatever is on the same subject. 135. About bringing a written statement into judicial proceedings, and whatever is on the same subject. 136. About the sin of frightening any one from his place, when he shall move on account of that fright, and the amount of movement and harm which will come upon him therefrom. 137. The delivery back of that which is extorted from one's hands or keeping; that is, how it is to be considered as delivered. 138. About the obviousness of a minor adjudication from that which is greater. 139. About the extreme benefit and peace, even in this world, through a wife and children and grandchildren, and also the prosperity, as regards produce and even wealth thereby, taking away the disputes that arise. 140. About the grievous sinfulness of wealth acquired through unnatural intercourse, the annihilation of the spiritual faculties (maino gano). 141. About a decree in which the decision is of three descriptions, about three persons. 142. About a tree which, when stolen away, is the death-blow (mat) of a hundred pure birds (vae), and a thousand birds arise. 143. About a sin which, owing to deceiving previously, has to increase (fraz mastano) its extent, and to fully taste the extremest crime of a dagger 1 Vamkunfh, compare Pers. bamun. It cannot be making loans, or money-lending,' because that would be spelt dvamkanih. Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK VIII. (dahrako) of several of the smallest finger- 'readths. 144. About the sin of defiling four-footed females. 145. About keeping back one of the combatants from fighting, and whatever is on the same subject. 146. About counter-assaults of eight kinds, assault when an infidel shall commit it upon one of the good religion, and whatever is on the same subject. 147. About a counter-assault of a heretic (dus-deno) when an arch-heretic (saritar-deno) is slain. 72 148. About not leaving any property in the keeping of one worthy of death. 149. About such numbers of abettors of sin being with the sinner, and whatever is on the same subjects. 150. About the injury of a plaint and defence, and the dwelling, property, and feast of the good, by that person who extols the presidentship which is given him, but who is not fit for the presidentship. 151. About the sinfulness of a judge when he shall make a decision for any one according to his origin. 152. About the grievous sinfulness of delivering the person of an Iranian to a foreigner, and whatever is on the same subject. 153. About the greatness of the gift of a righteous man, as compared with (min) the gift of another, for Rashna', the just, to proclaim among the creatures and to accept. 154. This, too, that, when they encounter an apostate and it is necessary to hold a controversy, though there be danger for the hands or feet, or though even for the head, there is to be no refraining from asserting that which is true. The angel of justice who weighs the good works of the departed soul against its sins, in order to decide its fate till the end of time. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XX, 144-162. 73 155. This, too, that he who does not assert, on account of fondness for wealth, or dislike for his own people, vexes water and fire and the righteous man, and disturbs even the reposing archangels from their thrones. 156. About the grievous sinfulness of making the righteous dissevered (all skaftako). 157. About the bad properties produced by the evil spirit, adjudication attentive to lying evidence and false, in opposition to Rashnu, the just, and through discontent at the advantage due to Rashnu, owing to the impossibility of the occurrence of those mischiefs being produced at Rashnu's judgment seat, there where they do not give decisions for the wretched for the sake of the aristocratic multitude (azad ha vandth rai). 158. And about the aristocratic multitude which comes to Rashnd owing to taking bribes, and went with a complaint to Adharmazd, and whatever is on the same subject. 159. About a just judge who is appointed one of an assembly for the opposition of thieves, oppressors, and destroyers of the righteous. 160. About the possibility of the coming of every one, through diligence, to the best existence. 161. About the superiority (masih) of true justice over (min) other good works, and the grievous sinfulness owing to false justice, and when they shall not deliver a sentence with a full understanding of the true from the false. 162. About solemnizing and learning by heart (narm kardano) the Gathas, the Hadokht', and * Here written Hadoito; the name of the twentieth Nask (see Chap. XLV). Digitized by Digitized by Google

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74 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. the Vastag through knowing the foundations (pa yakan) thereof; the sin owing to not knowing them, and whatever proceeds therefrom. 163. About the greatness of the law through decrees and judgments from other discourses (sroban). 164. About property of seven kinds, of which one says that it is not allowable to take it as security for other property. 165. About ten friends with different assertions on the same subject. 166. And about the apportionment of this discourse there are complete decisions of several other kinds, and into those, too, it advances and thereby introduces much adjudication which takes heed, in every one, of words and deeds of many kinds, and is specifically and also intelligibly apportioned. 167. Perfect excellence is righteousness. CHAPTER XXI. 1. The first of eighteen sections of the Ganabasar-nigad? contains particulars about the thief, with his arrest as the special thief of that which is seized (terefto) by him; the premeditated sin, the imprisonment and fettering, the punishment appointed for atonement of the sin, the execution of the duty, 1 The name of the eleventh Nask (see Chap. XII). * Corresponding to the sixteenth word, a hurai, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the eighteenth Nask in Other Rivayats. Ganaba-sar-nigad means the thief's head downstricken;' but it is misread Dvasrugad, Dvasrangad, Dvasragid, or Dvasrob, in the Rivayats, which also state that it contained sixty-five kardah, or subdivisions, which agree with the numbers of sections mentioned in Chaps. XXI, XXIII, XXIV. This Nask is evidently named from the contents of its first section, and possibly from its initial words. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XX, 163-XXI, 6. 75 and the amount of the reward (navisn); the amount of speciality in the ransom (navak) of every one, each separately; the act and place of punishment, what is the person who is strangling and the mode, how those who are therein strangling are drawn forth (nazi-aito) successively, and which is set to work first. 2. About a person whose offending limbs are bound, the degree of tightness of the binding and fettering, and the formula (nirang) of being bound for the sin of theft. 3. About imprisonment, and the imprisonment which accusers have to provide, at their own expense, if they are those who are privileged; and whatever is on the same subject. 4. The number of places for fetters, and those which the thief, whoever he is, possesses, each separately. 5. How far, how, and for what putting on of fetters (garov-da hisnih) those accusers have to provide a thief's fetters, too, at their own expense, if they are those who are privileged; the place for the requisite privileged putting on of fetters, the sin owing to putting on more fetters of a different kind, and that which is owing to neglecting the putting on of the fetters which they have to provide; the limit as regards the deserving of more fettering, the number of grades of theft beyond the limit of deserving fettering, and those which are below the limit of deserving fettering. 6. About the kinds of theft, and the excessive sinfulness of a thief through cutting and wounding the body; the undiscoverableness which is specially as regards a thief at a distance (pavan hasar), he * Assuming that gudane stands for khQdano. Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK VIII. who is on the spot being he who is within one step; theft, with plunder, injuring the existence , minor injury, and other sins, may be in confederacy? beforehand or afterwards. 7. About the thievish design of a theft which is not abetted (la ham), a theft with equal shares, and a theft with different shares. 8. About the sin of assisting a thief (dag aiyyarak), of making investigation and releasing, of a sentence of acquittal, and of a listener to a thief; he who is a giver of assistance to a thief is carried off for theft ; also decisions about theft by a child, by a childless woman, and by her who is pregnant; likewise their maintenance and earnings (vindisno) in retributive work, and the work of a pregnant thief. 9. About the accumulated property of the innumerable which they would keep away from thieves, both the thief by means of his hands, and him who is a thief not by means of his hands. 10. About the testimony of a thief, that is, for what it is admissible when : he advances as a thief; how at the time when it is necessary to seize and bind him, and how at the time when it is necessary to flatter (nivakhtano) and deceive him until one attains to absolute power (kam-karih) thereby. 11. About rewards (navisno) with thieves. 12. About the difference of theft from plunder. 13. About property which any one, carrying it off, See Chap. XIX, 1. 9 Paz. hidhih, probably for a Pahl. adjective hadak from Av. hadha, and referring to accomplices before and after the fact (see Chap. XVIII, 5). Assuming that mun stands for amat, their Iranian equivalents being nearly alike, and the latter word being used in the succeeding clauses. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXI, 7-XXII, 3. 77 has to bring back to its owners; such as that which the frontier people may take away from foreigners, that which the judge may take away from thieves, and the share which he may take away from any one not interfering with thieves. 14. And about protectors and defenders of a thief, and also many other legal decisions as regards theft. CHAPTER XXII. Ganaba-sar-nigad Nask. 1. The second section is miscellaneous (hamdadako): about the authority for the enquiry (kh vast-radakih) of a father into the sin of a grown-up son, when unaware of the sin of his son at the time it is committed ; that of a son into that of a father, and of others grown-up, as to one another, when they are not abettors of the sin; and that of a husband into the sin of a wife, when not and when ? co-operating and unrestraining. 2. About arrival at the period for the teaching of children by a guardian or father, and the mode of his teaching; the period at which the sin of a child has reached a beginning, the extent of the sin of childhood, the retribution in childhood, and that also at maturity; the sin due to not teaching a child who is to be taught, and whatever is on the same subject. 3. About the freedom from slaughter which is to 1 Av. asterethwan. The share being a bribe for purchasing non-interference. In each case the property is to be restored to its original owner who had been robbed by the foreigners or thieves. . Perhaps the repetition of the word amat, and when' is a blunder of the copyist. Digitized by Google

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78 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. keep away the destruction of the world; and what is the mode of distributing the property of a man of the valiant after his slaughter. 4. About the sin of having given implements of slaughter to a woman, a child, or a foreigner. 5. About a woman who, as regards two men worthy of death, demands the head of the one, and is seeking a son in the other one. 6. About a warrior, without provisions (atu sako), who, on the march, has come upon pasture, corn, and sheep whose shepherd 1 is a stranger to him, and whatever is on the same subject. 7. About considering property inexpedient, and the decision thereon. 8. About the amount of delay of a judge on becoming aware that the plaintiff is falsely petitioning and the defendant is falsely confessing. 9. About the amount of delay of the judge, and in the court of justice (dad gas); and whatever is on the same 1 The Pahlavi word is written ooo twenty-four times, and 4000 once, in this Book, but its reading is not quite certain. It means shepherd' throughout Chaps. XXIII, XXXIX, and in XXXI, 17, 31, XL, 3; but is used for herdsman'in XXXIX, 3, and for 'follower'in XXXI, 2. This last meaning is strongly in favour of the reading pasig, for pasik, 'following,' an adjectival form derived from pas, after,' which, when used as a noun, would imply one who follows,' as drovers and shepherds are accustomed to do, with a few local exceptions. The Pahlavi spelling of the word is uniformly inconsistent with the reading pas, guard, protector;' and it seems hazardous to trace it to a possible Avesta adjective pasvya, from pasu, 'a sheep,' because the latter word becomes pah in Pahlavi. The word also occurs in Pahl. Vend. XV, 116; it is a transcript of Av, fshenghi and fshenghyo in Yas. XXXI, 10 b, XLIX, 9 a, and of fshe in Vend. XIII, 10, 11; so that it may perhaps be read fsheg, or fshe, as a mere transcript from the Avesta. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXII, 4-18. 79 subject. 10. About a decision regarding a judge who explained a doubtful opinion as a certainty, and that which is certain as a doubtful decision, and would make an undecided matter decided. II. About the opinion as to certainty and that as to doubtfulness, making a decision, and whatever is on the same subject. 12. About the business of commissioned judges, from him who is lowest to him who is highest, one above the other one. 13. Decisions about adjudication; that which is legal when two judges are together, that which is legal with either one judge or two judges together, and whatever is on the same subject. 14. About the statements of a decision regarding interpretations (pado-khanano), and whatever is on the same subject. 15. About the proportion of the time of judges for decision, that for summoning witnesses to the judges, and that for the proceedings (sakisno). 16. About the judge who is doubly satisfied ?, and him who is not doubly satisfied; also the time from a judge's not being doubly satisfied till his being doubly satisfied. 17. About a judge of four customs, and his decision thereon ; one who knows the decree and would act to effect it, and one who knows it and would not act. 18. About the supremacy of a judge as to adjudication so far as there is a false decision therein ; how it is when he is at a distance (pavan hasar), and how it is when he is on the spot; he who is at a * Pahl. pa do-kban = Pers. pat'hvan. * Paz. vayozust, Av. vay ozusto=dva yozusto. Farh. Oim, p. 43, 11. 10-12, bas 'the Vayozust, who is a judge, explains this, so that the petitioner who is doubtful is a hearer of certainty; it is, as one says, deliberately weighed!' Digitized by Google

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80 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. distance becomes a superior therein, when he comes back to the place of justice before the end of a Hasar? 19. About other false teaching of a judge which is manifest therefrom, and the retribution for the false teaching; the false summoning, false investigation, and false evidence of the complainant (must-homond) having been his own, and a separate atonement unto the afflicted one has to atone for the affair; it having been mitigated by no good work. 20. About the trouble of adjudication to the priestly authorities (radan). 21. About the proficiency of a woman or child who is acquainted with the law?, for a judgeship, being above that of a full-grown man unacquainted with the law. 22. About assisting the want of one's own disciple for a master for the recited law, and the sin due to not assisting, such as that when, wanting assistance, it is allowable for the afflicted one to beg an assistant from foreigners, and according to his petition is the bringing of a foreigner for assistance; and whatever is on the same subject. 23. About the supremacy of Rashna 8 the righteous. 24. About several persons who are engaged in legal proceedings about the keeping and non-division of property not their own, and the decision as regards for whom one has in keeping that property which is not his own. 25. About actions which are not inconsistent and those which are inconsistent. 26. About the decision of a judge of congregational actions. 27. About the offence which accusers would commit, as regards the law, by means of the law, it being See Chap. XX, 68. * See Chap. XX, 74. * See Chap. XX, 153. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXII, 19-XXIII, 5. 81 not allowable to commit it with their own hands; also as regards any one's property, about which there is a dispute, even though with a certainty as to its ownership. CHAPTER XXIII. Ganaba-sar-nigad Nask. 1. One section of the next twelve is the Pasu shaurvastan ( shepherd's-dog code'), about the shepherd who is selecting a shepherd's dog for the sheep, and the shepherd with various shepherd's dogs; about the shepherd's comprehension of their serviceableness, one with the other, and whatever is on the same subject. 2. The extent of authorised efficiency (salit-garikth) accomplished by the shepherd's-dog nature of a shepherd's dog, after his being appointed by the shepherd. 3. About the shepherd's preparing the means of bedding for the shepherd's dog, giving the amount of the price of the daily food of a shepherd's dog, provisions for the dog in the winter, and the preparation of a fire beforehand which it is necessary to make in the sheepfold (pah-hasto). 4. About the mode of preparing the appointed fireplace of the sheepfold, the position of the shepherd's dog and the dog's fire, the means of lodging and provisioning the shepherd's dog in the sheepfold, the sin owing to the occasions when one proceeds to provide another mode, and whatever is on the same subject. 5. About the diligence of the shepherd's dog, and about his being guardian of the sheep asleep at night Or covering,' gamako, [37] Digitized by Google

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82 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. in flocks? dreading distress; the dog, their protection, is not provided with bedding, nor with pillow, and they are happy; every night he has to come out, through the whole flock, three times, besides when one of the guards (pada no), who is apprehensive, counts them, who, every day at dawn, has to walk out among the sheep, with good words, to inspect them, to apply remedies properly to the sheep that are sick, wounded, bruised, or defective, and to be their guardian; also the sin owing to worrying them, and whatever is on the same subject. 6. About that which is to be done by him as regards the breeding of the sheep, and likewise for the sake of the young ones; and the sin when he does not do it, or shall act otherwise. 7. About his fully understanding where and which is the sheep for each young one. 8. About his habit and means of keeping away the thief and the wolf from the sheep, and the preservation of the sheep thereby when an awful cloud and wind and rain arise, or when the position of those distressed ones, at the fords of rivers, comes opposite a locality (nisisno) of bad footing; when it is not possible for him to save all, he has to save the greater in value, or the more in number. 9. About his having guarded a sheep from the pasture of others and the retribution for the sin of not having guarded as to the eating and damaging of the corn and pasture of others by the sheep. 10. About the extent of preservation by the shepherd's dog's driving the sheep from the corn and pasture of others of various species, such as that which one calls the very stupid (goltar) pig; there is, more * Paz. pasivan for pasQvan (pl. of pasu). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXIII, 6-18. over, the specified pasture as regards those sheep, but the pig, which feeds upon its own predecessors, is also that which may commit another sin, for it feeds upon even its progeny at birth. 11. About the indication of an assembly place (garang) for the sheep, in a warm or cool locality, by the shepherd's dog. 12. About the characteristics of sheep from one to four years of age. 13. About the village (vis) of the shepherd, where the shepherd's dog is known when he arrives; how it is when a sheep has to be kept out of the sheepfold by the shepherd's dog, and how it is when it has to be driven by him to the village of the heedful shepherd. 14. About the coming of the shepherd unto a sheep, and the path from the village which the shepherd has provided for the flock. 15. About a shepherd when he withholds the daily food of a shepherd's dog, and the exhaustion of life thereby; after the fourth deprival of food (ata pak-dado) ? it is allowable for the shepherd's dog to kill a sheep for nourishment. 16. About a sheep, which comes astray into the flock to be slaughtered, being the perquisite of the butcher (ba har-f kustar), and that of the shepherd's dog being its dogs and the appointed number of one sheep. 17. About their extent of movement, and their pregnancy and growing old (bar va-khasan). 18. About the sin of the shepherd, as regards the shepherd's dog, through injustice as to work, Assuming that valman stands for val. * See Chap. XVII, 6. * The dog who allowed the sheep to stray being thus punished, by becoming the prey of the dog into whose flock the sheep strayed, who also receives a sheep as his share of the butchering. G2 Digitized by Google

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84 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. reward, and chastisement; and of the shepherd's dog, as regards the shepherd, through improperly tending a sheep, or worrying it by exertion; also his chastisement, and the payment that occurs for the incompetence and unworthiness therein; besides adjudications between the shepherd and shepherd's dog. 19. About the instruction which the shepherd gives to the shepherd's dog, through reminders (pavan ayadiha), to control a sheep, when, the shepherd's dog having heard some musical notes (srudo gasano), the instruction took place in the form of words; and, when the notes were not heard, even by a blow (zatam), the means of that instructor being a blow. 20. About the peculiarity of the shepherd's dog as regards its employment (rogkar). at the periods of satisfying menstrual excitement, solemnizing the season-festivals, and other important good works. CHAPTER XXIV. Ganaba-sar-nigad Nask. 1. The first section of the last thirty-five is the Storistan ( beast-of-burden code'), particulars about the sin, affecting the soul, due to unlawfully striking and wounding as regards beasts of burden and cattle; and the retribution and compensation for it to one's own cattle, that in case of a beast of burden and that in case of a sheep (ang mae), during life. 2. That which arises when one smites them with a brand (dakhsh ak); that when one smites them on the flank, and that when it is in front of them; that Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXIII, 19-xxiv, 10. 85 when their flanks are so smitten is complete smiting. 3. Of the smiting, too, of other members, the smiting in front, though the smiting be such as when one so smites for smiting on the flank, is not complete smiting. 4. And that which amounts to as much as a complete smiting, when one so smites as for smiting on the flank, is such as that when one casts off the skin, and that when one casts off the flesh, thereby, that when one is cutting it, or that when wounds (khiman) or serpent scourging (marvano) are upon it. 5. It is also about making the dog which drives the sheep (pasus-hadrvo) dumb. 6. About bruising the limbs and plucking the feathers of birds, such as the case when it is complete smiting, and such as that when it is not complete smiting. 7. And unlawfully destroying as regards fish, such as when it would make their flesh uneatable. 8. An account as to noticeably and worryingly beating cattle, about decrees of whatever kinds as to each separate beating worryingly that is to be considered as noticeable beating, and many decrees as to whatever is on the same subject. 9. About the retribution for making clothing of skins and woven wool (tadako), and the sin of any one owing to kindling a fire therewith, or roasting flesh which is stolen or plundered. 10. About the good work of all that is wise activity, and the reward of the happy place?; the sin of everything that is ignorant activity, and the * See Chap. XVIII, 2, 6; or it may be muharvano, cauterizing.' * Heaven. Digitized by Google

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86 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. bridge penalty of the evil place? ; connected therewith, to make him who is righteous develope in wisdom, and to make him who is wicked diminish in ignorance, is the world. CHAPTER XXV. Ganaba-sar-nigad Nask. 1. The second section is the Ar'gistan (' value code'), particulars about the value of small consumption of animate, and also that of inanimate, property; with the desirableness of information thereon, each separately. 2. The value of not destroying a righteous man even for a decree and justice, and of atonement for injuring the existence of the fire of Varahran. CHAPTER XXVI. Ganaba-sar-nigad Nask. 1. The third section is the Aratestaristan (' warrior code'), particulars about the worthiness of destroying a wolf; and, among wolves, the greater need of destroying (zanisntarih) those with two legs than those with four legs. 2. About selecting the daily supplies of warriors, the beasts of burden, clothing, and equipment of warriors, and other appurtenances (avariganakih) which are to be given to them; also selecting a horse and accoutrements (zend-afzar) for each one. Falling into hell owing to the narrowness of the Kinvad bridge to the other world, occasioned by an excess of sin over good works (see Dd. XXI, 5-7). . See Chap. XIX, I. The sacred Bahiram fire. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXV, 1-XXVI, 12. 87 3. About having a man's horse trained before one sends him to smite enemies. 4. About the efficacy of the resources and care of a warrior in the destruction which enemies occasion; also the army and the slaughter of war. 5. About the sin of the village and abode of the warriors on the occurrence of a battle, and what is the retribution for wounds and damage ; what is that which is disfiguring (apirayak) therein, and what is that which is worthy of death therein. 6. About the characteristics of the wearing of armour (zenavandih) and not wearing of armour by warriors. 7. About the rank of the general (sipahpado), and other officers (padan) over the troops, as to daily supplies, pay, and dignity; also their subordinates (aztrag), and the number of troopers (gard) to each one of the officers. 8. About the anxieties of a trooper for the protection of person and family. 9. About the number of troopers when the king of kings goes to battle. 10. About the proportion of daily provision for two warriors, the meat and milk and bread thereof, which are for the sake of providing guidance and causing contests of the warriors in that good eating ; also the reason of certifying (govaik) its distribution and weighing, the beast of burden of the original village (bun kokih), and its means of being sent unto the troops. II. About cutting the herbs for the veterinary surgeon (stor bezashko), the store of accoutrements, and other things which are necessary with an army. 12. About the feeding of warriors on the day of battle, the meat and whatsoever are their eatables; even so the food of the horses. * Whence the supplies come. Digitized by Google

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88 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. 13. About the wealth which foreigners bring away, and this which is declared thereof, that is, I, too, am assisting even the wolf. 14. About the display of esteem by warriors together, the union of friendship one with the other, obedient unto their commander of the troops, and mindfully resigning themselves to death, there being seen a spiritual reward, without doubt, in the future existence. 15. About the choice of a commander over the troops ; also as to his coming and understanding the habits of his troops, each separately, through the capability of skill which is theirs. 16. About estimating the strength and resources of the troops, with those of their enemies ; that is, how the battle is to be engaged in, or how the case is when it is to be avoided. 17. About the provision of anything requisite which warriors shall leave for safety when there is danger in the neighbourhood from a distant stronghold, or danger to a neighbouring stronghold from afar. 18. About the case where, when it is necessary to engage in battle, the horse of a warrior has not arrived, and it is allowable to seize upon several horses from a herd of horses. 19. About the watchful sentinel (nigahako paspano), and of what kind is the information from which this is manifest, to the army and commander of the troops, that the enemy is well dead, or fled. 20. About a demonstration whereby they produce terror and apprehension in the enemy. 21. About an altercation of the commander of the troops with foreigners before a battle ; altercation also through an envoy, and calling them into subjection to the 1 Or 'of value;' kh vastako having both meanings. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXVI, 13-26. king of kings and the religion of the sacred beings. 22. About admonition to the troops, and declaring the share and arrangement of special duty of each one in the fight; announcing to the troops the recompense of the active, telling and informing the troops of the reason of being worthy of death, of the worthiness of destroying foreigners, of the command of the sacred beings as to their destruction when they shall not accept the Iranian nationality (Afrih), and the equally great reward and recompense for their destruction announced by revelation, the legal code (dadistanikih) of Iran. 23. About not uttering words of irritation on the day of battle, and not mentioning, among the troops, any intelligence which gives the troops apprehension, but only that which is agreeable and pleasing, through giving heartiness and increasing the strength. 24. About the sacred ceremonial on the day of battle and evil deeds of war ;-a twig of the sacred twigs of that ceremonial, and the Avesta as regards fighting, being the first arrow well delivered into the mark shot at;- the consecration of the water which is nearest to the place of battle, even by bringing holy-water; and the sequence of the fight, that is, with which arms and appliances it is first to be fought, and successively unto those which are the last. 25. About the proportion of those who keep the arms (zae) for the combatants, and, after a victory over foreigners, are taking away the hostages and captives, out of the foreigners, from the combatants; also their return from them. 26. At what degree of distance from them they have to carry the arms and appliances and the restoratives for the unfatigued Digitized by Google

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90 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. and the fatigued; and, the accoutrements being deposited, a warm bath prepared, and relaxation of the body effected, the reward of merit is given. 27. One has to search offenders, to bring restoratives for the unfatigued and the fatigued, to deliver the accoutrements back to the arsenal (gango), to allot the share of the hostage brought back to his own people, and also much else on the same subject. CHAPTER XXVII. Ganaba-sar-nigad Nask. 1. The fourth section is miscellaneous : about a warm bath being in a house of what kind, the position of security of the fireplace, the watchfulness to be upheld there, and whatever is on the same subject. 2. About the strength that a horse has to exert for the sake of the earth, and that which is to be exerted in that mode for the sake of fire. 3. About food and other matters which may be prepared with fire, and the security of the fire in like manner. 4. About fire which, even on the road, is free from throwing away, bodily refuse !, and dead matter, and from the injury and harm owing thereto; the various safeguards of fire from being given to an infidel (ag-deno) or a child ; the distance of the fire from a rivulet 8; the penalty for throwing it away, or other sin as regards it; and the * See Chap. XIX, 3. Any solid portion of a corpse, or carcase, of a human being, dog, or other animal. Which might extinguish it and, thereby, render the person who had charge of the fire grievously sinful. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXVI, 27-XXVII, 12. 91 proportion of nourishment and preparation for the fire in summer, and also in winter. 5. About picketing (bara nisa stano) a horse, that is, how it is justifiable when it is in water and dust, how it is so when really in very distressing bodily refuse, and how it is so when even in bodily refuse that is tolerable. 6. About the proportion of nourishment for mankind, fire, and cattle. 7. About receiving a guest, the praise of liberality, and the grandeur of the liberal, the contempt for stinginess, and the want of the wanderer. 8. About the mode of wearing garments in a dwelling of Mazda-worshippers, even so far as a bandage of four rags for protection"; the care of them each separately, the wages of the makers and ornamenters of each one, and whatever is on the same subject. 9. About having procured a streetkeeper (kugpano) for the Mazda-worshippers, the business of the street-keeper thereof, and whatever is on the same subject. 10. About preparing in the summer a store for the winter. 11. About reaping a field of corn, the Avesta 2 for the first reaping, and having consecrated the first sheaf with the dedication (sh naman) to Adharmazd the lord. 12. About the union of those of the good religion together, both in removing want and in union even with infidels in that which * Reading vad-ik vand-1-1 4 loto-i panakih, and taking loto as equivalent to Pers. latah. We might suppose that the phrase meant 'a belt of the four strings (rado) of protection, but the number would not correspond to the three times the sacred threadgirdle passes round the waist, nor would the material of rudo, .catgut,' be appropriate for the girdle. The scriptural formula to be recited in its original language. Digitized by Google

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92 DINKARD, BOOK VII. is not detrimental to the religion, and whatever is on the same subject. 13. About duty as regards the produce of plants and animals; first, suitable eating; and secondly, moderate eating and avoidance of profusion. 14. About possessions which belong to the nobles, and those which belong to the multitude; in what manner that which belongs to the multitude has to come into the possession of the nobles; and whatever is on the same subject. 15. About the enviousness (zigarih) of the beast of burden, ox, and sheep, and also of people; that is, in how many of the multitudes, each separately, it is produced ; and whatever is on the same subject. 16. And also much other adjudication and information on similar intelligence. 17. Perfect is the excellence of righteousness. CHAPTER XXVIII. 1. One section of the first thirty of the Husparam'is the A erpatistan? (priest code'), particulars about a case where one has to provide for a priestly assembly (a erpatistan), which is a birth; how the case is when it is important to go, how it is when one 1 Corresponding to the seventeenth word, a, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; and it is the seventeenth Nask in all Rivayats. This name should probably be A visp-kharam, meaning 'free from all defect;' but it is called Husparam, Asparam, or Asparum in the Rivayats, which also state that it contained sixtyfour, or sixty, kardah or subdivisions. The former number agrees with the total of the sections mentioned in Chaps. XXVIII, XXXII, XXXVI. "A considerable portion of this section is still extant, combined with a larger portion of the next section, the Nirangistan, whose name is applied to the whole text. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXVII, 13-xxvIII, 8. 93 stays at his own house, and how it is when it is not allowable to go; also deciding about the chief priest (aerpato), and the proportion of priests (asruko) who are superior, of those who are intermediate, and of those who are inferior in the estimation of the wisdom of the righteous. 2. About the priest whom one is sending, and the wayfaring garments and appliances which are to be given to him. 3. About the disciple, as reverent towards the chief priest; the labour in receiving the sacred words and teaching them to the disciple; the advice of the chief priest to the priests; and the muttered phrases at the time of contamination by dead matter. 4. About what priest-on the arrival of a priest back at the district from which one sends him--is to be appointed, as priest for the district from which he came, by the district governor and those of the district, for teaching and instruction in the district. 5. About which are those reckoned as the five dispositions of a priest that are the glorification of the priest's statements of the law, from the first of his statements in succession unto the last, and whatever is on the same subject. 6. About the subjects regarding which a priest of concealed parentage is to be asked, with the prelude and sequel of the same subject. 7. About the bridge penalty? of a priest through sinfulness, in a separate fargards, 8. About a priest they may carry away from a district, owing to anxiety for forming a priestly assembly, who becomes worried in forming it. 1 See Bd. XIX, 36 n. * See Chap. I, 20. See Chap. XX, 63. Digitized by Google

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94 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. 9. About the superiority of priests in means of knowledge, one as regards another ; the extent of superiority through which the greater suitability for authority, of one as regards another', arises; and whatever is on the same subject. CHAPTER XXIX. Hasparam Nask. 1. One section is the Nirangistan (ritual code'), particulars about the ritual of the ceremonial of the sacred beings, that which is important and goes to the bridge of judgment; the exceeding meritoriousness owing to an ample number of Raspiss in the ceremonial ; and, as to the Avesta, the Zoti and Raspi are both for various phrases, those which are for the speaking of the one are for the hearing of the other. 2. About the sacred cake", and whatever is on the same subject. 3. About abstaining from the drinking of wines at the same time as the ceremonial. 4. About the quality (saman) of the voice in reciting the Avesta in a ceremonial, and the Reading sagaktarih-i aevako min tane pavan patih, but there are only faint traces of the third, fourth, and fifth words, as the decayed folio of the manuscript has been patched, and the repairer forgot to record the missing words at the time he did his work. His marginal note refers to a defect in the next line of the manuscript. * The Kinvad bridge, at which the departed soul is believed to give a full account of its actions during life (see Chap. XIV, 8). See Chap. VII, 5. * The dron, or sacred cake, is a small pancake which is consecrated in the ceremonies, and dedicated to some particular spirit by means of a sh naman, or propitiatory dedication (see Sls. III, 32). It is tasted by the priests and by the participators in certain ceremonies (see Haug's Essays, pp. 396, 404, 408). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXVIII, 9-XXIX, 14. 95 Avesta which is twice recited and thrice or four times recited. 5. About the ceremonial, and the conducting of that ceremonial whose Zoti, or Raspi, is a Tanapahar sinnerl. 6. About the Zoti duty of a woman? or child. 7. About a decision as regards him who is cursed by the Mazda-worshipping religion. 8. About the sin of him who does not solemnize a season-festivals, and how the case is when it is solemnized by him. 9. About the limits of the five periods of the day and night, and the ceremonies of the same periods. 10. About the kinds of peculiarity of the things for the season-festivals and other good works produced authorisedly. 11. About the quantity of holy-water which is due to one sheep', the inspection and consideration in providing the sheep, the freedom from sickness due to contamination and other defects even in a lawful place, and the exemption from the appliances and attacks of noxious creatures; the ritual for making ito, and deciding about the maker, producer, and carrier, the taster and the giver to him. 12. The reason of the slaughter, and whatever is on the same subject. 13. About the position and duty of the Zoti and Raspis in the ceremonial. 14. About the perfect ceremonial, the gift to a righteous man who has See Chap. XX, 65. See Sls. X, 35. * See Chap. VII, 1. * These periods, or watches, are from dawn till noon, noon till 3 P.M., 3 P.M. till dusk, dusk till midnight, and midnight till dawn. 5 When slaughtered to provide the necessary meat-offerings (see Sls. XI, 4-6). . The holy-water apparently. Digitized by Google

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96 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. become a teacher and examiner of the wisdom of the righteous, and whatever is on the same subjects. 15. About the sacred shirt and thread-girdle, that is, from what it is proper to make them, and whatever is on the same subjects. 16. About gathering and tying the sacred twigs, and on the same subject. 17. About the proportion of firewood in various parts of the ceremonial, and the mode of bringing it forward ; that for the household fire, and the priestly fire of Bahiram (Varahran). 18. About a ceremonial amid great opulence, that which is amid medium opulence, that which is amid little opulence, and a decision as regards want of opulence. 19. About always celebrating the ceremonies of the sacred beings for that which has occurred, and not neglecting them in any way. 20. About the cases where mankind observantly, and also unobservantly, celebrate the ceremonies of the sacred beings; that is, which is he who observantly and he who unobservantly does so; with advice about observantly celebrating the ceremonies of the sacred beings. 21. About the cleanliness of the body and clothing of the celebrator of the ceremony, the assurance of his mind from sin, the ablution of the apparatus of the place of the exalted (vulandanih), the cleanliness of the place of the ceremonial, the distance therefrom for any degree of manifest pollution and stench, and whatever is on the same subject. 22. About the ceremonial of the waters and their creatures, the vigour' of healthfulness, the possession of the brilliancy of heaven, the bountifulness of * Or it may be holy-water.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXIX, 15-XXX, 2. 97 the spirit of the waters, and whatever is on the same subject. 23. About the celebration of a ceremonial, which is an ordinance of duties for the sake of a happy state of gladness (khup parkanih) and happy consequences; and also many other statements on the same subject. 24. About the ceremonial as proper and improper, beneficial and not beneficial. 25. About the families of Zaratust, Hvov1, and Vistasp, as regards the account (allshmurisno) and ceremonial of the religion and their nature. CHAPTER XXX Hasparam Nask. 1. One section is the Goharikistan quality code'), particulars about natural superiority; not the modified (gastako), but the lawful, approved ?, and specific state of superiority; not acquired by the slender power of the world, but by seeking virtuous living through causing the prosperity of every person ; also the authorisation of superiority, and the proportion of advantage therein. 2. About a superiority unimpoverished (anyuruzd), with one unimpoverished with a nature unspent (an-auruzd), with one unspent with an impoverished (nyuruzd), and one impoverished with an impoverished; also the extent of impoverishment and non-impoverishment, that is, with whom it is not customarily of much 1 An ancestor of several persons mentioned in the Avesta, including the two brothers, Gamasp the prime minister of king Vistasp, and Frashostar the father-in-law of Zaratust. Assuming that pasandak stands for pasandak; otherwise, we may read pishonik, provided! * Reading tang-karih, but it may be tund-karih, 'the severe labour.' [37] Digitized by Google

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98 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. consequence (pavan freh-ar'go), with whom it is so customarily, and with whom, owing to an exception, it is not customarily of much consequence on account of its much consequence for an uninformed person, that is, with whom it is as it were proper with a servant of sin. 3. And superiority is a furtherance of living beings, and pervades the natural extent thereof. 4. About him who would sell property not his own, and him who would buy it. 5. About selling a sheep frequenting the house, and one not frequenting the house. 6. About various precautions as to samples of various things. 7. About selling beasts of burden, cattle, slaves, servants, and other property, of the nature of whose species one is aware through speaking about the nature of different species; and the retribution for the sin of whatever is on the same subject. 8. That which is an obvious agreement for selling with defects', when it is declared of beasts of burden; and that which is ever defective on selling. 9. About a house in which a person, or dog, has passed away through contagious sickness, and the clothing which the man wore owing to that sickness; that is, how it is when spoiled for selling for three J'ears, how it is when it is so for two years, and how it is when it is so for one year. 10. About a house in which a person, or dog, has reposed in a contagious sickness, and not passed away after his descent therefrom; and the clothing which the man wore in that sickness; that is, how it is when spoiled for selling for two years, how it is when it is so for one year, and how it is when it is so for thirty nights; and whatever is on the same subject. 1 That is, without a warranty. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER Xxx, 3-XXXI, 5. 99 11. About forming a family (go harik kardano) with foreigners, that is, how it is when allowable. 12. About a sheep of good breed for the three nights?, and its slaughter after the three nights ; likewise many other decisions as regards superiority and sheep of a good breed. CHAPTER XXXI. Husparam Nask. 1. A miscellaneous section is about taking anything which is not one's own at the time when he does not think that they see him and they do see him, at the time when he thinks that they see him and they do not see him, and at the time when he thinks that they see him and they do see him. 2. About giving righteous instruction, that is, what happens, and how, at the time when the follower 2 asks again. 3. About the sin of imprisoning the needy, exalting falsehood, and approving deceit. 4. About the action and command which diminish, or alter, a liberal gift to any one. 5. About the limit of the open-handedness of a wife who should be privileged, and who is reverent towards her husband, out of anything that has not reached the husband ; how it is when the husband is foolish, how it is when it is legally, how when derived from what is legally property, and how about that which is unspent savings (anyuruzd kabun); also the limit of the reverence of a wife for a husband, and whatever is on the same subject. 1 The three nights after a death; the sheep is to be slaughtered on the fourth day, including the day of death (see Sls. XVII, 2-5). * See Chap. XXII, 6 n. H 2 Digitized by Google

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100 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. 6. About causing the conveyance of a maiden from the house of her fathers, or guardians, to the village of her husband, to hold the position of housemistress of the husband; of the wife when she becomes reverent and propitiatory towards him, and admonishing her when she speaks thus: 'I am thy wife, but I will not perform a wife's duties for thee;' also the quarrelling of a husband with his wife, and carrying it on to the bridge of judgment. 7. About the blood on a woman who wants washing, and the bridge penalty upon him who has sexual intercourse with a woman who wants washing, with her who is a foreigner, or any other of those not authorisedly for intercourse; the confusion of germs by the woman who grants intercourse to foreigners, and other sin which they may commit about like matters. 8. About a wife claimed from foreigners; that is, how it is when allowable. 9. About the preparation of a wife for the control of a son, the period for it and for suckling, and the wish for a son which is present with a husband. 10. About the sin of a man owing to rejecting the controlling of his son by a sister or grown-up daughter. 11. About three things through which mankind become sinful and injuring their own property, and the possession of them is not to be taken away. 12. About those who may not inflict lawful chastisement with oppressive demeanour. 13. About that which a man is to be made to provide in feasting and gifts, for his store of good works, on his wife bringing forth. 14. How it is when he is a man of wisdom, and how it is when he is a disciple; how it is when it is a male birth, and how it is when it is a female. 15. The advantage Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXI, 6-22. 101 and benefit therefrom; the religious announcement of a name for the new-born, should it be a male, or should it be a female; the good work owing to the decision of a religious appointment of a name for the progeny, (and the sin]' owing to giving again to it a name of the idolators (deviya stan). 16. About the ritual and usage in admitting the male to a sheep, owing to which the male is a gratifier of the impregnated female nature, and a protection of the female nature; and the want of training and freedom from defect of the progeny; a proper condition of the flock, too, arises likewise through worshipping the sacred beings and providing the sacred feast; also about the shepherd's dog and the blessing for him. 17. About the regard of the shepherd for the breeding of the sheep. 18. About the work of the ceremonial and of providing the sacred feast, and the advantage for the sheep from the same cause. 19. About the Mazda-worshipping district-breeding of the dogs in a district, through providing careful nurture for the dogs, which is a good work owing to the same cause. 20. About the object of payment for teaching the Zoti duty, for the guardianship of the fire, for the publication and watching of worship, and for other labour, and whatever is on the same subject. 21. About the lawful guardianship of a child, the child who is lamp-light and the father who is the fire, and whatever is on the same subject. 22. About sickness owing to the look of an evil eye, or the vicinity of a menstruous woman, because those 1 Here, again, the repairer of the manuscript has forgotten to note the words in brackets which he had cut out of the folio before patching it. Digitized by Google

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102 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. with an evil eye, or menstruous, are thereby harmful. 23. About what is the kind of watching for the admitters of fear; the fearful and whatever is on the same subject. 24. And that in case of descending from a house on the outside. 25. About lawful arrangements for supplies, in union and assistance one towards the other ; about payment for the labour in the lawful arrangement; and whatever is on the same subject. 26. About the produce of property for the multitude, and that also for one's own association; that is, how it is when taking it authorisedly, and how it is when not doing so; and whatever is on the same subject. 27. The special generosity of judges in conveying property back to its owners; the advantage from just judges, and the harm from unjust sentencing and false decisions. 28. So, also, the advantage from truly demanding, truly answering, and assisting the just; the enmity and harm from falsely demanding, falsely investigating, and assisting a false demander and false investigation; but not the enmity and secret harm of a complaint of the wretched. 29. Advice to judges about just decision and abstinence from false decision; and, secondly, the reward of their just decision, and the awful bridge judgment of false decision; the accountability in the spiritual existence in the case of judges, the praise of truth and contempt of falsity, the gratification of the sacred beings and vexation of the demons from just judgment and turning away from false decision, and whatever is on the same subject. 30. About what place the appointment by Adharmazd in the original creation brought the corn to 1, * According to Bd. X, 1, XIV, 1, XXVII, 2, fifty-five species of Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXI, 23-39. 103 which arrived for use in the nourishment and assistance of mankind and animals; the sowing of corn from the bodies of Mashya and Mashyoi? ; and whatever is on the same subject. 31. About the labour in sowing and cultivating corn, and whatever is in the business of agriculturists; perseverance in agriculture, and the limit of its allotment, owing to suitable participation and inevitable participation in agriculture; whatever is about the shepherd and whatever is about the agriculturist, and the adjudication between them. 32. About the corn which is sown, that which is reaped, that which is for an increase (pavan nad-ae), and that which is for other things. 33. About the excitement of any one, owing to his blood. 34. About those kinds of ownership of land and other things that are best. 35. About him who sees some one conducting water for cultivation, when the person unauthorisedly sows the land of the observer who does not dispute about it with fearlessness and effectual resistance. 36. About the selling of supplies granted, which may be done in hunger, nakedness, and fear; and whatever is on the same subject. 37. About the supremacy of sin, both that which arises on the spot, and that at a distance (pavan hasar); and whatever is on the same subject. 38. About the atonableness of every sin, and the bridge judgment for destroying a righteous man, for witchcraft, and for carrying evil (agih) to fire and water. 39. About atonement for the sin of Yat, Bazai, grain sprang up originally where the primeval ox passed away; a statement which does not agree with that hinted at in this section. See Chap. XIII, 1. Digitized by Google

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104 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. Khor, Aredus, Avdirist, Agerept ?, and giving no food, through giving of scars (pisang-das), labour, and punishment; the kinds of horse-whip and scourge, and how the penitential effect of both arises. 40. When a sinner dies outright on account of the penalty of giving of scars, or the performance of the labour, or the exertion of effecting the penance of punishment, and when a man has died penitent, but incapable of a desire 8 for the retribution of sin, and has not atoned in the worldly existence, what the nature of his soul's helplessness is, owing to sin. 41. About those for whom there is no retribution for sin. 1 These six names are applied to the various grades of assault and wounding, for which a special scale of punishment is appointed (see Sls. I, 1, 2, XI, 1, 2, XVI, 1, 5). Here the list begins at the most heinous end of the scale, and the last three names, which refer to the lightest offences, have been already explained in Chaps. XIX, 1 n, XX, 64 n. The first three names are explained in Farh. Oim, pp. 36, 1. 7-37, 1. 2, as follows:- For whatever reaches the source of life the name is Khor; one explains Basai as "smiting," and Yat as "going to," though it be possible for the soul of man to be withstanding; and a counterstroke is the penalty for a Yat when it has been so much away from the abode of life. These six gradations of crime, therefore, range from the infliction of the nearest possible approximation to a fatal wound, down to the merely constructive assault of seizing a weapon. All authorities agree in estimating the relative heinousness of the first four crimes by the following numbers: 180, 90, 60, and 30; but regarding the amounts for the two lighter offences there is much difference of statement. In the old law of the Vendidad there are seven gradations of such crime, the lowest four corresponding in name with the lowest four here, and all punishable by lashes, with a horse-whip, or scourge, varying from five to two hundred in number, according to the heinousness of the offence and the number of times it has been committed. ? By scourging, as prescribed in the Vendidad. * Owing to sickness, or any other disabling cause. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXI, 40-XXXIII, 1. 105 42. About what is the kind of contest of a poor man, plundered of his property; first, as regards the oppressor who was the plunderer, and, afterwards, having petitioned for criminal proceedings, through the judges, as regards his oppressor, until their repayment of the property. 43. About being delivered into distress and disaster, and the decision thereon. 44. About the oppressiveness of the much pollution of greediness (820) which is owing to all its fiendishness, and the arrangement of the creator about it for restraining the same fiend from destroying the whole worldly creation. 45. About the great judiciousness of a man in want of power being good, for preserving his own life and making it nurturable. CHAPTER XXXII. Husparam Nask. 1. One section of the next twenty contains particulars about the rite of an ordeal accomplished, also the modes of one's preservation or incrimination therein, and whatever is on the same subject. CHAPTER XXXIII. Hasparam Nask. 1. One section is about the mode and object of confinement as regards a beast of burden, sheep, and dog that are mad (de vanako), and the operation of the affliction (vakhsisno); also to what extent is their restoration ; and when not restored, but come for slaughter, the care of them even in confinement, 1 Paz. v oighn. 9 The fiend of greediness, Aso. Digitized by Google

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106 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. and whatever is on the same subject. 2. About the harm (vinas) which the beast of burden, sheep, and dog shall commit. 3. About the sin which killed one who is no offender". 4. About the care and remedy for a sick dog, and whatever is on the same subject. CHAPTER XXXIV. Hasparam Nask. 1. One section is miscellaneous : about the object of amassing property lawfully produced, or derived from (frodo min) what is legally property; the production authorisedly of what is derived from that which is legally property, and the production unauthorisedly of that which is legally property thereby become one, at first, as regards the very virtuous or vicious legal proceedings therein. 2. About the lawful time for giving up a maiden to her husband, the completion of her possessions, and whatever is on the same subject. 3. About the impoverishment owing to the completion of the possessions given, and whatever is on the same subject. 4. About a father who has sons, and for which of them a wife is to be earlier sought. 5. Also about which of his daughters is to be given away to a husband, and whatever is on the same subject. 6. About the progressive meritoriousness of a righteous gift for a woman, and the grievous sinfulness owing to its being dissipated. 7. About wealth through a righteous gift, the announcement of its manifest acceptance, and the acknowledgment of its acceptance in words, as a completed act that is so far exhausted. Whether the sick animal, or a man attacked by it, is uncertain. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXIII, 2-XXXIV, 11. 107 8. About a foreigner when an Iranian asks him for a reward for assistance in battle with his fellowtribesmen, and the foreigner does not become generous, though the recompense is for the generosity of the Iranians. 9. About the offering up (madam dahisno) of water; that which is an appointed indicator (nu mudar), and that which is no indicator; that which is an indicator of complete presentation, and that of partial presentation; that water which is continually producing the offering up (uzdahinak), in like manner, of something of the things of a righteous gift, through the moistened peculiarity and distinction of an offering-producing gift of a male from that of a female; and that which is an indicator both male and female, and a voice producing offerings, is animate, or inanimate, or derived from the inanimate; that which is an indicator is a germ (tokhmako-1), that which is in a germ is of one species, that which is in a species is of one form, and the proportion that is appointed is completed, though the purpose for which it is appointed has not arisen ; and whatever is on the same subject. 10. About the five best and five worst actions, the seven ? heinous sins, and the three sins that are very ill-atoned for. 11. About the sin of staining with bodily refuse, injuring the existences, and of a 1 The Pahl. text is pavan mamanih va-k adamih-i namido. Possibly namido, moistened,' may stand for num udo, 'indicated;' but the whole sentence is more or less obscure. . Written 4+2 (=six) in the MS., but this is a most unusual way of writing six;' it is more probable that we ought to read 4+3, the usual mode of writing seven.' 'Seven evil-doers of sin of a heinous kind' are detailed in Dd. LXXII, 2-9. 8 Pahl. baiodok-zedo, see Chap. XIX, i n. Digitized by Google

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108 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. death-producing formation as to clothing, 12. About the sin owing to idleness when, moreover, that which they might do is good. 13. About a decision as to the justifiableness of clothing, arms, equipments, and other things being given to foreigners, besides promoting their service and business, and giving them any assistance whatever, or listening to that which relates to assistance; likewise listening to drunkards. 14. About unlawfully destroying and cutting plants, with a decision about it. 15. About the sin of digging a grave for burying a corpse, whether of the idolators (deviyastan) or non-idolators, and of supplying clothing for the corpse of a dead one of the idolators. 16. About him who threw bodily refuse on to fire or water, or any place or garment on which it is not authorisedly cast, to make Mazda-worshippers polluted ; and whatever is on the same subject. 17. An account of water as regards the description and extent of moisture of the land. 18. About the sin owing to rendering anything useless through water or fire. 19. About carrying off two-thirds of the misery from the world, by eradicating it from the creatures through all the illumination of fires; and carrying off all adversity from the period of the creatures, through the freedom from malice of mankind, one as regards the other, and through their perfect sympathy together. Assuming that gobar khekir untano stands for gobar (Pers. gor) khefruntano. ? See Chap. XIX, 3. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXIV, 12-xxxv, 5. 109 CHAPTER XXXV. Hasparam Nask. 1. One section contains particulars about the science (danisno) of seeking a son, advice about it from revelation (deno), the advantage of offspring for the admonitory explanation of revelation within one's self, and the harm owing to neglecting the advice of the same. 2. About what happens in the begetting of a son ; the first sexual excitement it should produce for the female, the second, third, fourth, and fifth; the arising of a son in the world, and also the milk, owing to her impregnation. 3. And, when it is so that it amounts to a son, which of the two, male or female, is sooner emitting the germs at the time of occurrence; and how and how long both have remained, at the time, in semination, how long in connection, and how long in bleeding. 4. When and wherefrom various expectations are produced to contend about, and when and by what signs the male sex, or female sex, of the offspring has become manifest. 5. When the localization regarding it is arranged, and, as to the members, which is the first member therein, and their being produced, each consecutively, till the bodily form is complete; which, and in what position, is the localization of the members after the complete production of the form of the body, and the purpose as regards the position and localization of the members after the complete production of the Assuming that gesi -hastano stands for gasi-hastano in all three occurrences of the word. This is rather doubtful, because the noun gas, position,' occurs twice in close connection with the uncertain word, and is correctly spelt. Digitized by Google

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IIO DINKARD, BOOK VIII. form of the body. 6. The effect upon the offspring which is furnished with subjection to the male, so far as the complete effecting of it is within the limit for its authorisation"; the time (vidana anag 2) of the offspring with the female, the period of its turning downwards for birth, and the occurrence of birth at the same time. 7. About the growth of life, too, with the bodily organs (tanugan); and which is the first bone become possessed of marrow, apart from the other bones, as it is reported. 8. About the admissibility of the elaboration of the male sex, or female sex, within it, by the guardian spirit of the righteous, at the fifth month ; and the ceremony for the guardian spirit of the righteous for the sake of the arrival of a male child. 9. About the act of childbirth by a pregnant woman before recourse to midwifery (daiganih), except that relating to the navel string of the child ; also its first and second food, and when the midwifery is that of her mother; what is the kind of milk, and the care of the child at the time, its bandaging, sleeping, nourishment, and protection ; and the sin owing to acting unlawfully in such matters. 10. About how many months is the bearing of the offspring in the womb of the camel, horse, ass, 1 The Pahl. text is as follows :-Kar-i madam zakd-i levatman den kusn spar, vad spor karih zyas den saman padas radakih. * This unusual hybrid word is evidently intended as a Zvaris equivalent of the Iranian zamanah, and is composed of vidana (=Ch. x?, which is the usual Zvaris for zaman) +anag (=anah, the final syllables of zamanah). The central syllable of zamanah is, therefore, twice represented in the Zvaris vidanaanag. The hybrid occurs again, in Bk. IX, Chap. XVII, 3, in a phrase where it can only meantime, period.' If it were not for this after-occurrence, the word here might be read va-do-a hag, and the dual existence,' with some degree of probability. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXV, 6-13. III cow, and woman; and whatever is on the same subject. 11. About the spiritual perception of a newborn child, and its coming into the boundaries of worldly comprehension on the same subjects. 12. About the habits through which multitudes of mankind attain to the acme of beautiful form: that of desire for women, that of swiftness which is owing to the strength of the leg, and that of powerfulness which is owing to the vigour of the body, that of desire for wealth, that of speaking in an assembly, and that of speaking at a distance, that through which any one uncontrolled comes to a downfall, that through which there is more knowledge of obedience, and that through which a counteraction of the affliction of the race arises. 13. About the vicious desire of the performer and permitter of unnatural intercourse; also their violent lustfulness, heinous practice, and corrupt, polluted bodies, blighted in destiny; great through their destruction of life in the things which they see, and every greatness inevitably provides them a merited death ; as great in sinfulness as Az-i Dahak ? in oppression, as the serpent Srobara in witchcraft, as Tur-i Bradro-resh 3, the Karap", in destroying the See Chap. XIII, 8 n, and compare the account of the seven special evil-doers in Dd. LXXII, 3-9. * The Av. azi srvara of Yas. IX, 11 (W.), Yt. XIX, 40; a terrible serpent slain by Keres&spa the Saman, as mentioned again in Bk. IX, Chap. XV, 2. * Also written Bradrok-resh; he was one of the Taranian priesthood who persecuted Zaratast in his youth, and probably the same as Pers. Bartarash (the Bradar-vakhsh of Sd. IX, 5) who is said to have killed Zaratust in the end. But, as he was one of five brothers, three of whose names were much alike (see Byt. II, 3n), bis identification is rather uncertain. * Av. karapan. In Dk. Bk. VII the Karaps are often men Digitized by Google

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II2 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. righteous, and as a deceiving apostate in falsehood. 14. About the grievous sinfulness of a woman, just delivered and giving milk, whose progeny is the offspring from intercourse with divers males, and whatever is on the same subject. 15. About the increasing vigour of the female from the mounting of the male, and the diminished vigour of the male from mounting on to the female. CHAPTER XXXVI. Hasparam Nask. 1. Six Fargards of one section of the last fourteen contain particulars about the enumeration of species of ownership, their precedence one over the other, and their good report in conducting legal proceedings. 2. About property that is brought up to the judges, which, owing to an accuser, becomes a source of litigation for a judge. 3. About a decree as to restoring possession, or as to keeping possession, of whatever is among such matters. 4. About property tioned as enemies of Zaratust, both before and after his birth. Some are named, such as Durasrob, Bradrok-resh, Vaedvoist, and Geshmak. The Karap of the district where the mother of Zaratust was born banishes her for witchcraft, and must, therefore, have been the official head of the district. Darasrob, the Karap, travels sometimes with a disciple (havist), so his title was probably a priestly one. The Karap is also often mentioned with the Kai, or Kik (Av. kavan or kavi), the title of an equally obnoxious class; both Kiks and Karaps being termed 'demon-worshippers,' or idolators; and the Pahlavi translators of the Avesta speak of them, metaphorically, as 'blind and deaf' to the sacred beings. 1 These are called 'five Fargards' in Dd. LXI, 3 which appears to refer to $$ 7, 13. Or it may be seven,' if we consider the seven' of the next chapter as completing the last fourteen sections of this Nask. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXV, 14-XXXVI, 17. 113 which is, or is brought, out of the possession of a defendant, and property which is extorted from a man by worrying, or by a noticeable crime upon him ; with a statement about it. 5. About the earnings (vindisno) of fellow-combatants and fellow-subordinates, with a statement about them. 6. About the coming of land, property, or anything, held by foreigners, into the princely possession of one from Iran. 7. About the guardianship of a family (dadako); likewise the varieties of it, and the fitness of a man for it. 8. About one's own family, and whatever is on the same subject. 9. About the income (vindisno) of wife and child. 10. About the trouble of the business of obtaining (vindisno) a wife, and also her marriage, owing to the urgency of the husband, after the trouble. II. About her guardian and paramour, and whatever is on the same subject. 12. About the proportion who have to keep a wife to seek for offspring, and the proportion who have to satisfy menstrual excitement. 13. About adoption; likewise the varieties of it, and fitness for it; the violation of adoption, the sin of the son who is accepted, and whatever is on the same subject. 14. About the partnership of brothers that has existed, is formed, or is designed ; its abandonment (a-bakhtikih), the surplus property, the wealth that becomes quite sacrificed (zadako), and whatever is on the same subject. 15. About property that comes to next of kin through relationship, and that through adoption. 16. About the residue that lapses into ways of righteousness. 17. About where and in whom, after the father, is [37] Digitized by Google

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114 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. the prerogative as to a daughter being given away to a husband. CHAPTER XXXVII. Hisparam Nask. 1. One section of the seven at the end contains particulars about the daily food of a grown-up man, a pregnant woman, her who is childless, and a child, as provided by law; also that of a shepherd's dog, a village dog, and a blood-hound; and the characteristics of these three kinds of dog. 2. About the sign of a person's conversion to the religion. 3. About association of several kinds, and one of them is that of the keepers (padan) with the flocks (raman), and the flocks in connection with the keepers; and of what kind is the meritoriousness of the keepers of those flocks, as to guardianship of every description; the happy effects of the flock, and those of the keeper, of every description; the advantage from this association, and whatever is on the same subject. 4. One is the association of priestly instructor (rado) and pupil ?, and their meritoriousness together; the fame of the priestly instructor for priestly instruction, and that of the disciple (havisto) for every kind of learning derived from the priestly instructor, and every kind that the priestly instructor imparts to the pupil; and the happy effects of the priestly instructor, of every kind, in similar matters. 5. One is the association 1 It is doubtful whether seven sections are meant, or whether we should read the seven Fargards at the end of one section.' See, however, Chap. XXXVI, 1 n. * Pahl. radane (Av. ratunaya). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVII, I-12. 115 of ceremonial priests (rad-pisa ka no), the worthiness of a man for the sacerdotal leadership, supplies for the whole of the ceremonial priests, and whatever is on the same subject. 6. About the highest of all associations !, and about the lawful and virtuous existence of this same association, when there are two men in a case where he who is opulent is always necessary for him who is in innocence, and has given him the wealth that he asks for; or where, when the one shall commit sin, wealth is an affliction to the other; or the ownership, as to that which the one obtains, is as much even that of the other; or, on the passing away of the one, it is mingled with the wealth of the other; and whatever is on the same subject. 7. About the punishment of the sin of him for whom one lies 2 to him by whom provision is made, by thought or by word, and given to him who is worthy. 8. About a father's making a child aware of the sin at the time of the sin. 9. About the sin of taking the course of a false guide and exalting falsehood, and whatever is on the same subject. 10. The sin of extorting supplies for a beast of burden from a lonely labouring person. 11. About important gifts to the worthy, atonement for deprival of food (atapda do-vigarisnih) , and disbursements (aarazda n) of that which is legally, and also of that which is derived from what is legally, property among impoverished (nyuruzd) supplicants. 12. The depriver of food is he who is for early atonement, and they who severally exist, 1 That of disinterested and devoted friendship, as appears from the examples given. ? By falsely recommending him as a worthy object of charity. & See Chap. XVII, 6 n. I 2 Digitized by Google

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116 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. through grazing and bringing forth, are they who severally are also in loss of vitality, through deprival of the food of strength and intellect; even a powerful man is prostrated thereby; the food which is suitable as atonement for deprival of food, and that which is not suitable. 13. About that through which the indispensable creation of a debt arises, and whatever is on the same subject. 14. Where it is the healing of the sick, the spiritual debt is unto the archangel Ashavahist?, and that which is worldly unto the physician's anteroom (dalanako). 15. About the worthiness of a good physician for every benefit, and the unworthiness of a bad physician for any benefit. 16. About each one of the plants being produced by Adharmazd for the subjugation of one disease at least. 17. About the protectiveness and preciousness of the profession of medicine ; the advantage and reasoning thought of a physician due to the carrying on of his medical practice ; the pleasant food, the handsome clothing, and the swift steed for a physician; and his wealth being as much as that of an average man in a house, village, community, or province. 18. About the diligently 1 Reading karisno, but part of the first letter has been cut off by the repairer of the MS. The semi-starvation of cattle is being referred to. * The personification of perfect righteousness' (Av. ashavahista) whose special duty is stated to be the care of fire (see Sls XV, 5, 12, 13), and whose name, often written Ardavahist or Ardavahist in Pahlavi, is applied to the second month and third day of the month in the Parsi year (see Chap. XX, 22). He is here connected with the healing of the sick, because of his association with Airyaman, the smiter of diseases (see Vend. XXII, Yt. III, Sir. I, II, 3). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVII, 13-25. 117 remedial hand of the physician for the sick, opportunely mindful, yet without chastisement. 19. About the sin of a physician through handling (sadakih) and having spread a disease by walking up to the sick, because that is when he would have been innocent through not having gone. 20. About a great pestilence (sego), and that which is trivial. 21. About the feel of a physician for curing a sick person of disease of the whole body, and of each one of the members; even of him who has cured chieftains, both those of the lower grades and him who is the supreme king of kings, and so also various destitute people. 22. About the mode and extent of delivering up fees to a physician, after the declaration of the sick person being well; that is, from whom comes the physician's fee which is announced for the cure, and also that which is not announced; from whom that only which is announced for it, from whom a meal (pishon-1), and from whom nothing whatever of worldly reward comes. 23. About the physician whom one hears and asks for medical treatment. 24. About a test as to the competency of a physician; that is, how it is to be made, how it is when it is possible to test it, and how it is when it is not possible to test it. 25. In Vend. VII, 36-44 (W.) we have some of the old Avesta laws regarding medical men and their fees. How far the Avesta text of this section of the HQsparam Nask corresponded with that of the Vendidad on the same subject it is impossible to determine, because we have always to recollect that this summary of the contents of the Nasks was compiled from their Pahlavi versions (see Chap. I, 3) which included extensive commentaries, adapting the original Avesta statements to the altered circumstances of Sasanian times. * Orsatisfies' (sh naye dd). Digitized by Google

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118 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. About the sin of a physician who is not tested, and also of him whom it is not possible to test, when he shall undertake the medical treatment of others, and, as regards a limb of any one, there is not anything which is another's test of him, nor even that which is not another's test of him, nor that which is a trial of him. 26. About how long is the duration of having sought a physician in Iran whereafter it is allowable, through not obtaining one, to seek him even from foreigners. 27. The sin of having sought one from foreigners, when one can obtain a physician in Iran. 28. About the fee for a foreign physician, and much else on the same subject. 29. The medical treatment of mankind, and also about the medical treatment of beasts of burden and cattle. 30. About the sin owing to intrusting him who is unfit for a duty. 31. About the greater suitability of a priest than of a disciple for duty and position; a trusty person is also obtaining the important rather than obtaining a desire for the important, and even so far as being a potter rather than an astrologer, and being careful rather than a potter; and the reason of it. 32. About preparing an unauthorised (a-dastobar) dwelling in the locality of other persons, and whatever is on the same subject. 33. About boundaries where there is a place of residence for people, and whatever is on the same subject. 34. About what description of testimony of one of the good religion is received as evidence regarding an infidel, and of an infidel as regards one of the good religion. 35. About the greatness of eminence of the abode of priestly authorities (rada no), both for procedure Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVII, 26-43. 119 and for petitions !; the openness of the doors of a priestly authority; the want of eminence of any one through every kind of offence to others, which is owing to his closed doors and evil eminence in every mode ; and whatever is on the same subject. 36. About the extent of splendour (liyano) and pompdiffusing (vafsh-afgano) tokens from the abode of fires, and the arrangement as regards him who casts the allotted twigs and charcoal (khar akhgar) into them. 37. About conveying prosperity (padikhaih) ? to the abode of fires appropriately to the capability of every one. 38. About the quality (sa man) of water oozing out (afrido) and that which is flowing in a channel (naev-tak). 39. About the characteristics of specified works which are contiguous in a place between two frontiers (mar'z8). 40. About a decision as to a sheep free from unlawful influence-and so also as to one under unlawful influence-which goes to the pasture of others with thievish intention, neglecting its own; and as to that which does so not with thievish intention. 41. About the quantity which one has to provide, in the duration of a day and night, on admitting to pasture and corn, in the case of an ox without defect (anagano), or of another kind, or a horse, or a sheep, or a goat, or a pig, or an animal of any other kind. 42. About the distance of a residence of mankind from a river flowing in a channel. 43. About the period for letting a sheep graze at pleasure in a pasture, and that for restraining it; the time for not 1 These six words should, perhaps, be appended to the next clause of the sentence. . By providing fuel and other necessaries. Digitized by Google

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120 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. cutting trees, and that for little slaughter of sheep. 44. About an article of clothing which is associated with defence, for fear of enemies, and becomes quite a good omen (sukan) among mankind, being imperceptible and appropriate. 45. About a tree with stem uprooted, where and how it is allowable. 46. About a leader's causing a march of whatever kind, the people being in motion through fear, and they drive the sheep which are with the army on account of molestation; also making the sheep decide as to the pasture near to the road within reach, the pasturing of the first of the species of sheep, and letting them forth to pasture in succession unto the last, and the reason of it. 47. About a person who is of note on account of wealth, and whatever is on the same subject. 48. About this intermixture of with-the-stream and against-the-stream, with banks and without banks, and waters running and down-pouring (nty a pan), on the road ; that is, which of the waters, running or down-pouring, is to be earlier reverenced by him who is returning from the road, and the reason of it. 49. About the subordination of the disciple unto the priest, as to eating, drinking, and plenty, goodness and preciousness; and whatever is on the same subject. 50. About that which occurs when foreigners come to the frontier of Iran, and shall do damage to Iran; and the frontier governors and fellow-champions have to repel the foreigners by fighting, to save the Iranian people and property which were * Reading man sakhanag. Another guess would be min nison-i (for nisan-i), in which case the translation would be a person free from indications relating to wealth.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVII, 44-XXXVH, 121 to be made foreign; and whatever is on the same subject. 51. About the advantage of punishing a violent thief by the members of the assembly, that owing to reliance upon the actions and convictions of the ancients, that owing to forming many priestly assemblies, that owing to providing a disciple for a priest, that through passing away after being highpriest, that through doing so without being highpriest, and that of much information on similar statements prior to any other resources. 52. Perfect is the excellence of righteousness. CHAPTER XXXVIII. 1. One section of the first thirty of the Sakadu'm 1 contains particulars about reward by command of the religion, the bridge judgment of the destroyers of the well-commanding, and the provision for their destruction. 2. About the importance of a man, after fifteen years of age and when he has heard that there is a law? which is good, having sought that law ? by having enquired about it. 3. About a man's scrutinizing an action before doing it, when he does not know whether it be a sin or a good work, * Corresponding to the eighteenth word, yim, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the nineteenth Nask in other Rivayats. This name, which is here written like Zaki-hat-min, should probably be Zik-art-tum, meaning the most intimate concerns,' as the Nask refers chiefly to personal and family law; but it is called Askaram, or Sakadam, in the Rivayats, which also state that it contained fifty-two kardah, fargards, or vecast; thus agreeing with the total of the sections mentioned in Chaps. XXXVIII, XLI. ? It is possible to read yedato, sacred being,' instead of dado, law. Digitized by Google

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1 22 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. and when it is possible for him to set it aside and not to do it. 4. About advice as to having entered into a house in the night by the light of a fire, or when one has noticed it in this place, though he goes elsewhere; also the watchful destruction of an injured person, or animal, or garment, and the retribution for the injury. 5. About the extent of any glitter of the sparks (zakhsh-1-1 parkan), and the width and height of the doors of the constructed work of that appointed place of the fire. 6. About a new-born child, as to how one has to provide its place, connected lawfully with illumination', more particularly for the first three nights. 7. About bringing a fire to drive away the overpowering fiend, and making the child taste first the Hom-juice, so far as collected within its precincts (varan), and, secondly, the butter of Maidok-zarem ? which is to be brought forward for it; also the watchfulness of the father and mother over the child, and the extent of their retiring (navistano) from the two sides of the new-born. 8. About lawfully-made places of several kinds for the child, the limits and manner of the mother's giving milk to the child, and whatever is on the same subject. 9. About carrying forth holy-water, or even a cooking-pot, to a fire, where the hands are purified and thoroughly washed; and the sin owing to an un 1 To protect it from the demons who are supposed to be specially dangerous during the first three nights. * Equivalent to mid-spring butter,' the Av. maidhyo-zaremaya, mid-verdure,' being the season corresponding to the middle of the second Parsi month, which was early in May when the year commenced at the vernal equinox (see Bd. XXV, 6, 21). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVIII, 4-13. 123 purified hand, not thoroughly washed, carrying them forth. 10. About the preservation of the cookingpot, and the rest of one's operations with the fire, from defilement; but when, through want of care, defilement occurs, by the inexperience of any one bringing it to the fire, he who is careless is thereby contaminated, and the cooking-pot is properly placed in its position. 11. Arranging about properly-made bed-places (gasvarako) in a house, those for children and those for adults; also a decision about a case when a carpenter (dargar) shall make a bed-place properly which one's own judgment considers improperly made, and when both consider it improperly, or when both consider it properly made ; and more of whatever is on the same subject. 12. About what is the mode of producing seeing properly; and, when not seeing properly, the oculist (did pan) to intrust with it is he who informs people, who wish for it, how to extract the defect of sight; if not, the people go on and hurt; also the penalty for hurting, and whatever is on the same subject. 13. About the insubordination of those accustomed to work (kar-khagaran) to women and children ; also that of a grown-up man who has been giving no food' three times in succession; he, too, it is who advanced the fourth time, because, owing to giving no food a fourth time, the man is he who has to accomplish work unrestrictedly; and whatever is on the same subject. See Chap. XVII, 6. * This passage appears to refer to that quoted in Farh. Oim, p. 38, II. 8, 9; though the latter part of Chap. XLI, 19 is more applicable to II. 4-8 of the same page. Digitized by Google

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124 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. 14. About the care of a pointed thing, that is, how it is to be carried to a dwelling in the world, how it is to be deposited, and the sin owing to keeping and depositing it otherwise. 15. And about every garment 1 and utensil, even including such as a scum-pot, an hour-glass, and a dining-tray; that is, how they are to be deposited in the dwelling, and the sin owing to variously? placing and taking care of them. 16. About a door which is properly made; how it is when it falls down, and a wound arises from it, the carpenter being innocent regarding it; and how it is when he is guilty. 17. About washing the head, the care of the water and the religious ritual therein, and whatever is on the same subject. 18. About the period for arranging the hair, in which they shave the hair. 19. About the shaving of a child the first time, and the ritual which is taught for it; the performance of shaving by an instructed barber and with a sharp razor, which is the appointed practice as regards the razor of adults, and that also for children with the children's razor, because it is settled healthfulness ; his whetstone (son), and also the care of the razor. 20. About the number of the positions of a man, in which a barber can perform shaving, and that of the positions of the barber; and whatever is on the same subject. 21. About each one of those who are custodians (kirak-karano), and the rules of the market; also their abstaining from wounding each other with a pike (tekh), or other implement, with which they Or gamak may mean a cup.' : Reading min gunagiha. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVIII, 14-29. 125 shall perform their duty; likewise the sin owing to heedlessness. 22. About giving forth a pointed thing lawfully, and a wound owing to not giving it forth lawfully; lawfully taking and giving away a plate of broken victuals (padkhar), and a wound owing to doing it unlawfully; and whatever is on the same subject. 23. About the appointed place (dadgah) of a horse-course and its distance from the middle of a town, the nature of the horse-course, the training (farhang) and masters of mancuvres (padan-i farhangane) when in it, the shooting of arrows on the horse-course, and the wound which occurs to man or animal, how it is when culpable, and how it is when not culpable. 24. About admitting a listener; where, why, and how he is to be admitted ; and the guilt or innocence as regards a wound owing to him. 25. About the mode of making a sacred threadgirdle ', and the harm from an unusual formation of it. 26. About lawfully tying it, without the culpability (vazagih) of unauthorised action ; also when they do not tie it lawfully, but the girdling is knotted (viragt-aito) and twisted owing to culpability (vazaganih); and whatever is on the same subject. 27. About lawfully scratching with the nails, and the harm from unlawfully scratching. 28. About lawfully attending to a fire on the road; and, when one arrives at a ford through water, the sin which arises, as to fire, from not lawfully caring about the fire. 29. About warriors who mingle together in panic (mazangih) and darkness ; injury happens to one See Dd. XXXIX, i n. Digitized by Google

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126 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. from the other, and the statement of the account published is that there was a state of terror; also whatever is on the same subject. 30. About the march of an army which is in fear, and that which is in a state of fearlessness which is the distinction of the army of Iran from those of foreigners. 31. About lawfully and habitually requiring a share, and the harm from unlawfully and unhabitually requiring it. 32. About carrying firewood, brought away from the hills, into the house; depositing it at first by the tongs (dast-panak/); watching, turning, and inspecting it, and carrying it away to the fire; that is, how to do it lawfully, the sin owing to unlawfully performing it, and whatever is on the same subject. 33. About lawfully warming bull's urine' by the fire, and the sin when it is not lawfully done. 34. About selecting a pasture, one ranked above the others; that is, how to do it lawfully, the sin when one shall do it otherwise, and, owing to that, he is really injured, or occasions injury. 35. About what is the mode of construction of a lawfullyformed farm-house (dast-kadako), the dwelling of the people, and the place of the beasts of burden and cattle; also the sin when one shall construct it otherwise, and, owing to that, he is really injured, or occasions injury. 36. A decision about a case when one person has lawfully to force away a beast of burden from a control unlawfully exercised, and another person intrudes unauthorisedly, and vexes the district authorities (pad-dihanan). 37. Also when being done un 1 Intended for ceremonial purification. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVIII, 30-47. 127 lawfully, and the beast being away from its control unlawfully exercised, the other person intrudes lawfully; and when both persons act unlawfully, or when both act lawfully. 38. About lawfully tying, whereby things are hung up; and the sin when, through an unlawfully-tied fastening, anything is injured, or occasions injury. 39. About unlawfully keeping horses in a stable (akhur), and the sin owing to the unlawfulness. 40. And, as regards the cutting of trees and shrubs, where and how it is lawfully done, and the harm and sin owing to not lawfully cutting. 41. About the mode of washing clothing, and the sin owing to different modes. 42. About the mode of walking in, and the sin owing to unusual walking in. 43. About the custom of a man of the sagacious (danakvaran) on passing through water, and the harm and sin owing to acting otherwise. 44. About the kinds of canals (nai) and fords, from those for two men passing, up to those for many; the dimensions of those which are large, and how much they are each separately sunk into the ground, without collecting water, when the ground is hard, and how much when it is soft. 45. The extent of their outer ? banks, and the inspection as to the banks when the water is brackish, warm, and flowing; how far when outside of the water, and how far when in the water. 46. When it is brackish, cold, and flowing; or brackish, warm, and stagnant; or sweet, warm, and flowing ; how far when in the water, and how far when outside. 47. And, when 1 For irrigation. * Reading virunag, but the word is miswritten nirang-i. Digitized by Google

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128 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. brackish, cold, and stagnant; or sweet, cold, and flowing; or sweet, warm, and stagnant; how far when in the water, and how far when outside of the water. 48. What is the customary operation as regards the inspection of the banks; how is the stagnation (astinidano) within a pool dammed up (zareh-stano-ae), and the stone-work inside, from the canal which is for ten men passing, up to that for many; and how is the damming up inside of the canal, the stagnation within the pool dammed up, or the reedy jungle (vesako) when distributed and it becomes tall. 49. What are the mode and means of maintaining the supervision of a canal ; which is that which one should maintain over the water of the canal when half is distributed, or, when not, one-third ; and which is that when one-third is distributed, or, when not, one-fourth ; a supervision which is animate or inanimate, and after those which are inanimate means are provided", the former animate ones are then at rest; and the harm and sin when they shall act otherwise. 50. And, as regards the same, what is the mode of passage of animals of various species, by swimming across the water; and the sin, owing to acting otherwise, when harm occurs. 51. About the trampling down at a ford through water, when one is newly completing it, and when the water is brackish and flowing, when it is brackish and stagnant, when it is sweet and flowing, and when it is sweet and stagnant; the reason of passing through on it, and such and such ways for proceeding at ? In the shape of sluices for regulating the supply of water for irrigation. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVIII, 48-59. 129 will thereon ; so, also, observation as to the water which has remained behind for flowing, and the harm and sin when one does not properly observe it, but walks on. 52. About two of the warriors who meet together on the road, which of them was busy about the protection of his horse, and which about the preparation of food; also the usage and other things in similar matters. 53. The sin of having eaten food for refreshment on the road, that is, how the custom is a sin when they can act otherwise. 54. About the remedies for sheep and beasts of burden which reinfuse fresh life ; and the extent of. keeping the sheep, goat, cow, mare, ass, pig !, and woman with the male. 55. About beasts of burden, sheep (and maa no), and women, for whom, on account of contraction of orifice, there is a use of means for making it not painful (atatako). 56. About the extent of the distance of a male beast from the female when it is necessary to be watchful. 57. About the distance that a man has to remove an ox that has destroyed some concealed hay (barkasag giyah) which is the hay of others, when they quarrel with him ; how it is when it is allowable to bring the ox back to his home; and whatever is on the same subject. 58. About the security of a man from the death (adsh) of his fathers, and danger having arisen for him from a mouth of bad omen. 59. About the sin of a father owing to a child, when, being given by him to an ill-behaved person ?, he calls it and, when Instead of khar va-khazura, the MS, has khor va-zak-i ras. * Assuming that minenamako-1 stands for apenamakd-1; [37] Digitized by Google

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130 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. it comes, there may occur the sin of unlawfully terrifying sheep, and the beast of burden is beaten ; and whatever is on the same subject. 60. About bringing a plant which is a medicinal herb, and whatever is on the same subject. 61. About a sociable feast (ham-myazdih) with idolators, that is, how it is when held authorisedly, and how it is when it is not; and, when one gives the sociable feast, how it is when they are to be considered unhonoured, and how it is when they are to be considered more honoured even than the Iranians. 62. And about the broken victuals which the idolators have eaten and drunk therein. 63. About the proportion of meat with the bread in atonement for deprival of food. 64. About an ordeal which is severe, and one which is not severe; and the evidence of acquittal from the achievement thereof. 65. About the secrets of the religion, and the sin owing to their being disclosed (gushafto). 66. About the sin of speaking evil words to the wives of others. 67. About the extent of the most inferior house, village, community, and province; and that of the most superior. 68. And about what was the mode of residence of Frashostar and Gamasp 3 in a plundering (la iskar) army, and their habits. the copyist having mistaken ap for a s, and substituted the Zvaris equivalent min for the latter which he supposed was a separate word. Or abstracting.' * See Chaps. XVII, 6, XXXVII, 11. Two brothers who were contemporaries of Zaratust. Frashostar was his father-in-law, and Gamasp was prime minister of king Vistasp. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVIII, 60-xxxix, 5. 131 CHAPTER XXXIX. Sakadum Nask. 1. One section is the Hakidakanistan (code of sequestrations'), particulars about a statement of seized property, the retention thereof, and how was the confinement of that which was animate; how it is when one keeps it in a shepherd's-dog's care, and how it is when in the sequestrator's care (ha kidakodarih). 2. And when it is a seized horse of the warriors, how to keep it when it is not possible to retain it in confinement of any kind, and the damage which has arisen therefrom; what is the danger to occasion by it, how it is when the shelter (srayisno) i is on all sides, and how it is when on one side ; while the trust, when there is shelter, is in the extent of the shelter, how much and of what kind is the shelter. 3. When it is a seized beast of burden, after its coming into the possession of the sequestrator (hakidak-dar), for how long he has to order work for the reasoning thought of the herdsman, and how is that of the sequestrator, in like manner, before he quite attains to his share ; even through his own reasoning thought the work is authorisedly ordered, and how and in what manner is the ordering of his work. 4. And when the seized animal has offspring, in what mode he has to milk it, as well as the nourishment of the young, and whatever is on the same subject ; also the sin owing to doing it unlawfully. 5. About the sequestrator when the beast of burden seized comes into his possession, how it is 1 Av. thra. K 2 Digitized by Google

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132 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. when its special reputation is altered, and how it is when it comes with utility and advantage for him. 6. About the seizer's keeping a sheep, which is seized, in his flock; that is, how the custom is produced, owing to its milk being for the sacred feast, and the notification of the feasts is owing to the seized 1 sheep; when, too, it is not possible to keep it in the flock, what is the mode of confining it; and when it is not possible to keep it in confinement, what he has to do with it. 7. About the wool of a sheep which is seized; that is, how it is when the shearing is even before the various times specified, and the sin of shearing when it is before the time specified, or one shears when there is no reason for shearing. 8. About the lambing (guru sido) of the sheep seized, and the sin owing to its not lambing. 9. About sheltering (srudano)2 the seized animal in the most public place in a house, village, community, or province. 10. About the sin of the shepherd when, without saving it for the sequestrator, and through the guilelessness of the sequestrator, he shall carry away a female; and the sin which is owing to the offence as regards unlawfully beating and wounding it, before it is seized for the buyers of meat (khar-kharano), and other offences regarding it. 11. About the time appointed, between the shepherd and the sequestrator, for leading and bringing the female, belonging to the sequestrator, to the place for which the time is appointed; in the case when the shepherd arrives and the sequestrator does Instead of hakidako, seized,' the MS. has the very similarly written word avesako, 'pure.' . Compare srayisno in SS 2, and sru dan in $11. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXIX, 6-15. 133 not, how that which belongs to the sequestrator is to come into the possession of the sequestrator, and when; when it is the sheep or beast of burden of a sequestrator, how it is to come into the possession of that sequestrator ; when the sheep or beast of burden which is seized dies in the possession of the sequestrator, how and how long he has to shelter (sradan) the young ones (gurgs) and wool of the same several sheep; and the sin when he does not shelter them, or does it otherwise. 12. About a sheep 2 which is mingled among the flock of any one that is in sequestration, how it is when the shepherd, and how it is when the shepherd's dog, is its own; and when it is mingled among any flock owing to sequestration, how it is when the shepherd, and how it is when the shepherd's dog, [who is its own]: goes to another flock; how it is when the first flock-owner, and how it is when the second, is its own. 13. About the killing of a seized sheep by a shepherd's dog for necessary provisions ; that is, how it is allowable, and in what mode it is to be done. 14. About him unto whom the sheep or beast of burden which is seized is delivered when it comes into a district; and the sequestrator's informing the governor of the district, in whose herd the sheep or beast of burden which is seized remains, as to the species, colour, and form of it 15. Watching over * Perhaps another sequestrator is meant. ? The first case seems to be that of an unseized sheep in a seized flock, and the second that of a seized sheep in an unseized flock. The words in brackets are supplied by guess, to fill up a blank space left by the repairer of the MS. on one of his patches. * Reading va-darand-i denman. Digitized by Google

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134 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. a man with sheep, who is in a disabled state of illness owing to a wound received in his duty as regards slaughtering; the case when he is concealed from a passer-by (amat nihan min vidar) and there is protection, when he is an eater and there is no protection, when he is not eating and there is protection, and when he is not eating and there is no protection. 16. About the distraction of a sequestrator as regards a sheep or beast of burden which is seized, when it is one out of four varieties, and when one out of three; when he nourishes it for half a year, and when for the duration of a year; when that which he obtains is a young one, and when that which he obtains is large, where and what is a shelter for it, and, as to the care of it, how it is when in a grain vault (kigarako-1), and when it is under a tree; how it is when in a damaged cellar (varkho-1-f kastako), and how it is when in a cage (pangar-1) which is not incomplete, but is broken, or is not incomplete and is sound, or is complete and sound. 17. About treasure which they find in the surroundings of a dwelling, and that which they find within the limits of the dwelling of any one. 18. About buried treasure when it is found by the side of a Reading hdxako, but it is possibly a contracted forin of aydvako, 'gain.' If it were allowable to omit this word, a y u in ako, 'variety,' and to substitute 'gain' for distraction,' the sentence would stand as follows:- About the gain of a sequestrator as regards a sheep or beast of burden which is seized, when he nourishes it for onefourth, when for one-third, when for half a year, and when for the duration of a whole year. This seems more intelligible than the text as it stands in the MS. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXIX, 16-23. 135 road, and the ground is hard, how it is when it is one finger-breadth below, and how it is when it is two finger-breadths; as well as (ham-gun) when the ground is soft, how it is when it is two fingerbreadths below, and how it is when it is three fingerbreadths. 19. When it is found within the road, and the ground is hard, how it is when it is two fingerbreadths below, and how it is when it is three fingerbreadths; and when the ground is soft, how it is when it is three finger-breadths below, and how it is when it is four finger-breadths. 20. When it is in an ascent or descent, there where one turns out from the road, and the ground is hard, how it is when it is below up to the instep', and how it is when it is up to the middle of the leg (patistan)?; and if soft, how it is when it is below up to the middle of the leg, and how it is when it is up to the knee. 21. When it is in a stream of water, and the ground is hard, how it is when it is below up to the knee, and how it is when it is up to mid-thigh; and when the ground is soft, how it is when it is below up to midthigh, and how it is when it is up to the testicles. 22. When it is in a ford through the water, and the ground is hard, how it is when it is below up to the testicles, and how it is when it is up to the navel ; and when the ground is soft, how it is when it is below up to the navel, and how it is when it is up to the mouth. 23. And when it is in a kitchen (askhano), the middle of a garden (van), or a sheepfold (pah-hasto); that is, how it is when it is not a permanent residence (afra 2-manisno) of any. * Supposing that Paz. a avad is intended for a frapad. ? That is, up to the shin. Digitized by Google

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136 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. body, and how it is when it is a permanent residence 1. 24. About him whq nourishes a sheep which is seized; that is, how it is when it is out of his store, and how it is when he nourishes it as it arrives. 25. About a dispute as regards a sheep that is seized, when one person says it was born of the colour of the mother, and another one says it was of her form, both being true; or one person mentions a single characteristic truly, and another one mentions many characteristics of it untruly; the cases when they mention its peculiarities otherwise, and in what manner; and whatever is on the same subject. 26. About a sheep 3 seized, which has to pass on through the loftiest places in which there is lawfully shelter; and how there are three years, three exist* ences (ah von), three places, nine occasions, and also many other regulations on the same subject. CHAPTER XL. Sakadam Nask. 1. One section is the Ziyanakistan (code of the injured), about anything which is animate-and that which is inanimate-injured through lawfully living, giving, receiving, or delivering back; the duty of protection and care for both kinds ; the nourish 1 The utility of these minute details was probably to determine how long the treasure had been buried, and for what purpose, and whether there was any possibility of the rightful owner being still alive. . Reading darand-i denman. * Supposing that pes stands for pa h. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXIX, 24-XL, 5. 137 ment, extension, sustentation, stimulation, establishment, consolation, and also gratification of an animate being; and the retribution for sin due to unlawfulness as regards the same matters. 2. About an example of a damaged gift, in the case when one gives the thing to a poor (gadak) person at an appointed time, and when at one unappointed; and in the case when one gives him an increase, where and what is the increase. 3. A decision about a shepherd when they shall bring him back an animal, when damaged, before its subdivision; what he obtains for the damaged animal when not delivered back at the time of subdivision; when the duty about it is dictated by a religious man, and when he keeps it in his own possession. 4. About property which is inanimate, whose subdivisions, each separately, when one keeps them in useo, and when in reserve (armesto), are greater and less in value; that is, through so much effecting of penance (avakangisno) worthily, or through so much bringing of interest; and the capital is the same in value, the increase being the growth of dividends. 5. About the reason why the sin of an injured person becomes innocent through not delivering back a damaged article 3; and many opinions, on the same subject, are provided for our benefit. 1 Probably one sold by him to a butcher. 'For trading, or pious purposes. Suffering wrongs without complaint being meritorious. Digitized by Google

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138 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. CHAPTER XLI. Sakadam Nask. 1. One section of the last twenty-two is the Vakhshistan (increase code'), particulars about the progress of increase. 2. About atonement, surrender, and compensation for anything, through dispelling it by compensating, atoning, and surrendering to him whose own it is; the period thereof not being appointed. 3. When he, whose origination of compensation, atonement, and surrender is his own, has appointed the period thereof, the growing of the sin actively, after the appointed time, is increase. 4. About increase 1 which is active (kardako), and that which is existent (zistako); how it is when the existent becomes quite active, and how it is when both are suppressed (armesti-ait). 5. About the extraction of increase upon increases which they may occasion up to an equality; where and which it is. 6. About a righteous gift; that is, how it is when overwhelmed by impoverishment, and how it is when its increase still proceeds. 7. About the progress of interest (vakhsh) upon effective wealth, when there is interest for it, and the interest thereon accumulates; also that which does not progress; how it is when the debtor (avam-homond), even on bringing back the wealth, is opulent, and the lender (avam nafsman) is opulent on asking for it; how it is when each is not opulent, and the debtor was not opulent on asking for it; and how it is when the lender (avam khves) * As this word is written vakhs (=nas) it is doubtful whether vakhsh, increase,' or vinas, 'sin,' is intended; and the context is insufficient to solve the doubt. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLI, 1-14. 139 is opulent on asking for it, and the debtor is not opulent through the wealth. 8. About where and when the life (zistano) of the lender has once passed away, how it is when the loan is to be issued anew at the end of the issue (zihisno), and how it is when it has existed in force, through the one issue by the deceased, and the interest accrues. 9. When the debtor passes away, how it is when he puts the interest into the property of any one through adoption, and how it is when it is the interest of the possessor of the wealth in both worlds. 10. About the peculiarity of retribution, the selfretribution of one liable to retribution for others, and the limit of one's own retribution. 11. About the penalty (tavan) of him who, purchasing animals for impregnation, gives each a bad male; when they are not pregnant, and when they may produce; and whatever is on the same subject. 12. About the time of allowing the admission of the male to the beast of burden, sheep, and camel, and the time of consignment to each separate male for whom reception remains; the case when it is the time for admission of the male (gasn-hilih), and the case when it is such a consignment as when the period, which is really originating with the admission of the male, has continued. 13. When, on account of no consignment to the male at the proper time, the female goes on unimpregnated, and there is no pregnancy of the cow, mare, camel, sheep, goat, or pig, each separately, how much the penalty is; also the sin they commit. 14. About the camel, mare, cow, or sheep, unto whom there is damaged milk, void of butter (akarag), owing to the appointed time one postpones; also the Digitized by Google

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140 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. average and least milk of the mare, cow, goat, and sheep, that is, the measure of their one milking, each separately. 15. About the camel, that is, how much is its production of hair in a year, and the extent that the camel is surpassing therein among cattle; of them is also the ass that they allow to be seized upon for as much value as that of the oxen, and the mode of beating them up. 16. Where and how it is when the females of the camel and horse are a multiplying (afzuno) tending to dissatisfaction ; the increase even of increases of the ox, sheep, and goat progresses, and of them how much less is the multiplying of the female--which is an increase of increases tending to dissatisfaction, where it is extending over them-to be produced than that of the male. 17. The camel which is injured on the road, beyond the end of the appointed time, when they keep it at work unlawfully and the road is bad, when at work unlawfully and the road is good, and when comfortable at pasture, where seizing upon it becomes tending to dissatisfaction in several ways, and they are severally buying it when really invigorated', or at a price. 18. For how much increase of increases he stands up who is buying also an invigorated dog, or pig, at a price; and when it is that the increase and increase of increases remain undeveloped in them, as it does whenever property, on which the interest of the residue and income accumulates, is still for the children of the well-destined. Paz. aosanghen, both here and in SS 18, no doubt for Av. aoganghem, as in Chap. XX, 58, the Av. wg and , s being much alike. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLI, 15-26. 141 19. About him whose supplies some one is silently (agopo) buying up, and the seller and important holder is quite bereaved, so that the bereaver has plenty for one deprived of food on a summer's day, and plenty for him who is so also on a winter's day (dim-ikik); also the supplying of mankind and fire lawfully, in the beginning, for a summer's day and night, and that for a winter's one? 20. About clothing when it is that which one strips off for donation. 21. About the penalty for a first deprival of food, and the sin of it; also the penalty of the second and third, up to the tenth. 22. About a plaint and defence as regards a debt and its interest, and the decision thereon; also how it is when, for keeping up the repayment, debts upon debts are cancelled so far as the continuance of interest; and whatever is on the same subject. 23. About the uselessness of supplies which are not authorised by the religion. 24. About buying a slaughtered a sheep when the seller is bereaved by the delivery; also to how many sheep, in the two previous years, the increase and increase of increases thereof had specially to attain. 25. About where and what is that which would not conduce to increase, and what is that which would. 26. About the special sin and offence, the use of the milk, heart, and wool, the spreading about which tends to dissatisfaction, the increase of increases, and the good * See Farh. Oim, p. 38, 11. 4-8, and compare Chap. XXXVIII, 13. * Reading bara-zegtalant ako, which word has been corrupted by the repairer of the MS. * Reading dil, but the word can also be read sar, 'head.' Digitized by Google

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142 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. figure of any one sheep, and the regulation of every one. 27. About how the debtor has to announce the nature of the loan, which the lender, through irritation, does not approve; and, when the debtor has provided for a triple issue, when for a double issue, and even when he has for a single issue, the first year is free from begging his own time. 28. About the debtor and what he repays, when each year is announced and he does not assent; and how it happens, as regards the debtor, through many repayments, and all the postponements of the lender 29. About causing the confiscation (padirangarih) of a human being (gerpih), and its cessation * owing to worldly work, where it is for one month, or, thence onwards, for a second, a third, a sixth, a ninth, or a year at worldly work, and where it is regarding several human beings; the production of gain which accrues upon that single human being ; and whatever is on the same subject. 30. About the confiscation of a cloak (gudad) in the winter, and of a skin-bag for holding water (masko-1 avdane) in the summer ; about whom they are appertaining to, on the passing by of the first ten nights, where it is after the bringing out of the cloak at the beginning of winter, and of the water-skin at the beginning of summer; or prior to the length of a month previous, Supposing that madam stands for maman; the two words being sometimes confounded. 9 Who allows the debtor a longer time for repayment. 8 Literally bodily form.' The seizure of a slave of the debtor to work off the amount of the debt is evidently meant. * Reading va-sakisno instead of the very similarly-written nikzisno, 'explanation,' of the MS. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLI, 27-34. 143 severally, to the end of the winter as regards the cloak, and to the end of the summer as regards the water-skin ; that is, for how much gain upon that one cloak, or water-skin, is the retribution of the confiscator to whom it is appertaining"; and whatever is on the same subject. 31. About the increase of grains, and that of sheep with the progeny, milk, and wool that they may severally produce. 32. About the confiscation of clothes and implements by delivering them back to him who specially reckons many as his own 2 ; that is, how the produce (vakhsh) increases when he orders their use imperfectly, how it does when he does so not imperfectly, and how it does when he keeps them in inactivity. 33. About the produce of land on which grain is cast, and of that on which it is not cast (va-zak- an-madam ramitunto), when by delivery thereof it is self-exhausted. 34. And so also the produce of ornaments of gold and silver, and of red-coloured things, with many regulations on the same subject and what is connected therewith. * This seems the more probable meaning if we are to understand that the confiscation has been actually carried out at an improper season; but, if we suppose that it is avoided on account of the season, it would be better to translate as follows :'For how much gain upon that one cloak, or water-skin, is the confiscator, to whom it is appertaining, to be compensated. * Possibly referring to the seizure of articles sold by a dealer, but not paid for * The form an of the negative prefix is here used because the Zvaris an-madam is replaced by the Paz. an-avar in pronunciation. Digitized by Google

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144 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. CHAPTER XLII. Sakadum Nask. 1. One section, the Varistan ('ordeal code'), contains particulars of that which, when it becomes manifest in any one, is indicative as to witchcraft; the bringing of remedies for the person who is rendered sickly by a wizard; the execution of the wizard, what the religious rite is in the legal proceedings, and the case when there is a religious rite in the legal proceedings. 2. About the case when, for want of legal proceedings,'he is executed without the religious rite; and what it is when he dies through his own destruction of some one. 3. About the accomplishment of an ordeal by which, through the power of the spirit, there arises a manifestation of acquittal or incrimination of those maintaining inconsistencies as to witchcraft, destroying a righteous man, or other concealed instigations of sin; the time of its performance, and the place of hurtfulness of its continuance. 4. About the place of accomplishment; in what manner is the selection (fragardano), limitation, and preparation ; of the abode in which the ordeal is performed ; that which is to be carried forth to that abode, and that of which the carrying thereto is to be avoided; who is to be admitted to that abode, and who is not to be admitted ; and that which, when it occurs there, 1 We should probably read and about the case when,' supposing that maman stands for madam, the reverse of what occurs in Chap. XLI, 28. * That is, when there is no evidence of the crime beyond the suspicions, real or assumed, of the accusers. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLII, 1-XLIII, 4. 145 is a disturbance of the work, they separate (vangend) therefrom. 5. About those belonging to the place of ordeal (varistanikan) and other officials there, the rites and customs therein, the ceremonial to be celebrated in the abode, and the invocation of the sacred beings for assistance. 6. What is the mode of performing the hot and cold ordeal; how is the leading forth of the accomplishers thereto, and of what Avesta is their uplifted recitation ; how is the accomplishment of the hot and cold ordeal, and the manifestation of the acquitted and incriminated thereby; and many statements (gokan) on the same subject. CHAPTER XLIII. Sakadam Nask. 1. One section is miscellaneous: about having sought an assistant who is brought, that is, in what mode it is proper; and the payment of an assistant who is a member of the community (dahm)', and also that of a foreigner (an-Air), in the same affair. 2. About how the coming of a man to confinement and fettering is through his own wealth, and whatever is on the same subject. 3. About confession through one, two, and three statements; and whatever is about it. 4. About the contempt of a disciple for a priestly master, which is an annoyance to him ; the property belonging to the master, and the squandering that occurs in it. 1 The contra distinction here indicated between dahm and anAir is an important confirmation of Geldner's definition of Av. dahma as 'Vollburger oder Mitglieder' (see Studien zum Avesta, 1882, p. 14). [37] Digitized by Google

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146 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. 5. The sin that is its own penalty through being liable to penalty, and the transgressor whose penalty is owing thereto; when they would unlawfully bring a penalty upon one liable to penalty, or one thereby inficts a penalty upon him, of which one is aware that he is not capable (patuko); and the time which one liable to penalty has for the payment of that penalty of his is until his attaining to opulence, when, after the appointment about the penalty, he becomes capable of an atonement. 6. About the accumulation (gangih) of sin through the expedients of the wrathful (garmakan), which are connected with much destruction of the righteous. 7. About the sin owing to which, among those that are wrathful, he who has drunk from a well on a road, or path, conceals the water for the sake of concealment. 8. About the sin of a judge who pronounces the sinner to be in innocence, and the innocent to be in some sinfulness. 9. About a judge acquainted with the law for ten years, him who is for eleven, him who is for twelve, him who is for thirteen, him who is for fourteen, and him who is .for fifteen ; that is, their decisions, each separately, on several specially prominent objects of acquaintance with the law, as regards decision and judgment. 10. About a daughter whose religious control, during the life of her father, resides in her mother for the joint life of the mother, but for the authorised giving her away there is the father. II. About a daughter who is unprovided with a husband, and See Chaps. XX, 74, XXII, 21. ? Reading rai instead of la, 'not.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIII, 5-15. 147 who has no father and no mother, nor yet any of the brothers of the departed parents, and it is not even allowable to give herself away into guardianship by a husband. 12. About property which is bequeathed by will on passing away; that is, how it is when given, and how it is when it does not exist. 13. About the privilege of a father in giving property to his children according to his wish, and a son who is irreverent towards his father, so that some of the property of the father goes to the worthy mother ; also when they would make irreverence towards the father the imputed characteristic (bakht nisano), where a decree about the property of the father is decided upon; and whatever is on the same subject, as regards the extent of irreverence of the son towards the father, and the sin of it. 14. About the sin of a son 2 who is accepted, when he recoils from that acceptance; the accepter of a living, or even a departed, father is so because it is the will of the people, and also for the worldly fame of a soul of the departed; and the ceremonial and obeisance are, moreover, for those of them within their own dwelling, owing to letting forth their generosity, and they shall provide them. 15. About the production and arising of even that property which a liberal person has not seen, if there be any one who has not lived liberally. As aegh also means 'where,' it is rather uncertain whether the irreverence is supposed to be the cause, or the effect, of the special provision for the mother which afterwards becomes a source of litigation. ? An adopted son must be meant. * Supposing that min stands for man. L 2 Digitized by Google

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148 DINKARD, BOOK VIII, 16. About the production and arising of something of the property of a damsel, even when she gives it by design only to him who is worthy. 17. About a damsel whom an idolator (deviyast) carries off from her own master, and would give to a Mazda-worshipper; that is, how it is justifiable for the Mazda-worshipper, having had that damsel in his possession, to seek a son by her, so long as the guardianship of the woman is with that man. 18. About a mother being guardian over a living father, owing to their having a son. 19. About the proper completion of a provision-that was for the decision of the supreme judge, on various statements, and was never otherwise--which is the provision of him who is a high-priest of the religion. 20. About the sin of a father through not satisfying the menstrual excitement of a daughter who has attained the capability of having a son (berman radih); what it is when, through not satisfying the menstrual excitement of the daughter, he is sinful ; and how it is when the daughter herself is sinful; also the symptoms of attaining the capability of having a son. 21. About where and which is that sin on the committal of which inadvertently one attains to deliverance thus, when it comes to his knowledge it is through a determined renunciation it goes away from its source; also which is that committal inadvertently which does not occur through him who is intelligent. 22. About the four more heinous forms of demon-service (seda-yazakih), and the three worst sins wherein they shall perform them; the ten existences that are furtherances, and the nine that are destroyers, of the world. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIII, 16-27. 149 23. About a true statement through which, when one utters it, he is wicked and worthy of death. 24. About driving the bestowable benefit of the spiritual existence away from the world, when he who is destroying a righteous man walks openly in the world; how one section of the spirit's earth is that of a people destroying the righteous man, and the complaint of the spirits of fire, water, and plants, owing thereto; also how the bestowal of the allotment of a leading man is upon his inferiors. 25. About the three kinds of righteous men; one that is greater than water and earth, animals and plants, one that is equal to them, and one that is less; and what is the arrangement of--as it were--the conjoined formation of those who are somewhat outside of the three kinds. 26. About the grievous bridge-judgment for carrying forth dead matter to water, or to fire, with which there is evidence; and the heaviness of the spirit due to dead matter in the water. 27. The good work of him who brings the dead matter of man or dog, 1 Some neighbouring nation of unbelievers is probably meant, such as the Byzantines; as we must always recollect that the compiler is summarizing the contents of the Pahlavi commentary written in Sasanian times (see Chap. I, 3). See Chap. XXVII, 4. It appears from this section that the dead matter of an evil creature, such as a snake or frog, was considered to pollute the water as much as that of a good creature. $ 28, however, admits the expediency of killing noxious creatures in the water when it is impossible to take them out beforehand; and this is in accordance with Vend. V, 35-38 (W.) which teaches that an apostate defiles no one when dead (any more than a dried-up frog that has been dead a year), because he defiles while living. This rule was evidently intended to remove all scruples as to killing such creatures, but it applies to them only when recently killed; hence the necessity of removing them, from any place liable to Digitized by Google

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150 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. or that of the serpent or frog, out of the water. 28. About the destruction of the serpent and frog, and other aquatic noxious creatures, in the water when it is only thus possible, and carrying them out from it when it is possible. 29. About the gratification of the spirit of the world, and the vexation of the demons, owing to the destruction of them. 30. Where and what are the tokens of the good 1 management and well-operating drinking-party (tostih) of a neighbour not of the same district (ahamshatro nazd). 31. About the sin of him who, after joining a drinking-party from sunset (hd-frashmokdado), pulverizes the road (rah tekhnunedo), keeps the door opened, and would unlawfully make an uproar. 32. About Adharmazd having produced the bodies and members of animals--through having created the body of the sole-created ox with satisfaction, as assistance for mankind--because they are repeated for protection, and also for the ceremonial for sacred beings specially declared. 33. About the reason of making offerings (adstofrido) to the sacred beings, for the increase of power of the allotters of destiny in the allotment of destiny; the connection of that acknowledgement (padirisno) and of the benefit and advantage of the recompense thereof; the proper maintenance of that acknowledgement, through the means and efficacy of the spiritual bridge-judgment of sin, and the fear of worldly disaster and harm from not properly maintaining the perpetual acknowledgement in force pollution, as soon as possible after death, common sense being preferable to logical consistency. * Supposing that vop stands for khup. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIII, 28-36. 151 (den patukih), and from the setting up even of ruin thereby; the reasonable control of the offering to each one of the sacred beings therein is for the skilful member of the community (hunarik dah m) of whatever kind, and is not produced by intrusting the consecration to the violent, more particularly to those whom one specially enumerates; the sin and retribution owing to having given it to those who are of that class; and more upon the same subject. 34. About the damage and injury of the world owing to greed (azo) and its fellow-miscreations, and him who is their supporter and abettor, the idolator (deviyasto), also the wolf of many kinds and noxious creatures of various species; because the occurrence of their fiendishness is due to the original fiend, and the means for strengthening their fiendishness are derived from the destruction of all mankind and the other primary worldly creations which are aiding mankind. 35. Advice to mankind about smiting and destroying the evil domination (duskhshasarinidano) of the world by those injurers, and the merit manifest for themselves therein; the object and spiritual reward for smiting and killing each one of the wolves and noxious creatures, and, as regards the same reward, the perfection of that for destroying a two-legged wolf1; and whatever is on the same subject. 36. About advice as to not reverencing the evil spirit and demons, whereby the observing (var'zo) of the several ceremonies and gratifications of the sacred beings would be more particularly irregular in any manner whatever, and the damage and A term applied to an idolator. Digitized by Google

Page #1517
152 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. harm owing to those who are irregular and illobservant, through being inclined for that irregularity and ill-observance, would become an oppressive presidence (padgahih) of the demons over the creatures; also the vice of clamorous talking (drayan gogih) and the damage owing thereto, and the pleasure of the demons due to the same and other things which are irregular. 37. Advice about the reason, habit, and primitive practice of not chattering, and other good customs, during eating and drinking; the gratification of the sacred beings owing to that primitive practice of good customs by mankind, and the unself-devoting (a-khves-dak) is he who is not maintaining it. 38. Through the ceremonial of which sacred being is the greater welcome (mahmanotarih) of a high-priest and of any good work of each one of the five periods of the day and night; the reward and advantage owing to celebrating the ceremony of each of them separately in its own period, and also other means and regulations in the same statement. 39. It is righteousness that is perfect excellence. CHAPTER XLIV. 1. The Vendidad? contains particulars of Adharmazd having produced the pleasure of mankind by 1 Whereby the devotions are disturbed, or rendered ineffectual. * Corresponding to the nineteenth word, driguby, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.; but it is the twentieth Nask in other Rivayats. In the Dinkard its name is semi-Zvaris, either Gvid-sheda-dad or Vik-sheda-dad, the Av, data vidaeva, law opposed to the demons. In the Rivayats it is called Gud-devdad, Vendidad, or Vindad, and is stated to consist of twenty-two kardah, or fargards, the number it still contains. It is generally considered that the Vendidad now extant is a collection of frag Digitized by Google

Page #1518
CHAPTER XLIII, 37-XLIV, 7. 153 that place where they specially make a residence, and the advantage from the same production! 2. About the formation of sixteen perfect places specially enumerated, and also the adversity which has happened to each separately2. 3. About Adharmazd's disclosing the religion first among mankind to Yim 3; its non-acceptance by Yim owing to attachment (asrunoih) to the religion of the ancients; and the acceptance of other things to develope, extend, and improve the world therebyt. 4. About the reason of the needfulness of making the enclosure that Yim made (var-i Yim kard), the command and instruction by Adharmazd to Yim, the making by Yim just as Adharmazd commanded and instructed, and whatever is on the same subject. 5. About what the comfort of the spirit of the earth is most owing to, what its discomfort is more particularly owing to, and from what its greatest gratification has arisen. 6. About the sin of pollution owing to carrying a corpse by a single person, relating, however, to that which a dog has not seen? 7. About the food, ments, but it is evident, from the close correspondence between the author's description and the present contents, that this fragmentary state of the text existed in his time, and there is every probability that any mutilation that exists in the text occurred before Sasanian times. The author, however, sometimes omits to mention subjects that are repeated, so it is just possible that some of these repetitions are of later date. He also makes no allusion to the twelfth fargard (see $ 51 n). 1 Vend. I, 1, 2 (W.). 2 Vend. I, 3-20. * See Chap. XIII, 6-8. 4 Vend. II, 1-19. 6 Vend. II, 22-43. 6 Vend. III, 1-13, 22, 23, 34. 7 Vend. III, 14; the latter clause referring to the commentary on Pahl. Vend. III, 48 (Sp.). Digitized by Google

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154 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. clothing, and place of him who becomes polluted and worthy of death through a corpse, on account of carrying it alone (aevako-barih ral)? 8. About how the several precautions of mankind and other pure creatures are taken, as regards a corpse ? which has become polluted by another corpse 3. 9. About the pleasure of the spirit of the earth owing to sowing and tilling, and its vexation owing to not sowing and not tilling; the blessing upon the sowers, and the advantage and merit owing to sowing, on account of particulars about the nourishment and protection of the religion thereby4. 10. About the destruction of the demons which arises from the sprouting, growing, and ripening of corn ; and the good success of mankind from the eating of it 6. 11. About the sin of burying a corpse through sinfulness, and for how much time is the uselessness of the ground in which the burial may be performed 6. 12. About the power of the good religion for wiping away sin from human beings? 13. About the sin of deceiving by an avaricious person (pasto) as regards what he has consumed and given, and the grievousness of other breaches of promise; the danger, even in the worldly existence, from maintaining him, and the retribution it is important for him to make 8. 1 Vend. III, 15-19. ? The person polluted in this manner being considered as unclean as the corpse itself. 3 Vend. III, 20, 21 and perhaps some commentary on Pahl. Vend. III, 71 (Sp.) now lost. * Vend. III, 23-31. * Vend. III, 32, 33. . Vend. III, 36-40. 7 Vend. III, 41, 42. 8 Vend. IV, 1-16. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIV, 8-18. 155 14. About where there is steadfastness in the religion there is also a manifestation of this: when one becomes liberal--as to every benefit that exists for him--towards those of the same religion who come forward with a request I. 15. About the extent of sleeping in the day and night, and other matters as to occupation which occurs daily? 16. About the grievous sinfulness of having taken a false oath, so that, apart even from the testifying retribution of the property, the oath taken thereon has also an efficacy very much for the accusers, which, on account of Mitro 3, Srosh, and Rashna, is an awful destroyer and adversary for one's own person, wife, child, and property; also the grievous bridge-judgment which is an appendage to one's own soul 4 17. About the sin of bringing firewood, with which dead matter is mingled, to a fire; and this too, that is, how and when one is innocent therein 6. 18. About a ditch (goi), which is not always a stream (navo), when the water has to pass through it, and also that which is always a stream, when one wants to increase the water therein, how often and how one 1 Vend. IV, 44. i Vend. IV, 45. 8 Av. Mithro, the angel of the sun's light, friendly to man, and, hence, insisting upon the fulfilment of every promise (mithro). He is supposed to keep an account of all breaches of promise (see Dd. XIV, 3), and to mediate between the departed soul and its accusers (see Mkh. II, 118), in doing which he co-operates with the angels of obedience (Srosh, see Chap. IX, 3 n) and justice (Rashnu, see Chap. XX, 153 n) who estimate and weigh its good works and sins, and decide upon its fate at the bridge of judgment. * Vend. IV, 46, 50-55. * See Chap. XXVII, 4 n. o Vend. V, 1-4. Digitized by Google

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156 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. has to inspect them for fear of dead matter having been there 1 19. About death which is by reason of water or fire, and does not occur through the supremacy of water or fire, but is owing to the demons ? 20. About the great advantage owing to rain, and connected with raining on dead matter and the bodily refuses of depositories for the dead 4. 21. About the greatness and goodness of the law opposed to the demons'o for cleansing, as compared with other utterances 22. About pollution owing to bodily contact (hamkerpakih) with a corpse, and to bodily contact with him who is in bodily contact with a corpse ? 23. About the wicked villain who is an unrighteous apostate alive, and abstaining from association (avakih) with him 8. 24. About how long is the time of pollution of a house in which a dog or human being passes away, the carrying away theretofore of anything going thereto, and the avoidance of it; the place into which any one goes out, the feeding, and other things in that house within three steps, and whatever is on the same subject. 25. About a woman whose child dies in the womb, and which becomes dead matter; and whatever is on the same subject 10. 1 Vend. V, 5-7; but the last clause refers to a Pahlavi commentary found only in the manuscripts. ? Vend. V, 8, 9. 8 See Chap. XIX, 3. * Vend. V, 15-20. 8 The Vendidad itself, see sin, o Vend. V, 22-25. 7 Vend. V, 27-34. . Vend. V, 35-38. * Vend. V, 39-44 (W.), and commentary on Pahl. Vend. V, 134 (Sp.). 10 Vend. V, 45-56. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIV, 19-31. 157 26. About useless and polluted clothing, that which is cleansed for six months ! 27. About the grievous sinfulness of irregularly letting forth clothing, as much as a single double hem?, upon a corpse 8. 28. About how long is the time of the uncultivated state of the land-free from admitting water and being sown-on which a human being or a dog passes away; the inspection of the whole land on account of the risk of dead matter having been there, and afterwards admitting water upon it; the sin when, through not exploring, dead matter is in that place, and the water comes on to it; and whatever is on the same subject". 29. About how to bring a corpse out of the water, the extent of the pollution of the water around the corpse, the purity after bringing away the corpse from it, and whatever is on the same subject 6. 30. About where the bodies and bones of the departed are deposited, and whatever is on the same subject (r). 31. About how soon is the rushing of the fiend of corruption (nasas drago) upon a human being or dog that has passed away at the appointed time, and upon one who has done so before the appointed time through the defectiveness (ahugagih) of the worldly existence; where the clothing of this one is which is useless, and which and how is the washing 1 Av, khshvas maungho; Vend. V, 57-59 (W.), and commentary on Pahl. Vend. V, 167 (Sp.). * Paz. dhovana which is here assumed to be equivalent to Pers. do bun. It is probably a reading of the Pahlavi word ry or 19 in Pahl. Vend. V, 169, 172, which has been variously read as gugan, 'a dirham,' dako, 'a spindle,' or yako, 'a rag;' the last of which would best suit the context here. * Vend. V, 60-62. * Vend. VI, 1-9. 8 Vend. VI, 26-41. 6 Vend. VI, 44-51. Digitized by Google

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158 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. of that which is for washing?. 32. About the heinous pollution and grievous sinfulness of devouring dead matter, or of bringing it to fire or water through sinfulness? 33. About the winter, the demon-produced terror, the spider and locusts, sickness of many kinds, and much other evil, which become threatening in the world owing to the formation of dead matter". 34. About how to cleanse wood, corn, and fodder from the dead matter which comes upon it. 35. About medical treatment with spells, the knife, and herbs; how to test a medical man, the fee for curing, and whatever is on the same sub i Vend. VII, 1-5, 10-16. Nothing is said about VII, 6-9, 17-22 (which passages are merely a repetition of V, 27-30, 57-62), but this omission may be owing to the fact that these passages are so abbreviated in the MSS. as to be easily overlooked, especially by a reader of the Pahlavi version only. 3 Vend. VII, 23-26. : Pahl, tanand va-mak (=meg), evidently equivalent to the Av. suno madhakhayauska of Vend. VII, 26, which are rendered by tun mego-k in the Pahlavi version. The identity of Av. madhakha with Pahl, madag, or meg, Pers. maig, mala'h a locust,' has long been recognised (see Darmesteter's Etudes Iranniennes, II, p. 199). But the meaning of Av. sun = Paz. tun has been merely guessed to be 'a mosquito;' the Avesta word having been transcribed as sin, or sin, in the prose Sad-dar, LXXII, 2, and explained by the Persian gloss pasah,'a gnat or fly,' by some copyists, while others have read san (for sin) and have substituted its synonym sal, a year,' or have read bis, a poisonous herb,' instead of pasah. With regard to the word un tanand, spider,' in our text, it may be observed that it has descended from a much older copy of the Pahlavi Vendidad than any that could have been consulted by the author of the Sad-dar, and it is easy to see how an original Pahl. 511 could have been read.19 in Pazand by later copyists of the Vendidad. * Vend. VII, 26, 27. 6 Vend. VII, 28-35. Digitized by Google

Page #1524
CHAPTER XLIV, 32-43. 159 ject?. 36. About the place on which a corpse is fettered (garovi-aito), and also that in which it is buried through sinfulness; and in how much time it becomes pure, in each case separately? 37. About the much lodgment of the demons there where a corpse is buried (nikan), and the merit of laying open (askarinidano) the place of burial (nikanth) of a corpse 3. 38. About the duration of not drinking by a woman who has miscarried (visistako); also her not feeding on the liquid of that which is watery food 4. 39. About the washing of a metallic, stony, or any other cup-like article, upon which dead matter has come, and which is not pronounced useless. 40. About the animal (gospend) that has eaten dead matter, and the plant with which dead matter is mingled . 41. About the sin of holy water being brought to water which is tainted with dead matter?. 42. About the house (khano) in which a dog or a human being passes away 8. 43. About how large and how one has to make the vault (kadako) for the sake of a corpse in a dwelling (man), carrying the corpse to it, when the time comes to expose and avoid it, and whatever is on the same subject'. 1 Vend. VII, 36-44. 3 Vend. VII, 45-50. * Vend. VII, 51, 52, 55-59, which refers to tombs and mausoleums (uzdaeza uzdista) and not to the legal dakhmas, or depositories for the dead. $$ 51, 52 are described after the others. * Vend. VII, 60, 67-71. The contents of VII, 61-66 are not mentioned, being abbreviated in the MSS. as a repetition of V, 46-51. o Vend. VII, 73-75. * Vend. VII, 76, 77, where, however, plants are not mentioned. 7 Vend. VII, 78, 79. * Vend. VIII, 1-3. Vend. VIII, 4-25. Digitized by Google

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160 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. 44. About the baseness (garas)' and grievous sinfulness of the decree (vigirih) of death, unnatural intercourse 3. 45. About a dry corpse which has been dead throughout a year 8. 46. About the merit of having brought unto purity a corpse-burning fire, a fire burning bodily refuse, or of an encampment (saray-iko)*; also those which artificers, each separately, keep in use one has to secure, when the work is done, for the appointed fireplace (dad-gas). 47. About washing the polluted who have been in bodily contact with a corpse, or moving it; divers preferences as to the purifier, the rite of washing, and the reward of purifiers, worldly and also spiritual. 48. About the shining of the sun, moon, and stars alike discontentedly upon the polluted'. 49. About the gratification of all the creatures of Adharmazd by the purifier, when he produces purification for the polluted and suchlike beings (anguntaftoan); also his reward 8. 50. About the strength and aid which are given to the fiend of corruption (nasus drago) by him who does not understand purifying, and yet would accomplish it; also the sin thereof at the bridge of judgment' 51. About the triumph of the Yatha-ahd-vairyo 10 in smiting the fiend and in healing . 1 Both these words are blotted and doubtful in the original MS. . Vend. VIII, 31, 32. Vend. VIII, 33, 34. . Or it may be sar aspo,'a troop of horse.' * Vend. VIII, 73-96. * Vend. VIII, 35-72, 97-107, IX, 1-39. 7 Vend. IX, 41. & Vend. IX, 42-44. Vend. IX, 47-57. 10 The Ahunavair formula is so called from its first three words (see Chap. I, 7 n). 11 Vend. IX, 45, 46, X, 1-20, XI, 1-20 may probably be all alluded to in these few words; but nothing is said about the twelfth fargard. This omission is singularly in accordance with the fact Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIV, 44-58. 161 52. About the species of dogs; the worthiness of the shepherd's dog, the village dog, and others also ; how to maintain and nourish (srayinidane) them with nourishment, and the sin owing to killing or even improperly maintaining them, each separately; and whatever is on the same subject 1. 53. And this, too, when a dog becomes useless (abon) or hurtful, what is to be done with it, and how it is to be kept ? 54. About authorisedly killing the dogwolf 8. 55. About the thirty-one dispositions among dogs, which are just as among the three special professions and divers others of five descriptions 4. 56. About the grievous sinfulness of killing a water beaver, and statements (gokan) of the penalty. 57. About the sin which gave an Iranian to foreigners (an-Airano). 58. About the sin for those three? males who have debauched a woman that the same fargard is omitted in all very old copies of the Vendidad with Pahlavi version, in which, although the fargards are numbered, the thirteenth immediately follows the eleventh. The Kopenhagen MS. No. 2, in which the twelfth fargard occurs with a Pahlavi version, is said to be a revision of the Vendidad text compiled in the last century, and other copies of the Pahlavi twelfth fargard have been derived from this revised text. The omission of this fargard in all the old MSS. cannot be satisfactorily attributed to the loss of some folios in an older copy, because no fargard is likely to fill exactly a certain number of folios; the loss must also have occurred very shortly after the last revision of the Pahlavi text, to account for the author of the Dinkard not finding the Pahlavi of this fargard in the ninth century. 1 Vend. XIII, 1-28. Vend. XIII, 29-38. 3 Vend. XIII, 41-43. * Vend. XIII, 44-48 which detail the thirty-one particulars in which dogs resemble people of eight avocations, three of which are the professions of priests, warriors, and husbandmen. 6 Vend. XIII, 50-56, XIV, 1-18. Vend. XV, 2. ? Reading val zak 3, but it may be val zak-ae, 'for the other.' [37] M Digitized by Google

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162 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. who is pregnant, or the wife with a child at the breast, or a daughter of others; and the sin owing to similar sin' 59. About the guardianship and nourishment which it is important to provide for a child that is seen to be improperly protected, or for a dog when it is born without a guardian ; and whatever is on the same subject ? 60. About menstruation, the heinousness of its pollution, and how much one has to abstain from it. 61. The cleansing from the menses, the time of the cleansing, and the nature of the cleansing of any person or thing polluted by the menses, or that which becomes inefficient thereby; and whatever is on the same subject. 62. And about the grievous sinfulness of having sexual intercourse with a menstruous woman. 63. About the deadly bridge penalty of those who have not sustained the judges. 64. About the care of the hair and nails, and the sin owing to want of care? 65. About the apostasy of him who is bringing a mouth-veile, a vermin-killerdeg, various sacred twigs 10, 1 Vend. XV, 8-16. * Vend. XV, 17-45, though the last clause may include the remainder of this fargard. 8 Vend, XVI, 1-7, 13-16, also XV, 7. * Vend. XVI, 7-12. 6 Vend. XVI, 17. Vend. XVI, 18 = XVII, 11. 7 Vend. XVII, 1-10. 8 Pahl. padam (Av. paitidana, Paz. penom). It consists of two pieces of white cotton cloth, hanging loosely from the bridge of the nose to at least two inches below the mouth, and tied with two strings at the back of the head. It must be worn by a priest whenever he approaches the sacred fire, so as to prevent his breath from contaminating the fire.' (Haug's Essays, p. 243, note 1.) Av. khrafstraghna, an implement for killing snakes and other noxious creatures; it may be made of any material, but a leathern whip is recommended. 10 Av. baresman, a bundle of slender rods, formerly twigs of Digitized by Google

Page #1528
CHAPTER XLIV, 59-70. 163 or a goad or scourge which is exceptional, and maintains that it is that which is necessary? 66. About the disapproved one, and the bridgejudgment upon him, who sleeps on through the whole night, so as not to accomplish his proper duty 8 67. And the approval and reward of him who does not sleep over religious observances, so as to accomplish his proper duty 68. About the progress of secretly-advancing ruin (sego) through that exhibitor of evil religion who wears no sacred thread-girdle, and his not wearing it as it were by law. 69. About the proper duty and great value of the Parddarsh bird, and the great good work that gives it a morsel of meat which is the size of its body, the liberalization of the primitive temperament' through righteousness for the righteous man . 70. About the hurry of the fire for kindling for the untroubled watching of the night, and the merit owing to law particular trees, but now thin metal wires, usually from five to thirty-three in number according to the nature of the ceremony. These rods are tied together by a central girdle, passing three times round them and knotted just like the sacred thread-girdle round the waist of a Parsi; but this girdle is formed of six threadlike ribbons split out of a leaflet of the date-palm and twisted together. The bundle, when properly purified, is laid upon the crescent-shaped tops of two adjacent metal stands, whence it is taken up by the officiating priest, to hold in his left hand during certain recitations. 1 Av. astra and sraosha-karana, implements for scourging and punishing sinners and criminals. 3 Vend. XVIII, 1-4. Vend. XVIII, 5. * Vend. XVIII, 6. Vend. XVIII, 8-10. * The foreseer' of the dawn, an epithet of the domestic cock. ? Pahl. radinida no- i munak- i kadmon. 8 Vend. XVIII, 13-17, 23-26, 28, 29. M2 Digitized by Google

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164 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. fully kindling it; also the blessing of the fire on mankind, when pleased and untroubled 1. 71. About the four special sins by which the fiend ? receives vigorous pregnancy, and the atonement for each separately s 72. About the grievous sinfulness, trouble, lamentation (navikih), and harm that proceed from a courtezan; also the advantageousness of her destruction - 73. About the retribution for the sin of having sexual intercourse with a menstruous woman'. 74. About the combat (kashisno) of the evil spirit with Zaratust, the victory of Zaratust therein, and whatever is on the same subject. 75. About Zaratust having enquired of Adharmazd how, and by what means, one has to confound the evil spirit and other demons, and his reply?. 76. About the gratification of Vohaman, the archangel, owing to the washing and bringing back to use of polluted clothing; also praise unto Adharmazd for his narrating the care of the clothing 8. 77. About the reward which they give up to a human soul for the sake of kindness, and whereto and how is the attainment to exaltation of him who is given ito. 78. About the going of VohQman to meet the souls of the righteous, the notification of their position, their announcement for reward, and the contented progress of the souls of the righteous to their [home], to the throne of Adharmazd and 1 Vend. XVIII, 18-22, 26, 27. : The Av. drug is feminine. 3 Vend. XVIII, 30-59. * Vend. XVIII, 60-65. * Vend. XVIII, 66-76. 6 Vend. XIX, 1-10. 7 Vend. XIX, 11-14. 8 Vend. XIX, 20-25. * Vend. XIX, 27-30. 10 This word, mehan (Av. maethana), has been omitted by the Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIV, 71-81. 165 the archangels, which is made of gold?. 79. About the terror of the demons owing to the scent of the righteous, and the fear that arose among them owing to the birth of Zaratust . 80. About the great powerfulness of plants of a poisonous characters for the forcible - keeping away of much adversity; the production of entire species (pur saradako) of plants by Adharmazd for the curing of the creatures from disease (ayoyakih); the success of the Gokereno o plant--which is the white Hom-in curing, as compared with other plants; and the diligence of Airman (r) in the medical treatment of the world? 81. Information about the ritual (nfrang) through which the violence of the fiend was minimized at the original creation; and the great powerfulness of the Airman supplication, the Ahunavairo, and other repairer of the manuscript, when noting, on his patch, the words he had cut out. i Vend. XIX, 31, 32. * Vend. XIX, 33, 43-47; no notice being taken of the invocatory passage 34-42. * Pahl. bis'kihar, Av. viskithra. * Reading nirugik which suits the context better than nirangik, ritualistic.' Av. gaokerena, a mythical tree, or plant, supposed to grow in the ocean, where it is guarded by ten enormous fish, and, at the time of the renovation of the universe, the elixir of immortality is expected to be prepared from its twigs mingled with the fat of a mythical ox (see Bd. IX, 6, XVII , 1-6, XXVII, 4, XXX, 25). Av. Airyaman, a spirit whose powers of healing, chiefly by spells, are celebrated in Vend. XXII; and who is invoked in Yas. LIV, a spell that concludes the recitation of the Gathas. ? Vend. XX, 1-12. * The Airyama-ishy8 (Yas. LIV), or invocation of Airyaman, quoted in Vend. XX, 11, XXI, 20, XXII, 23. * See Chap. I, 7 n. Digitized by Google

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166 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. Gathic Avesta', for restraining the demons from destroying the world of righteousness 82. It is righteousness that is perfect excellence. It is the excellence of righteousness that is perfect. CHAPTER XLV. 1. Of the three divisions of the Hadokhts, as it exists in its 133 sections, the first is of thirteen sections, and contains particulars about the nature of the recital of the Ahunavair", which is the spiritual benefit from chanting it aloud, and whatever is on the same subject. 2. Advice about selecting and 1 Yas. XLVI, 7 and XLIV, 16 be which are quoted after the other spells in each of the last three fargards of the Vendidad. 2 Vend. XXII, 1-25, XX, 13-15, XXI, 18-23, and probably the rest of XXI. Corresponding to the twentieth word, dadad, in the Ahunavair, according to B. P. Riv.;. but it is the twenty-first, and last, Nask in other Rivayats. Its name occurs in the Avesta, in the form hadhaokhta, and it is called Hadukht in the Rivayats, which also state that it contained thirty kardah, or fargards, which differs considerably from the number stated in this chapter. Yts. XXI, XXII are traditionally supposed to belong to the Hadokht, but there is hardly a trace of either of them in this chapter. Yt. XI is also distinguished by the same title. As the total of the 13+102 + 19 sections (mentioned in $$ 1, II, 13) is 134, instead of 133, there must be an error in one of the four numbers given in the MS. This clerical error can hardly have been made in writing 19, and is unlikely in 102; but 133 may possibly stand for an original 134, though the writing of 13 instead of 12 is more probable. The Rivayats give no assistance in settling this question, as they all divide this Nask into 30 kardah. On the whole, it will be safest to read 'twelve,' instead of thirteen,' until some better authority becomes available. * Compare Yt. XI, 3. * It is just possible that this may refer to Yt. XXI which, though specially alluding to the recitation of the Ashem-vohu, or praise of Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIV, 82-XLV, 7. 167 keeping a spiritual and worldly high-priest, performing every duty as to the high-priest, and maintaining even those of various high-priests. 3. About the twenty-one chieftainships, spiritually through Adharmazd and materially through Zaratust, through which the ceremonial of the sacred beings and the government of the members of the community (dahmane rayinidarih) exist. 4. About the duties in the five periods of the day and night, each separately, and the bridge-judgment of him who shouts out? in the ceremony of a seasonfestival 3 ; likewise of him who does not provide the preparations for the feast of a season-festival, and who also becomes worried (sadako) in other ceremonials of the sacred beings. 5. About how to consider and what to do with a sacerdotal leader and a man of the superior classes (pisakikano), him who atones for unimportant sin, and him who does not atone even for that which is important; and whatever is on the same subject. 6. About the means through which membership of the community (dahmih) is prepared. 7. About the manifestation of virtuous manhood, and the merit and advantage from well uttering the words of blessing at eating and drinking food and drink, and from despising the inward talk of the demons. righteousness, also mentions that of the Ahunavair in its $ 4. With regard, however, to Yt. XXII, there seems no possibility of identifying its text with any portion of the Hadokht Nask as described in this chapter. See Chap. XXIX, 9. * Reading bara draye do, but it may be bara girayedo, "is zealous.' See Chap. VII, 1. Digitized by Google

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168 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. 8. About the recitations at the five periods of the day, the ceremonial invocation by name of many angels in each separately, and great information on the same subject. 9. The worthiness of a man restrained (vandak) by authority, the devotion of life and body to the sacred beings, the good rulers, and their examination and satisfaction; also the blessing and winning words which are most successful in carrying off the affliction that is owing to the fiend. 10. About allpleasing creativeness and omniscience, every precedence ', leadership, foresight?, worthy liberality, perspicacity (venakih), and all proper cause and effect of righteousness; the individuality (khadih) of righteousness, the opposition to the demons of Adharmazd's law, and also much other information in the same section. 11. The middle division is of 102 sections containing particulars about spiritual and worldly diligence, the leadership of the diligent and their mighty means, all the former deeds of righteousness. 12. Righteousness kindling the resolution is the reward of merit, each for each, and is provided by it for that which one mentions thus :--' It is the Hadokht which is the maintenance of righteousness, so that it may make righteousness more abiding in the body of a man.' 13. The last division is of nineteen sections containing a trusty remedy, that is, a remedy whose utterance aloud by the faithful is a chief resource (afzartam) for the creatures of the sacred beings. * Assuming that pesagih stands for pesagih. ? Assuming that pes vonakih stands for pes venakih. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLV, 8-XLVI, 1. 169 14. Also the nature of sayings full of humility (purpastih), well-favoured, most select, and adapted for that which one mentions thus :--'I reverence that chief, the beneficent and eminent Hadokht, out of which is the sustainment of the strength of every word of Zaratust they trust in.' 15. It is perfect excellence that is righteousness. CHAPTER XLVI. 1. The Gathas of the Yast!, as the first offspring of the Ahunavair, are a recitation of the source of sources of the religion, and in the compass (parvastarih) of the Gathas, every word (marik) 1 Corresponding to the twenty-first word, vastarem, in the Ahunavair, according to B.P. Riv.; but it is the first Nask in other Rivayats. In Chap. I, 9, 12 it is called Stod-yast, praise-ritual, (Av. staota yesnya); and Stud-yast, or Yast, in the Rivayats, which also state that it contains thirty-three kardah, or zurat. In Sls. XIII, I we are told that Visaise-amesha-spenta (Yas. XIV, 1) is the beginning of the Stotan-yasno; and, if we look for its end, we find Yas. LVIII, LIX both ending with special reverence of the whole collection of the Stotan-yasnan. We may therefore conclude that Yas. XIV-LIX, with its supplementary passages in Visp. V-XXIV, contains the whole of the Stod-yast. But from this we must deduct Yas. XIX-XXI which are the first three fargards of the Bako Nask, Yas. LII which is an interpolation, and Yas. LVI, LVII which are the Srosh Yasts, lesser and greater; we must also consider the Yasna Haptanghaiti as a single section, in accordance with its treatment in Bk. IX, Chaps. XII, XXXV, LVII; and much of the Visperad may not belong to the primitive text mentioned in SS 3. Making these necessary deductions we have exactly thirty-three has of the Yasna left for the Stod-yast, as stated in the Rivayats. This word can also be read fra vistarih (A v. fra + vid), 'interpretation,' or frostarih, handing down.' Digitized by Google

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170 DINKARD, BOOK VIII. in it is the origin of a word. 2. The word ahal of the beginning ? is of a like kind with ahya, the beginning of the Gathas; the end word, which is vastarem*, is of a like kind with vahyo", the end of the Gathas; and the whole--which, though its nature is of one kind, is distributed (vakhto) in what is selected therefrom-is stored up (avargado) in this compendium 6 of all parts of the Mazda-worshipping religion. 3. Likewise the purport (avori-hastan)? of its verse (gah), and the particulars of the primitive Visperad 8 are to procure homage and praise, oblation and invocation; and the blessing", which is regulated by the sagacity of the creator, is adapted for the spiritual illustration of the lodgment of the ceremonial of the sacred beings therein. 4. All 1 The Ahunavair begins with the words yatha aha vairyo. The word a hu, in the MS., is written ahi as usual in Iran. Assuming that bara stands for bun. * The first Gatha, or sacred hymn, begins with the words a hya yasa nemangha (Yas. XXVIII, I a). There is, of course, no connection but that of sound between aha, 'a spiritual lord,' and a hya, 'of this;' nor is there any other between the concluding words vastarem, 'a protector,' and va hyo, 'better,' though the phrases in which these latter occur are of a very similar character, which fully justifies the comparison made in the text. * The Ahunavair ends with the words yim drigubyo dadad vastarem, The last Gatha ends with the words ya erezhegyoi dahi drigaove vahyo (Yas. LIII, 9 d). * The Gathas apparently. ? Or avar-gastan, 'disseminations.' * The Visperad service consists of the Yasna ritual with certain additional passages intermixed, which passages are called the Visperad because the earlier ones invoke all the chiefs' (vispe ratavo, Visp. II, 3) of creation. Possibly Yas. LV. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLVI, 2-5. 171 three are provisions for the first and last presentations? which one utters by means of the Stod Yast. 5. It is perfect is the excellence of righteousness; it is perfect excellence that is righteousness; with the copy revised (rayinido). 1 Probably referring to Yas. XIV and LVIII. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER I, I-II, 9. 173 and the first fargard is the Yatha-ahd-vairyo?, just as the Yatha-ahd-vairyo formula is as it were the beginning (bunih) of the religion, and from it is the formation of the Nasks which, though about the first six sciences (danisno), have also demonstrated the existence of the highest of other sciences in its own place. 3. And here it speaks about the power and success owing to uttering the Yatha-ahd-vairyo formula? at the beginning of actions. 4. One utterance when one wishes to say anything to any one ; one when he wishes to beg of any one; and one when he goes to work. 5. Two when he wishes to confer his blessing. 6. Four when it is for the homage of the chiefs of creation (rado-franamisnih), or the ceremony of a season-festival. 7. Five when it is for carrying off the fiend. 8. Six when it is for power; and six when it is for the success of a battle. 9. Seven when it is for the ceremonial of division, but the last of the general list of Nasks) contained the text of the Gathas, so the next three of the Gathic division contained commentaries, or homilies, upon that text, written with different objects in view. The purpose of the Sodkar was apparently (as its name imports) to extract useful instruction from the text, and to illustrate it with legends and remarks. A separate fargard is devoted to each ha of the Gathas, beginning with the three sacred formulas, and including the united Yasna Haptanghaiti and the Afryaman. The connection between the commentary and text, though usually traceable, is not always very clear; but that is a common characteristic of homilies in general. 1 The Ahunavair (see Bk. VIII, Chap. I, 7). This fargard explains the use made of this formula, and the benefits derived from it. 2 As a spell, or appeal for success. The text of $$ 4-15 has been independently handed down by tradition, with a few variations, in Sls. XIX and the Persian Rivayat of Bahman Pungyah. Digitized by Google

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174 DINKARD, BOOK 1X. the archangels, or when one wishes to perform the ceremonial of the archangels. 10. Eight when it is for the ceremonial of a guardian spirit of the righteous. I. Nine when one wishes to cast seed into his land. 12. Ten when one wishes to allow procreation. 13. Eleven when one goes to ask for a wife. 14. Twelve when one expects to go up on a mountain. 15. Thirteen when one wishes to go to an inhabited district (rudastak-1); twelve 1 when he goes out pathless; and one when he wishes to proceed by a ford through the water. 16. About the place where one has to utter the first Yatha-aha-vairyo for smiting the demons. 17. About the good results (da hisnan) of a suitable recital of the words of the Ahunavair, the summary of everything for Zaratust to utter. 18. And about the fact that, through chanting forth every single word of the Ahunavair with a virtuous intention, a demon is disabled, and there is protection of person and property from the adversary. 19. About the division of the twenty-one Nasks, likewise, according to the first, second, and third lines (gas) of the Ahunavairs 20. About the increase of the creatures owing to the liberal thought, word, and deed of a righteous person ; owing to the priests having become numerous, and the reverence of him who is making them numerous; and owing to the perpetual meditation of righteousness and the existence of its recompense. 21. Righteousness is perfect excellence. i Sls. XIX, 14 has 'thirteen.' . So in both MSS., but on ayov, 'or,' is more probable than 10 aevako, and one.' * See Bk. VIII, Chap. I, 7. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER II, 10-IV, 1. 175 CHAPTER III. Sadkar Nask. 1. The second fargard, Ashem-voha ?, is about the praise of righteousness which is the reward of the religion, and the want of praise at the bridge of judgment owing to enmity (patyanih) to righteousness. 2. Of righteousness perfect is the excellence. CHAPTER IV. Sadkar Nask. 1. The third fargard, Yenhe-hatam 3, is about 1 This chapter is omitted in K by mistake. ? This second sacred formula is recited by the Parsis even oftener than the Ahunavair, and consists of twelve Avesta words, as follows: Ashem vohu vahistem asti, usta asti; usta ahmai hyad ashai vahistai ashem. This may be translated as follows:- Righteousness is the best good, a blessing it is; a blessing be to that which is righteousness to perfect rectitude.' But the Pahlavi version explains it as follows: Righteousness is perfect excellence [righteousness of any excellence is good]. Happy is that righteousness and happy also that virtuous man who is a causer of righteousness, the righteousness that is perfect (that is, he shall accomplish duty and good works).' * This third formula is chiefly recited at the end of most of the has in the Yasna, and consists of fifteen Avesta words, as follows: Yenhe hatam kad, yesne paiti, vangho mazdau ahurd vaetha, ashad haka, yaunghamka, taska tauska yazamaide. This may be translated as follows:- Of whatever male of the Digitized by Google

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176 DINKARD, BOOK IX. the formation of mankind by slow increase, and, when they live on for fifty years, their slowly becoming dust; the coming of death even to him who is very pleasantly living, as regards mankind, at the climax (barino) of his life; and the happiness of the worldly existence is given only to the worthy, on account of their love of righteousness; the rest are passed by2. 2. And also this, that he who is produced by the demons, or is proceeding to the existences, therefore, Ahuramazda was better cognizant, through righteousness in worship, and of whatever females, both those males and those females we reverence.' The Pahlavi version explains it as follows:- Whoever of those existing is thus in worship as regards a good being (that is, shall celebrate a ceremonial for that good being who is Adharmasd the lord], Adharmazd is aware of it, owing to the accompaniment of righteousness (and being acquainted with the reward and recompense of whatever are, severally, the duty and good works that any one has performed, he grants them). I reverence those of the assembly, males and females (the archangels; because the male of them are good, and the female of them.' The Pahlavi translator evidently read vangho in the first line of the text, as printed above, and not in the second, as in the present MSS. 1 So in K, but B has seventy.' The text seems to allude to the beginning of old age, of which three grades are mentioned in the Avesta (Vend. III, 19, 20): the hand, zaururo, and pairistakhshudro. The Pahlavi version defines the age of each grade, but the ciphers given are corrupted in the MSS. extant. The Far. Oim, p. 5, 11. 9, 10, gives fifty years as the age of the zarman (Av. zaururo), seventy years as that of the han (Av. hano), and ninety years as that of the padirano-shusar (Av. pairista. khshudro); but whether this arrangement of the ages is compatible with the different order of these epithets in the Avesta is doubtful, though it shows that old age was considered to begin at the age of fifty years. * Reading saki-a ito according to K, though the word can also be read segi-aito, are ruined ;' in B it can be read gadaigiaite, are impoverished.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER IV, 2-V, 6. 177 demons, or has committed falsehood, is the opulent person who gives nothing to a worthy supplicant. 3. Righteousness is perfect excellence. CHAPTER V. Sadkar Nask. 1. The fourth fargard, Yanim-mano', is about where a gradual development (der-zahisnih) of that which is for the future existence is best ; and, secondly, that which occurs now when the wisdom, instructed eloquence, diligence, and energetic effort, which are the utilizers of life, are with one, and these five misusers of it-greediness, want of energy, indolence, defilement, and illicit intercourse-are not with one. 2. This, too, that these five defects existed in Dahak ?, and owing to that, moreover, Fredan? is irritated with him, and smites him in revenge for Yim 3. About the heinousness of these four vices, which are drunkenness, knavish companionship, apostasy, and selfishness, and the grievous results therefrom. 4. And this, too, that Yim drove away these four vices from the world, and then was able to prepare immortality. 5. About avoidance of him who, through any statement, is producing a thief as an orator (akhun), and of acquiescence with a hasty unoratorical statement of a companion. 6. And this, too, that he who propagates very evil commands in the world gives stout-heartedness to the fiend. 1 The first two words of the introduction to the first Gatha (Yas. XXVIII, o), here written yanimanoko in Pahlavi. See Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 8. 8 Ibid. $ 6. [37] Digitized by Google

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178 DINKARD, BOOK IX. 7. About the clamour of a poor distressed one for a perfect remedy, and the repelling derangement (lakhvar-pafshirisnih), unacceptableness, unblessedness, and want of Gatha lore of the distresser arisen from the clamour of the distressed one. 8. About the connection of satisfying distress on true and reasonable complaint, and the reasonable complaining of true complainers, by him who has been an inferior judge, and gradually up to the highest adjudicator who is Adharmazd. 9. The excellence of righteousness is perfect. CHAPTER VI. Sudkar Nask. 1. The fifth fargard, Khshmaibya ', is about the forgetfulness of a father for a son, a son for a father, a brother for a brother, a friend for a friend, a husband (manpato) for a wife (narik), and a wife for a husband in a measurable time, through excess and festivity (khang); and the unforgetfulness of the spirit of the Gathas for so many reciters and chanters of the Gathas. 2. About the complaint of the spirit of the Gathas when a high-priest, although priest of the country-folk (dehigano), passes away in an out-district ?, and the body of that man does not come back to his own land; whatever is relating to that, and, besides that, what is to be born in that 1 The first word of the second ha of the first Gatha (Yas. XXIX, I), here written khshmoaibe (B) and khshmaibe (K) in Pahlavi. * Reading all adehikih (from Av. uzdahuyu); in Sls. IX, 2, 3, where this passage is evidently referred to, this word has been erroneously read allsdayakih and translated idolatry,' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER V, 7-VII, 5. 179 land, and the oppressiveness of apostates which arises. 3. About the superior power of the spirit of the Gathas, and also that of liberality, in preserving the soul from hell. 4. Excellence that is perfect is righteousness. CHAPTER VII. Sadkar Nask. 1. The sixth fargard, Ad-ta-vakhshya, is about the perfection of the five excellences: the first through righteousness, the second through virtuous offspring, the third through land producing vegetation, the fourth through flocks of sheep, and the fifth through training in industry. 2. About the distribution of fortune to the diligent; and of destitution to the indolent. 3. About the acquirement of fortune singly sitting, two-fold even walking, three-fold hastening, four-fold even running, five-fold even carrying on a horse, six-fold even driving on a road, seven-fold by understanding legal proceedings, eight-fold by good protection even of wealth, nine-fold by intelligence and diligence in the cultivation of land, and ten-fold by providing the teaching of the bounteous texts? 4. About the grievous sorrow of an aged man, owing to the indolence of any one in youth. 5. About the four things through which, when a man has 1 The first three words of the third ha of the first Gatha (Yas. XXX, I), here written ato-ta-vakhshiya (B) and ata - vakhsha (K) in Pahlavi. 9 The liturgy (mansar-spend). N 2 Digitized by Google

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180 DINKARD, BOOK IX. amassed them in his youth, he becomes very pleased in old age: first, virtuous learning ; second, productive wealth ; third, a good wife ; and fourth, a prosperous dwelling. 6. About the five storeholders 1 of perfect excellence : industry, diligence, contentment, guileless understanding (nirikhthushih), and provision of means. 7. About abstaining from sitting with drunkards. 8. And this, too, that he does not drink varieties of wine (mae-gunagano) with the approval of the sacred beings, who becomes a viciously-disposed assailant and annoyer of others, and a disturber kepintdar) of duties, through drinking varieties of wine. 9. And this, too, that thou shouldst eat that which is your food where there is a suitable place. 10. And where it is eaten by thee it should be lightly, it should not be heavily, so that, when it is eaten by thee, a good work is performed, and there is abstinence from sin. 11. And, so that what thou eatest shall be immortally joyful to thee, where there are poor, provide them a share, and the poor will bless thee; and, as to a poor man who is righteous, the opinion is that his blessing is best. 12. Excellence that is perfect is righteousness. CHAPTER VIII. Sudkar Nask. 1. The seventh fargard, Ta-ve-urvata?, is about Reading gang-dano; or it may be du zaga no, 'seals, though this is less likely, as a plural form is rarely used with a numeral. 9 The first three words of the fourth ha of the first Gatha (Yas. XXXI, 1), here written ta-va-rato in Pahlavi in both MSS. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VII, 6-IX, 1. 181 the exhibition to Zaratust of the nature of the four periods in the millennium of Zaratast 2. First, the golden, that in which Adharmazd displayed the religion to Zaratust. 3. Second, the silver, that in which Vistasp received the religion from Zaratust. 4. Third, the steel, the period within which the organizer.of righteousness, Aturpad son of Maraspend, was born. 5. Fourth, the period mingled with iron is this, in which is much propagation of the authority of the apostate and other villains, as regards the destruction of the reign of religion, the weakening of every kind of goodness and virtue, and the disappearance of honour and wisdom from the countries of Iran. 6. In the same period is an account of the many perplexities and torments (zakhami-hastano) of the period for that desire of the life of the good which subsists in seemliness. 7. Perfect righteousness is excellence. CHAPTER IX. Sadkar Nask. 1. The eighth fargard, Hvaetumaiti", is about the abstinence of mankind, for special propitiation, from being unreliant upon religion, on account of reverence for the evil spirits; that from the habit of 1 Compare Yas. XXXI, 14; Byt. I, 1-5. . See Bk. VIII, Chap. XI, 1-3. See Bk. VIII, Chap. I, 22. * The appellation of the fifth ha of the first Gatha (Yas. XXXII) which begins with the words a huya ka hvaetus; it is here written khvatamaito in Pahlavi in both MSS. s Compare Yas. XXXII, 3. Digitized by Google

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182 DINKARD, BOOK IX. being ungirdled, on account of reverence for Andar1 and that for Sovar ; that from walking with one boots, on account of reverence for Taurvo and Zariko 4; that from being harmfully inquisitorial, on account of reverence for Akatash ; and that from the habit of being without a serpent-scourge, on account of reverence for all the demons 6. 2. About the hungry intention (gusnakominisnih) of him who eats? and drinks chattering; the delight of the demons on that account; and advice as regards not speaking a word during eating and drinking. 3. As to the praise and gratification of the sacred beings before eating and drinking, Av. Andra, or Indra; one of the arch-demons produced by the evil spirit, and the special opponent of the archangel Ashavahist; he seduces from virtue and opposes the use of the sacred shirt and girdle (see Bd. I, 27, XXVIII, 8, 10, XXX, 29; Ep. I, X, 9; Pahl. Yas. XLVII, 1). * Av. Sauru; another of the arch-demons and the special opponent of the archangel Shatvairo; he encourages anarchy and drunkenness, and opposes the use of the sacred shirt and girdle (see Bd. I, 27, XXVIII, 9, 10, XXX, 29; Ep. I, x, 9). * Probably equivalent to walking in stockings,' though some think it means 'walking barefoot. It is sinful on account of the risk of pollution from stepping on impurities. * Av. Tauru and Zairika; two more of the arch-demons and the special opponents of the archangels Khardad and Amurdad; they produce and diffuse poison, and are propitiated by walking with one boot (see Bd. I, 27, XXVIII, 11, 13, XXX, 29; Ep. I, X, 9). 6 Av. Akatasha; 'the fiend of inquisitiveness, who makes the creatures look away from proper things' (Bd. XXVIII, 20), and appears to be closely connected with the demon Aeshm, wrath.' * See Bd. XXVIII, 21, 22, and Bk. VIII, Chap. XVIII, 2. ?B omits eats.' Talking during eating is sinful because the eater has muttered an inward prayer, as a protective spell, the good effect of which would be destroyed by speaking aloud compare Bk. VIII, Chap. XLIII, 37). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER IX, 2-7. 183 and also on finishing; and the purity of the mouth owing to its praise of righteousness ? 4. About him whose ownership of any good work, that they : may perform, does not attain to the best existence, on account of not possessing a high-priest by habit. 5. About the period of the ceremonial of Srosh 4, the righteous, being mostly on the passing away of the first half of the night, and the announcement of him who is the celebrator (ya star) is for his protection from the fiend spirit. 6. The period of the ceremonial of Rashna 8 and Astad" is mostly after that, in the jurisdiction (radih) of the Adshahin 8, and the announcement of him who is the celebrator is abundance of grain. 7. The period of the ceremonial of Mitro o of the wide cattle-pastures, and of the spirit of the pleasure of eating 10, is mostly in the i Khas 'protection.' ? That is, its muttering the Ashem-vohu formula which is recited thrice, as a conclusion of the inward prayer (see Dd. LXXIX, In). Or it may be 'he,' as the optative 3rd plural is often used for the singular ; but it is a doctrine of the religion that a person who causes good works to be done by others, as he does when he employs a priest to perform ceremonies, is as much the owner of the good works as the actual performer is (see Sls. X, 22, 23 for cases of less direct agency). * See Bk. VIII, Chaps. IX, 3, XLIV, 16, and Pahl. Yas. I, 22. * As an offering, referring to the verb nivae dha yemi, 'I announce or invite,' with which most of the clauses of Yas. I. commence. See Bk. VIII, Chap. XX, 153, and Pahl. Yas. I, 23. ? Av. Arstad, rectitude,' a female angel who assists the soul on its way to the other world (see AV. V, 3). 8 The period from midnight till dawn (see Bk. VIII, Chap. XXIX, 9). See Bk. VIII, Chap. XLIV, 16. 10 Av. ram hoa strem, Pahl. ramisno khvarom, who COoperates with Mitro (see Pahl. Yas. I, 9). Digitized by Google

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184 DINKARD, BOOK IX. jurisdiction of the Havan ', and the announcement of him who is the celebrator is a flock of sheep. 8. The period of the ceremonial of Ashavahist?, and also of the fire of Adharmazd, is mostly in the jurisdiction of the Rapithwin, and the announcement of him who is the celebrator is an assemblage of righteousness. 9. The period of the ceremonial of the lofty lord of females, the descendant of waters 4, and also of the water created by Adharmazd, is mostly in the jurisdiction of the Adzaerin", and the announcement of him who is the celebrator is a troop of heroes (viran ramako). 10. And the period of the ceremonial of the guardian spirits of the righteous, of the females with troops of heroes and years of pleasant dwelling, of the might which is well-formed and handsome, as well as victorious and created by Adharmazd, and of the fighting which is in the ascendant", is mostly in the jurisdiction of the Aiwisrathrim ?, and the announcement of him who is the celebrator is the origin of all excel The period from dawn till noon, and in winter it extends into the afternoon (see Bd. XXV, 9-14). See Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXVII, 14, and Pahl. Yas. I, 12. * The afternoon till 3 p.m. during summer (see Bd. XXV, 9-14). Here written Rapisvag. * Av. berezato ahurahe nafedhro apam, Pahl. bar'xand khuda i nekedan- i avan napo (see Pahl. Yas. I, 15). The evening from the middle of the afternoon till dusk (see Bd. XXV, 9; Sls. XXI, 4-7). . See Pahl. Yas. I, 18, 19. ? The period from dusk till midnight; here written ayidiksrOksrim. It will be noticed that the periods for the ceremonials of the beings here detailed correspond with those with which their names are connected in Yas. I, 3-7, II, 3-7, III, 5-9, IV, 8-12, VI, 2-6, VII, 5-9 (W.). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER IX, 8-X, 3. 185 lence, and the produce of all manifestation of righteousness. 11. Righteousness is perfect excellence. CHAPTER X. Sadkar Nask. 1. The ninth fargard, Yathais?, is about the devilry, the blighted destiny, the complete pollution, the grievous stench, the heinous sinfulness, and the annoyance to all spiritual and worldly virtue of the sodomite. 2. The atonement for grievous sinfulness and the appropriation of great good works by him who is a molester, and the awful sinfulness of him who is a propitiator, of that sinner. 3. Of the seven one mentions as evil, who are accounted equal to the evil spirit in vileness--such as A2- Dahak ? in witchcraft, the serpent Srobar in violence, Vadak 3 in producing evil progeny 4, Tar-t Bradar-vakhsh in destroying a righteous man, and an apostate o in grievous sinfulness--the permitter and performer of 1 The first word of the sixth ha of the first Gatha (Yas. XXXIII, I), here written yasais in Pahlavi in both MSS. See Bk. VIII, Chaps. XIII, 8, XXXV, 13, and Dd. LXXII, 2-9, which last chapter contains further details regarding these seven heinous sinners, probably derived from the actual text of this ninth fargard of the Sadkar Nask. The mother of Dabak (Dd. LXXII, 5), the same as Udai in Bd. XXXI, 6; for her viciousness see Dd. LXXVIII, 2. * Pahl. sarya huno-dahakih, which last word indicates an original Av. hunusta (see Pahl. Yas. L, 10 b). Both MSS. have A harmano, but this differs only in its last letter from a harmok, 'an apostate,' which is the reading of Dd. LXXII, 9 and more suitable to the context. Digitized by Google

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186 DINKARD, BOOK IX. unnatural intercourse are unique in heinous sinfulness. 4. Perfect is the excellence of righteousness. CHAPTER XI. Sadkar Nask. 1. The tenth fargard, Ya-shyaothana', is about the complaint of the spirit of fires to Adharmazd owing to seven descriptions of people. 2. First, owing to domestics considering it as contemptible and in an unresisting state (aga ngih), molesting it immoderately, and making use of it with unwashed hands; also the damsel who has introduced fire into the sole of her foot, and the bursting of the blister (avila g); and a weapon brought out into its splendour. 3. Second, the complaint owing to the carriers of fire from that abode (where the provision of care for fire is as a law to them, to that abode] 2 where the provision of care for fire is not as a law to them. 4. And there, owing to the arrival and preparation of the demons, it lay stupefied, like a powerful youth who is feverish and in a languid state; and its cure from that sickness (ayoyakih) was by bringing forward to it their pure sandalwood, or benzoin, or aloe-wood, or pomegranate', or 1 The first two words of the seventh, and last, ha of the first Gatha (Yas. XXXIV, 1), here written ya-sh yasno in Pahlavi in both MSS. This fargard may perhaps be considered as a homily upon Yas. XXXIV, 4. . The words in brackets are omitted in B by mistake. * The traditional equivalents of the four sweet-scented vegetable substances, Av.urvasna,vohu-gaona, vohQ-kereti, and hadhanaepata, which are mentioned in Vend. VIII, 2, 79, IX, 32, XIV, 3, Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER X, 4-XI, 10. 187 whatever there was of the most odoriferous of plants. 5. Third, the complaint owing to the hussy unto whom it happens, through menstruation, that the stench and filth owing to the menstruation is brought to it (the fire); and its sickness and stupefaction owing thereto are as written above. 6. Fourth, the complaint owing to the hussy who, dropping her knee on to the fire-stand, arranged her curls; the falling of damp and moisture from her head, with the hair and filth therefrom, into the fire ; the consumption of it discontentedly, and the sickness and stupefaction owing thereto. 7. Fifth, the complaint owing to the father, or guardian, of a child for not keeping the child away from the fire; and the bodily refuse and other unlawfulness that come upon it from such children. 8. Sixth, the complaint owing to the adversity which the unpurified infidel (agdeno) may bring upon it, by blowing the breath of his mouth upon it in directing its use, and it becomes incalculable. 9. Seventh, the complaintwhich, one says, is more awful and more grievous-- owing to those who use it as an ordeal for a falsehood, and, when it is made evident thereby as to the acquitted and convicted, they become of a different opinion about it. 10. At the place of complaint that which is polluted is put forward together with that which is pure, and the increase of it (the fire) is through lawful and unlawful operation; its burning alone XVIII, 71 as acceptable fuel for the sacred fire, or scent for fumigation; their Pahlavi names are merely corruptions of these Avesta words. The word geh, courtezan,' is used here and in $ 6 merely as a general opprobrious term for a woman. Digitized by Google

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188 DINKARD, BOOK IX. and increasing are such as when both would be as a necessity for it, and undesired and rapid burning and increasing are those which are polluted by burning and insatiably consuming ; and in that which is an operation unlawfully--the burning alone and increasing being (such as when]both would be as a necessity (for it)--the increase is troubled. 11. This, too, he says: 'I am not of the world here, and from here I will extricate myself, from the earth up to the sky; I am also thy son", more to thee than any of the other creatures.' 12. And Adhar mazd spoke to him thus : So thou shouldst stand over the fire, in thy proper duty as (a spirit (r)], carrying that club; [it is a substantial means, because I produce it, through which] thou turnest off [the whole bodily existence], some to the endless light, and some to the endless darkness.' 13. This, too, that he who shall provide care for fire has paid the greatest reverence unto Adharmazd. 14. The propitiation of the righteous is the best thing, and their vexation is the worst; when pleased they favour one, and it is the law of the sacred beings that they promote ; [when vexed they wound, and it is the demon that they restrict. 15. It is righteousness that is perfect excellence.] As in the case of a destructive conflagration. * The words in brackets are supplied by guess, to fill up a blank space left by the repairer of B on one of his patches. In K the passage is shorter, and stands as follows:- and in that which is unlawful operation it is troubled by the increase.' * The spirit of fires mentioned in $1. This dialogue seems to be a quotation from the original Pahlavi version of the Nask. * Fire being called 'the son of Adharmasd.' * Both MSS. have 'me' by mistake. * The passages in brackets are omitted in B, evidently by mistake. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XI, 11-XII, 3. 189 CHAPTER XII. Sadkar Nask. 1. The eleventh fargard, the Yasna", is about the assembly of the angels of the spiritual existences on account of the complaint of fire; and the complaint of fire in the assembly, with its statement of this, too? : 'I am not of the world here, and from here I will extricate myself, from the earth up to the sky, and there I will shine on to the earth of seven regions, like the moon and sun and even the divinelyproduced stars when they shine with their own light. 2. The words of Adharmazd about the just complaining of fire as regards the contamination of the creatures, the impossibility of keeping the fire undisturbed, and satisfying the fire concerning the creation of the creatures for the worldly existence, along with the disturbed condition of fire, too, owing to the impossibility of maintaining the uncreated state which, with the freedom from disturbance of fire also, was better; likewise proclaiming the care of it. 3. And the speech of the fire was thus : 'If there be not that one mode whereby I may thus shine, owing to those that have acted according to my request thou art aware. O Adharmazd! there 1 The Yasna of seven chapters, Av. yasna haptanghaiti (Yas. XXXV, 3-XLI, 6), here written asno (for yesno) in both MSS. The spirit of fires, after repeating to the heavenly council the complaint he had already made to Adharmazd alone, concludes with the same threat as in Chap. XI, 11. 8 B gumekhtakih (K gumesakih) implies deterioration by an intermingling' of evil. . K omits these last four words by mistake. 6 That is, if he cannot desert the world, owing to the necessity of stopping with those who act properly. Digitized by Google

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190 DINKARD, BOOK IX. are some among the creatures that I cannot grant so much to; therefore carry me away, 0 Adharmazd! then give me away there ! and be thou carrying me away into the midst of Afran-veg!' 4. The propitious ? fire is from the creator Adharmazd, and it is produced by him in a dwelling, without being handled (bara sadako) ?, by aid of bringing together 4. 5. And so he spoke in words thus : 'Such is thine own growth, thou who art my fire ! in every dwelling where thou comest, and in every village, every community, and every province; and as exalted as thou are the water and plants, and he, too, who is a guardian spirit of the righteous, when they shall bring forward holy-water for delivering up to thee 6; and, when they shall bring forward to thee firewood which is dry, a personthrough the light which he observes- has spoken of it thus : "This is the Gusn-aspo fire." 6. About so much reward of the hewer and inspector and kindler of the firewood--when all three shall do it for the sake of affection--as they The primeval home of Mazda-worship, the abode of Yim, and the scene of Zaratust's first promulgation of the religion, the Airyanem vaeg o of the Avesta (see Vend. I, 1, 3, II, 21; Bd. XX, 32, XXXII, 3). ? Pahl. afzunik; the spenista (most bounteous' fire of Yas. XVII, II, XXXVI, 3. According to Pahl. Yas. XVII, 67 it stands in heaven before Adharmazd in a spiritual state. s Or it may mean being rubbed out,' that is, 'by friction;' but compare the use of the word sudakih in Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXVII, 19. Referring probably to the establishment of a sacred fire by bringing together every possible variety of fire that can be obtained. * Merely as a formal offering, or for purifying the fire-stand, not for mingling with the fire itself. . One of the three original sacred fires, which is said to have Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XII, 4-11. 191 are possessing righteousness. 7. About the character and reward of the washer (asnotar) and the producer of the purity and cleansing of that which the fire has dropped', of the introducer of the firewood and the washer upwards 2, of the stirrer of the fire and the carrier-away of the firewood, who are strictly directed; the lawful work done with a cooking-pot and such-like, and the sin of him who is a disturber of it. 8. About the destroyer of that which the fire has dropped, and the introducer of damp firewood into it. 9. About the blessing of fire for people by whom it is satisfied. 10. About advice as regards not bringing to the fire that which is due to theft, or the power of extortion, and the grievous bridge-judgments of him who is bringing it; also the defilement (aladan) and hurting of the fire from that which occurs when he likewise consecrates his hoard (hanbarisno), owing to the corruption by the demons' thus arisen. 11. This, too, that it is owing to want of attention to fire when it is not at every menstrual excitement they produce, in a woman assisted by a propensity been established, in the time of king Kai-Khasro, upon the Asnavand mountain in Atur-patakan, not far from Lake K'ekast (see Bd. XVII, 7; Zs. XI, 8-10). i B srakhto, K srakhto, both here and in 8 8; compare Av. srask. * Pahl. fras asnatar must mean one who washes in the mode defined by the Av. frasnaiti, as distinguished from upasnaiti, in Vend. VIII, 98, 99, Ep. II, iii, 2; this mode is explained as lalaik, upwards,' and distinguished from the frodgano, downward mode,' in Ep. II, iv, 2. * B inserts 'thus arisen through the demons,' the same phrase as concludes the section. K has owing to a single word of the demons,' by substituting a evak go bisno for a hukinis no. Digitized by Google

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192 DINKARD, BOOK IX. for a son (pus radih), that the progeny is a son. 12. And about the penalty for the progress of other impropriety which occurs to fire ; also about the person who has attained to the guardianship of fire and does not lawfully control it. 13. About an admonition to Zaratust as to consecrating to the sacred beings anything whatever which one eats, and not eating what is unconsecrated. 14. About the wish of the evil spirit that no one shall be performing (vadidu nan-ad) worship and obeisance to the sacred beings, and that the people shall possess no ruler and high-priest, so that no desire of theirs shall arise for any virtuousness. 15. About an admonition as to indispensably worshipping the sacred beings with the best ceremonial, that of a priest (asrako) without sin; or with an average one, that of a priest whose sin is not more than one Aredus 2 without a basis (a-bun); or with the lowest one, that of a priest whose sin is not more than one Khor : on a basis (pavan ban). 16. Whoever, in a village of Mazda-worshippers, has not chanted the sacred hymns after fifteen years of age, through sinfulness, is as a dog they have thrown provisions to, and it has occurred for a basis of the sin of unseasonable chattering *; also the inadmissibility of his soul by Mansarspend 6. 1 Assuming that pa stands for pa van. * See Bk. VIII, Chaps. XX, 64, XXXI, 39. * A sin twice as great as an Aredus (see Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXI, 39). * The sin of talking while eating, praying, or any other occasion when a prayer (vag) has been taken inwardly, as a spell, and is not yet spoken out. SA personification of the liturgy, Av. mathra spenta, 'the bounteous text.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XII, 12-23. 193 17. About the coming of Ast-vidad !, at all times, to mortals whom death has reached $, and also whom it has not. 18. About the ideas of the wicked, that the best existence does not exist, that the production of the renovation of the universe does not occur, that there are no dead whom they raise up thereby, and it is not that change one attains. 19. This, too, that is false, for the same reason they observe, being wicked; because the best existence exists, there occurs a production of the renovation which is good, they raise up the dead thereby, and thus one attains that change. 20. About an admonition as to not making lamentation and weeping over those passed away; and, after the passing away of every righteous one of the religion to the spirits, one is not to augment the distress of the very spirit of life by making lamentation and weeping over the departed. 21. And this, too, that the guardian spirits of the righteous claim no lamentation and weeping after their own ceremonial and the blessing of righteous men. 22. This, too, that the body of every one is not of like will with the soul; food is the desire of the body, and also a store of wealth; righteous action is the desire of the soul, and also the gifts which they give away. 23. About an enquiry of the righteous Zaratust as to who it is who has banished (aparinido) all goodness and perfection from his own self, but thinks them not banished, and does not complain of 1 Av. Asto-vidhotu, one of the demons of death (see Bd. XXVIII, 35; Dd. XXXVII, 44). ? Those who have attained old age, the natural time of death. (37) Digitized by Google

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194 DINKARD, BOOK IX. that loss? 24. And the reply of Adharmazd, that it is he who is deceived by his own tongue through the utterance of words, so that, through speaking falsely, he has become worthy of death. 25. This, too, that for him it is the weapon of the evil spirit; even so complete mindfulness is the reign of Spendarmad, and thus a liar is more a power for the religion when a man, on account of dulness of thought, gives no reply, so that he may not speak falsely through dulness of thought. 26. This, too, that he worships the demons with thousand-fold holy-water, who establishes him who is not a member of the community in the Zoti duty 5, sooner than him who is a wise Zoti. 27. And this, too, that thou shouldst fetch him who is a member of the community for the Zoti duty, not him who is not a member of the community, for thus thy advance is to the supreme heaven (garodmano). 28. Also this, that a bad Zoti is worse from the Zoti duty. 29. This, too, that that which is the earliest controller (ayukhtar) of sin is thought which is subduedo, then forgiveness, then shame, and then listening; and, afterwards, through the sinfulness of the fiend?, * B has and there is no complaint of the loss.' : K zivinido. . The female archangel who has special charge of the earth and virtuous women (see Sls. XV, 20-34); she is a personification of Av. spenta armaiti, 'bountiful devotion,' of which phrase the latter word is translated by Pahl. bundak-minisnih, 'complete mindfulness. See also Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3, and S. B. E., vol. xviii, pp. 393, 396. * Kadahm; B has kheshm, wrath,' here, but not so in SS 27. o See Bk. VIII, Chap. VII, 5, 9. B has he who is a controller of sin is Vohuman, owing to thinking of the spirits, which is subdued.' ? K has only through sinfulness.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XII, 24-XIII, 3. 195 one becomes a promise-breaker. 30. This, too, that they shall bring every man who is a wounder before the convocation composed of any priest who is a controller of recitation (srayisno ayukhtar), any priest who is of the district (a dehik), any priest who is of an out-district (alladehik), and any priest who is the man's own kinsman. 31. 'Thus say I unto thee, O Spitaman! let there be no breach of promise; neither when the conversation, that they would make a support, was with the wicked, and there is no great judiciousness in it ; nor when it was with those of thine own religion, the righteous, as to anything of great judiciousness; because both of them are promises, both with the wicked and the righteous ?.' 32. It is the excellence of righteousness that is perfect. CHAPTER XIII. Sadkar Nask. 1. The twelfth fargard, Ustavaiti?, is about the exaltation of Zaratust through the satisfaction of water, and the hope of all creatures for him. 2. And about the impure recitation of a text, when the text is not uttered by a high-priest. 3. This, too, that the text which a man who is corrupted may This admonition occurs repeatedly (see Chap. XX, 5; Yt. X, 2; AV. LII, 7). The appellation of the first ha of the second Gatha (Yas. XLIII) which begins with the words usta ahmai yahmai usta; it is here written allstavaito in Pahlavi. Assuming that man, 'which,' stands for amat; the Pazand of both words being practically the same. Or, it may be,' also him who does not utter the text through a high-priest.' O 2 Digitized by Google

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196 DINKARD, BOOK IX. offer is an impropriety (adinath) for that which is an uncorrupted place. 4. This, too, is declared, that a greedy man whose belly is filled by accumulation--and the end of every sin is, to him, only for the gratification of the body--one considers just like a gallows to which there is a foundation (stpo) of every impurity. 5. This, too, that a bird (vae) practises that habit (san) even that it kills those outright which have become large in our midst, which are the serpents produced by the demons. 6. This, too, that for invocation (a zbayisno) of the sacred beings thinking with speaking, speaking with acting, and acting without deceitfulness are effectual. 7. About the pure goodness of the archangels, and the union of their thoughts, words, and deeds together ; their bountifulness, nurturing, and protection are the cause of the prosperity of the world. 8. About the production of Zaratust by Adharmazd with a goodness like his own. 9. This, too, that whoever gives anything to the disciples of Zaratust, his reward and recompense are just as though the thing had been given by him to Zaratust . 10. It is perfect excellence that is righteousness. CHAPTER XIV. Sadkar Nask. 1. The thirteenth fargard, Tad-thwa-peresa 3, 1 B omits san, 'the cause of.' * Compare :- Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me.' (Matthew XXV. 40.) The first three words of the second ha of the second Gatha (Yas. XLIV, 1), here written tad-spa-peres in Pahlavi. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIII, 4-XV, I. 197 is about the strength and mightiness of the spirit of the sacred cake?. 2. This, too, that every night the demons rush from hell into the world, to injure and cause the death of the creatures; and, when people consecrate a sacred cake, that spirit descends to attack and keep back the demons, and to engage in combat with the demons ninety-nine times during every night; he also smites and stupefies them, and keeps them back from destroying the world. 3. This, too, that any one whatever of those men who utter these words 3 in prayer becomes righteous, except those men who shall contentedly, or wishfully, carry out a command for evil deeds, and they deceive (suftend), or make others deceive, by statements proposed to them; and whose evil thoughts are thus more than their good thoughts, their evil words more than their good words, and their evil deeds more than their good deeds. 4. About carrying off the reliance produceable that a sin worthy of death is the obliteration (fraz mashtano) of other sin, like an awful and mighty wind when it sweeps swiftly over the plain 5. Of righteousness the excellence is perfect. CHAPTER XV.. Sadkar Nask. 1. The fourteenth fargard, Ad-fravakhshya", is See Bk. VIII, Chap. XXIX, 2. 2 K omits from hell,' and B omits 'night.' Meaning probably Yas. XLIV. * A favorite metaphor derived from the Avesta text (see Pahl. Vend. III, 149; Mkh. LII, 19). 6 The first two words of the third ha of the second Gatha (Yas. XLV, I), here written ad-fravakhshe (B) and ad-fravakhsha Digitized by Google

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198 DINKARD, BOOK IX. about Adharmazd's showing to Zaratust the terrible condition of the soul of Keresasp"; the dismay of Zaratust owing to that terrible condition; the sorrowful speaking of Keresasp as regards the slaying of multitudes, for which mankind extol him, whereby abstentions from sin occurred; and the recognition of him by the creator, Allharmazd, as smiting his fire. 2. The supplication of Keresasp for the best existence from Adharmazd for those exploits when the serpent Srobar 2 was slain by him, and the violence of that adversary; when Gandarep 8 with the golden heels was smitten by him, and the marvellousness of that fiend; when the Vesko progeny' who were descendants of Nivik and Dastanik were slain by him, and the grievous harm and disaster owing to them; and when the mighty wind o was appeased by him, and brought back from damaging the world to benefiting the creatures; and for that which happens when owing to confinement", Dahak becomes eager, rushes on for the (K) in Pahlavi. This chapter has been already translated in S. B. E., vol. xviii, pp. 370-372. * See Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 12; S. B. E., vol. xviii, pp. 369-382. . See Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXV, 13. * Av. Gandarewa of Yt. V, 38, XV, 28, XIX, 41; the watery demon' of Mkh. XXVII, 50. Reading hun Vesko, the Av. hunavo Vaeskaya of Yt. V, 54, 57, who were enemies of the warrior Tusa ; but the hunavo of Nivika and of the Dasta yani were slain by Keresaspa (see Yt. XIX, 41). It is also possible to read khuno-dako, bloodproducing. o When it becomes a storm-demon, the vato-daeva of Vend. X, 14, instead of being the angel of useful wind. In the volcano, Mount Dimavand, where he was confined by Fredun in olden times, and whence he is expected to break loose hereafter (see Bd. XII, 31, XXIX, 9; Byt. III, 55-61). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XV, 2-XVI, 1. 199 destruction of the world, and attempts (girayedo) the annihilation of the creatures; when he (Keresasp) is roused to smite him, and to tame that powerful fiend for the world and creatures. 3. The enmity of fire to Keresasp, through the distress which he occasioned to it, and the keeping of him away ? [from heaven; also the friendship of Gos-adrvan 2 for him, through the prosperity which he occasioned to it, and the protection of him] from hell. 4. The petition of Zaratust to the fire to have compassion upon what was owing to Keresasp's sin ; the compliance (hangaftano) of the fire with that petition, and the departure of the soul of Keresasp to the ever-stationary existence 8. 5. Of righteousness perfect is the excellence. CHAPTER XVI. Sudkar Nask. 1. The fifteenth fargard, Kamnamaeza", is 1 The words in brackets occur only in K; their meaning is, however, given in the Pahlavi Rivayat accompanying Dd. and quoted in S.B.E., vol. xviii, pp. 379, 380. The enmity of the fire to Keresasp was owing to its having been extinguished (when kindled upon the serpent Srobar) by the upsetting of Keresasp's caldron, as described in Yas. IX, 11, and Yt. XIX, 40. ? Av. geus urva, 'the soul of the ox,' the spirit which departed from the primeval ox when the evil spirit attacked it; she is supposed to be the heavenly protector of all animals, and is also called Drvaspa (see Yt. IX, 1; Bd. III, 14, 18, IV, 2-5; Sls. XXII, 14). : A locality intermediate between heaven and hell, where the souls of those whose sins and good works exactly balance remain in a passive and immovable state till the resurrection (see Sls. VI, 2; Mkh. VII, 18, XII, 14; Dd. XX, 3). * The appellation of the fourth, and last, ha of the second Digitized by Google

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200 DINKARD, BOOK IX. about the arrival of Ast-vidad 1 upon the spot, and the insecurity of any one from him ; also the noncontinuance of the mortal body and decaying (farsa vand) wealth of any one of the mortals summoned is death ?. 2. And this, too, that Ast-vidad shall carry off all mortals by that awful and proclaimed marvel, and they are not saved from him s ; each one, indeed, saves only that which is the soul. 3. This, too, that the soul alone sees the reward and bridge * of the spiritual existence, and embodied it does not see such things; if, when embodied, it could have seen like that, then it would not have committed the sin really originating with it, even for anything whatever of the ease and comfort of the worldly existence, nor shrunk (mansido) from the first good work. 4. About the hideousness and frightfulness of the body of man after death, and only that which is considered by every one the most precious of desirable things is undecaying (afarsak). 5. As regards the casting away of the dust, and also living people, that which is more nearly connected therewith is Gatha (Yas. XLVI), which begins with the words kam nemoi zam; it is here written kamnamizo in Pahlavi. 1 See Chap. XII, 17. The connection of the demon of death with Yas. XLVI is that the first few words of that ha are supposed to be repeated by the wicked soul in despair after death (see Yt. XXII, 20, W.; Mkh. II, 159; AV. XVII, 7). * K has mardum, 'human (?). B has the whole of this first clause thus :-- And the unconsumed (apakhshino) property of him who is surprised by the invisible marvel that he shall endure, they have not saved from him.' This marvel is probably the supposed casting of a noose by Astvidad, around the neck of the dead to drag him to hell, which only the righteous are able to cast off. * See Bk. VIII, Chaps. XIV, 8, XXIV, 10. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVI, 2-10. 201 uninhabitableness and its duration. 6. And when, too, this way, the consciousness is in the vicinity of the body ?, and the dog and bird go forth for the dismemberment of the body, the frightening of the consciousness by them is like that of a sheep by a wolf; also its disputing with the dog and bird about the dismemberment of the body, the reciting (mardano) of words spiritually at first repelling them, thinking the body is alive. 7. And, afterwards, when the body is dismembered by them, the hastening of the consciousness to the vicinity of the dismembered body, just like a female (denudako) sheep when it hastens on to its young ones; and its noticing--with grievous unhappiness 3 for the body, and recounting where the features (demagane) of that body were in happiness, and to what misery it has now come. 8. And, when that body became sinful in its lifetime, about its not accepting, during that lifetime, that which the consciousness repeatedly well-endeavoured to promote for that body, as regards abstaining from sin and practising good works. 9. This, too, that thy time of worldly happiness has occurred, and that of misery is long. 10. This, too, that the people who live on, in the worldly existence, a hundred years are less than those who do not live a hundred years; the progress of a lifetime, little by little, and the rushing on of a lifetime; wife and property and the rest of worldly things all Corpses are to be deposited in an uninhabited place (see Vend. VI, 44-51, VII, 45-50 ; Dd. XVIII). * Compare Dd. XVI, 7. 9 Pahl. ashadih in K, but B has a ya dakih, remembrance.' Digitized by Google

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202 DINKARD, BOOK IX. leaving you at once, and coming to another person. II. And this, too, that--when mankind mostly keep up any statement (nisang-ik) or register (aevar'go) which they have drawn out (nazi-hend) * about ordainable supplies in a friendly or inimical (patyanmond) way, which is more particularly expedient for them-a supply, suitable for the discreet, of the rest of that which is constantly desirable, is to be extracted therefrom, and one is to keep up its preparation with his own. 12. About the seven immortal rulers who are produced in the region of Khvanfras?, and also about the ordaining of their glory and the goodness, too, of their assistants living and privileged in both existences. 13. The tree opposed to harm is on Afran-veg 4, in the place of most excavations (frehniganan gas). 14. Gok-patoo is in foreign coun Or 'they offer up (az da hend).' * See Bk. VIII, Chap. VIII, 2. And, regarding these seven rulers, compare Bd. XXIX, 5, 6; Dd. XC. * The many-seeded tree in the wide-formed ocean, whence the seeds of all wild plants are brought by the rain (see Yt. XII, 17; Bd. XXVII, 2, 3; Mkh. LXII, 37-42). * See Chap. XII, 3. * Gopatshah in Bd. XXIX, 5, XXXI, 20, 22; Byt. II, 1; Dd. XC, 3, 4; Gopaitoshah in Mkh. LXII, 8, 31; and Gopaito in Mkh. XLIV, 35. All these forms of the name imply that he was a king, or master, of oxen; and Mkh. describes him as a Mazdaworshipping minotaur on the sea-shore, probably the Caspian, or the river Oxus, as Bd. makes him a brother, or nephew, of Frasiyav the Turanian. His country is called Saukavastan in Bd., and Gopato in Dd. & Pahl. an-Airan which corresponds with the position of Saukavastan being between Turkistan and Kinistan, as stated in Bd. XXIX, 13, and that of Gopato being coterminous with Airan-veg, as in Dd. XC, 4. But K, by omitting the negative prefix, places it Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVI, 11-19. 203 tries. 15. Pehshotand", son of Vistasp, is in Kangdez 2 the hundred-moated (sad-gandak), wherein there are a myriad spears (drafsh), those of the exalted who wear black marten fur, who are righteous listeners of the religion, out of the retinue (akharin) of Pehshotand, son of Vistasp. 16. Fradakhshto, son of the mortal Khambiks 4, who is predominant on the waters flowing in channels. 17. Ashavazd, son of Porudakhshto 5, who is predominant over the most manifest among uplands, the plain of Pesinas 6. 18. Barazak ? the causer of strife. 19. 'And the eighth Kayan & who was renowned, O Vistasp! it is within the countries of Iran;' and Mkh, makes Gopaito a chief of Airan-veg. 1 Av. Peshotanu, commonly written Peshyotand in Pahlavi. * A fortified settlement, to the east of Iran (see Bd. XXIX, 10), formed by Siyavakhsh (see Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 14) who was first cousin of Vistasp's great-grandfather (see Bd. XXXI, 25, 28, 29). & Who are expected to be led into Iran by Pehshotanu in future times, when he is summoned by the angels to restore religion to the world after the conflict of the nations (see Byt. III, 25-42). K has Fradakhshto, son of Khambik the son of Hoshang.' He was evidently the Fradhakhsti Khuibya of Yt. XIII, 138, who might have been considered as a descendant of the Haoshyangha mentioned before him in Yt. XIII. Av. Ashavazdangh Pourudhakhstayana of Yt. V, 72, XIII, 112. * Said to be in Kavulistan where Sama Keres&spa lies asleep till summoned to kill Dahak in the latter times (see Bd. XXIX, 7, 11; Byt. III, 59-61). It may be connected with the vairi Pisanangh of Yt. V, 37, where Keresaspa offered sacrifice, and with the Pisin valley south-east of Qandahar; but Chap. XXI, 20 seems to place it between Mazendaran and Iran, and Mkh. LXII, 20 also describes it as near Mount Dimavand. Its name is variously written Pesinas, Pesansih, Pesyansai, Pesandas, Pesanigas, &c. ? Possibly Av. Varaza of Yt. XIII, 101. . Kavi Haosravangh (Kai-Khusrdi) is the eighth and last in the list of Kavis, or Kayans, in Yt. XIII, 132; and was celebrated for Digitized by Google

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204 DINKARD, BOOK IX. he whom one calls Kaf-Khasroi, who produces even an advance of thy religion of the Mazda-worshippers, and also understands about it; who gives my good practices further blessings, so that the world' maintains my doings with benedictions.' 20. Righteousness is perfect excellence. CHAPTER XVII. Sadkar Nask. 1. The sixteenth fargard, Spenta-mainyu ?, is about effecting the bridge-judgment of sinners, as declared by revelation. 2. About performing the ceremony (yasto) for a man and a woman, and it is ordered for the woman before the man; the fitness for the supreme heaven (garodmanikih) arisen through the liturgy (ya sto) to be recited itself, or through purchasing heaven in the worldly existence :. 3. About the immunity of the soul from hell through the righteousness of having respectfully given a horse of a good race, the land of a cultivated field, or a virtuous woman, to a righteous man; and also the woman who gives herself in marriage to his opposition to idolatry (see Yt. V, 49, 50; Bd. XVII, 7). This section appears to be an actual quotation from the Pahlavi version of the Nask, professing to give the words of Zaratust. 1 K has de hik, 'a provincial.' . The first two words of the first ha of the third Gatha (Yas. XLVII, I), which are converted into the Pahlavi appellation Spendmaito. 3 By providing for the performance of the proper ceremonies for the benefit of one's own soul. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVI, 20-XVII, 9. 205 the righteous man; and that liberal good work increases from time to time, and from day to day. 4. About the bridge penalty of him who is a mourner (navinida r) and self-wounder in the three nights after a death, and how it is as though they who are living should again pour melted ore on a human being. 5. About the punishment for a woman who gives herself in marriage to a righteous man, and comes away from him ; such as when a hedgehog 8 should be constantly going in and coming out by her sexual organ; and the cutting off of her way from the best existence. 6. About the nondeliverance of a soul of the wicked from hell till the future existence. 7. About the punishment of the wicked there is this, too, it is as though a sheep which is alive should be remaining tied by the legs, head downwards, and there should be a specific exudation of its toes through running at the nose 4. 8. About the Gathas for an ordeals of the spiritual existence, which is concealed in every mode, being without a footing (a pa-pastako), as it were, for him who is a righteous chanter of the Gathas. 9. The excellence of righteousness is perfect. 1 Pahl. vidanaanag vida naanag, a hybrid equivalent of zamanak zamanak (see Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXV, 6 n). * B has relapses.' Compare AV. LXX. * Pahl, afas angusto zahih-1-i mayaganik pavan vinik-tag ae. For mayaganik, specific' (which occurs, however, in Bk. VIII, Chap. XX, 166), we can read masanik, tumerous or coagulating,' or we may consider it equivalent to mayisnik, lamentable.' Compare the reference to the ordeal by fire in Pahl. Yas. XLVI, 6; the earlier part of the chapter is also somewhat of a homily upon the references to the wicked and righteous in the same ha. Digitized by Google

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206 DINKARD, BOOK IX. CHAPTER XVIII. Sadkar Nask. 1. The seventeenth fargard, Yezi', is about where he is who shall commit any of these five sins ?, and, thereby perverted from the religion, has diminished his own life and destiny 3:- A human being when he contentedly reverences a demon in spiritual lordship (ahdih) and priestly authority (radih), one steadfast in religion when he so reverences one unsteadfast in religion, a teacher when he so reverences one who is no teacher and ignorant, one acquainted with the Gathas when he so reverences one unacquainted with the Gathas and unintelligent (anashnas) 4, and a helpful one when he so reverences an unhelpful and unwise one. 2. This, too, where also they are who unlawfully slaughter a sheep,or beast of burden, which diminishes their life and destiny. 3. And so, too, those also who think scornfully of Adharmazd, O pure and righteous Spitaman! and their own religion, the strength of the righteous and thy disciples. 4. Excellence that is perfect is righteousness. CHAPTER XIX. Sadkar Nask. 1. The eighteenth fargard, Ad-ma-yava', is 1 The first word of the second ha of the third Gatha (Yas. XLVIII, 1), here written yezik in Pahlavi. ? B omits 'sins. 8 Or 'glory.' * So in K, but both MSS. give this clause imperfectly. * The first three words of the third ha of the third Gatha (Yas. XLIX, 1), here written ad-ma-iyubo in Pahlavi. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVIII, I-XIX, 3. 207 about the pregnancy of the demon from him who has eaten and chattered in sinfulness towards Khurdad and Amardad, or who makes water when standing ?, or who heedlessly sees his semen. 2. And the hussy 3 who spills (guyedo) anything after sunset (hak-frashmok-dad), or who scatters a morsel (danar) of food to the north, at night, without a recitation of the Ahunavair*. 3. This, too, that only the soul is constantly desirable for the body, even through this alone, that this perishable body o [is a worldly state of righteousness, and, by rousing up(lala-payamisnih) when thou wouldst sleep on, the righteousness] is on the advance when thou wouldst have retreated; and 1 Av. haurvatat, 'completeness, or health,' and ameretat, immortality;' the archangels who have special charge of water and plants, respectively (see Sls. XV, 25-29), and are said to be injured by the sin of talking while eating and drinking those things (see Chap. IX, 2). 9 Thereby polluting more ground than is necessary (see Sls. X, 5). * See Chap. XI, 5 n. * K does not mention the latter sinful action. The reason of the sin of such actions is that they may be considered as offerings to the demons (who are supposed to come from the north and to be powerful at night) unless protected by the Ahunavair (see Bk. VIII, Chap. I, 7) used as an exorcism (see Sd. XXX, 1, 2; Sls. X, 7, XII, 18). o B has even through the assertion that this is corporeal and perishable.' The passage in brackets occurs only in K. This appears to be the most probable reading of the word which occurs again in SS 5, where it is written lala - u payamisnih in K, which form is also found in Hn. I, 23, where it translates Av. ustryam no. For the latter member of this compound see also Chap. XX, 6, 7. For the syllable yam we might substitute gam or gam without much alteration of meaning, or even dam if we translate by 'fanning up, exciting.' Digitized by Google

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208 DINKARD, BOOK IX. the righteousness, in arising, is like thee in every coming and departure; through fetching and delivering the breath it shall become good reward, abundant reward, and the reward of righteousness. 4. When the body shall act so, the soul is rejoiced and shall utter a blessing for the body thus: 'Happy may it be for thee, O perishable body! whom I have made tall, and whom I have brought near to the best existence.' 5. And when the body shall not accept the progress (afras) of the soul, and says it is evil progress on rousing up, evil progress on advancing, (and evil progress upwards, the soul is a demon]" and shall offer (lamentable)' words thus : 'Evil art thou, o perishable body! whom I made dwarfish (gasak), and whom I have brought near to the worst existence.' 6. About where there are unaccustomed (avesako), imperfect, and secret signs of short life, and the healthfulness of uttering the Ahunavaira and Ashem for it. 7. This, too, that, when thou wouldst squat for making water, thou recitest the Ahunavair, and the Ashem, afterwards, when thou wouldst stand up; so that any demon, or fiend, shall least injure thee. 8. And when thou wouldst go in unto thy wife (narik), thou recitest first the Ahunavair, and the Ashem, afterwards, when thou wouldst be coming together 4; for so thou wouldst be making that, too, which arises--which is thy son--more righteous and 1 The words in brackets are omitted in K. * See Bk. VIII, Chap. I, 7. s See Chap. III, 1; here, and in $$ 7, 8, it is expressed by Pahl. a harayih, righteousness,' being an abbreviation of its usual appellation, 'praise of righteousness,' in Pahlavi. * Pahl..amat andarg hakhto vadidunan af.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIX, 4-XX, 2. 209 more successful through the Ashem. 9. This, too, that, when thou wouldst go into a house, thou shouldst be offering homage, and do thou utter the Ahunavair, for the spirit of the house and for everything of the material existence of the righteous which is and was and will be in that dwelling. 10. Also about the corruption (ta vastano) of the wicked, and the calamity (sur) which is unjustly distributed by them in the realm?. 11. Excellence that is perfect is righteousness. CHAPTER XX. Sadkar Nask. 1. The nineteenth fargard, Kad-moi-urva?, is about where the souls, when they come together, extol the soul of him who was a virtuous high-priest, a friend of the soul, because he did not injure it, and guarded it from hell. 2. About the darkness, the intensity (bur'zvohomandih) and far-reaching bottomlessness of the blackness, and the absence of goodness in hell; and the proximity to stenches, close concealment 3, sleetpelted clambering (pisnako-balinih), frozen ad ? Like Yas. XLIX this fargard begins with special references to the wicked, and returns to them towards the end. . The first three words of the fourth, and last, ha of the third Gatha (Yas. L, 1), here written kad-mok-ravako in Pahlavi. s Compare AV. LIV, 5-8:--As close as (tang-ik) from the ear to the eye, and as many as the hairs a horse has in his mane, so many in number the souls of the wicked stand, but they do not see, nor do they hear a sound, one from the other, and every one, therefore, thinks that he is alone.' For a description of hell see also Dd. XXVII. [37] Digitized by Google

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210 DINKARD, BOOK IX. vancing, painful condition, distressed state, and awful fear of those in hell. 3. This, too, that is thrown open (lakh var ramitund) over it, from the Daiti peak!, which is in Afran-veg, to Albur'z?, and below the middle of which is the gate of hell, is the Kinvad bridge 8 which is the route (vidar) of every one, righteous or wicked; the width across the route of the righteous is a breadth of nine spears, each one the length of three reeds, but the route for the wicked becomes like the edge of a razor. 4. 'Thus say I* unto thee, O Spitaman! that the man of truth steps forward over the Kinvad pass, even the far-famed happy bridge; for Astad", the good promoter of the world, and Mitro o of the vast cattle-pastures save only the man possessing truth from that distress, as though they were a regiment (sipah) a thousand strong. 5. So I say unto thee, O Spitaman! that thou shouldst not become a liar unto Mitro, neither when thou wouldst converse with the wicked, nor when thou wouldst with those of thine own religion who are righteous; for both of those are promises, both with the wicked and the righteous; there is a promise, O Zaratust ! even of a wolf with young animals, but that which is a * Or Kakad-i Daiti (see Pahl. Vend. XIX, 101; Bd. XII, 7). ? Av. hara berezaiti, the range of lofty mountains supposed to surround the world (see Bd. V, 3-5). : Here called Kinako-puhal, and Kis-vidarg in $ 4; for a fuller descripticn of it see Dd. XXI, 2-7. Allusion is made to it in Yas. L, 7. * Allharmazd, speaking to Zaratust. The whole of this paragraph appears to be quoted verbatim from the original Pahlavi text of the Nask. See Chap. IX, 6. See Bk. VIII, Chap. XLIV, 16. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XX, 3-10. 2II lascivious (gehik) promise is more awful, O Spitaman! 6. So I say unto thee, O Spitaman! that thou shouldst not seize a wanton (gehik) for usethat is, do not make her thy wife-and with compulsion (upaya misnih) of her that is, do not let thyself lie with her. 7. And if thou shouldst seize a courtezan for use, and with compulsion of her, thou mayst not dismiss her afterwards, neither in adversity, nor in prosperity, neither on account of fondness for self, nor for life ; because he who seizes a courtezan for use, and with compulsion, and shall dismiss her on account of fondness for self, or for life, becomes thereby a breaker of promises to the house, village, community, or province, that gives her life (valman zivinedo), and to the soul that animates her?' 8. So breaking the promise comes upon the children that are theirs, through evil teaching; and he who is wicked is lying down without children at the bottom of hell. 9. That is, there is nothing whatever of s happiness for the wicked, that happiness which is produced abundantly by him who is Allharmazd. 10. Perfect righteousness is excellence. 1 Or, perhaps, with approach to her' (see Chap. XIX, 3 n). If u padamisnih were read, it might mean 'aspiration, or attachment' for her. ? This implies that the woman, being a notorious sinner, cannot reasonably complain of bodily injury on being dismissed; but her soul and the community are grievously injured by her being thus driven into further sin, and for this injury the man's soul will be made responsible. SK has 'none even of this.' P2 Digitized by Google

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2 1 2 DINKARD, BOOK IX. CHAPTER XXI. Sadkar Nask. 1. The twentieth fargard, Vohd-khshathrem?, is about the oppressive actions of the sovereignty which Dahak exercised over the earth of seven regions, and the forward progress of his commands owing to a surrounding of terrors. 2. About Dahak's enquiry of the members of the assembly, regarding the reason of the affliction of the collected people, after the cutting up of Yim s and the accession (kh udayih) of Dahak; and the people's saying, in reply to Dahak, that Yim had kept away want and destitution, hunger and thirst, decay and death, lamentation and weeping from the world, besides the cold and heat of the immoderate mingling of the demon with mankind. 3. And this, too, that* 'a giver of comfort was Yim--that is, those things were produced by him which are the comfort of mankind--and he was a giver of desire for them, so that his happiness was through the gratification produced--that is, mankind gratified him through virtue. 4. And Audak 5, who made 1 The first two words of the fourth Gatha (Yas. LI, 1), here written vohuk - khshatar (B) and vohu k-khshatar (K) in Pahlavi. ? See Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 8. : As mentioned in Yt. XIX, 46; Bd. XVII, 5 ( when Yim was cut up by them the fire Frobak saves the glory of Yim from the hand of Dahak') and XXXI, 5. Regarding Yim see Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 6-8. * What follows, as far as the end of SS 7, appears to be quoted verbatim from the original Pahlavi text of the Nask. * The demon Uda who tries to make people talk when they ought to be silent (Bd. XXVIII, 19), and who seems to be identified Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXI, 1-6. 213 Yim the splendid and rich in flocks-who was struck down by you through violent assault-unauthorisedly desirous (varak?) and eager for the world, produced want and destitution, distress and greed, hunger and thirst, and the sanctifiera of Wrath the wounding assailant, Want without pastures, Terror, Destruction the secret-moving, Decay the decrepit 3, and the seven arch-demons*.' 5. And this, too, that those who look for a son are made devoid of pregnancy by thee; evil-destined is the monster (sipist) self-made, the uncompleted demon that it is impossible to seek a remedy for, who does not extend (la valed) from himself, that is, no lineage proceeds from him. 6. And thou art a sheep that is a widetraveller, and keeps the dog away from mankind; thou hast snatched away from us the bright radiance of Yim the splendid and rich in flocks, who came out on every evil contingency, at the approach of (in Pahl. Vend. XVIII, 70) with the fiend who confesses her amours to Srosh, and is said (in Bd. XXXI, 6) to have been the mother of Dahak, there named Udai or Agd, but more commonly called Vadak (see Chap. X, 3; Dd. LXXII, 5, LXXVIII, 2), whence possibly the matronymic Vadakan (Mkh. LVII, 25, the Av. vad haghana of Vend. XIX, 6) of that monarch. The text here appears to allude to an amour with Yim. 1 Av. vara; or it may be a miswriting of vardak, 'astray' (Av. vareta). Pahl. a irisn-homond, one holding ceremonies,' alluding to Dahak himself as the progeny of Audak. These five demons are Aeshm, Niyaz, Saham, Seg, and Zarman in Pahlavi, who, with the exception of Saham, 'terror,' are described in Bd. XXVIII, 15-17, 23, 26. 4 The seven arch-demons are the six mentioned in Bd. I, 27, XXVIII, 7-13, XXX, 29, whose Avesta names are Akem-mano, Indra, Sauru, Naunghaithya, Tauru, and Zairika (see Vend. X, 9, 10, XIX, 43), together with either Mithaokhta or Angramainyu himself (see Bd. I, 24). Digitized by Google

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214 DINKARD, BOOK IX. every winter, or scorched by extreme heat, so as to act for the benefit of his place? 7. Thou art intelligent, O Bevarasp?! do thou even tell how this opinion is so, that a bad ruler is a thing which is so bad; he who is a good ruler is our desire, we will give the revenue of taxation (bahar-i madamdedranisnih) to him, and anything which is necessary for good government when he shall achieve it.' 8. About the smiting by Fredans, for the sake of killing Dahak; the striking of his club upon the nape of the neck (pilik), the heart, and even the skull; and Dahak's not dying from that beating. 9. Then smiting him with a sword, and the formation (vasta n/) of noxious creatures of many kinds, from the body of Dahak, at the first, second, and third blow. 10. The exclamation of the creator Allharmazd to Fredun thus: "Thou shouldst not cut him who is Dahak, because, if thou shouldst cut him, Dahak would be making this earth full of serpents, toads (khan-galak), scorpions, lizards, tortoises, and frogs;' with the mode of binding him with awful fetters, in the most grievous punishment of confinement 11. This, too, that when A2-1 Dahak was bound, the report of the same proceeded thus through all the regions, which are seven, that down-stricken is Az-1 Dahak, but he who smote him is Fredan the Aspikan 6 the exalted and mighty. 12. And in the * K has only 'who came out at every place to act for its benefit.' 2. With a myriad of horses,' a title of Dahak. 3 See Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 8, 9. * Or, perhaps, the reins.' 5 In Mount Dimavand (see Chap. XV, 2 n). 6 Av. Athwyana, a patronymic derived from Athwya who, Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXI, 7-15. 215 tenth winter those particulars were believed, and thus they spoke, that it was owing to? Yim that Az-i Dahak is now smitten by them, because the tidings which are good are not yet gathered unto all the regions, which are seven, and those which are evil do not mention Az, nor demand the virtuous maiden (karatik) with importunity, nor even coveted wealth". 13. This, too, that, when information came to him of women, or property, that seemed to him desirable to possess, they were then admitted by him into a golden cages, and that, which was completely impregnable (a iristo), came on through immaterial space (mainog-divakih) to the den (grestako) of Az-i Dahak. 14. This, too, that, though he who smote him were his brother, or descendant, or kinsman, or any one whatever of his nearest relations, it did not seem to them as that which is grievous, and it was not thought of in their minds, so that it did not occasion them even a reminiscence again ; and thus they talked, that if a householder be he that smote, he is one for whom all the fires of the religion are suitable, but that householder being a monarch, he that smote is one who is every way their ruler. 15. This, according to Yas. IX, 7, was the father of Thraetaona (Fredun); but Bd. XXXI, 4, 7, 8, XXXII, 1 n, make it a family name for many preceding generations. i Or min may mean 'apart from.' * Demands often made by Dahak, as stated in 8 13. 8 Pahl. su lak-homand, something having apertures ;' compare the sala k-homand which translates Av, sufram and suwraya in Vend. II, 7, 18, 30, and has sometimes been understood as a signet-ring. Also compare SS 19 below. Assuming that mun, who,' stands for amat, as in Chap. XIII, 2. Digitized by Google

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216 DINKARD, BOOK IX. too, that at every place where he came on, and upon which his horse's hoofs (safo) fell, the dense fire from them was for the protection of the horse's body. 16. This, too, that through his confused (ga mezako) practising of good deeds arose even the evil deeds of Az-i Dahak. 17. About those of the Mazendaran 1 country having consulted, after the smiting of Dahak, as to turning (gasta no) to Khvanfras?, and driving out Fredun therefrom, and as to the residence offered by the same place through the great number fallen ; also, on account of their tallness, there are parts of the wide-formed ocean that come up to their midthigh, there are others that are up to the navel, and the deeper places are up to the mouth. 18. And, when they have come to this region, their producing grievous harm and destruction to the poor, and the coming of the people with complaints to Fredun, and their speaking thus: "Why didst thou smite Az-i Dahak, who was a good ruler as to prerogative, so that danger was kept away by him, and an inquisitor (vigoyidar) from him protected this region from those of the Mazendaran country ?' 19. And they also said this, about the vileness of the Mazendarans, and the wretched state of the people of this region as regards them, that is, they then speak thus : 'Since their habits are thus, since they i See Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 9. s See Bk. VIII, Chap. VIII, 2. Mazendaran was considered to be outside of Khvaniras because it is separated from Iran by lofty mountains. The Caspian is probably meant here, being considered a portion of the circumambient ocean. * K omits to the poor.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXI, 16-22. 217 are filthy (dos-ho mond)that is, dirt (karak) is theirs-possessing holes? (sulak-homond)--that is, holes are theirs--and having appellations (karitunisno-homond)--that is, they call to one anotherwe men (vir) think, and consider upon this, that they also are human beings. 20. About the encountering of Fredun with those of the Mazendaran country on the plain of Pesanigas, and disputing with them thus : You are of the Mazendar country, and I (anmano) have destroyed Az-i Dahak by the swiftest ruin, him who was a grievous sovereign of every one, demons and men; for that smiting of him I am produced by Adharmazd more overpowering than his limbs made paralyzed by his own enmity, and then you destroy this country of mine, you who are of the Mazendar country. 21. And the Mazendarans thought slightingly (sapuko) of Fredun, and spoke in a tone of derision thus: Should it be so, that thou destroyedst AzDahak by the swiftest ruin, him who was a good sovereign of both demons and men, and thou art produced by Adharmazd, for that smiting of him, more overpowering than his limbs, even then we will settle in this place and will stay in this place ; and it is not thou that art exalted, who art an overgrown (kabed-aroyisno) huge sheep with the speech of a hero among other people, and we would not admit thee here. 22. This, too, that nevertheless they afterwards fled, and the victorious Fredun pursued them to the Burrows, caves, and similar underground habitations are probably meant. ? See Chap. XVI, 17. Digitized by Google

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218 DINKARD, BOOK IX. foremost upland, and his nostrils flamed upon it so that they split it through ; from his right nostril is the cutting and sharp scorching of the ice that has fallen and of all the cold of winter; and from his left nostril is the cutting and sharp scorching of the rock that has fallen, which is similarly burning to a fire the size of a house, carrying the dust from the feet of the male ox, Barmayan?, of the obstructed victor, the mighty Fredun. 23. And he made it rush up on the ascent, whereby they are made figures of stone, and they who are of the Mazendar country are destroyed by him through the smiting of fifties, the smiting of hundreds, the smiting of thousands 2, the smiting of myriads, and the smiting of multitudes innumerable 3.' 24. 'Thus there are destroyed by him, the victorious and mighty Fredan, two-thirds of those of the Mazendar country, and one-third came out beaten and sick; and never afterwards, O Spitaman Zaratust! have they who are of the Mazendar country marched upon this region of Khvaniras, and it has not been imagined by them, even in thinking about it, that they should go there, except those whose names were thus, Spitiyos, son of Spansnayos, and Arezraspah, son of Spansnayos?, who have wan 1 This appears to have also been the name of a brother of Fredan (see Bd. XXXI, 8). 2 B omits the smiting of thousands.' 3 Compare Yt. V, 54, 58, 117; Pahl. Vend. VII, 137, 139. * Literally we.' * K has the two.' * These first two names are only in K, because B repeats here a previous phrase by mistake. The second name is written Sansnayos here, but is spelt correctly on its next occurrence. 7 These two sons of Spansnayos were the spiritual chiefs, or Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXI, 23-XXII, 1. 219 dered (tagido) in search of wisdom and have proceeded unto Frashostar of the Hvobas ?.' 25. Perfect excellence is righteousness. CHAPTER XXII. Sadkar Nask. 1. The twenty-first fargard, Vahistoisti 8, is about where the best prayers * of the good religion are: unto Mitroo once every night for dismissing and lessening Wrath in the whole world, and a second time for doing so with Lethargy; a third unto Srosh the righteous, and the fourth is the Dahman Afrin? for further gifts and increasing gifts; and the most supreme high-priests, of the two northern regions, Fradadafsh and Vidadafsh. They are named Spitoid-i Adsposinan and Aerezrasp-i Ausposinan in Bd. XXIX, 1; and the statement that they came from Mazendaran, made in the text here, identifies that country with the two northern regions. The names of these two high-priests are evidently derived from the Avesta genitives Spitois Uspasnaos and Erezraspahe Uspasnaos in Yt. XIII, 121, persons concerning whom it is only stated that their fravashis, or guardian spirits, are to be reverenced. See Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXVIII, 68. Av. Hvova, the family name of Frashostar, Gamasp, and several other ancient personages (see Bk. VIII, Chap. XXIX, 25). * The appellation of the fifth Gatha (Yas. LIII) which begins with the words vahista istis; it is here written vahistok-isto in Pahlavi. * The Pahlavi explanation of Av. vahista istis. " See Bk. VIII, Chap. XLIV, 16. . See Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3. 7.The blessing of members of the community.' The Dahman Afrinagan consists of Yas. LX, 2-7 with Af. I, 14-18; but the Afrin is another formula, otherwise called the Afrin of the seven Ameshaspends,' and it is uncertain which of the two is meant here. Digitized by Google

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220 DINKARD, BOOK IX. preservative of them was the Dahman Afrin. 2. And this, too, that the most admirable of shapes of women was Hamai? of the noble family of Vistasp, of horses the splendid horse of Vistasp, of oxen the male ox Barmayan?, of sheep the very much celebrated 3 sheep that is fat, white-jawed, and starspotted, with its upper half in a manufacture (pasakhtako) embroidered with gold and the topmost part yellow; and yet not one of them attains an equality to even a single thousandth part of the glory of a righteous man, a member of the community, by whom the Dahman Afrin of the good is uttered. 3. And this, too, as much as its goodness for the man and his wife is its evil for a villain and his paramour 4. 4. About the exercise of sovereignty by Kat-Us", with triumph, over the earth of seven regions; the advancement of his commands, by the people of the creation, more swiftly than a wave of the hands ; the construction of his seven dwellings (man)? in the midst of Albur'z 8, one of gold, two of silver, two * Av. (gen.) Humayau of Yt. XIII, 139. ? See Chap. XXI, 22. s Reading fre h-Okhtar (for freh-okhttar), as Bd. XXIV, 3 states that the black sheep which is fat and white-jawed is the chief of sheep.' It might be the sheep of Frashokhtar,' and this name might be a miswriting of Frashostar, but we have no record of any such sheep of his. * It is easy to trace a connection between $81, 2 and Yas. LIII, 1, and between $ 3 and the Pahl. version of Yas. LIII, 6 a. * Av. Kava Usa (see Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 13). * K has 'by demons and men.' ? Probably the origin of the legends of the seven halting-places of Rustam and Isfendiyar in the Shahnamah. * Here meaning the mountain-range south of the Caspian (see Chap. XX, 3). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXII, 2-7. 221 of steel, and two of crystal (auginakino); the restraining of the many Mazonik demons' who are the ruin of the world, and confining them to their own duty; the arrival at those dwellings of his, and the swift winding (vafinidano) around those dwellings, of a person whose strength is overpowered by decrepitude, and the approach of whose life to departure from the body has taken place; the reduction (khasani-hastano) of the decrepitude thereby, and the return of his strength and manhood, that is, a command is given by him thus : 'Keep no people away. at the door!' and he might make a domestic of fifteen years of age. 5. Afterwards, the consultation of the demons about the death of Kai-Us, and the coming of Aeshm to Kai-Us, approving his death, and, therefore, making him wretched in his mind about the great sovereignty which was possessed by him over the seven lands, and causing him to long for the sovereignty of the heavenly region (a samano gas) of the archangels 3 6. And, owing to the seductiveness of Aeshm, and the other demons who remained his co-operators for that undoing, Kaf-Us was even engaged in opposing and molesting the sacred beings. 7. Also his not returning across Albar'2, but rushing upwards, with many demons and wicked people, unto the outer edge of darkness *; 1 Av. Mazainya daeva, the idolators of Mazendaran. The demon of wrath (see Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3 n). * $8 5-9 are evidently a summary of the original form of the legend of Kavus's attempt to reach the sky, otherwise described in the Shahnamah. Where the endless light commences. Reading par-i tom; or it might be to the utmost,' if we read fretum as equivalent to frehtum. Digitized by G oogle

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222 DINKARD, BOOK IX. and the reason of the glory of the Kayans 1 becoming a figure of clay on that border. 8. The previous separation (madam regi-hastano) of Kai-Us from the troops, and his not turning from that ill-advisedness even on renewed strife aloft 2 with the supreme sacred beings. 9. Afterwards, the creator's calling back the glory of the Kayans to himself, the falling of the troops of Kat-Us to the earth from that height, and the flying of Kal-Us to the wide-formed oceans. * 10. This, too, it says, that, besides him, some one * flew behind him, thus associated with him ; and after him flew Neryosango, the promoter (frehda dar) of the world, for diverting that person from him. 11. And the cry of him, the unborn Khasrdi, who was thus associated with him, like that of a regiment (sipah) a thousand strong, was thus : * Thou shouldst not smite him, O Neryosang, promoter of the world! for if thou shouldst smite this man, O Neryosang, promoter of the world! there will not be afterwards obtained, for acquirement, a 1 K omits of the Kayans. It is the royal glory of Yt. XIX, which descended from heaven and accompanies the faithful rulers and champions of the religion, successively (see Chap. XXIV, 3). * B has pitying strife;' khvaparik being written instead of avarik. 8 Meaning the Caspian, as in Chap. XXI, 17. * It will be seen, from what follows, that this was the fravashi, or guardian spirit, of his future grandson, Kai-Khusroi. Every being and object belonging to Adharmazd's creation is supposed to have its spiritual representative, created before the universe and perpetually existing (see Bd. I, 8; Mkh. XLIX, 23). Av, Nairyo sangha, an angel who is supposed to be the usual messenger of Adharmazd to mankind (see Byt. III, 25, 26, 59, 60). K has only besides him and behind him flew Neryosang.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXII, 8-XXIII, 1. 223. thorough destroyer of the high-priest of Taran; because owing to this man will be born him whose name is Siyavakhsh, and owing to Siyavakhsh I shall be born, who am the Khusrdf who will entice the most heroic : one of Turan-who is mostly the destruction of champions and troops to the numerous heroes of the religion, so that I may accomplish the destruction of his champions and troops, when * I would occasion a distant Aight of the sovereign of Turan.' 12. Through these words the guardian spirit of Khusroi delighted Neryosang, the promoter of the world ; and, on these words, the latter was releasing him and that Kaf-Us who thereby became discreet. 13. Perfect is the excellence of righteousness. CHAPTER XXIII. Sadkar Nask. 1. The twenty-second fargard, Airyaman', is about the meeting of Kal-Khusroto and Vae, the long-continuing lord? next to the renovation of the * See Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 15. . See Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 14. * A single particular hero appears to be meant, although this is not quite certain. * Assuming that man, who,' stands for amat, as in Chap. XIII, 2. o The appellation of Yas. LIV which begins with the words a airyema ishyo; it is here written airemano (B) and airemano (K) in Pahlavi. * See Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 14. ? Pahl. vae-i derang-khuda i=Av. va ya dareghohvadhata who is mentioned as a good spirit in Ny. I, 1. There are, how Digitized by Google

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224 DINKARD, BOOK IX. universe ; and Kal-Khusroi's asking Vae, the longcontinuing lord, about his smiting so many of the ancients who have been the highest of mankind in splendour and glory. 2. The reply of Vae, the long-continuing lord, about his smiting them; and, upon that answer, Kai-Khusroi's taking Vae, the long-continuing lord, and transforming him into the shape of a camel, mounting him, and going, with the Iranian levies (hangamanoikan), to the place where the immortal Haoist, son of Geurva?, lies in strength ?, and his letting him lie; also his going beyond (kadmon) him to the place where Tas 3, the banisher of strise, lay in strength, and his letting him also lie; and his going beyond him to the place where Kal-Apiveh - lies, and his letting him also lie. ever, two Vaes (see Dd. XXX, 4; Mkh. II, 115), the good Vae who assists the departed soul, and the bad Vae who opposes it; the former is closely connected with the angel Ram in Yt. XV, 0, 58, and the latter with Asto-vidhotu, the demon of death, in Vend. V, 8, 9; Bd. XXVIII, 35. They appear to be personifications of the upper and lower air, respectively; the former being considered pure through its connection with the sacred beings, and the latter impure through contamination by the demons. Possibly the legend about Vae in our text may have been suggested by the words vay Q-beredubyo and va yoi in Yas. LIII, 6, 7; in which case, this fargard must be considered, to some extent, as a continuation of the preceding one. According to Dd. XXXVI, 3 Kai-Khosroi was made to pass away by Vae. i Compare Av. Yusta Gaurva yana of Yt. XIII, 118. But Yoista Fryana, of Yt. XIII, 120, is one of the immortals mentioned in Byt. II, 1; Dd. XC, 3. ? Reading hang, which can also mean'a cave;' but we can likewise read hug, spiritual life.' s Av. Tusa of Yt. V, 53, 58; he is one of the immortals mentioned in Bd. XXIX, 6; Dd. XXXVI, 3. * Av. Kavi Aipivanghu of Yt. XIII, 132, XIX, 71. He was son of Kaf-Kavad, brother of Kai-Us, and great-grandfather of Vistasp's grandfather (see Bd. XXXI, 25, 28, 31, 34). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXIII, 2-7. 225 3. His proceeding beyond them, and meeting on the road with that beneficial victor Soshans, and being asked by that beneficial victor thus : What man art thou who sittest aloft on Vae, the longcontinuing lord, so that thou makest Vae fly, the long-continuing lord transformed into the shape of a camel ?' 4. The speaking of Kal-Khusroi, in reply to Soshans, thus; 'I am Kai-Khusroi.' 5. The extolling of Kal-Khasroi, by Soshans, as regards his having extirpated the idol-temples on the shore of Lake Kekast?, and his smiting the wizard Frasiyau 3. 6. The glorifying of the Mazda-worshipping religion by Kal-Khusrdi ; the coming of the powerful being Keresasp", club in hand, advancing towards them at the dwelling of that wizard Ges 6; the standing up of Tas, the banisher of strife, and his calling to Keresasp for reliance upon the Gatha lore and for union with them; and the praising of righteousness by Keresasp, and his throwing away the arm-breaker. 7. As to these, too, it says that so those men come together for producing the renovation of the universe who are mentioned in this fargard, and also in other places, and are all experienced and eminent See Bk. VIII, Chap. XIV, 14. * Apparently the present Lake Urumiyah (see Bd. XVII, 7, XXII, 2; Mkh. II, 95). 3 See Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 11. * See Chap. XV. . Written U, but the reading is uncertain; possibly the name may be connected with the Vesko progeny' in Chap. XV, 2. Reciting the Ashem-vohu formula, as a token of adhesion to the religion. [37] Digitized by Google

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226 DINKARD, BOOK IX. doers, and all powerful and brave; and they shall produce the renovation through a desire for an existence undecaying, immortal, hungerless, and thirstless for ever and everlasting. 8. It is perfect excellence that is righteousness. CHAPTER XXIV. 1. Of the Varstmansar1 there are twenty-three fargards, and the first is the Aethra paitis?, on the asking of Zaratust, by Maidok-mahs, about the nature of the birth of Zaratust, and his coming to the religion. 2. And the reply of Zaratast about the combative coming together of the life-causing and death-causing spirits at his birth. 3. This, too, that when the fellow-villagers 6 of her who bore him saw his head 6 1 The second of the Nasks and third of the Gathic division (see Bk. VIII, Chap. I, 9, 12). It is a second commentary on the Gathas, devoting a fargard to each ha of the Gathas and to each Gathic formula, as in the Sadkar Nask, but beginning with an extra fargard about the birth and calling of Zaratust. Its chief object appears to be the quotation of texts, both from the Gathas and from sources no longer known. ? Here written asra paitos (B) and asrapaitis (K) in Pahlavi, which, no doubt, stand for Av. aethra paitis, Pers. herbad, 'a Zoroastrian priest.' This name may either refer to the general subject of the fargard, or have been the first word of its Avesta text; as it seems not intended to quote any section of the Yasna, although the guardian spirits of the priests are reverenced in Yas. XXVI, 7, 8, before commencing the recitation of the Gathas. 8 Av. Maid hyo-maungha; he was first cousin of Zaratust, and also his first disciple (see Bd. XXXII, 2, 3; Zs. XI, 10 n). * B has at the birth of his life. * B has ham-visagih, Kham-disagih. * Assuming that vaga no stands for vag dan, which word occurs in SS 4, according to K. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXIII, 8-XXIV, 6. 227 they considered it the shoulder of Arekdviksur ?, and his chest and back those of Aharisvang 3, and when they saw his full + bosom they considered it that of the spirit of liberality 8; and by his side was the Kayan glory to rub (ma stano) his bosom. 4. The speaking of Zaratust spiritually, on the grievous bringing forth of his head", thus : 'As a spiritual lord is my desire, do thou who art the Zoti speak forth to me! ;' and the reply from Allharmazd thus : So shouldst thou be the priestly master as regards whatever righteousness I speak forth with righteous intelligence; thou art of very much value, thou art very righteous, thou art most intelligent, and thou wilt state the religion of the Mazdaworshippers to creatures of every kind.' 5. Through that saying an arrow reaches spiritually unto the demons, just as from a mighty chief warrior of KafVistaspo, like him in a mountain dwelling (gara no man) who has shot an arrow for an attack (patkopisno) opposing those in coats of mail. 6. The evil spirit grumbled (dandido) to the demons thus : * Evil has it become for you who are demons, but i B omits the shoulder of: Av. Aredvi sura of Yt. V, a title of Anahita, the female angel of the waters. 3 See Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3. 4 Pahl. a urukspar=Av. uruthware. o Av. Rata, who is associated with the archangel SpentaArmaiti in Yt. II, 3, 8; Sir. I, II, 5, and with Ashi Vanguhi in Yt. XXIV, 8. * Av. kavaem hvareno (see Chap. XXII, 7). 7 B has 'whenever his birth occurred! 8 This, with the first clause of the response, is the Pahlavi version of the concluding formula of Yas. XXVI, II, without the extra Pahlavi glosses. See Bk. VIII, Chaps. XI, 1-4, XIII, 15. Q2 Digitized by Google

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228 DINKARD, BOOK IX. you are unobservant.' 7. Even so Zaratust proclaimed life free from the control of the demons, when this same saying was uttered by him, thus : * As a spiritual lord is my desire;' and, at the falling of the demons upon Zaratust for his destruction, an incarnation (tana) of its spiritual existence stood opposed to them, in that weapon proceeding from Zaratust, to keep them back. 8. And he spoke again thus: The religion of the benefiters progresses there in him who, through good actions, has joyfulness owing to his righteousness";' and, through that saying, an arrow reaches spiritually unto the demons, equal to ten of that which was first spoken, and, at the falling of the demons upon Zaratust for his destruction, it stood spiritually opposed to them, and that weapon proceeding from Zaratast kept them back. 9. The third utterance of Zaratust, on the bringing forth of his arms, was thus: "That which the first existence produced is to be so practised, with attention, through actions to be concealed by him who is a priestly authority (rado) ?;' and through that saying an arrow reaches spiritually unto the demons, equal to one hundred of that which was first spoken, and, at the falling of a demon upon Zaratust for his death, its spirit, as a sacred being, kept the demon away from Zaratust. 10. And, when the whole body of Zaratust was brought forth, trouble (asipo) fell among the demons, and the demons rushed back to hell in haste; light This is the Pahlavi version of Yas. XXXIV, 13 b, without the glosses. 2 This is the Pahlavi version of Yas. XXXIII, 1 a, b, without the glosses and incomplete. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXIV, 7-15. 229 increased among the creatures, and every creature of the beneficent sacred being is pleased and talked of virtuous conduct. 15. And Allharmazd took away Zaratust with joyfulness to provide security for him, and Arekdviksur, Aharisvang, and the primitive and Kayan glory in the body of Zaratust spoke to Zaratust of its production by Adharmazd thus : 'Thou shouldst think of him who is wise. 12. Thereupon Zaratust spoke spiritually, in reply, thus: 'I am a Mazda-worshipper, I profess the Mazda-worship of Zaratust?; and this means that I am an apostle of Adharmazd, and am sent by Adharmazd.' * 13. And Adharmazd spoke to Zaratast thus: 'As to the sacred beings of the worldly existence, do thou beg companionship from them ; but as to the demons, do thou long for (dosh) 2 separation from every one of them ; practise good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, and abstain from evil thoughts, evil words, and evil deeds.' 14. Also about vigilantly reverencing the sacred beings, and the reward thereof; not strengthening the vile, nor weakening 3 the good ; expounding for the disturber of religion (deno-padresh), and producing liberality for the accepters of religion; and not turning away from the religion on account of fondness for body and life. 15. The accepting of such advice spiritually by Zaratust, and his glorifying Atharmazd, for crea 1 This is the Pahlavi version of part of Yas. XII, 7, 8 (XIII, 25 Sp.) without the glosses. ?B has 'hope for' (nyosh). Assuming that nizorinidano (K) stands for nizarinidano; B has zorinidano, which is synonymous with the previous nira. kinidano, strengthening.' Digitized by Google

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230 DINKARD, BOOK IX. tiveness, sovereignty, and all goodness, and the primary archangels and other good creations, each separately, for their own special glory? 16. And, afterwards, the grumbling of the evil spirit maliciously, at that vexation, thus : 'I have produced, for the annoyance of any upholder of that religion of thine, 99,999 wizards, 99,999 wolf-worshippers , and 99,999 apostates. 17. Adharmazd spoke to Zaratust thus : Maintain this religion steadfastly, for through the assistance of this religion I, who am Adharmazd, will be with thee, and the omniscient wisdom becomes thine, and extends to thy disciples, Maidok-mah4, Parshadgavo ", Senoe, Kai-Vistasp, Frashostar, and Gamasp?, the teacher of public observance and will to the righteous, besides many of the people who are diligent and even those who are idle, and their good works and praise will be owned by thee.' 18. Like i Or it may be in his own particular soul (nisman).'. ? Pahl. reshidarih, which V omits. * This term, gurg-yazako (=Av. vehrkayaza), does not occur in the extant Avesta. + See $1. . Av. Parshad-gau of Yt. XIII, 96 (compare Paz. Parsadga of Bd. XXIX, 5). This name can also be read Frada dayano and be compared with Av. Fradhida ya of Yt. XIII, 97. Av. Saena of Yt. XIII, 97, who is said to have 'first set forth upon this earth with a hundred disciples. Further details about him are given in Chap. XXXIII, 5. In the third and seventh books of the Dinkard his name is written Senov (for Senok or Senoe) which has been read Dayun by Peshotan (Dk. pp. 308-314 of English translation), as pointed out by Darmesteter in his Textes Pehlvis relatifs au Judaisme, p. 3, n. 2. In Dk. VII he is said to have been a high-priest who was born in the rooth year of the religion, and died in its 200th year. See Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXVIII, 68. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXIV, 16-XXV, 1. 231 wise about the worldly display of the religion to Zaratust by Adharmazd, the accepting of the religion by Zaratust through recitation and faith, and the reverence of the Ahunavair" by Zaratust. 19. Also about Adharmazd having created the creatures in the spiritual existence, and their allotment out to the worldly existence, the superiority of the righteous man as compared with other creatures, and, among mankind, of him who is relying on the provisions of the law and its unchangeableness from goodness, and who is a teacher and provider of teaching as to the pre-eminent existence of the good religion of the sacred beings. 20. And a summary about the bringing together of that fire which is the residue of a fire in a house, for the reverence of that water which is nearest to the dwelling, and of any spirit of a kinsman; and as to him who leaves that fire, water, and spirit, and, on account of a similar desire, reverences another fire, water, and spirit, but none of them can accept that ceremonial, and the acceptance of that man's ceremonial by the others will have occurred just when the former three are reverenced by him. 21. Righteousness is perfect excellence. CHAPTER XXV. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The second fargard, Yatha-ahu-vairyo ?, is about the worthiness, as to worldly and spiritual virtue, in a ruler and in the production of a high See Bk. VIII, Chap. I, 7. * The Ahunavair (see Bk. VIII, Chap. I, 7) upon which this fargard is a commentary quoting some text on the subject in $ 2. Digitized by Google

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232 DINKARD, BOOK IX. priest's efficiency; and they have been suitable for leadership and priestly authority with whom there is an existence of it; also other talent through which sovereignty and priestly authority are appropriated, and which the ruler or high-priest himself possesses. 2. My wish (dosh), O Zaratust ! is that thou be in spiritual lordship and priestly authority, because thou art, O Zaratust! provided with a spiritual lord and possessing priestly instruction-that is, they consider thee, too, as high-priest-and it is because thine is the accomplishment of rites, that thou art quite preserved when there is an encounter of the demons with thee-that is, a dispute of apostates with thee. 3. It is non-possession of a ruler and high-priest, or non-possession of a ruler', that became the nature and law of the demons; and the maintenance of Adharmazd and the archangels, as ruler and high-priest, and the dominion of Adharmazd are combined with beneficence. 4. This, too, that through righteousness a priestly instructor (rado) is a ruler at will, a sage and benefactor, a cherisher and cleanser (asnidar) of the poor; also the fitness for the supreme heaven (garodmanikih) of all those who are accepting the religion which proceeds from Zaratust. 5. Of righteousness the excellence is perfect. CHAPTER XXVI. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The third fargard, Ashem voha?, is about i Komits these five words, and B has a blank space for the letters khQd in khudai, 'ruler.' * See Chap. III, I n. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXV, 2-XXVII, 2. 233 admonition as to the praising of righteousness, which is itself the production of true awe of Adharmazd, the perfection of existences, the better state of prayers 1, and the greatest assemblage of righteousness, good breeding, humility (a vopatagih), awe of the spiritual existence, extreme joyfulness, and comfort and enlightenment of soul. 2. Also the equipment (padmakih) of him who is practising as a high-priest is righteousness and the maintenance of the worship and obeisance for the spirit of righteousness. 3. Of righteousness perfect is the excellence. CHAPTER XXVII. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The fourth fargard, Yenhe-hatam", states that Adharmazd spoke to Zaratust the Spitaman thus : Utter the words of the ceremonial and obeisance for us who are Adharmazd and the archangels, because they are, O Zaratust! thy ritual for water", ritual for plants, ritual for a guardian spirit of the righteous, and ritual for an angel of a spiritual existence, or who is even appointed for a worldly existence.' 2. And Zaratust spoke thus: 'I will utter the words of Adharmazd, which are opposed to harm i Komits of prayers.' . See Chap. IV, I n. The texts quoted in this fargard appear to be no longer extant. s B omits ' Adharmasd and! * K omits ritual for water.' Digitized by Google

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234 DINKARD, BOOK IX. and are the ordinance of Adharmazd, those of the ceremonial and obeisance for you who are arch angels.' 3. Of righteousness perfect is the excellence. CHAPTER XXVIII. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The fifth fargard, Yanim-manoi, is about the beneficence and worthiness of Zaratust, through the virtuousness of his thoughts, words, and deeds 2; the priority of Adharmazds, and the first possession of obeisance (niyayisno) to him; the mindful performance of obeisance to the sacred beings, and all the merit of obeisance to the sacred beings; the excellence of receiving a righteous man, of bringing fire together, and of maintaining the good religion ; the elementary (kham) wisdom of the creator, and the consideration of every duty towards his will and creation; the outward indication as to propitious discrimination and of what is done by those who are propitious; and the existence of every kind of selfattraction by Zaratust towards the religion, from first to last, through the complete reasoning thought that arose solely through obeisance to the sacred beings. 2. This, too, that 'thou art come to the supreme heaven (garodman)", O righteous Zaratust! thou 1 See Chap. V, in. * See Pahl. Yas. XXVIII, o. 3 Ibid. 1 b. - Ibid. I c. * Ibid. 4 a. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXVII, 3-XXVIII, 4. 235 art aware of the deeds, O Zaratust! which were practised by those in the bodily existence, and which still they practise, and the sacred beings have placed upon mankind acquiring the power of good works.' 3. And about the wonderfulness of the supreme heaven there is this, too, that whoever is in that abode is not any one that passes away after his birth ; at the time of the renovation of the universe the supreme heaven is lowered down to the star station, the earth being up to there, and Vohuman ? is summoned for every purpose to the conference, and, when they call him, Mitro's: investigation as regards the existence of righteousness is on the spot; through the coming of that archangel of true statements for assistance, and through the co-operation of the other archangels and Srosh? the righteous, is the overpowering of the vexing of distressers 6 ; and the assistance of the archangels for Zaratust was when he went forth for disabling the vicious law of Iran. 4. Concerning Zaratust there is this, too, in the words of Adharmazd, that is: 'Thou art our own, O Zaratust! and this liberality to thee is ours; anything one gives to thee is given by him to us;' also the announcement to Zaratust, and the bringing of him to Vistasp for his assistance and likewise the strength of his sovereignty for him. 1 The lowest grade of heaven (see Sls. VI, 3 n). * See Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3 for both angels. * See Bk. VIII, Chap. XLIV, 16. + Vohuman. See Pahl. Yas. XXVIII, 6 c. o See Bk. VIII, Chap. XI, 1; and compare Pahl. Yas. XXVIII, 6 b, 7 b, c. So in K, but B has also his announcement on being brought to Vistasp, and Zaratust was an assistance to him and the strength, &c.' Digitized by Google

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236 DINKARD, BOOK IX. 5. The discipleship and veneration of Frashostar1 also, and the laudation of Frashostar for making the religion progressive and for its true transmission in the words of Adharmazd; also the whole righteousness of those whom Frashostar attracted to the religion. 6. About the laudation of Zaratust there is this, too, that is: 'Thou art not astray from us, neither in life, nor in enquiry, nor in openly announcing, even when demonstrating 2 the religion to others, nor in anything whatever, O Spitaman! from us who are archangels; and the donation of benefit to supplicants is the food, and the clothing for us, who are in the ceremonial of the sacred beings, is unworn (asudako)?? 7. About guarding a friend, managing an unfriendly person, and affording a person shelter for the sake of protection, justice, and rectitude *; also the unworthy condition of that man who, requiring to perform those duties and good works that are important, shall perform those that are trivial. 8. And this, too, that is : 'Thou art likewise aware, and thou also understandest it, Orighteous Zaratust ! through the sagacity of my wisdom, which was the first among existences 5, and which is also so unto the last existence.' 9. Righteousness is excellence that is perfect. 1 See Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXVIII, 68, and compare Pahl. Yas. XXVIII, 8 b, c. : K has when thou wouldst demonstrate.' s See Pahl. Yas. XXVIII, 10 c. * Ibid. 11 a. 6 Ibid. II C. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXVIII, 5-XXIX, 2. 237 CHAPTER XXIX. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The sixth fargard, Khshmaibya , is about the complaint of Gos-aurvan to Adharmazd, when she sat at the creation in the assembly of the archangels, as regards the abundant disease and misery which she saw spiritually would come upon her in a bodily existence, through beating, slaughtering, and wounding, stealing, plundering, and presenting, by him of vicious actions and worse desires, as a bribe to him who is an evil-ruling villain (mar), and the operation thereof: the bad ownership, wrongful investigation, false evidence, and making captive (vardako), by him who is wrathful and oppressive through greed and envy, from the warm cowshed and the effective and diligent guardianship of the herd's dog (pasus-haurvo), to that which is a cold and hastily-constructed place; or by him who is seeking meat with a merciless hand through making her distantly separated from her young. 2. Also their explanation and extenuation (kastano) 3, and the causing of misery of many kinds thereby,' which is no affliction to them when the wind that is cold 4, or even that which is hot, comes upon me; which is no affliction to them when, the untimely offspring of See Chap. VI, 1 n; it is here written khsh maiba (B) and khshmaibe (K) in Pahlavi. ? See Chap. XV, 3; Pahl. Yas. XXIX, 1. Or it may be fining and beating,' as Khas kastano. * B has when some of that which is cold,' writing aito for va do in this first clause, and amat min for amatam in the first and third clauses. Digitized by Google

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238 DINKARD, BOOK IX. my womb being cast away, they slaughter me; and is no affliction to them when the serpent, the leech (khun-garal)', or even the foulest of noxious creatures gnaws me.' 3. And the petition of Gos-adrvan was thus: 'Do not appoint me to a worldly existence and that awful misery, or, if thou appointest me to a worldly existence, produce it for me without life (adzustaniha), so that I may be without feeling and may want that distressing pain; it is created for the mighty, through whose assistance there is a capability of affording protection to me, even though the Kai and Karap : exist.' 4. And, together with the just complaint of Gosadrvan, and the compassion of the archangels as to that complaint, there is then the creation of the creatures, among whom the greatest and best is mankind, for fighting and subduing the destroyer, even though joined together with a complaint of wounding and affliction likethat of Gos-aurvan,and Gos-aarvan arose with greater judiciousness than an absence of creation even with freedom from disturbance by the Kais ; on account of the necessity of preparing for the living of mankind through the assistance of cattle, Gos-aurvan was produced for the material bodily existence and assistance of mankind. 5. And, on account of little feeling for her worldly misery, the breeding (mayinidano) of cattle was the arraying 1 Doubtful. K has ill-passing.' See Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXV, 13 n. B has 'of whom the best.' * The obnoxious tribe, or class, mentioned in $ 3. After the word 'affliction' K completes the clause to this point as follows:- just as Gos-aUrvan arose with greater judiciousness than an absence of creation even with an adversity of the primitive tendency.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXIX, 3-9. 239 of strife; the advancement of the Mazda-worshipping religion of Zaratust in the world by Gos-aurvan, on the production of Zaratust for the assistance of cattle; and the preservation of cattle and other good creations through complete satisfaction at the progress of the religion. 6. This, too, was said to Gos-aurvan, that is : 'I assert unto thee the passing away of devastation, that is, the existence of a remedy for the misery owing to the evil spirit", for which no creature would be produced by me-me who am Adharmazd-- when a remedy for the misery owing to him had not been known to me.' 7. This, too, that the wish of the evil spirit was thus : 'Thou shouldst never produce a creature, 0 Adharmazd! and there should be here no spiritual lordship, no priestly authority, and no desire for perfect righteousness, or necessity for duty and good works.' 8. The enquiry of Gosaurvan, thus: "For whom am I appointed and formed ? ?' and the reply to her, thus: "For him who is diligent and moderate 8' 9. Also the friend and nourishment (srayisno) begged for cattle by Gos-aurvan, the righteous man produced for the assistance of cattle by Adharmazd, and the sweetness in water and plants for the nourishment of cattle, so that he is privileged to feed and keep cattle who gives them pasture in reality, and is also diligent in the production of cattle, that is, he gives them pasture, and is thereby proclaimed a cattle-guardian (pasus-haurvo) for them who makes the cattle fully develope*; and also See Pahl. Yas. XXIX, 6 a. 3 Ibid. 6 c. 9 Ibid. 1 a. * Ibid. 2 b. Digitized by Google

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240 DINKARD, BOOK IX. he who gives the wicked Wrath, the foreigner, a beating, so that he may make him stupefied 10. The development of cattle by Adharmazd, advice to mankind as to moderate eating, and the grievous bridge judgment of him who has unlawfully produced distress for the cattle whom Gos-aurvan is kindly regarding, with loving eyes >>, in the spiritual existence, in bodily contact with (ham-kerpo-1) the archangels and in bodily contact with the light of the sun, so that her hands are more powerful ; she who replies to the sacred beings, and the sacred beings reply to her 11. About the statements of Adharmazd there is this, too, that is: 'I am a calculator of those words 5 by which they assert that the existence of worldly beings is for the sake of that of both existences; I am aware of the actions which are practised by those in the material existence, both demons and men ; of whatever they practise 6 I am the decider and lord, and it is such as my will requires ?, even for the last change of existence; and I look upon all that with that wisdom and sagacity of mine which was, which is, and which ever will be. 12. The formation of a reward for worldly beings by Adharmazd, through the propitious liturgy (mansarspend) 8 which has become the precursor of the benefiters; that is, their high-priest, who has * See Pahl. Yas. XXIX, 2 c. * Ibid. 7 b. Pahl. kamako-doisar=Av. vouru-dhithra, an epithet of Rata, ' liberality' (see Chap. XXIV, 3), and Saoka, prosperity;' but here applied to Gos-adrvan. * Some words in $ 10 occur also in Pahl. Yas. XXIX, 3. * See Pahl. Yas. XXIX, 4 a. * Ibid. 4 b. 7 Ibid. 4 c. 8 Ibid. 7 a. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXIX, 10-xxx, 4. 241 a propitiousness and intelligence that are all-beneficial, is he with the liturgy. 13. And about the uniqueness and incomparableness of Zaratust among mankind, through his desire for righteousness and his understanding the means of defeating the destroyer and teaching the creatures. 14. Righteousness is perfect excellence. CHAPTER XXX. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The seventh fargard, Ad-ta-vakhshya?, is regarding the maintenance of the worship and obeisance of the religion and the spirit of the liturgy; and this, too, that the spirit of the ceremonial of him who is a right-thinking, intelligent, and wise S man is quickly mixed up with the light of the sun, and connected with the accomplishment of the wishes and the joy of the archangels. 2. About the choice of will by mankind, and the existence of a way to reward through their decision. 3. About advice to mankind as to seeking that position in which it is possible to remain long with fondness, and as to reciting and teaching the revelation of the sacred beings. 4. And, from the statement of Zaratust, about the shouting of the demon Aresh' to mankind, thus: I See Pahl. Yas. XXIX, 8 C. . See Chap. VII, in; it is here written at-tag-vakhshe in Pahlavi in both MSS. * See Pahl. Yas. XXX, 1 a,c. * Ibid. 2 c. * See Chap. XXXI, 6; the demon of envy, or malice, called Areshk, or Arashk, in Bd. XV, 18, XXVIII, 16. [37] R Digitized by Google

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242 DINKARD, BOOK IX. 'Adharmazd and Aharman have been two brothers in one womb, and out of them the archangel 2 liked that which is evil ", through what occurs when the understanders of it have mentioned the worship of the demons and this, that, after it, you should present cattle to the planetary bodies and the demons.' 5. About the falsity of the demon Aresh, the separate origin of light and darkness, the goodness of the material existence of light for determining what is done, and the evil of that of darkness. 6. The grumbling of the evil spirit thus : 'I am he whose thoughts are evil, O beneficent spirit! he whose words are evil, and he whose deeds are evilo; what is dark is my garment which is very thick, with lower corners where, so far as many go, it is still darker 6; evil thoughts, evil words, and evil deeds are my food, and I love those of them who are in that place through evil thoughts, evil words, and evil deeds. 7. And the speaking of Adharmazd thus: 'I am he whose thoughts are good, O evil spirit! he whose words are good, and he whose deeds are good e; the sky is my garment, which was first produced from that substance of the worldly existences which is created as the stone above all stones ?, that is, every jewel is set in it; good thoughts, good words, and good deeds are my food, and I love those of them who are in that place See Pahl. Yas. XXX, 3 a. This materialization of the Gathic text, here reported as the utterance of a malicious demon, corresponds very closely with the statement of the Armenian Eznik quoted in Haug's Essays, p. 13. ? That is, the arch-demon who was archangel of the demons. s See Pahl. Yas. XXX, 5 a. * Ibid. 3 b. 5 Referring to hell. * See Pahl. Yas. XXX, 3 b. ? Ibid. 5 b. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXX, 5-11. 243 through good thoughts, good words, and good deeds. 8. This, too, that true discrimination is not for them, the demons 1 astute in evil; and they never truly discriminate whose will is that of Akoman? 9. And about the sickening (vimarinidano) of the patron spirits of mankind, by the demons 3, through the deceit of man towards man owing to the deceit of the demons; and the approach of mankind to evil proceedings on the part of the spiritual lordship, through those patron spirits *. 10. Also the sending of monarchy and the wisdom of religion, by Adharmazd, for the preservation of the creatures; the recurrence of the mission 5 whereby there are injury and affliction for the demons and sovereignty again for Adharmazd, and they possess the reward of Vohuman and what is required by the sacred beings; and the predominance of man over demon, in the end, the good over the evil, and the righteous over the wicked; also about the nature of those who are producing the renovation of the universe. 11. This, too, that is a declaration : 'They are those, O Zaratust the Spitaman! who shall produce the renovation, they have escaped (girekhto) among the existences, they are i See Pahl. Yas. XXX, 6 a. * Evil thought (see Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3). See Pahl. Yas. XXX, 6 c. * The ahu, or patron spirit, having become diseased and incapable of true a hvoih, or spiritual lordship, through the action of the demons. * Reading lakhvar petami-hastano (or petam gastano) which probably refers to the later missions of Allshedar, Allshedarmah, and Soshans (see Bk. VIII, Chap. XIV, 12-14). See Pahl. Yas. XXX, 8 b. R2 Digitized by Google

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244 DINKARD, BOOK IX. vigilant' in seeking righteousness, and gentle-voiced; and, as regards righteousness in thought, they convert into righteousness anything virtuous which belongs to them. 12. About the statement of those praised it is recited that it is thus mentioned in the Gathas : So we are with those who are thine--that is, we are thine own-by us this renovation is to be produced in the existences ?' 13. About the perpetual convocation held by the archangel regarding the production of the future existence 3. 14. This, too, that he is an extender of the days of those who defeat the army of the fiend * and clothe themselves with deeds of shining light, and also those of a virtuous body, who are these : the priest, the warrior, the husbandman, and the man who is a ruler ; with whom are Aharisvang 6 and the spirit of liberality (radih) 8; they meditate with good thoughts (h Q-minisnih) ? and joy, and, with pleasure to themselves, they give the world into the guardianship of Adharmazd, and also of Ashavahist 8, when they possess the religion of Allharmazd as a ruler. 15. This, too, that he, whose thoughts are through a high-priest who possesses a patron spirit, always thinks that which is virtuous, and his sagacity increases . 16. And about advice to mankind as to three things, through which the renovation and happy progress of the creatures arise, namely, seeking the " Pahl. zen-havand=Av, zaenangha. 9 See Pahl. Yas. XXX, 9 a. Ibid. 9 b. Ibid. 10 a. 5 The female angel of perfect rectitude (see Bk.VIII, Chap. IX, 3). * See Chap. XXIV, 3. ? See Pahl. Yas. XXX, 10 b. $ Ibid. 10 c and Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXVII, 14. * See Pahl. Yas. XXX, 9 c. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXX, 12-XXXI, 3. 245 true religion, abstaining from injuring the creatures, and striving for the benefit of mankind. 17. The excellence of righteousness is perfect. CHAPTER XXXI. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The eighth fargard, Ta-ve-urvata?, is about advice as to reciting the revelation, the information therefrom for the faithful, about which they have to report to the unfaithful, by mentioning conspicuous specimens and explanatory knowledge, and by thinking of anything whatever which they have to accept, or even which they have not to accepts; also, for one called to the religion, the advantage owing to the attraction of mankind to the numerous actual disciplehood of the religion, and the increasing greatness materially, and further reward spiritually, owing to the numerous disciplehood; and the progress of the religion of Adharmazd even among the irreligious (aden dan) - and actual apostates. 2. This, too, that the life of the creatures of Adharmazd and also all other benefit are owing to Adharmazd 6 and the inclination (kam varikako) of Adharmazd thereto; moreover, reward and recompense come from Adharmazd. 3. And the creatures of Aharman proceed from Aharman, all misery is owing to Aharman, and Aharman becomes worse and more oppressive and a further producer of misery when they worship him. See Chap. VIII, in; it is here written tag-va-rato in Pahlavi in both MSS. * See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 1a. B omits these last eight words. * K has akden an, 'infidels.' * See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 1 c. * Ibid. 2 c. Digitized by Google

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246 DINKARD, BOOK IX. 4. About the continuance and arranging of both spirits as to their own creations (sti) and the selfacting of their own appliances; the achievement of each one through his own natural resources and through the trifling (gadaganik) operation of the other; the spiritual lordship and priestly authority, true confession and the progress of the good religion, being from Adharmazd, and, through enmity to the creatures of Allharmazd, Aharman is contesting these. 5. Adharmazd, for setting aside that contester, is the producer of true intelligence, and gave language and also the ritual of ordeal"; the invocation of the sacred beings for assistance, and the arrival of an angel for the assistance of the invokers; the overcoming of their affliction, the production of their immunity and even righteousness, and also of that good ruler 3 who is a reminder of Adharmazd, and the restoration of bodies, which is the hope of all good creations, are through the sacred beings being invoked for assistance and their arrival where the diffusion is that of virtuous knowledge through Vohaman", the good religion which is whatever may be the knowledge o of all those who are, and were, and will be. 6. About the shouting of the demon Aresh? to 1 See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 3 b, c. Ibid. 4 a, b. Ibid. 4 c. * K has ceremonial.' See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 5 b. * K has hu-danakih, sagacity. ? The demon of envy, as in Chap. XXX, 4. The occurrence of his dialogue with Zaratust in this place explains the word toes you which is found twice in Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 5 b, and has been read hu-varih, good judgment,' or hu-vaharih, good fortune. In the MSS. called Pt4 and Mf4, in Geldner's edition of the Avesta, this Pahlavi word is both times separated into two thus : modo ipo which may be read avo Aresh, 'to Aresh,' and the whole Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXI, 4-11. 247 Zaratust and the reply of Zaratust as to the advice of Adharmazd and whatever is on the same subject, just as revelation (deno) states it, that the demon Aresh spoke to him thus : 'Then the Franamam", O Zaratust! is applicable to the assembly of demons who sit in the same place three nights and four days on account of thee.' 7. Zaratust enquired of him thus : 'O Aresh, thou most deceitful to me! what recompense would there be for it to me, if I should worship you in words?' 8. And Aresh, the most deceitful of demons, spoke to him thus : * Thou wouldst become predominant among mankind, through producing at will among the existences just as is requisite for thyself; and thou wouldst become immortal, O Spitaman! 9. Zaratust also enquired of him thus : 0 Aresh, most deceitful of demons ! as to the people by whom you are worshipped, whether for the birth of a son, or even for a concubine sought for enjoyment, so that the favour is considered by them as your property, how can any one of them be immortal ?' 10. And Aresh, the most deceitful of demons, could not tell him who had the more intelligence. 11. So Zaratust spoke thus : * I am for that being and I like him, that is, I am his $5 b may be translated as follows:- The gift of understanding through Good Thought is that which thou shouldst give unto me (that is, that wisdom thou shouldst proclaim to me as virtuousness), which is to me through what pertains to it) that which is for Aresh (that is, through that wisdom which is virtuousness it shall become possible for me to give a reply to Aresh). The reply here mentioned appears to be that given in $ 11 of our text; and the name Aresh explains the word ereshi in the original Avesta text as meaning 'envy' and being equivalent to araska. 1 The Masda-worshipper's profession of faith, beginning with the word Av. fravarane (Yas. I, 23)=Pahl. franamam. Digitized by Google

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248 DINKARD, BOOK IX. own and would transact his affairs, and I will recite the law and the benedictions of the sagacious Adharmazd, the gratifier of desires.' 12. About the deliverance of all creatures through the liturgy', and, so long as it is continued by them, it is for the power through which the immortality of the separate creations is prepared in the renovation of the universe; the increase of the good creatures through the complete continuance of the liturgy, and the existence of purity and development of goodness in the world when he who is a good ruler arrives. 13. The arising of the spiritual creation, the first thought of Adharmazd; and, as to the creatures of Adharmazd, first the spiritual achievement, and then the material formation and the mingling of spirit with matter; [the advancement of the creatures thereby, through his wisdom and the righteousness of Vohuman being lodged ? in the creatures,] and all good creatures being goaded (zakhami-hastano) thereby into purity and joyfulness. 14. This, too, that a complete understanding of things arises through Vohuman having made a home in one's reason (varom). 15. About the great reward of him who shall produce benefit for cattle 8; also the deceitfully and seductively assuming of religion and colouring of thought, talking of righteousness and adopting evil practices, through the recitation of righteousness even hypocritically (davansiha-k); and an instance of the reward of an undutiful (avar'zidar) apos See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 6 b. * Ibid. 6 c. The passage in brackets occurs only in K. 3 Ibid. 10 a, b. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXI, 12-18. 249 tate 1. 16. About the work of the creator; and, for the completion thereof, the most eminent is understood to be when the world and religion were formed a by him, when life was given by him to those possessing bodies, and he provides instruction and employment for it, and when spiritual life (h a ko) was given by him to the wishful man, so that he may more fully appropriate a share of the worldly and spiritual existences. 17. He who makes complete mindfulness ? lodge in his body consults complete mindfulness, and 8, through the much investigation of his spiritual life (ah vo) and mind into the attraction of both spiritsthat which is good and also that which is evil-each separately for its own appliances, and into the duties of the religion of Adharmazd, is explaining the inefficiency of mankind, as regards the dissipation of their sin, because Adharmazd is aware of all they practise, that which is public and that, too, which is concealed". 18. The great reward of him who is liberal of gifts (da sar) from his own property to a * See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 10C. Ibid. 11 a. Ibid. 11 b. * So originally in B, but altered into when,' by the repairer of the MS., so as to agree with K. * See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, II C. * B has kamak, desire,' with the wishful' in the plural, and this might agree better with Pabl. Yas. XXXI, IIc, but not with the next clause in the sentence here, where both nominative and verb are in the singular. See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 12 c. This term is the Pahl. equivalent of Av. armaiti which is usually personified as the female archangel Spendarmad. The MS. K is left unfinished at this point, merely adding the words expressed by into the attraction of,' in this translation. For the remainder of Bk. IX the only known MS. authority is B. * See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 13 a. Digitized by Google

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250 DINKARD, BOOK IX. righteous man"; and this, too, that whoever gives him who is wicked' a gift, for the sake of improper expectations, assists darkness and not light. 19. This, too, that the worst ruler is he of evil religion and evil deeds, who even for a bribes would not occasion happiness; he who is a destroyer of an innocent man; also the grievous state of punishment of that person, in hell, who shall make that wicked one a ruler 4 20. And advice to mankind as to providing a judge and guardian over every dwelling, the probation of a man for appointment to that important duty, and the development of all creations in the world when its ruler is sagacious 6. 21. Also causing the disturbance (va-siklinidano) of the evil spirit for satisfying a man who is rightly thinking, rightly speaking, and rightly acting; the opposition to a righteous man of a wicked one belonging to the evil spirit, who is an evil-reciting and improperly-disputing apostate ; the enticement (lusinidano) of mankind to devious ways (avartha), by an apostate, being more than that which attracts to the true way for a righteous man; and afterwards also, in the end, the defeat of the army of the fiend by him who is beneficial to mankind. 22. Advice to mankind about abstaining from the suite of him who is an apostate, not hearing and not solemnizing the Avesta and Zand of the sacred beings from himo; also the evil behaviour (dus-barisnih), slander, strife, death, and fear in the world owing to apostates? 23. Advice to upholders of the religion about the means of thoroughly understanding apos See Pabl. Yas. XXXI, 14 b. * Ibid. 15 a. Ibid. 16 a. Ibid. 14 c. Ibid. 18 a. Ibid. 15 b. ' Ibid. 18 b. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXI, 19-28. 251 tates, and preparing and keeping a weapon for them', so that he who is authorised and fearless may be more eager for truthful speaking; and, when the religion of Adharmazd is liked by him, his truthful speaking and other righteousness have then allured (kamakinido) 2. 24. Also what happens in the three nights 5, for the assistance and preservation of the righteous, through what is accomplished by the propitious fire"; and the progress of his lamentation who deceives and vexes a righteous man", and is leading the wicked by their own befitting deeds to hell EUR 25. This, too, that the complete worthiness which excists in Khurdad and Amardad? arises in him who maintains the prerogative which is his 8 through virtuousness, who must become such a friend of whatever is his own spirit, through his actions', as the creator is of his own creatures. 26. This, too, that whatever is thus in the world is perfect, when every one thinks, speaks, and shall act just like his spiritual lord and high-priest 10; so that a good ruler is he with whom virtuous speaking arises, as well as proper action" 27. And this, too, that the lodgment of Adharmazd in the worldly existence is most in the person of that ruler 12, and that lodgment in him is manifest. 28. The excellence of righteousness is perfect. Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 18 C. Ibid. 19 b. 3 After death. * See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 19 c and Chap. XII, 4. * Ibid. 20 a. * Ibid. 20 c. ? Ibid. 21a and Chap. XIX, 1. Ibid. 216. * Ibid. 210. 10 Ibid. 22 a. ul Ibid. 22 b. 12 Ibid. 22 c. Digitized by Google

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252 DINKARD, BOOK IX. CHAPTER XXXII. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The ninth fargard, Hvaetumaiti', is about the coming of three deceitful demons, and their making supplication (lagak-karih) to Adharmazd, so that he should consider and reward those aggrieved by him, and it would amount to strength for them in destroying the creatures. 2. The disgorging (akh vardano) of supplication by those demons clamorously upwards from an abyss, and the statement of one that he is 8 the kindred that is undeceitful, of another one that he is the serfdom that is undeceitful, and of the third one that he is the confederacy that is undeceitful, was in these words, namely: "We are those spirits when the kinsman, confederate, and serfo do not break promises, one with the other ; we are not really these that are no implements of thine, but our religion and law are thine, and we do thy will; we become assistants of him who is thy friend, and injurers of him who is thy enemy *; and from thee we beg a position in the existence that is best, the reward that is a reward of the worthy.' 3. The reply of Adharmazd to them was thus: You rush out, astute in evil, to the extremity (bun) of that horrible gloom ; so you are all from the demon, your race is really from Evil Thought, that Literally I am.' 1 See Chap. IX, i n. See Pahl. Yas. XXXII, 1 a. * See Pahl. Yas. XXXII, IC. Compare Pahl. Vend. XIX, 147. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXII, 1-5. 253 is, your race is from there where Evil Thought', as well as Lust the destroyer and also Greed the wellaccumulating, resides, and where, moreover, indar the fighter is the spirit of the religion of apostasy and further deceives the worldly existence of mankind, as to proper living and immortal progress?, and first confines their thoughts. 4. He shall first do this, so that he may restrain the thoughts of men from virtuous things, and their further words and perverted further deeds from the ceremonial of us who are archangels; they further lose their wisdom", and further consider even as perfect righteousness that which is loved by the demons; they utter the false words and consecrate with the worse deeds of mankind; and with the holy-water which one consecrates most to you, more falsely and more arrogantly than that falsity and arrogance, do they enhance the greatest ceremonial, so that they shall make more of the most. 5. Owing to discord, through that love of you who are demons, they smite with destruction him who shall not be a satisfaction to you in the presidency; and the leader they take (girend) becomes a destroyer, so in the sequel, too, there is some one that smites him; even though they i See Pahl. Yas. XXXII, 3 a. For the demons here mentioned, Akomano, Vareno, and Aso, see Bk. VIII, Chaps. IX, 3, XXXI, 44; Indar is the same as Andar (in Chap. IX, 1), the arch-demon who perverts from virtue and despises the sacred shirt and girdle (Bd. I, 27, XXVIII, 8). With reference to the good old schismhypothesis, that identified the Av. daeva Indra, or Andra, with the Sans. deva Indra, it is worthy of note that he is here represented as the pervading spirit of an apostate religion, and is termed the kushidar, 'fighter, slayer.' * See Pahl. Yas. XXXII, 5 a. : See Bd. XXVIII, 8. * See Pahl. Yas. XXX, 4C. * Ibid. 3 b. Digitized by Google

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254 DINKARD, BOOK IX. consider him as your follower, they shall occasion his destruction. 6. You are evil demons for a congregation when they speak of avoiding you, and worse for the ceremonial, or obeisance, when it occurs ; that which becomes all clearness to the utterer of righteousness, in this existence, you utterly destroy ; and the lodgment of complete mindfulness in the body is for admonition to human beings about abstaining from the demons. 7. This, too, is stated, namely: 'Evil are you who are wicked and worship the demons with good holywater and with words; through them the holy-water obtains evil recompense, even the hell that is horrible.' 8. This, too, he spoke, namely : Concerning those malicious demons 1 I will first mention intelligibly to thee when they have come to the world, that is, first when they have rushed in, how their jurisdiction arose. 9. For thirty centuries? those of my world were immortal and undecaying, O Zaratust! but when the thirtieth century was accomplished , O Spitaman! the sweat (kh vae) produced by the demons then came on to my Gayomard", for his affliction, so long a time as a man speaks forth these words of the Yatha-ahd-vairyo", relating to the spiritual lord and priestly master. 10. And when he issued from that sweat he was shadowless, that is, darkness had entered (r); and the words of the formula (ayin) relating to the spiritual lord and priestly master were spoken forth by me, and when See Pahl. Yas. XXXII, 72, 8 a. ? See Bd. I, 20, 21. But from SS 10 it appears more probable that these are the three millenniums mentioned in Bd. I, 8. 3 Bd. III, 3. * Ibid. 19. See Bk. VIII, Chap. I, 7 n. * Bd. III, 20. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXII, 6-13. 255 vastarem' was uttered by me the demons then fell? into the gloom.' 11. About the harm owing to the demons this, too, he spoke, namely: 'The destructiveness of the evil spirit is his evil teaching by statements 8 to my creatures; and my riches (isto) plundered by him are the proportion of the production and possession of wealth for which a desire exists through Good Thought; that is, when they possess it with propriety it is desirable 4. 12. And mankind were gratified by that son of Vivanghau who was Yim , and cattle were gratified by him, producing thus the phrase "you are mankind" in words, O Zaratust! when he spoke to mankind thus : "You are the mankind for cattle, that is, you who are mankind eat meat of your own subdivision, and through subdivision by you there is a superabundant occurrence of meat (r); you are mankind, neither for Greed (azo), nor for Envy (areshko) ?, do thou throw away the warm entrails (taftog rudik), nor do thou throw them away warm on account of custom (pisako), now you slay for slaughtering, so that thus it may be beneficial for you and your servant." 13. This, too, is stated, namely: 'Even that man The last word of the formula. In Bd. I, 21, 22 this utterance seems to be placed before the attack upon Gayomard, but until the complete text of the Iranian Bundahis has been examined, some doubt as to the exact sequence of its statements may be entertained. Pahl. ziflunid, for yiflonid, formed from the aorist of Ch. ?; instead of the usual neflu nast, formed from the preterit. * See Pahl. Yas. XXXII, 9 a. * Ibid. ob. Instead of av ordo, plundered,' B has the miswriting spordo, consigned.' Ibid. 8 a and Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 6. . Ibid. 8 b. ? Alluding, perhaps, to the legend detailed in Bd. XV, 18, 19. Digitized by Google

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256 DINKARD, BOOK IX. is produced for the destruction of mine ?, who is possessed by the wicked evil spirit ; the want of discernment of that man is a tedious life, in which the utterance of the praise of righteousness is the want of ceremonial of which a righteous man spoke thus : "At the place where their pasture is you are the mankind, the all-producer that fully developes them, and the all-collector that would thoroughly set them moving ; in their pasture you are the mankind, and they all remain ?; with hospitality for the body they remain on account of their pasture, and in fighting they strike their heads together; you are the mankind of their pasture, it is expedient and you deprive it of moisture 3 through fire; as to other things, it was also you that made one altogether believe that untrue statement which is a lie the possession of material existence by life-owing to external seduction by the fiend who has come chiefly to you."' 14. About the harm owing to the demons this, too, is stated, namely: "Their accomplishment of arrogance over these creatures of mine, and also the unfitness for heaven (avahistih-ik) of a righteous man, and that, too, of a valiant one, are due to the burial of a corpse.' 15. This, too, namely: 'They who drag away a corpse * are most hurtful for men, as regards the wealth of the religion in this world, and as regards sheep and beasts of burden.' 16. This, too, namely: 'As to the people, assisted by 1 See Pahl. Yas. XXXII, 10 a. Or, perhaps, and they remain astonished,' (va-sfpo manend). : Pahl. viyavanined which, with vastar, pasture,' occurs in Pahl. Yas. XXXII, 10 C. * They who carry a corpse alone, like the iristo-kasha of Vend. III, 15. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXII, 14-18. 257 one living in terrible difficulty, who deliver the corpse of a dead person, on a sheep or beast of burden, at a village where they shall convey it, they distress the fire and also the water flowing from the hills ?, likewise those liquids of the body which are ten?, and those saps (aevano) of plants which are fourfold in thousands, that is, they come out a thousand at one time.' 17. 'They are giving more assistance when 8 it is the corpse of a wicked person; concerning them, too, I tell thee, O Zaratust the Spitaman! that they shall arrive in the ninth and tenth centuries * who are the spawn of the fiend (dragd huneyako) and the cesspool (rikhdar) of the evil spirit; even one of them is more to be destroyed than ten idolators (deviyasto) by him they shall make pure, that is, the people shall make him quite void of wealth who is a priest without recitation and commendation. 18. And they, who will be full 1 Pahl. geran-tagisno = Av. hebvainti in Yas. XXXVIII, 3 and Av. thraoto-stad in Yas. LXVIII, 6, &c. It is the second species of liquid in Bd. XXI, 1. 9 Only nine are mentioned in Bd. XXI, 1, namely: semen, urine, sweat, skin-fluid, tears, blood, oil, saliva, and milk. * Assuming that mun stands for amat as in Bk. VIII, Chap. XXI, 1o. * If these centuries are dated from the coming of the religion,' according to the incorrect Arabian chronology of the Bundahis, they extended from A.D. 393 or 435 to 593 or 635 (see Byt. III, In). In the ninth century lived king Yasdakard (A.D. 399-420), surnamed the sinner' by the priesthood because he tolerated other religions, and the heretic Mazdak who was put to death in A.D. 528. In the tenth century the Muhammadan religion arose, and the Sasanian dynasty tottered to its fall. If it were not for the manifest errors in the Bundahis chronology, this passage in our text might be important for fixing the age of the Pahlavi version of this Nask, [37] Digitized by Google

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258 DINKARD, BOOK IX. many in the future, shall bring prostration upon him who is an innocent person, the husbandman who watches the frog of the ditch (zak-i gilago vazagh) so that he may keep it away from mankind; and they execute ill-contrived commands. 19. They also produce destruction for these of mine, and speak of the living state, to these of my religion, thus: "When living is an expediency it is in our way;" they are wicked, they dwindle through greatness and even terror, that is, they shall commit sin through leadership and vassalage? who are smiting thee, and they speak folly who are smiting this pure religion of thine, O Spitaman!' 20. "They, too, who recite this thy revelation of the Mazda-worshippers, say that the distinction (nison) of those others from those who are thine, even those whom they hurt, is this, that they plunder, they also think scornfully of this thy ceremonial, and think scornfully of the obeisances (ntykyisno) and of both those blessings from me, the Avesta and Zand which I, who am the most propitious of spirits, spoke forth to thee. 21. They also injure the ceremonial of him who is perfectly righteous, even the obeisance arisen from a disciple of Zaratust the Spitaman; and they chant that which is a settled effusion (bara-hankhetunto regih) that is very evil, as a perfect deed for mankind 3, which those of very evil deeds call joy 4.' 1 See Pahl. Yas. XXXII, 11a. Ibid. II C. Ibid. 12 a, which has corrupted regih into resh; the former, corresponding better with the original Av. raunghayen, can be compared with Pers. rihidan, rezidan; or it might mean 'imposture,' compare Pers. rigan. * Ibid. 12 b. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXII, 19-25. 259 22. 'They seek sovereignty as a devouring (grehmako), that is, they seek privilege for a bribe, and in their abode is he who is very evil in thought, that is, they seek with this design, that, for the hundred which another gives up, they may take two hundred away from the other?; they destroy the best existence ?, they destroy their own souls, and they destroy the world of material beings. 23. Then they who are privileged shall convey that sovereignty of the Kik and Karaps, even those that are the worst-ruling who are in the country, unto him who is best-ruling in house, village, community, and province; and then both shall keep up an uproar, he who is well-ruling and also he who is ill-ruling, and he who is ill-ruling is beaten, and he is delivered up to the best-ruling ruler. 24. And then, among them, he who seeks for a devouring (grehmako) of all that which is animate, as well as that which is inanimate, is he who is desirous of assault and complaint; and he who fears him who is a righteous man of mine allots him comfort, and is he who watches those who are an exposition of righteousness, and who would be wizards or witches, so that the authorities shall inflict punishment upon them.' 25. And this, too, is stated, namely: 'The malice of many malicious ones demands that they shall inflict punishment on sinners when they put (padmugend) life into the body, that is, they give life See Pahl. Yas. XXXII, 13 a; the exact meaning of grehmako (Av. gerehma) is uncertain, and the last verb is literally "I may take.' ; Ibid. 13 b. Ibid. 14 a, 15 a, and Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXV, 13 n. Ibid. 16 c. S 2 * Ibid. 13 C. Digitized by Google

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260 DINKARD, BOOK IX. back to the body; but for that purpose the metal, melted forth, arises full upon the earth, which does not wreak vengeance on him who is righteous, and does wreak vengeance on him who is wicked, when I, who am Adharmazd, produce the renovation among the existences". 26. Thus, too, that which becomes a healthful world-a healthful one that is thus mine-never first becomes that further sick one which, apart from me, is even now the immortal and manifest place where vengeance exists 2; and they become also aware, through that sovereignty of mine, that, apart from me, even now immortal is the material world of righteousness. 27. Excellence that is perfect is righteousness. CHAPTER XXXIII. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The tenth fargard, Yathaiss, is about the renovation of the universe in the words of Adharmazd to Zaratust, thus: 'I have produced the effecter of the renovation, the causer of righteousness, Soshans, of whom mankind say that he does not come; and yet he will come, for the righteous, with that glory which becomes all-brilliance.' 2. About the scrutiny and consideration for moderation in a high-priest's performance of every 1 At the resurrection all men are said to be purified in melted inetal which hurts only those who have been wicked (see Bd. XXX, 19, 20). . That is, the earth never becomes hell. * See Chap. Xin; it is here written yasa & is in Pahlavi. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXII, 26-XXXIII, 5. 261 duty there is this, too, that the desire of that nonassailant, who is a producer of benefit among kinsmen, among confederates, and among serfs', as regards anything whatever, is accomplishing the will, and is a friend, of Adharmazd; and the spirit lodging in him is not deceived by him. 3. And advice about distance from him in whom similarity of disposition to the fiend and arrogance are oppressive, and who is scorning kinsmen, a sharp liar with serfs?, giving offence (veshin-dahisno) to confederates, careless of cattle 3, and unfriendly to the wretched. 4. About the bridge on which there is access to Allharmazd", and he who reaches the best existence is visibly, or invisibly, proceeding while offering up (a u zdahan-sagitan). 5. And the teaching of the primitive faith to Zaratust by Adharmazd, who remained embodying the Ahunavair (ahunavairtand) as the Zotis of the world; and at the time of the renovation Zaratust, who was from the sons of Aezemno, is in the position of Zoti e of the whole 1 See Pahl. Yas. XXXIII, 32, b. Ibid. 4 b. * Ibid. 4 c. * Ibid. 5 c. * Ibid. 6 a. It is said, in Bd. XXX, 30, that Adharmasd comes to the world as Zoti, or chief officiating priest, with Srosh as assistant priest, just before the renovation. Here it is not absolutely certain whether Adharmasd, or Zaratust, is meant as Zoti on this first occurrence of the word. Reading min AE-zemnoan pavan zot gas; Ayazem being an ancestor of Zaratast, eleven generations back, the grandfather of Spitama, and the name being variously written Aiazemn, Ayazem, Nayazem, and Aizim in different MSS. Another reading is min 3 zamon khupo zot gas, 'from three-fold procreation, has the happy position of Zoti,' referring to the legendary account of Zaratust's origin, as detailed in the seventh book of the Dinkard. The position of the Zoti is at the north end of the ceremonial area. Digitized by G

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262 DINKARD, BOOK IX. world; Vohuvasto, son of Snde 1, from the countries of those of the religion, in the post of Havanan"; Isvand, son of Varaz, from the countries of Turan, in the post of Atarevakhsh ; Seno, son of Humstav, from the countries of the Senans, in the post of Frabardar ; and Vistasp, who was from the sons of Nodar", in the post of Sroshavarz. 6. About the power and triumph which that ceremonial becomes, even through the all-brilliance of the immortal renovation of the whole creation in that existence. 7. This, too, that the evil spirito. 1 This and the two following persons are the Vohvasti son of Snaoya, Isvad son of Varaza, and Saena son of Aham-stud, of Yt. XIII, 96, 97. In the great ceremonies of ancient times the Havanan appears to have been the priest who attended to the Hom-mortar, and his position was near the north-west corner of the ceremonial area; the Atarevakhsh was the priest who fed the fire, and his position was near the south-west corner; the Frabardar was the priest who brought the necessary utensils, and his position was near the northeast corner; and the Sroshavar's was the priest who kept general order, his position being at the south end, facing the Zoti at the north end. Besides these five priests, mentioned in our text, there were three others enumerated in Visp. III, 1; Vend. V, 58, VII, 17, 18, the water-bringer near the south-east corner, the washer on the west side, and the cleanser on the east side. In modern times the Zoti retains his ancient duties of chief priest, while the Raspi (Bk. VIII, Chap. VII, 5, 9) combines the duties of the seven others, being called by the Zoti (in Visp. III, 1) to take the place of each of them in succession. : Av. Saininam of Yt. XIII, 144, probably the people about Samarkand (see Bd. XII, 13 n, XV, 29). * See Yt. V, 98. * One folio of B is here lost, containing the end of this chapter and the beginning of the next. The passage missing was equivalent to about 100 lines of this translation, of which perhaps onefourth belonged to this chapter and three-fourths to the next.. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER xxxn1, 6-XXXIV, p. 263 CHAPTER XXXIV. Varastmansar Nask. . it is possible to come through virtuous deeds and through virtuous thoughts.' n. And this, too, he spoke, namely: "That Good Thought of mine proceeds and notices the thoughts of the embodied existence, and of the good words and the deeds he reports again those referring to me, as often as three times in the same day, both of those who are liberal to thee!, O Spitaman! and of those who are illiberal to thee.! 0. The struggling of the demons, for the putting down of all benefit from mankind, has not produced the obtainment of their capability for that benefit which arises for mankind through the future existence; so that that one evil is more grievous than every evil which the demons imagine for mankind, when the latter are frightened by them from the way of the sacred beings, and are wicked; and harder for them are the praisers of righteousness among the apostates and the rest of the creation, through their praise of righteousness, even when very many praise it. p. About the progress of Armat 3 and Tardkmat perpetually among the creatures, the disclosure of Armat to mankind, and of righteousness to Tarok 1 See Pahl. Yas. XXXIV, 7 4. . Ibid. roc. 3 Ibid. ga, rob, ib. Av, armaiti, 'devotion,' the female archangel Spendarmad, entitled 'complete mindfulness' in $$ 9, s. Tarokmat (Av. taromaiti), the arch-demon of contempt and disobedience (Bd. XXVIII, 14), is her special opponent. Digitized by Google

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264. DINKARD, BOOK IX. mat; the listening of that vile Tardkmat to falsehood, and the distance of righteousness from him who is vile is like that of a sheep fled (sisd) from mankind. 9. And this, too, that the evil spirit is beaten by complete mindfulness, in the struggle of those having mighty ones, just as a powerful man beats him who is a reverent creation (niyayin dahisno)*; and the pure Zaratust is produced by Adharmazd, as well as the power of Khardad and Amardad 6, which acts forcibly for giving value (farg) and preparing the creatures. r. About the opposition of Adharmad to the demons, and the valuation of the deeds of mankind which exist for greater jurisdiction? and more advantage of the primitive good creation; and in any doubtfulness one is to perform the ceremonial of the sacred beings. s. About cases where the good-will of the spirit of complete mindfulness makes mankind attain to the good religion; and their spiritual joy: arises from the purification of their own religion through virtuous exercise of will. t. About the desire for a reward for anything whatever, and the great advantage owing to a reward of the desires of mankind; also the appropriation of the reward through the operation of the sacred beings :-- Even through the ruler (pad) of that dominion of yours do I produce the renovation of the existences by my willo, I who am Adharmazd.' u. Excellence is righteousness that is perfect. See Pahl. Yas. XXXIV, 8c. 3 Ibid. 10 c. * Ibid. 11a and Chap. XIX, 1. ? Ibid. 12 a. * Ibid. 13 b. Ibid. 9c. * Ibid. 8b. * Ibid. 11 C. * Ibid. 15 c. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXIV, q-xxxv, 5. 265 CHAPTER XXXV. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The twelfth fargard, the Yasna', is about the manifestation of good thoughts, good words, and good deeds by the religion ; the lodgment of the religion in good thoughts, good words, and good deeds; and whoever possesses good thoughts, whoever has good words, and whoever has good deeds, by him righteousness and the reward of the righteous are possessed. 2. This, too, that neither is he, who is not to be born for Zaratust, an issue from parents who are not righteous, nor yet is he, for him, who is a manifestation of the righteous. 3. This, too, is said, namely: 'Thou shouldst give a glad-thinking desire for a spiritual lord, and an easy-bodied constitution, to their minds, the religion which I spoke forth to thee; so that the greatest, best, and most beneficial of existences , that are those which cattle are wanting from men, are water, pasture, and freedom from danger * ; and those which men are wanting from cattle are also food and clothing. 4. This, too, that that which mankind ought to give to the sacred beings is a power for completeness of control; and that which the sacred beings ought to give to men is ever that which is good for them. 5. And this, too, that thou who art Adharmazd also suppliest it from those sacred beings, and thou who art Zaratast also teachest it thoroughly to that best-ruling sovereignty and authority. * See Chap. XII, in; it is here written yast in Pahlavi. . See Pahl. Yas. XXXV, 4-6. * Ibid. 9. Ibid. 11. Ibid. 13 Digitized by Google

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266 DINKARD, BOOK IX. 6. This, too, is said, namely: 'Let no one practise ill-perpetrated deeds, even though in a wilderness when far from publicity, nor in distress, O Spitaman! because Adharmazd, the observer of everything, is aware of them; and the rule is that just as any one whatever of the embodied existence thinks, speaks, and practises, so great is his punishment.' 7. And this, too, that the best ceremonial and obeisance are the ceremonial and obeisance of a righteous man. 8. About begging for life and receiving it, there is this, that it is customarily due to two methods (baba): one, through leadership of righteousness, is that through which it is evident that it is owing to virtuousness; and one, through service of righteousness?, is that which is not an evidence that it is owing to viciousness. 9. About the case where virtuousness is producing authority over truth, and truth over the tongue, so that thou speakest words through the will of Allharmazd. 10. And this, too, is said, namely: 'I am the propitious spirit who was at first and ever will be, and am not really deceived by anything. 11. About fire being given by Adharmazd for shelter and assistance by the protection of mankind; its maintenance and assistance by mankind; and the openheartedness of the spirit of fire for him who shall perform obeisance to it, and for him who is to perform obeisance to its 12. The work which is the greatest that exists, and is accomplished in the future existence, whereby the creatures become pure, 1 See Pahl. Yas. XXXV, 19. * See Pahl. Yas. XXXVI, 4, 5. * Ibid. 22. * Ibid. 6. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXV, 6-17. 267 occurs through fire; and one prays for it for the sake of the requirements which mankind acquired from the sacred beings. 13. This, too, is said, namely: 'Since thou art thus, o Zaratust! most propitiatory, that is, able to perform most for our pleasure, we are more promptly coming than Mandsklhar was able to come, when thou beggest of us who are archangels, O Zaratust 1!' 14. About Adharmazd's exhibiting the creatures in the future existence to Zaratust. 15. And this, too, namely, the all-brilliance of the earth, the allbrilliance of the cattle, the all-brilliance of the plants, and the all-brilliance of every excellence ? which is a manifestation of righteousness. 16. About the worshipping of Adharmazd by worshippers, through advancing in the religion of Adharmazd's covenant (padmana), which gave the world his righteousness; also the good protectiveness of his rule, and of the greatness therein, is owing to it', and the name of the ruler is Wisdom 5; likewise his ceremonialperformed while the creations owing to him live, when possessing bodies and possessing life is a benefit to all the worldly and spiritual existences. 17. And this, too, is said, namely: Thou art our own?, and also our confederate, O Spitaman! likewise unto us thou comest with the reverence that is good 8; thine, O Zaratust! are the greatness and completeness in performance (r), so that they See Pahl. Yas. XXXVI, 9-14. For Manuskihar see Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 10, 12, 18. * See Pahl. Yas. XXXVII (=V), 1, 2. 3 Ibid. 4. * Ibid. 3. Ibid. 6. * Ibid. 7. * See Pahl. Yas. XXXIX, 13. . & Ibid. 14. * See Pahl. Yas. XL, I. Digitized by Google

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268 DINKARD, BOOK IX. become thy greatness and completeness, that is, they are thine, O Zaratast! and are boundless onwards from the middle, that is, we give thee a reward 1 so enormous that, when thou shouldst stand in the middle of it, thou wouldst not see to its limits, the width of the earth, the length of a river, and the height of the sun ?' 18. Zaratust begged of Adharmazd thus : 'Give unto me him who becomes a disciple of men % of the mighty through meditation for the religion, of them who shall produce the actual progress of this my religion of the Mazda-worshippers, and who will also explain the good practices to this one of mine, even the blessings set forth by me in the benedictions they possess.' 19. And Adharmazd spoke thus : 'I will give unto thee him who becomes a disciple of other men of the mighty; they are thy kinsmen and those confederates of theirs, and thine are their companions and their serfs", who produce the progress of this thy religion of the Mazda-worshippers. 20. Mostly thine, O Zaratust! are their worship and their homage; and, through their ceremonial and obeisance, the liberality of him who is worshipped is given to thee, and righteousness for the soul is with thee; also thy life exists owing to us, and likewise thy body, O Zaratust! 21. Forth to thee will I, who am the creator Adharmazd, come in both existences, as assistance; thou becomest worthy, O Zaratust! through Khurdad and Amurdad?, both of them, and through the gratification of See Pahl. Yas. XL, 3. . This expression for boundless extent occurs in Yas. LX, 4, Yt. XIII, 32. See Pahl. Yas. XL, 7. * Ibid. 10. * See Pahl. Yas. XLI, 7. Ibid. 8. See Chap. XIX, 1. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXV, 18-XXXVI, 3. 269 me, who am Adharmazd, by those sayings and deeds which I, who am the most propitious of spirits, proclaimed unto thee.' 22. Zaratust spoke thus: They have become applicants on him who is powerful with thee?' 23. And Adharmazd spoke thus: 'Thou becomest an applicant and powerful in the embodied existence.' 24. Zaratast spoke thus: 'Be thou a gratification to us in the slow progress of life, thou most beneficent (hu-dahaktam) of existences ! that is, thou shouldst give to us?' 25. And Adharmazd spoke thus: 'I will gratify thee, O righteous Zaratust! in that best existence 8 26. Excellence that is perfect is righteousness. CHAPTER XXXVI. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The thirteenth fargard, Ustavaiti", is about the great reward of him who, through virtuous procedure, may occasion the benefit of a man and of the religion of righteousness also. 2. This, too, that the maintenance of righteousness is through the practice of it. 3. About the tokens of a righteous man--that is, the evidence of him-and his reverence for duty and good works; also his imperceptible perversion (kastarth)--that is, not a single sin is manifest 3 Ibid. 15. * See Pahl. Yas. XLI, 10. * Ibid. 11. * See Chap. XIII, I n. * See Pahl. Yas. XLII, 1 a. * Ibid. 1d. Digitized by Google

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270 DINKARD, BOOK IX. essen in him--and he is an accomplisher of the stipulations of Vohuman', good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, and a comprisal of every goodness in the propitiation of the righteous. 4. About 2 . . CHAPTER XXXVII. Varstmansar Nask. . produced the dawn and noontide (aush repisp)* e. I fashioned sovereignty and the desired complete mindfulness together, and produced, for more advantageous disclosure, a son (bermanar-ae) for a father ; the disclosure that discloses a male and the impregnation of a female, and in that disclosure a son was produced by me for the father, O Zaratust!' f. So the evil spirit observed, and he called upwards from the abyss thus: O beneficent spirit! thou art the creator of all creatures, but I will make all thy creatures old, O beneficent spirit ! See Pahl. Yas. XLII, 2 d. ? Another folio of B is here lost, containing the end of this chapter and the beginning of the next. The passage missing was equivalent to about 100 lines of this translation, of which perhaps three-fourths belonged to this chapter and one-fourth to the next. * See Pahl. Yas. XLIII, 5d: aQshahind va-rapispino= Av. ushau arem-pithwa. * Ibid. 7 b. o Ibid. 7 c. The verbal causative stem vindin, 'cause to find, or obtain, disclose,' is twice spelt without its first letter, out of four occurrences; and bermanar is hybrid Zvaris for posar, in which berman=pus. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVI, 4-xxxvII, j. 271 g. About the religion becoming progressive in every one, through its renovation of the universe and its future existence, there is this, too, namely: "This thy religion of Zaratust is the width of the world, and righteousness is the best of religions ; this thy religion of Zaratust is the improvement of the world, which is first supplied by righteousness and complete mindfulness in the reason (vard m) of those who recite this thy revelation (deno) 2 of the Mazda-worshippers, O Zaratust ! this thy good religion is the best which it is possible to provide with righteousness for one's own. h. Thou shouldst proclaim this to kinsmen and confederates, to priests and him who is most active in the country; as to those who will dispute 8 this thy religion of the Mazda-worshippers, thou shouldst proclaim this over the earth of seven regions, unto that which is the furthest of houses, villages, communities, and provinces : "Do thou openly curse these who are heretical towards me, thou united Mazda-worship of Zaratast, opposed to the demons, which is the ordinance of Adharmazdo!"! 2. Adharmazd spoke thus: 'I will exalt this which is beloved by thee, the religion of the Mazdaworship of Zaratust, opposed to the demons, which is the ordinance of Adharmazd. j. If this which is thine had not been further loved by me, the Mazdaworship of Zaratust, that is opposed to the demons and is the ordinance of Adharmazd, would have lapsed into disaster (vinasisno) deg, so that the pro Ibid. 13 C. * See Pahl. Yas. XLIII, 8c. Ibid. 11 d. * Assuming that naforind stands for nafrind. * See Pahl. Yas. I, 65. & See Pahl. Yas. XLIII, 19 d. Digitized by Google

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272 DINKARD, BOOK IX. fession of the religion of the Mazda-worshippers would be destroyed, that is, the religion would not have become progressive, and no one would be after the benefiters. k. But, owing to that love, O Zaratust! the religion of the Mazda-worshippers becomes progressive 1 even then up to the production of the renovation of the universe, even then until the perpetual life of the existences, even then till the raising up of the dead, and even then up to the full atonement of the spirits.' I. About being despised in hell; the wicked are scornful to a wicked one, and to the spirits apart from the wicked ; and it is the creator who, even after saving the others from hell, and the three nights stewing in hell?, is to cause the preservation of them also-after those three nights-from that misery, and every one attains to happiness. m. This, too, that Zaratust enquired of Adharmazd thus : *How have the ignorant demons, O Adharmazd! ever been good rulers 8? How do they think of them in the world thus, that their happiness arose from them ?' n. And Adharmazd spoke thus : They have been demons, O Zaratust! and evilruling; not well-ruling, even for a reward, do they produce the work of righteousness 0. Perfect righteousness is excellence. See Pahl. Yas. XLIII, 15 d, 17 d. * The three nights' final punishment of those worthy of death, to be inflicted at the time of the resurrection (see Bd. XXX, 13, 16). See Pahl. Yas. XLIII, 20 a. * Ibid. 20 e. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVII, k-XXXVIII, 5. 273 CHAPTER XXXVIII. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The fifteenth fargard, Ad-fra vakhshya , is about the sevenperfections of the admonitions of the religion. 2. First, association with the beneficent spirit of the creator, through hearing *, learning, and practising his religion ; and this, too, that thereby arises the preservation of the good creation when the destroyer is separated (vangid). 3. Second, about separation from the destructive evil spirit", and the contempt which is due to his arrogance and falsehood, the chief of all his vice. 4. Third, governing the temper 6 by good thoughts, good words, and good deeds; and this, that, whoever of you does not so use this liturgy as thought and word , they will not allot him light, they will not allot him the best existence, and he is miserable up to the last? 5. Fourth, about the perfection of the nature of next-of-kin marriage, which is when it is a giving of one's own (khadih-dahisnih); and the decision See Chap. XV, in; it is here written ad-fravakhshe in Pahlavi. Only six are numbered in our text, but the seventh seems to be detailed in $ 9. s See Pahl. Yas. XLIV, 1 a. * Ibid. 1 d, e. Ibid. 3 a. Ibid. 3c, d. ? Ibid. 3 e. * Ibid. 4 a. There is nothing whatever about next-of-kin marriage in the original Avesta text of this Gatha, but the Pahlavi translators (in order to interpolate authority for such marriages) took advantage of the Avesta speaking metaphorically of Masda as being father of Good Thought (Vohuman), and of Bountiful Devotion (Spendarmad) as being Masda's daughter; while they ignored the old tradition that Vohuman was created before Spendarmad (see Bd. I, 23, 26). A translation of the Pahlavi version of this Gatha passage is given in S. B. E., vol. xviii, pp. 392, 393. (37] Digitized by Google

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274 DINKARD, BOOK IX. given about it, which is the goodness of one's own progeny for the manifestation of progeny ; also the relationship, sturdiness, effectiveness, advantageousness, ownership, and giving in next-of-kin marriage. 6. Its first accomplishment was by the creator Adharmazd in the fatherhood of Vohaman 1 who was the first progeny, and from that arising of the practice (var'z-yehevonth) came the progress of the spiritual and worldly creatures and much connected therewith, such as the arising of splendour from light, radiance from splendour, and lustrousness from radiance, and the fully progressive diffusion and succession of mankind till the renovation of the universe; also, through spiritual and worldly passing on in the spiritual and worldly existences, Spendarmad's ? acceptance of the motherly glory was an * ennoblement. 7. Fifth, about providing and maintaining the high-priests : who are provided with a spiritual lord and possessing priestly instruction; the listening of his authorities of every kind to Adharmazd, and the reward of the beneficent good works of the high-priesthood, are authority for Adharmazd; and the reward of the good works of the high-priesthood is their relation to the best existence. 8. Sixth, about the praise, obeisance, and ceremonial for the creator Adharmazd; and this, too, that further conference with Vohuman arises, and wisdom and advantage? are taught by i See Pahl. Yas. XLIV, 40. Ibid. 4 d. Ibid. 5 a. Rather doubtful, as the repairer of the MS. has omitted the first two Pahlavi letters of kirfako, 'good works,' when writing the word on a patch. o See Pahl. Yas. XLIV, 6 a, b, d. * Ibid. 6 d. ? Ibid. 6 e, 7 a. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVIII, 6-12. 275 him thus : 'Thou shouldst be a supplicant for the immortal progress of the soul, O Zaratust ! so that Adharmazd may be lord of the creatures, and the practice of propitiation by mankind may be that for him, also a proportion of the ordering of obeisances.' 9. About the sovereignty of Adharmazd Seven through the reward given at the bridge of judgment --which is in his good assemblies', those of the restorer of the world, the destroyer of the evil one, and the benefiter. 10. This, too, is said, namely: "Thou becomest, through complete mindfulness, O Spitaman! a perpetual adopter (giriftar) of this ceremonial of mine.' 11. About Adharmazd having given power' to the creatures, the preparation of the power, and the contempt' for the evil spirit and his appliances ; Adharmazd and the creations gave that contempt back to the evil spirit and the primary (kadmon) demons who are those produced by the demons. 12. About the glorification of Zaratust there is 1 See Pahl. Yas. XLIV, 7c. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8 a. * Ibid. 9c. This appears to be the seventh 'perfection' mentioned in $1. Assuming that ha-hamba miha stands for ha-hangamiha, just as hanbam is a common variant of hangam. It might also mean 'good times,' but it seems to represent the incorrect word amavandih in Pahl. Yas. XLIV, 9 e, which each of the four MS. authorities spells differently. Mf4 has hu-dandih which, no doubt, stands for an original hQ-zandih, good community,' a fair translation of Av. haozathwa, and well expressed by 'good assemblies.' * See Pahl. Yas. XLIV, 10 a. ? Ibid. 10 e, in which zako- i ought to be zor-i according to Pt4, Mf4, with which J2 partly agrees. . Assuming that nivaruno stands for nivardano. * See Pahl. Yas. XLIV, ub. T2 Digitized by Google

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276 DINKARD, BOOK IX. this, too, namely: 'Thou art beneficial, thou art high-priest and master, and through thee exists the religion which is propitious ?; thou art brother and companion of all the benefiters, and thus thy friend is Vohuman.' 13. Perfect is the excellence of righteousness. CHAPTER XXXIX. Varstmansar Nask. 1. In the sixteenth fargard, Kamnamaeza 3, about departure to any land whatever*, in renewed search of fortune, there is also this, namely : 'Do not stay away discontentedly from this thy ceremonial and obeisance, O Zaratast! through love of us, when they do not satisfy thee-neither thy own, nor the confederate, nor the companion, nor the serf, nor the wicked tyrant 6_by whom those who are demons are wont to be worshipped. 2. And where and when thou art far from us, even then do not stand aloof from our affairs; and also when the affairs of the worldly existence shall not stand well for thee, even then thou shouldst reverence us and shouldst pay us homage.' 3. So also this, that the wish of the evil spirit is thus : 'Thou shouldst not reverence and shouldst not pay homage to the archangels; and here the people shall possess neither lordship, nor priestly instruction--that is, ruler and See Pahl. Yas. XLIV, ud. . Ibid. nie. See Chap. XVI, in; it is here written kamnamezo in Pahlavi. * See Pahl. Yas. XLV, 1 a. * Ibid. I b, c, d. * In this world. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXVIII, 13-XXXIX, 9. 277 high-priest--and their desire is not for perfect righteousness.' 4. And this, too, is said, namely: 'Of the contracted' spirituality and deficient wealth ?, owing to the little progress of men who are self-gratifiers, thou art aware, O Zaratust! thou who art no seeker of this--that is, this want of opulence of thine-because thou dost not know its; but I perceive those words of complaint of thine, of which I demand an account from thee4.' 5. And this, too, namely: 'Thou art aware of the gratification of desire o by us who are archangels, and which we give for the gratification that thou bringest forth (zihih); we also give thee the liberty which a friend gives to him who is a friend.' 6. About what occurs in future ages 6 : the experienced (arvandan) who are beneficial through teaching and practising wisdom ?, and the thirst of youths is increased by them ; by the assistance of complete mindfulness they improve the world of righteousness and produce distress for the fiend ; and the advantage due to virtue extends to them *. 7. And this, too, that he who is evilly oppressive has died off through his own deeds o. 8. About always opposing villains with as much strength as exists, so that he who is a good ruler 10, whose highpriest is the bounteous liturgy (Mansarspend), may become predominant 11 over Wrath. 9. About the praise of the renovators there is this, * Assuming that tak stands for tang. . See Pahl. Yas. XLV, 2 b. Ibid. 2 a. * Ibid. 2 d. * Ibid. 3 a. & Ibid. 3 d. * Ibid. 4 c. 11 Ibid. 5 a. Ibid. 2 c. 7 Ibid. 3 c. 10 Ibid. 4 d. Digitized by Google

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278 DINKARD, BOOK IX. too, namely: Blessings on good understanding and also on Mitro, whose punishment of sinners they shall inflict for this consideration, that he is intelligent and friendly (mitro-pan)? 10. And, about adjudication as to a kinsman (nafsman) of any one whatever, there is this, too, namely: 'Through a revival of Rashnu, whoever is righteous and also whoever is wicked--that is, every one-is to be kept for judicial investigation .' 11. This, too, namely: 'A kinsman is to be considered as virtuous 3, by whom his own soul is preserved from wickedness 4.' 12. And this, too, namely: 'So thy high-priest is he whose own religion is pure 5. 13. About the characteristics of the fiend, the broken-down (k hastako) Manih , and the destruction of the wicked who were listening to him, that which came from him who was monarch. 14. And this, too, namely: 'The wicked one, who gives my world to that which the malicious? Aharman has established as supremacy (lalaih), is he who is a self-wounding 8 demon that is set going for the death of the world of righteousness which he praises. 15. The cere " See Pahl. Yas. XLV, 5 b. For Mitro see Bk. VIII, Chap. XLIV, 16 n. Ibid. 5 c. For Rashnu see Bk. VIII, Chap. XX, 153 n. * Ibid. 5 d. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 7 e. & The arch-heretic who was born in A. D. 215-6, first preached his doctrines on the coronation day of king Shahpur I (20th March, 242), and was put to death by order of Bahram I in A. D. 276-7 (see Noldeke's Gesch. der Sas. pp. 47, 412, 415). From the mode in which he and his followers are mentioned in $$ 13-16, it would seem that the original Pahlavi version of this Nask must have been made at a time when this heresy was still fresh in men's memories, as it would have been in the first half of the fourth century, when Aturpad-i Maraspendan was collecting and revising the sacred books. "See Pahl. Yas. XLV, 8 a. 8 Ibid. 8 b. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXIX, 10-19. 279 monial of righteousness is not such as that he praises, O Zaratust ! the priestly authority of the worldly settlements (gehanan) that he mentions thus : "In priestly authority and high-priestship I am better (sa pir) and am better suitable;" and not so, O Zaratust ! is that excretion (mutrisno) * he stirs up for mankind; that which he mentions to them becomes a perpetual effusion from him, and they who stirred up the excretion afterwards think it theirs, and that which is a perfect ceremonial of the demons occurs. 16. Through the opposing arrival of Srosh , the righteous, the ruler is in vexation with that person ; that ruler who is a protection of these others through good emanation --not through evil living--and at every time a distresser of the wicked 4' 17. About the peculiarity of attracters to the religion, and the good works of those attracted 6. 18. About the signs of the last times, which are the millenniums of the sons of Zaratust. 19. This, too, that they cause disturbance (aaramend) unto the sovereignty, and they who are Kais and Karaps, those even who are the most evilruling in the country--who by villanous deeds are those who destroy the existence of mankind through statements, and destroy their own souls ? - also destroy the material world which, confused by them, Compare Pahl. Yas. XLVII, 10 b. See Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3 n. . See Pahl. Yas. XLV, 8c, d. This last word (h Q-zahisnih) ought certainly to be ha-zivisnih, good living.' * Ibid. 8 e. Ibid. rod, e. . Ibid. 11a; also see Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXV, 13 n. . 1 Ibid. 11 b, c. Digitized by Google

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280 DINKARD, BOOK IX. is more beloved than righteousness; even the sovereignty is a scanty shelter, among the existences, from those whose command is villanous, when they produce that which is vicious and deliver their pupils (amukhtaga no) to that which is their end (afdum), to the fiendish abode. 20. And here, too, about the praise of the family of the Fryanaks 2 it speaks thus: 'Righteousness comes up, O Spitaman! from the descendants and posterity of Turan; when extracted by the Fryanaks it is stated & just as though it were by Turan; through the assistance of complete mindfulness they develope the world of righteousness and produce distress for the fiend; they likewise think about it with Good Thought, o Zaratust! and thou shouldst bring forth (zayes) their gratification from us, who are archangels, by words, that is, do thou demand it.' 21. This, too, is said, namely: This liberality which is for thee is for us who are archangels; by him who shall provide liberality for thee, it is provided for us.' 22. About the praise of Vistasp there is this, too, namely: 'Kai-Vistasp? has propitiated thee, among the existences, by liberal giving ; that Vistasp, whose coming forth to thee in distress is through the reign of Vohuman, has developed the material world of righteousness; thou i See Pahl. Yas. XLV, 11e. A TOranian family of Masda-worshippers, of whom Ydista is specially mentioned in the Avesta (see Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 18 n); and it appears from Dd. XC, 3 that Ashem-yahmai-usta of Yt. XIII, 120 was another member of the same family. See Pahl. Yas. XLV, 12 b. * Ibid. 12 c, and compare $ 6. * Ibid. 12 d, e. * Ibid. 13 a. ? See Bk. VIII, Chaps. XI, 1, XIII, 15. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXIX, 20-27. 281 shouldst think of him, the good companion, O Zaratast ! the pure friend who is Kaf-Vistasp"; such is that Kai-Vistasp, the active, who, when he praises the religion, is attracting fellow-dwellers and converts them, that is, he brings them on to the religion?' 23. About attracting the Spitamas to the religion there is this, too, namely: 'Thou shouldst speak thus to the Spitamas: "Praise righteousness with much homage about it mentally; and a concession is to be discriminated by you, as well as whatever is no concession ; even for those deeds of yours righteousness is the reward given unto you, that reward which is much given by Adharmazd 8." 24. About the place of the four marvels produced by Adharmazd in yonder world: there where is the reign of Vohaman ", there where is the hospitality of Adharmazd , there where religion is along with complete mindfulness (r), and there where are the souls of the liberal 7. 25. About advice to Zaratust as to speech, made for mankind, which is proportionate-abandoning want of proportion--which is an appropriation of liberality with humility and a wise proportion 8 for good works. 26. This, too, namely: 'To him who gives himself mentally up to thee in discipleship, thou also shouldst give up the best which thou hast to give of thine own; and thou shouldst give wealth to him who shall give wealth to thee ', because so thy soul would be perfect, O righteous Zaratast ! when it shall act thus.' 27. This, too: "Thou See Pahl. Yas. XLV,13 e. Ibid. 14, d. * Ibid. 16 d. Ibid. 16 e. ? Ibid. 16 a. * Ibid. 17 a, b, c e. Ibid. 15 b,c,d. Ibid. 16 c. * Ibid. 18 a, b, c. Digitized by Google

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282 DINKARD, BOOK IX. shouldst select this religion of mine with wisdom and also with thought.' 28. This, too, that as to him who has to act with the freedom from effort (a pesitunagih) of righteousness" and owing to it, for the good works done by him the gift is good. 29. This, too, that whoever seeks by good works, and seeks good works by innocence, obtains freedom from harm (a-n asih); and whoever is liberal to the sacred beings is free from destruction (a-nasinisno), owing to the liberality of the sacred beings. 30. And this, too, namely: 'These are the rewards I am aware of", which have been, which still are, and which ever will be.' 31. Perfect excellence is righteousness. CHAPTER XL. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The seventeenth fargard, Spenta-mainya ", is about this, that Adharmazd produced the creatures through wisdom, and maintains them in truth. 2. This, too, that the best thing for every one is thought in a high-priest who is the tongue of a spiritual lord?; in a high-priest, who has to maintain thought, no appliances of the body are to lie unto the spiritual lord on account of affection for the 1 See Pahl. Yas. XLV, 18 e. * Ibid. 19 a. All but the last syllable of apesitunagih is written by the repairer of the MS. on one of his patches, but the word is a strange equivalent for Av. haithim. * Ibid. 19 d. * Ibid. 19 e. See Chap. XVII, 1 n; it is here written spend-mato in Pahlavi, and is called the 18th fargard by mistake. * See Pahl. Yas. XLVI, 2 a. * Ibid. 2 b. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXXIX, 28-XL, 11. - 283 worldly existence. 3. Also that the spiritual lord is always true; of the tongue-when he (the priest) speaks falsehood with the tongue-are those words which he does not believe through the spiritual lord, and it is owing to this, too, when, of all the body, the tongue first dies. 4. 'I say unto thee, O Spitaman! that thou shouldst speak with the tongue just as thou thinkest with the mind, and thou shouldst accomplish work with both hands in complete mindfulness?' 5. And this, too, that he who shall act thus is sagacious, and he is the father of righteousness through wisdom 2; and whoever would do that which has happened, thoroughly observes it on account of that which has not happened. 6. Also this, that in the person of him who shall do that which he understands, and asks again about that which he does not understand, the propitious spirit of wisdom is lodging. 7. About cattle being produced for the assistance of mankind, and the pastures of pleasure for the assistance of cattle 8 8. This, too, that the archangels injure the evil demon and wicked people, but they do not injure righteous people and the sage. 9. This, too, is said, namely: 'In scanty opulence do not murmur (al mang) owing to good works , and thus in great opulence much good work arises.' 10. This, too, that beneficence gives all to the good, and it is no further the villain whom the sacred beings maintain . 11. About the tongue of a true speaker being given for the satisfying (vigarisno) of disputants, See Pahl. Yas. XLVI, 2 c. Ibid. 2 d. * Ibid. 4 a, b. * Ibid. 4.C. * Ibid. 3c. * Ibid. 5 b, c. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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284 DINKARD, BOOK IX. and for declaring who is acquitted or incriminated ; and the ordeal that is a demonstrator, to acquit or convict, which he whose tongue is truthful has accepted-and it shall make his statement currenthas developed its jurisdiction in the world, and diminished distress. 12. And this, too, is said, that he gives out fire for disputes, so that it may make manifest the acquitted and incriminated, when he in whom are his immense complete mindfulness, and also righteousness, is guardian of the ordeal; and, when many inspect it, that which is the ritual of the ordeal believes them wicked ? 13. Perfect is the excellence of righteousness. CHAPTER XLI. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The eighteenth fargard, Yezi?, is about the existence of certain and doubtful evidence and indication as to the future existence : arising. 2. About the great dignity of the spirit of good works, and that also of the person doing good works through the lodgment of that spirit in him. 3. This, too, that they praise, recount, and practise the religion of Mazda-worship at the time of the renovation of the universe, that of which the demons through deceitfulness, and then also wicked mankind deceived by those who are demons, have said that it does not occur. See Pahl. Yas. XLVI, 6 b, c, d. * See Chap. XVIII, in; it is here called the 19th fargard by mistake in the MS. * See Pahl. Yas. XLVII, 1 a. * Ibid. ib. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XL, 12-XLI, 10. 285 4. About the triumph of the sacred beings over the demons at the end of various periods. 5. First, that which occurs when, on account of the preservation of mankind from hell, they praise the religion of Mazda-worship; and that which occurs when Zaratust the Spitaman, whose guardian spirit is reverenced, came to the obedient king Kat-Vistasp!. 6. Second, when the power and triumph of renewed sovereignty are again connected with the religion, and mankind, on that account, return to the good religion ; and this occurs on the near approach of Aushedar?, son of Zaratust, when the righteous Kitrag-miyan 3 arrives. 7. Third, when mankind contentedly praise the religion of the Mazda-worshippers, and this occurs as Aushedar-mah", son of Zaratust, arrives. 8. And fourth, that which occurs when every one shall practise the religion of Mazdaworship with eagerness; at that time arrives the beneficial and triumphant producer of the renovation, Soshans, son of Zaratust; and this becomes the consummation (sar-homondih) and supreme triumph of the sacred beings. 9. About enquiring of him who is acquainted with religion and a wise priest concerning the religion, and hearing of it from him ; also well understanding it through wisdom. 10. About abstaining " See Bk. VIII, Chaps. XI, 1, XIII, 15. ? See Bk. VIII, Chap. XIV, 12. 3 A title of Peshyotanu, son of king Vistasp, who remains immortal as chief high-priest of Kangdes, whence he is expected to come to restore the religious rites in Iran and the rest of the world (see Bd. XXIX, 5, Byt. III, 25-32, 36-38, 41, 42, 51, 52). * See Bk. VIII, Chap. XIV, 13. o Ibid. 14. 6 See Pahl. Yas. XLVII, 3 a, b. Digitized by Google

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286 DINKARD, BOOK IX. from the secret proceedings (nihan-homondih) of a deceitful and seductive apostatel. 11. This, too, is said, namely: "Thou shouldst also not fall into the downcast imprisonment (nikun ala kih) through the teaching they deceive, where they thus mislead thee to the downcast imprisonment which is hell.' 12. About mankind attaining to the wisdom of an angel (yedato danogih) ? through the grades of intellect, ability, and religion. 13. This, too, is said, namely: 'It is for that way when mankind cause the disturbance (siklinend) of that which is a vile religion for want of a way, when even this is produced from among the creatures, in which is the opening of a passage for mankind to him, where the evil spirit is, dwelling and making thee surrender, and on account of the stupefying Akomano 8.' 14. This, too, that, through the sovereignty of sagacity, every one at last arrives at that way. 15. And this, too, that by him, who shall persistently perform good works or sin with fearlessness, it is to be hereupon considered that his performance is mindful", and that the best thing for mankind, after birth, is purification from sin 16. This, too, that the food and maintenance of the priests depend upon the husbandmen. 17. This, too, that coveted is now the pleasure and strength of mankind due to the cattle of Khurdad and 1 See Pahl. Yas. XLVII, 3C. The use of 6 for a sometimes occurs in MSS. from Iran. The word can also be read shavandagih,'existence, but this meaning is less likely. s See Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3 n. + See Pahl. Yas. XLVII, 4 C. 3 Ibid. 5 c. * Ibid. 5 d. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLI, 11-23.. 287 Amurdadi, 18. About the oppressiveness of Wrath and Envy, and the destruction of both through complete mindfulness and possession of Good Thought s. 19. And this is said, namely: 'I made the religion of righteousness a combining desire (voyak-f ham-dahisnos), and all mankind's own selves are to be forced into that desire; also its involuntary seeking of immortality is the reign of the will of all mankind, and advantage always arises from it4' 20. This, too, that the care of cattle is reverence of Adharmazd6. 21. About the progress of righteousness there is this, too, that that greatness * is generated therefrom, and its seekers--who are human beings-have demanded the supreme predominance in the best existence. 22. About the praise of the period of the renovation of the universe there is this, too, that, at that time, those who are doubtful about it are all disclosed to publicity?; also the last reward and bridge judgment of the worthy. 23. About the lawfulness of that which occurs through the destruction by Vohaman, who is himself the spiritual lord of the arrangement, there is this, too, that the wicked, * See Pahl. Yas. XLVII, 6 a, b; also Chap. XIX, 1. * Ibid. 7a, b. * Ibid. 7 C, where, however, this last word can be read asaminisno, unalarming' (asa haminisno in Pt4, Mf4), and the corresponding word in Pahl, Yas. XXXIV, 10b can be read asamisno, intrepid;' but, as these meanings are difficult to reconcile with those of the original Av. hithaos, hitham, it seems more probable that the first syllables a sam or asa ham, should be read hisam or hisam, a mere transcript of Av. hitham. * Ibid. 8 a. Ibid. 8 b. . Perhaps these two words, rubakih, progress,' and rabai h, greatness,' should be alike, but it is doubtful which is correct. ? See Pahl. Yas. XLVII, 9 b. * Ibid. 9 c. Digitized by Google

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288 DINKARD, BOOK IX. at that time, become aware of their own wickedness, when their bodies are dissipated. 24. About the destruction of the good works of the wicked, also that of their own souls, that of their spiritual existences, and that of their material bodies ? 25. And this, too, that at the time of the renovation of the universe occurs the approach of the wisdom of our sovereignty to that of the best of mankind, and that glory is put on by it through which the destruction of the bad and the development of the good arise ; also the sagacity which exists in Vohuman extends to those who are its friends ?. 26. This, too, that there are those who are extenders of the days, and they are beneficial in the country *; and their custom, where they have arisen, is an opponent of him who is a wrathful person. 27. And this, too, that they shall thereupon excite (lala vadidu nand) a brother and sister with mutual desire, so that they shall form a next-of-kin marriage with unanimity; and before midday they generate a sublime radiance, centred in the face, and trembling passion, and they make the radiance grow up, openly manifest, to an altitude of the height of three spears of the length of three reeds each ; and See Pahl. Yas. XLVII, 11 C. * Ibid. 11 d. 8 Ibid. 12 a. * Ibid. 12 d. * Reading as follows:- lala zerkhand roshano pavan miyan rod buland navendako khros, but some of the words can be read otherwise, as in S. B. E., vol. xviii, p. 395, or with further variations and it is doubtful if the verb is to be construed with the words that follow it, contrary to the usual Pahlavi rule, as there is no other trace of Avesta construction in this section. Neither the Avesta, nor the Pahlavi, version of this chapter of the Gathas makes any allusion to the subjects mentioned in $$ 27, 28. It appears from Dd. XLIII, 5 that this total of nine reeds would be about forty-eight human feet of fourteen finger-breadths Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLI, 24-XLII, 3. 289 after midday they have learnt expulsion (ranakih), and shall remove the fiend who was before a destroyer. 28. About those who girdle themselves where they shall perform their proper duty, and are thus all-beneficent for being seen. 29. Perfect is the excellence of righteousness. CHAPTER XLII. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The nineteenth fargard, Ad ma-yava?, is about the protection by a protector for the protection of the distressed ones of the renovation of the universe 8. 2. About the impossibility of convincing those who have not attained to the fundamental reason (bun kim) of belief, before making them comprehensibly reliant upon the existence of the creator, which is the fundamental reason of belief. 3. About the grievous suffering (vimarih) of the religion owing to him who is a wicked judge, whose effusions (rezidano) on the judgment seat are injudicious, malevolent, and enemies, of wisdom; also his wounding is owing to truth", and his annoyance owing to the truthful, and the evil spirit is lodging in him; likewise the advantage to the religion and the great reward of just judges, and the introduction (see Farh. Oim, p. 41, l. 1), or 10$ inches, each; so that the height here mentioned would be about forty-two English feet. " The capability of expelling fiends. . See Chap. XIX, in; it is here written ad-mag-yuv in Pahlavi. * See Pahl. Yas. XLVIII, I a. * Ibid. 2 a, b. [37] Digitized by Google

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290 DINKARD, BOOK IX. (madam-barisnth) of a desire for leadership in virtuousness 1. 4. About separation from the friendship of a wicked, ill-judging, unintelligent, and idle person, in whom wrath and envy are coiled up (avarpeko)? 5. About the good government of securers of their own necks (kavarman) from viciousness, and the bad government of those repeatedly culpable (lakh var-a hugan) owing to viciousness. 6. And this, too, that the wicked themselves are wicked to their own and make them fit for hell, even as to those who 3 are precious to them and more beloved than righteousness; and their reign, too, is a scanty protection (gasuko srayisno). 7. About the praise of Zaratust there is this, too, namely: "Thy sweetness and mildness are shown to the worldly existences, thy leadership of the religion is through Vohuman, and thou art well conversant with righteousness' 8. About the praise of Frashostar's ardour in the leadership of good works, in virtuousness , listening to instruction, and truthful speaking, and in pasturing (fshegih), cultivating the world, achieving benefit (sado tashidarih), and not giving leadership to villains. 9. About the praise also of the energy and high-priestship of Gamasp? 10. About the protection of the good 1 See Pahl. Yas. XLVIII, 3 b, c. 3 Ibid. 4a. 8 Assuming that a mat stands for mun, their Iranian equivalents being much alike. * See Pahl. Yas. XLVIII, 5 a, b, c. 6 Ibid. 8 a, b, c and Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXVIII, 68 n. 6 Ibid. 9 a, b, in which Pt4, Mf4 have tashidar instead of the khvastar of K5, J2; regarding fshegih (=Av. fsheng'hyo) see Bk. VIII, Chap. XXII, 6 n. ? Ibid. 9 d and Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXVIII, 68 n. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLII, 4-XLIII, 2. 291 creations by Vohaman, and that, too, of the souls of the righteous by Spendarmad also ?. 11. About the punishment of the wicked ruler who is seizing anything unlawfully in his realm. 12. Also about the grievous punishment of the wicked, evil-thinking, evil-speaking, evil-doing, heretical (d us-deno), evil ruler in hell?. 13. About the reply of the archangels to Zaratast, as to the reward begged by him, to make him satisfied about its. 14. It is righteousness that is perfect excellence. CHAPTER XLIII. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The twentieth fargard, Kad-moi-urva", is about anything whatever being begged as provision for the soul", and as to the speaking of Shatraver to Zaratust thus : Thou shouldst think thus, o Spitaman! that Allharmazd assists thee.' 2. This, too, is said, that the creatures of Adharmazd live through Khurdad', are immortal through Amurdad", possess complete mindfulness of Adharmazd through 1 See Pahl. Yas. XLVIII, 10 a, b, c and Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3n. * Ibid. 11 a, b. 8 Ibid. 12 b, d. In Pt4, Mf4, $b is as follows: Man Zaratusto kigun lak Vohuman;' being correctly limited according to the Avesta text. * See Chap. XX, in; it is here written kad-mog-ravako in Pahlavi. * See Pahl. Yas. XLIX, 1 a. . An archangel who is a personification of the Avesta phrase khshathra-vairya, desirable dominion.' ? For these three archangels see Chaps. XII, 25 n, XIX, i n, and Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3. U 2 Digitized by Google

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292 DINKARD, BOOK IX. Spendarmad", and possess him as ruler through Shatraver. 3. About wealth being begged owing to virtuousness there is this, too, that, to him who, owing to virtuousness, begs that which is not allowed to him owing to the oppressiveness of the vile, or on account of some other opposition, they then give essentially that reward, in the spiritual existence which is greater and better than that wealth. 4. About the cattle suitable for that warrior who possesses virtuous habits and strength ?, through the assistance of the will of the sacred beings and for the benefit of Iran and the defeat of the diminishing foreign force (kastarih-i an-Airano). 5. About the seizure 3 of mankind for the advancement of the admonition and command of the sacred beings, so far as force is an assistant to them in knowledge due to the sacred beings *; and their appropriation of the best existence through the advancement of that admonition and command. 6. About the assistance of the righteous, on the passage to the best existence, by the spirit of the wisdom of sovereignty, liberality, and truth, Aharisvango and the angel Hom 8. 7. About the reason of the three steps walked forward by the Zoti from the place of the Zoti, while uttering the Avesta (avistako-gobisn tha), after the 1 See note 7, preceding page. ? See Pahl. Yas. XLIX, 3 a, c. Ibid. 7 d. * This proviso implies some faint perception of the absurdity of trying to assist almighty beings by human force. See Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3 n. & A personification of the Av. Haoma plant, an infusion of the dried twigs of which is used in the religious ceremonial. Yas. IX and X are devoted to his praise. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIII, 3-8. 293 end of the ritual for the fire, on delivering (parvazisno) the offering of holy-water to the water, being the leading up of the archangels, always at the end of an assembly of conference with Zaratust, by three steps from the earth to the sun station, through the places of good thoughts, good words, and good deeds 2. 8. Advice to Zaratust also as to the nature of the archangels; likewise a reminder to worship on their i See Pahl. Yas. XLIX, 8 a. This refers to the proceedings of the chief officiating priest in the ceremonial, after the conclusion of the Atas Nykyis (Yas. LXII) and just before the beginning of the aban Nykyis (Yas. LXV), during the recital of Yas. LXIV which chiefly consists of a repetition of $$ 6-11 of this Gathic ha (Yas. L=XLIX of the Pahlavi version). These proceedings are detailed in the rubrics, partially in J2 and more fully in Pt4, Mf4, as follows :-After reciting Av. Yas. L, 7 d 'the Barsom (Av. baresman, see Bk. VIII, Chap. XLIV, 65 n) is 10 be taken up from the Mah-ru,' or crescent-topped Barsom-stand, and one step is to be set forth in the direction of the Frabardar' (the imaginary assistant priest whose station is near the north-east corner of the ceremonial area, or to the left of the Zoti, see Chap. XXXIII, 5 n), at this place of taking up the Barsom from the Barsom-stand, and of going on to the position of the Frabardar, a beginning of Yas. L, 8 a is to be made in walking towards the beginning of the fire place, until Yas. L, II d is to be uttered,' in the following manner :- After 'mad vau one step is to be set forth, and homage to be offered to the holy-water;' after 'padais one step, and homage to be offered to the holy-water; after 'y a frasruta isayau one step is to be set forth, and he is to go on to the position of the Abard' (the imaginary assistant priest whose station is near the south-east corner, so that the progress of the Zoti towards the fire is along the left-hand side of the ceremonial area), and, after reciting the rest of the Gathic text to the end of Yas. L, 11 d, 'homage is to be offered to the fire, and he is to go away to the position of the Zoti.' The three lower grades of heaven, intermediate between the nce or supreme heaven (Garodman), and situated in the stations of the stars, moon, and sun, respectively (see AV. VII-X, Mkh. VII, 9-12). Digitized by Google

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294 DINKARD, BOOK IX. account after separation from the sight of them. 9. And this, too, is said, that there arises therefrom a conception (ham-giriftarih), by him whose disposition and character are sagacious?, also as to the adaptation of his own deeds to that nature of his. 10. And about the good affinity of Zaratust, even for abundance of good works, there is this, too, namely: So, for all those deeds which thou hast to accomplish, and which are also accomplished, there is reward for thee through their righteousness, O Zaratust!' 11. And about the advice to Zaratust there is this, too, namely: 'Thou hast to become reverent to them?, so that mankind may become reverent to thee.' 12. About considering the time of the days and nights as all for good accumulation in good works there is this, too, that whoever is diligent and always doing good works, and that whoever shall perform as many good works as is possible for him, is given as much reward 3 as is his desire. 13. It is righteousness that is perfect excellence. CHAPTER XLIV. Varstmansar Nask. 1. In the twenty-first fargard, Vohu-khshathrem", it is said by Adharmazd thus: 'I produced, O Zaratust ! the desire for a good ruler 6;' and this, too, is said, that, when there is a desire for a 1 See Pahl. Yas. XLIX, 9 d. . . Ibid. 10 d. . Ibid. in d. See Chap. XXI, I n; it is here written vohu-khshatar in Pahlavi, and is called the 22nd fargard by mistake. 5 See Pahl. Yas. L, I a. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIII, 9-XLIV, 7. 295 good ruler suitable for a share of the world, whoever is suitable for a share of the world [is a development of that character also, owing to the share which is given him, and by him who is himself also developing the character, by giving him a share]', giving the share is producing a helper (vigidar), production of a helper is a perfect action?, and superiority of action is owing to thought and speech. 2. About the place where the best wealth is the produce of water, earth, and plants; also its best supplication is lamentation for the religion, and the sovereignty is liberality. 3. About favours being begged from the sacred beings, even with words controverting the response of the sacred beings; the favours for the worthy are to be contended for worthily. 4. About the connection of the power of intelligent remembrance and wise discrimination, one with the other. 5. About the attraction of the mercy of the spirit and leaderships, together, into the supreme heaven (garodmano), for observation regarding the good creatures. 6. About the begging and teaching of that intelligence which is with the increase of good works; also the imperceptible acquirement of wealth occurs thereby. 7. This, too, that whoever gives himself up, with humility and reverence, to him who is a high-priest of the true religion, is proficient (far'. zanaki-aito) in the religion ; and the benefit produced by him, for him who is good, is the liberality The passage in brackets was at first omitted in the MS. by mistake, and subsequently interlined and written in the margin with a different ink. See Pahl. Yas. L, I C. 3 Ibid. 4 a. * Ibid. 5 a. * Ibid. 5 C. Digitized by Google

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296 DINKARD, BOOK IX. which is provided for the sacred beings! 8. About Adharmazd having created water, plants, animals 2, and the law of the primitive religion for the nourishment, arrangement, and succession of the creatures. 9. About the comfort of the spirit of the liturgy of the religion when he who is a man of credible wisdom and superior disposition utters it s. 10. This, too, that the wicked one who does not believe the deception that he teaches to others, which is his through his own spiritual lord, yet, when he teaches multitudes (kabedan), is convinced by it, attains-as the end of that teachingeminence (padgahih) for bare-faced deceit (barahnako fradipih), public falsehood, and disjointed belief. 11. And about mankind being bodily prepared also for the future existence by fire and melted ore * ; in the worldly existence the acquitted and incriminated, as regards the law, have become thereby manifesto, and, in the future existence, the torment of the wicked and the gratification of the righteous. 12. About Vohaman and Ashavahist being invoked? for assistance also in danger from the wicked, and about appropriating the best existence through righteousness alone. 13. And this, too, that a happy coming of men to the supreme heaven exists for the righteous, but no 8 coming of any one from the wicked. i See Pahl. Yas. L, 6 a. Ibid. 7 a. 3 Ibid. 8 c; nevagtar is written by mistake for nevagtar, 'superior,' in the MS. * Ibid. 9 b and Chap. XXXII, 25. * Ibid. 9 a. * Ibid. 9 c. ? Ibid. 10 c. & Assuming that ra i stands for la. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIV, 8-18. 297 14. About the enmity of the Kati sodomite (va epo) 2 Akht, the heretic of the dark existence, to Zaratust; and the causing of disturbance (siklinidano), by him and the wicked of similar kinds to him, among those who follow Zaratust is extreme, and the primeval hellish existence is for them *. 15. About the closing of the abode of the Kai and Karap from virtuousness b; and this, too, that they do not develope the worldly existences, nor attend to the spirit, but they contract the world and dissipate the spirit 16. About the worthiness of the sovereignty of Kai-Vistasp?, on account of great ability and activity, apart even from superintending. 17. About the praise of Frashostar 8 for his having given Hvobe o in marriage to Zaratast, the praise of Hvobo for her complete reverence of Zaratust, and admonition to Zaratust as to making Hvobo privileged for the post of house-mistress 10. 18. About the praise of Gamasp 11 for begging fortune and for wisdom in appropriating the excellence of the primitive righteousness; also his affection for the sovereignty and for the recitation of revelation, in which there is assistance of Zaratust through command of Voha See Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXV, 13 n. * See Pahl. Yas. L, 12 a. * Akhty8 dusdau temanguhau of Yt. V, 82; the wizard Akht of the tale of Yost-i Fryano. See Pahl. Yas. L, 14 C. * Ibid. 14 a. * Ibid. 14 b. Ibid. 16 a and Bk. VIII, Chap. XI, 1. . Ibid. 17 a and Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXVIII, 68. * Ibid. 17 b. Av. Hvo vi of Yt. XIII, 139, XVI, 15; she was daughter of Frashostar and wife of Zaratust. 10 Ibid. 17 c. 11 Ibid. 18 a and Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXVIII, 68. Digitized by Google

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298 DINKARD, BOOK IX. man? 19. About the praise of Maidok-mah" for his accepting and exercising-and on account of his exercising--the upholding and propagation of the religion; also the yelling, united assault, evil food, and other affliction owing to the wicked in the earlier half of the night, which is that which Zaratust had, for a like reason, to bear; and the reciting of the law of Allharmazds, for the joy of the sacred beings, and his appropriation of the best existence. 20. About the abounding of Zaratust in complete mindfulness of the origin of learning, and its development by him ; both the object and the advantage of knowledge--which is the reigning of Vohuman in the body-being the means of develop ing the world in righteousness 6. 21. About the perfection of the ceremonial(r) and obeisance of Zaratust, and the superiority? of his recompense 8 ; also advice to him as to worshipping Adharmazd pre-eminently, and the primeval angels by their own names according to their greatness. 22. It is the excellence of righteousness that is perfect. CHAPTER XLV. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The twenty-second fargard, Vahistoisti 10, is about the perfection of the prayers 11 of the good religion, and information thereon. See Pahl. Yas. L, 18 b. * Ibid. 19 a and Chap. XXIV, 1. 3 Ibid. 19 C. * Ibid. 21 a. Ibid. 21 b. * Ibid. 22 a. ? Assuming that avartih stands for avartarih. * See Pahl. Yas. L, 22 b. * Ibid. 22 C. 10 See Chap. XXII, i n. 11 See Pahl. Yas. LII, 1 a. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIV, 19-XLV, 4. 299 2. About the glory of a family of some houses that has come to the Spitamas, even before the coming of Zaratust; the knowledge and habit of organization and priestly authority of those arising from that family; the existence therein of houses, villages, communities, and districts; its attracting and exalting mankind, from vice to virtue, by propriety of words and actions; and it convinces those of the world even till the arrival of the good religion. 3. And this, too, that the existence of KaiVistasp--that desire of Zaratust 2--and of Frashostar of the Hvobas 3, is owing to it. 4. About the praise of Porakast", daughter of Zaratust, for loving the good religion with wisdom and acting by the advice of the religion, having given herself contentedly in womanly service (zanoih) to Zaratust; her complete accomplishment 1 The family from which Zaratust, Maidok-mah, and Porakast were descended. Its name originated with Spitama, an ancestor of Zaratast nine generations back. Compare Chap. XXXIX, 23. ? Perhaps we ought to read the Spitama Zaratust,' substituting Spiramak for kamak, 'desire,' which latter word is written on a patch by the repairer of the MS. who must have found the original word defective. See Pahl. Yas. LII, 2 c. * See Chap. XXI, 24. + See Pahl. Yas. LII, 3 a. Av. Pourukista who became the wife of Gamasp, prime minister of king Vistasp. Ibid. 4 a. It seems unlikely that zanoih means 'marriage' here the term being applied to her relation both to Zaratust and Gamasp), unless we were to suppose that she married Gamasp after her father's death, which the phrase akhar min Zaratust, after Zaratust,' might possibly imply. And if zanoih means merely womanly service' here, its Zvaris equivalent nesmanih, applied to the seven sisters of Arda Viraf in AV. II, 10, may also not imply marriage, which is a view already suggested in S.B.E., vol. xviii, p. 398 n. Digitized by Google

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300 DINKARD, BOOK IX. of duty and reverence for him, and, after Zaratust, her also performing womanly service (zanih) and reverence for Gamasp?; likewise her great reward from Adharmazd for religiousness and self-devotion (khvesih) to the sacred beings. 5. About the praise of Hutos 2 for the arising of the progress of the Mazda-worshipping religion through her, by the growth of righteousness and smiting of the primeval fiend; also the good works and advantage which have arisen in the world from her great possessions, and her equal praise and grand position here and in yonder world. 6. About the characteristics of those who are preparing the end of time and arranging its period there is this, too, namely: 'They are a manifestation of those, O Spitaman Zaratust! who shall cause this renovation in the existences; they are observant, little afflictive in tormenting, and fully mindful, so that, when milk reaches them, they thoroughly digest it; they have no fear and accoutrements (afzar), nor yet do they mention false and irreverent (anasto) statements concerning those who are righteous through imploring righteousness.' 7. About the characteristics of those disturbing the end of time and opposing its period there is this, too, namely: 'They are a manifestation of those, O Spitaman Zaratust! who are destroying the existences 3 ; they are swiftly remedied, that is, they become very quickly devoured (khaido) and are in 1 See Pahl. Yas. LII, 4 b. . Ibid. 5 a. Av. Hutaosa, the wife of king Vistasp, see Yt. IX, 26, XV, 35. See Pahl. Yas. LII, 6 e. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLV, 5-10. 301 the torment of the vicious and grievous abode; they are not fully mindful, so that it is not possible for them to digest milk, their fear is inevitable (a kar), and they mention even false and irreverent statements concerning those who are righteous through imploring righteousness. 8. About the craving for the fiend, the assistance of the fiend, and the gratification of the fiend by him who is an apostle of the demons, and his rendering the creatures of Adharmazd helpless I even through the want of progress (anasakisno) which they lament; also the confusion owing to his speaking deceitfully in the world, and the connection with him of an awful and swift death?, and the most grievous and hellish punishment. 9. About that wicked follower and assistant of theirs in defeating righteousness, and also in destroying the greater religiousness (freh-denoih) of the world and making the soul wicked in the end. 10. About the occurrence of the dissipation of the glory of him who is a well-ruling man, and the pacification (asadano) of the creatures of the world by the sacred beings, it says this, too, namely: "The persuader to evils and the organizer of distress (veshisno)--where they shall make pain and distress current in the world--are the weakener (nerefsinidar) and corrupter (ala yidar) for the 1 Or it may be maintaining the affliction of the creatures,' if we read dzardarih instead of a kargarih. * See Pahl. Yas. LII, 8 d. 3 Ibid. 9 a. B has a vehih verenakinidar, but avehih, want of goodness,' ought to be da sih, evil,' which it resembles even more in appearance than in meaning, in Pahlavi letters. Digitized by Google

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302 DINKARD, BOOK IX. righteous; it is the ruler that is righteous who smites them and opposes them--that is, restrains them from sin-and causes hatred for them through his will ?; that, O Adharmazd! is this dominion of thine by which you give benefits (vehigano) to him who is justly living and poor?? 11. It is perfect excellence that is righteousness. CHAPTER XLVI. Varstmansar Nask. 1. The twenty-third fargard, Airyaman, is the Airman supplication * : -'That is the greatest, I tell thee, O Spitaman! of the pure sayings of every kind, in so much Avesta lore, this is the best, because it is given forth by him who is a very eminent producer (madam-kartar) of sayings of every kind. 2. Which Airman supplication they should recite who are beneficial", and the benefiter", through the recital of it aloud, O Spitaman! becomes predominant. 3. The evil spirit, who is heretical (dasdeno), O Zaratust ! with his own creatures, O Spitaman! becomes buried in the earth; the evil spirit is among those buried in the earth--who are the demons-where their bodily form (kalpudo) is com 1 See Pahl. Yas. LII, 9 c. 3 Ibid. 9 d. Compare Chap. XLVII, 17. $ See Chap. XXIII, i n; it is here written Airemano in Pahlavi. * See Pahl. Yas. LIII, I and Bk. VIII, Chap. XLIV, 81. o Pahl. sud-homond=Av, saoshyas, referring to the future restorer of religion to the world, just before the renovation of the universe. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLV, 11-XLVII, 2. 303 pletely shattered. 4. And up the dead are arrayed by it; through its assistance they give life back unto the body, and the embodied life they then possess is such that they do not die.' 5. It is perfect is the excellence of righteousness; it is perfect excellence that is righteousness. CHAPTER XLVII. Bako Nask. 1. Propitiation for the creator Adharmazd and all angels. 2. The first of the twenty-two fargards of the Bako 1 is the Ahunavair? of the Bakan, about the production by Adharmazd, before every creation apart from the archangel", and on the solicitation of 1 The third of the Nasks and fourth of the Gathic division (see Bk. VIII, Chap. I, 9, 12). It is an analytical commentary upon the Gathas and the texts associated with them in the two preceding Nasks, devoting a separate fargard to each ha, and selecting very short phrases, or portions (Av. bagha), for explanation and comment; so short that it is usually difficult to identify them in their Pahlavi disguise. The first three fargards are still extant in Yas. XIX-XXI, and a translation of their Pahlavi versions will be found in the Nask Fragments at the end of this volume; but whether the Pahlavi versions, consulted by the writer of the Dinkard, were identical with those in the present Yasna is uncertain. . The name of the Yatha-ahd-vairyd formula (see Bk. VIII, Chap. I, 7). This fargard is still extant in Yas. XIX. 3 That is, of the apportionments,' or 'of those analyzed.' * Possibly the archangel Vohuman, the first of the creatures, may be meant; although the Bundahis places his creation after the recitation of the Ahupavair (see Bd. I, 21-23). That it was Digitized by Google

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304 DINKARD, BOOK IX. the archangel, of the form of words (rastako milaya) which is the innermost and most comprehensive encompassment (parvand) and best-congregated embodiment (veh-ramaktum kerpo) of the intelligent omniscience of the religion?. 3. The divisions of this germ of germs, and the origin of the other primitive sayings of the good religion, are the divisibility of the portions (bako) of the Ahunavair. 4. The Ahu of the Ahd-vairyo of the Ahunavair is the first creature 2 which, as regards the first, is specially that creature which is really derived from the creator Adharmazd, and its adaptation is owing to mankind. 5. The thought (mit) that exists with the first is with the word that is Vairyo, his 'will,' which is in the second created existence (damih), which, as regards the first, is specially the primitive secondary state (dadtgarih) of those who are specially characterised by it, who exist as it were with that character, and have become, in that way, in association with the second creature. 6. The conjunction of the first creature--whose origin (yehevunisno), which is the liturgy, is a co-existence whose origin had occurred-is the source for the saying; and the distribution of the portions thereof is the whole saying of a liturgical kind; also its name is Yatha-ahdvairyo, the spirit through which it is set going is the lore of the religion, needful among the creatures, the creations arose through wisdom for that purpose, and they, too, were produced on the solicitation of recited before the other creations is clearly stated in Pahl. Yas. XIX, 2-5, 17-20. See Pahl. Yas. XIX, 24-27. * Ibid. 29. 3 Ibid. Paz. mit=Av. maiti=manas. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLVII, 3-10. 305 the archangel ?; besides this, that archangels are wise in speaking, and through wisdom are they archangels. 7. And this, too, about the same words, that the statement is the best-worded which is spoken, or to be spoken?; and the obscurity is not about the sound of the word-elements, but about the manifold nature of the actual meaning (kabedih-i sang-iko), which is the character of the statement, in the words of the epitome. 8. This, too, that mankind guard the soul from hell by learning, reciting, and practising it, and the body from deaths by likewise perpetually persevering therein. 9. This, too, that, as to the first apportionment of the Ahunavair, whose name is the Bakan Ahunavair, when, thoroughly accomplishing it (avavidar) unanxiously (asudakiha), one chants it in a ceremonial, the good work is as when one chants a hundred authorities (radih) of the Gathas, thoroughly accomplishing them unanxiously +; and when, accomplishing it (vidar) anxiously, one chants it, such a ceremonial amounts to as much as ten with any other authority . 10. This, too, that, through the same apportionment, while one solemnizes the summing up of the first completion , which is the Stod-yast, as it becomes the rite of one newly initiated (navak-na par) ?, on that day See Pahl. Yas. XIX, 20. Ibid. 24. Ibid. 25, 26. * Ibid. 6, 7. The MS. has g) instead of St, 100,' by mistake. Ibid. 8. The MS. has "unanxiously' by mistake. * Possibly Yas. LIX, 32-34. Commonly called Nonabar (see Sls. X, 2, XIII, 2; Dd. LXXIX, 4, 11, 12). [37] Digitized by Google

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306 DINKARD, BOOK IX. they make the soul of the solemnizer pass three times into the supreme heaven. 11. About the grievous sinfulness of imperfectly accomplishing (avidar) the Bakan Ahunavair 2. 12. This, too, that it is made by him in subjection to Adharmazd, as the first creature made, who gives the body in service to him who is the ruler, and in discipleship to him who is the high-priest of the religion 3; for this reason, because they are suitable for lordship and mastership in the worldly existence. 13. He who is the highest lord and master is the creator Allharmazd, and, owing to the same reason, when it made their subjection that to the creator Allharmazd, he has made it as the first creature made. 14. This, too, that it is taught by it to keep the body in the service of the king of kings-, whose origin Adharmazd keeps in his possession; for this reason, because, when his origin is kept in the possession of Adharmazd, Adharmazd is over his own if a good ruler is made; him who is thus prepared, when also the worldly existence is necessary for Adharmazd, he maintains as ruler when the creation is instructed. 15. This, too, that the reward of Vohuman is appropriated (khvesinido) by him who indicates anything which is virtuous, who also utters virtuous recitation, and who likewise teaches perfect abstinence from sin to mankind 6. 16. For this reason, because the indication of anything virtuous, the utterance of recitation wisely, and abstinence from See Pahl. Yas. XIX, 9-11. * Ibid. 28, 29. 4 Ibid. 30. 2 Ibid. 12-15. Ibid. 31, 32. . Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLVII, 11-20. 307 sin are, as it were, a lodgment materially in good people owing spiritually to the archangels, Vohdman being more particularly the instigator therein ; and, owing to the same reason, he in whom there is a like proficiency is of like good works with Vohdman, and adapted to the good works arises the like reward. 17. This, too, that the dominion is given to Adharmazd by him who may perform those works, is manifest from the phrase Tad mazda tava khshathrem, &c. and its meaning, which is this: That, O Adharmazd! is this dominion of thine, by which benefits (vehagano) are given to him who is justly living and poor?' 18. Which is a deliverance for this reason, because Adharmazd created no dominion for the more particular preservation of the poor and the creatures of the worldly existence from the destroyer; but, for the purpose of control over the dominion of him whose strength of rule is the cause of preservation for the poor--which is continually the wish of Adharmazd--the dominion is given to Adharmazd. 19. And this, too, that, through preservation from the adversary, he has assisted his poor who have preserved friendship for the Spitaman?; the adversity of the creatures is the advancement of religion, by supporting the religion; and a friend of the Spitaman becomes an assistant of the supporters of religion. 20. About the entrance (den yatundakih) of the destroyer of the creatures from withouts, and the helplessness of the beneficent spirit owing thereto. See Pahl. Yas. XIX, 35, Yas. LIII, 9 d, and Chap. XLV, 10. Ibid. 36. 8 Ibid. 39. X2 Digitized by Google

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308 DINKARD, BOOK IX, 21. About the girding on of this saying of the religion of Allharmazd by the three degrees (padman), which are good thoughts, good words, and good deeds; by the four classes, which are priesthood, warriorship, husbandry, and artisanship; and by the five chieftainships, which are house-rule, village-rule, tribe-rule, province-rule, and the supreme Zaratustship; and the one summing up (hangerdikih) which is the liberality of the good ruler1 22. Righteousness is perfect excellence. CHAPTER XLVIII. Bako Nask. 1. The second fargard is the Ashem? of the Bakan 3; it is by it that perfect excellence is produced for every one who produces for any one else that which is suitable for him *; for this reason, because, for the sake of perfect production, there is much unprofitable production, but profitable production is suitably producing. 2. This, too, that the reward of every good work is given by it to mankind, which keeps mankind in diligence when it instructs 6; because, as the business of all good works is that which instructs and keeps mankind in diligence, the reward of good works which man i See Pahl. Yas. XIX, 44-55. ? See Chap. III, in; it is here expressed by its Pahlavi equivalent a hara yih. This fargard is still extant in Yas. XX. . See Chap. XLVII, 2. * See Pahl. Yas. XX, 1. 3 Ibid. 2. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLVII, 21-XLIX, 4. 309 kind can appropriate by diligence is appropriated by it. 3. And this, too, that advancement is given by it to every good work 1. 4. He who is understanding good works, and yet a suppliant, has thereby made the learned foolish (azan akhanidinido); whoever possesses authority through virtuousness 2 is more particularly for rewarding the doers of good works; whoever, too, can make true decisions and adjudication is more particularly for causing the bridge judgment of a criminal, and for thrusting him aside owing to the exhaustion of his good works; and whoever, too, can exercise mediation and wisdom is more particularly for the good government of the world. 5. Of righteousness the excellence is perfect. CHAPTER XLIX. Bako Nask. 1. The third fargard is the Yenhe-hatam: there is here taught by it the worship of Adharmazd, which is the law of Adharmazd, that is, its law is virtuous 6. 2. This, too, that the worship of Adharmazd is occasioned by it, which is the asking for life for beings by mankind. 3. And this, too, that the ritual of the males and females of the righteous occurs through it, which is the obeisance for the archangels 6. 4. And the atone * See Pahl. Yas. XX, 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. * See Chap. IV, in; it is here written Yanhe-hatam in Pahlavi. This fargard is still extant in Yas. XXI. * See Pahl. Yas. XXI, 1. * Ibid. 2, 3. Digitized by Google

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310 DINKARD, BOOK IX. ment for crimes (vagagano), because it is a gratification, is all for Adharmazd personally therefrom; and in connection therewith it amounts to a gratification for Adharmazd. 5. Here one mentions three particulars' which are in one's worship of Adharmazd of every description. 6. One is when the design (dado) of the person is virtuous, because it is restrained by some virtuousness of thought; this is that which amounts to worship and obeisance for Adharmazd personally. 7. One is when it teaches an asking for life for mankind, and its ordinance is the protection, nourishment, and other assistance and gratification of mankind; a friend of the primitive worldly creation of mankind produced it, and it comes into connection with the bridge judgment of mankind, for the worship and gratification of Adharmazd. 8. And one is when one would celebrate the obeisance for the archangels, which is for the sake of strengthening the archangels, each separately, in their control of the business of preparing and managing the world; because it is declared by revelation that to worship is this, that the ceremonial may reach this bridge 2 in company with one (padvand), for the worship and gratification of Adharmazd; the archangel who is to be strengthened by the ceremonial is one, and mankind are developed by the strength of the archangel. 9. Of righteousness perfect is the excellence. i See Pahl. Yas. XXI, 3. The Kinvad bridge (see Chap. XX, 3). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XLIX, 5-L, 5. 311 CHAPTER L. BakNask. 1. Propitiation for the creator Adharmazd, and a scornful dole for the evil spirit. 2. The fourth fargard is the Yanim-man67 of the Bako, about the praise of Zaratast, that is, his jurisdiction, invocation of blessing (yane), and speaking in reply were such as are declared by the sacred text. 3. This, too, that that jurisdiction of his arose before the blessing, that is, this one decision is made by him about his own, that his own person is first made deserving by him through virtue, and then virtue is prayed for by him? 4. This, too, that he has attributed the source and result to Adharmazd, who gives joy to Adharmazd; for the source and result of various advantages and various joys are desirable for joy itself, as joy is the acme (roesman) of every happiness of him whose joy has made an offering (austofrido) to Adharmazd, because his decision is this, that by him whose joy arises from that thing which is the will of Adharmazd, its source and result are attributed to Adharmazd. 5. This, too, that the good work, which is a gratification by lawful gratifiers", becomes appropriated by him who shall perform that which is truly reverent; even for this reason, because he who is a lawful gratifier of others, through true reverence, has intended to gratify through the practice of his reverence, and, when thus the gratifier of those persons, the good work of gratification * See Chap. V, in. - Ibid. 2 c. See Pahl. Yas. XXVIII, o. Ibid. 1 a. Digitized by Google

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312 DINKARD, BOOK IX. by lawful gratifiers becomes appropriated. 6. This, too, that the wisdom of Vohuman is advanced by him who utters a discourse through Vohuman; for this reason, because the wisdom of Vohuman and its advancement are mostly through discourse. 7. This, too, that the plentifulness and satisfaction of cattle are taught by him who properly maintains the cattle which are in his possession; even for this reason, owing to the multitudes thus belonging to him who properly maintains the cattle which are in his possession, he gains his profit and pleasure therefrom, and others, who see that gain, are instructed, even as much as he, about the proper maintenance of cattle for their own profit and pleasure. 8. This, too, that benefit ? being given for the benefit of the worthy man is taught by him who keeps the benefit that is his as the property of the sacred beings; even for this reason, because he gives the benefit that is his unto the worthy man for the purpose of keeping it for the advantage of the sacred beings, and others are instructed about it. 9. This, too, that prosperity s being given, in both existences ?, to him who is generous and worthy is taught by him who gives benefit to a worthy man possessing body and life; even for this reason, because a worldly existence and a spiritual one are both his, also his worldly existence is in this existence, and the spiritual one in that existence wherefrom satisfaction for the giving of benefit arrives. io. This, too, that by him who shall cause reverence* of the good, even this is taught, that the sacred See Pahl. Yas. XXVIII, I c, where Pty and Mf4 have Vohaman instead of valman. 3 Ibid. 2 b. Ibid. 2 c. * Ibid. 4 b. Digitized by Google.

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CHAPTER L, 6-14. 313 beings gratify him who is practising their will; even for this reason, because good for him, by whom the reverence is practised, becomes the reply of satisfaction, and the throne of the sacred beings is certain. 11. This, too, that he who was at first has taught even this to mankind, that supplicants for the favour of the sacred beings gratify the sacred beings by being contented (padvaz); even for this reason, because the welcome of a sacred being, supplied by command from the religion, is a virtuousness in the world distinct from that, and the production of a course of generosity, from the sacred beings to mankind, arises really through the contentment of the favoured ; and mankind thereby become freer from doubt, and believe more in the sacred beings. 12. This, too, that his soul is delivered, or will be delivered, into the supreme heaven , who has given something to him who praises the sacred beings and the good; even for this reason, because even through liberality as to wealth, and the production of a way to the supreme heaven, it is manifest that anything given to the praisers of the sacred beings and the good is a greater liberality. 13. This, too, that the reverence 3 of those needing reverence is occasioned by him who teaches the sacred word (vakako) to the good; even for this reason, because he who is a good teacher of revelation (deno) can bring it into use for the reverence, advantage, and joy of the sacred beings and the good. 14. This, too, that acquaintance with the religion of Adharmazd 3 is disclosed to his own by him who loves Vohaman; even for this reason, because true See Pahl. Yas. XXVIII, 4 c. Ibid. 4 a. Ibid. 4 b. Digitized by Google

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314 DINKARD, BOOK IX. knowledge arises from the discrimination of pure wisdom, and the pure attainment of the most discriminative spiritual lord (ahvo) to the mind, through the purity that constitutes the way within the mind of a spiritual lord, the purity which becomes that way through the lodgment of Vohuman there. 15. This, too, that righteousness is taught by him who keeps his mind connected with righteousness ; even for this reason, because his mind attains to an effort for authority, and, ridden by the effort, attains to its acquisition. 16. This, too, that by him who gives commands about the progress of the concerns of Adharmazd, this is also taught to mankind, namely, when one sees the throne of Adharmazd?; even for this reason, because it is possible to see that throne through the complete progress of the will of Adharmazd in the world; and whoever gives commands about the progress of the concerns of Adharmazd, the will of Adharmazd is necessary in him, the progressive share of those concerns for the people of the world being shown, which is seen even through that foundation of completeness that becomes the throne of Adharmazd for mankind. 17. This, too, that by him who welcomes Adharmazd in himself, matters only known by even a highpriest are then taught to mankind; even for this reason, because instruction and knowledge are mostly those through a high-priest, and by him who welcomes Adharmazd in himself, a spiritual lord is then prayed for, who becomes glorious and praised for that which is to be taught, and mankind are taught by him. 18. This, too, that by any one good, who * See Pahl. Yas. XXVIII, 4 c. Ibid. 5 b. Ibid. 6 a. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER 1, 15-22. 315 is a servant and pleaser of a good ruler, a good person may be brought forward, to him who is the ruler, for benefit?; even for this reason, because a good man associates other good people with him in the benefit that happens to him, and his character, temper, and disposition are thus due to that; but when bringing himself forward to rulers, through reverence and gratification of the rulers, other good people may also be brought forward by him for that benefit. 19. This, too, that by him who shall virtuously make an accumulation, the way of prosperity ? from the sacred beings is disclosed to his own ; even for this reason, because virtuous accumulation is provided through unnumbered (a pena vado) grants of a decider, and, when it is so, he becomes the treasurer of the sacred beings. 20. This, too, that by him who produces advantage for the archangels, the gift of him who is suitable for the sovereignty of the immature (kham) world is solicited; even for this reason, because the advantage which is produced for the archangels being for the sake of his own, the advantage of the immature creation solicited--the supreme advantage of the primitive good creations--becomes a virtuous ruler. 21. This, too, that by him who is a praiser 3 of an archangel, the good religion is praised; even for this reason, because the good religion is praise of the archangels, and the praise of the archangels is the good religion. 22. This, too, that the religion of the sacred beings is made progressive 3 by him who shall make an offering (allstofrido) to the * See Pahl. Yas. XXVIII, 6 b. 3 Ibid. 7 c. Ibid. 7 a. Digitized by Google

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316 DINKARD, BOOK IX. sacred beings; even for this reason, because making an offering to the sacred beings strengthens the upholders of religion, and the progress of religion occurs through upholders of religion. 23. This, too, that by him who shall make mankind quite zealous (garemoko) for doing good works, the reward of the good works is also made liberal for mankind; even for this reason, because the producer of the origin is also the producer of the result. 24. This, too, that above the multitude is the praise of the man who is assisting those of virtuous will, who is also the nourishment of the creatures through virtuousness, and whose accumulation is also owing to virtuousness; even for this reason, because who ever is assisting those of virtuous will is an increaser of virtuousness in the world, whoever is the nourishment of the creatures through virtuousness is a producer of the paternity of creatures, and he whose accumulation is owing to virtuousness becomes an improver of the world. 25. This, too, that by him who assists him who is ignorant (khast), is given and taught to supplicants that which is suitable for them. 26. To assist him who is ignorant is this, such as forming the province, district, domain, and family; maintaining the abode and house of a follower of Vistasp (Vistaspano), the fortress and stronghold, and the homestead (khan) of the agricultural peasant; repairing a rugged road; building bridges over rivers ; managing a river, aqueduct, or brook; populating desolate places; and doing other things, owing to which any retention (gfrift-ae) of the comfort and advantage of mankind in the world occurs. 27. And by him who shall do these things, the assistance even of him who is born afterwards, Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER L, 23-30. 317 the making of that which is a very advantageous thing suitable for mankind, and also the doing of this for others, are taught. 28. This, too, that it is revealed (kashto) of the spiritual existence that that which is wisdom is for Adharmazd, for him who is wisdom--that is, it teaches that acquired wisdom is for him whose innate wisdom is good-even for this reason, because the spirit, this that has come into his possession, which is acquired wisdom, is given by it to the progeny of Adharmazd, which is innate wisdom, to increase it; and Adharmazd is gratified thereby. 29. Of a summary about the continuance that was, the progress of the material existence, and the continuance that will be ", there is also this :--about the continuance that was, which is the beginning, there are the essential thought and beneficent production of the good and evil material existence of its good goodness, and that of its evil vileness; about the progress of the material existence, which is intermediate, there are the dutiful doing of good works, righteousness, and having reward, the committal of crime, wickedness, and having the bridge penalty ; and about the continuance that will be, which is the last, there are the government, with wisdom, of that supremely good one who is the origin of all the multitudinous creatures (vasikan), the triumph of goodness over vileness, the admissibility of the good, the inadmissibility of the bad, and the purity of the restoration of the good creatures. 30. Of righteousness perfect is the excellence. * The three periods of the universe :--the past eternity, the present existence, and the future eternity. Digitized by Google

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318 DINKARD, BOOK IX. CHAPTER LI. Bako Nask. 1. The fifth fargard, Khshmaibya ?, is about this, that complaint is made by Gos-adrvan ? that there did not exist any one who properly keeps the cattle that are in his possession; even for this reason, because cattle are increased by such, and others, through design (@hang) and a desire for that increase, act by his example and keep cattle properly; but the complaint of Gos-adrvan is that he does not exist. 2. This, too, that by him who gives orders about the advancement of the concerns of the sacred beings, the care of cattle is produced, and his soul attains to the sacred beings; even for this reason, because the care of cattle is a principal thing in the advancement of the concerns of the sacred beings, and also for the preservation of the soul. 3. This, too, that by him who keeps cattle with a controller (dasto bar) who is a cattle-master 3, even a friend of him who is the creator of cattle is taught to the cattle--the cattle-master and he who is wise in the nourishment, protection, and multiplication of cattle-even for this reason, because when his cattle are kept with a controller who is a nourisher, protector, and multiplier of cattle, the friendship of a nourisher for the nourished, of a protector for the protected, and of a multiplier for the multipliable is also exhibited by him; and the design of the creator for the creation, through affection, is that of a nourisher for the nourished, of a protector for the protected, and of a multiplier for the multipliable. i See Chap. VI, i n; it is here written khshmai be in Pahlavi. 3 See Pahl. Yas. XXIX, 1. 3 Ibid. 2 a. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LI, 1-8. 319 4. This, too, that by him who maintains an animal with propriety, it is presented to the sacred beings; even for this reason, because when it is maintained by him with propriety, the will of the sacred beings drives him on, and when the will of the sacred beings drives him on, it is presented by him to the sacred beings. 5. This, too, that when one shall admit the male of animals at the proper time, the mastery (sardarinidano) of the animal is also taught by him; even for this reason, because the admission of the male of the animals is the essential business in the multiplication of cattle, and he who is a multiplier has also taught the mastery of the animals. 6. This, too, that by him who does not slaughter an animal until it attains to full growth, the formation of a store for cattle is also taught; even for this reason, because, from the increasing cattle produced, the profit of mankind arises, and on account of the liking of mankind for profit, they persevere more fully in cultivating cattle, and provide a store for them 7. This, too, that it is he who is the more powerful of beings----that is, strength is what is more in use by him?--whose proceeding is for him who is his own, so that he supplies that which it is necessary to supply; even for this reason, because needful bountifulness to one's own needy ones arises through lawful thoughts, lawful thoughts are provided by expelling greed, lust, wrath, disgrace, envy, and other fiends from the body, and a man expelling a fiend from his body becomes of efficient strength. 8. This, too, that he is a very powerful person, for invocation", supplication, and attaining to good works, See Pahl. Yas. XXIX, 3 c. Digitized by Google

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320 DINKARD, BOOK IX. who possesses wealth for the high-priest of the priests, who shall also procure decisions and judgment always justly, and who likewise becomes humble and reverent to the good; even for this reason, because the wealth of multitudes of mankind is for maintaining the desires and pleasure of the body, for procuring decisions and judgment whereto their wishes tend, and for others becoming humble and reverent to them even when their design is vicious; but he who possesses wealth for invocation and connection with the wisdom of the religion, through the high-priest of the religion, and shall procure just decisions and judgment, and becomes humble and reverent to the good, is a putter away of that design and one who, through the putting away of that design, becomes a capable and very powerful person. 9. This, too, that every one is made to persevere at his proper duty, as to any excellent thing, by him who holds the reward of the diligent, as the sacred beings are proceeding with a pure needy one ; for this reason, because the toiling of the body of a person at his proper duty is induced by a desire of reward. 10. This, too, that by him whose mouth (yong) and its appliances are for virtue, the possession of Vohaman is then explained, through this mode, because the maintenance of the mouth and its appliances as virtuous becomes so, when, through protection and assistance of the good, and defeat and smiting of the vile, the reformation of the world occurs; and this, too, is so, when there is an existence of preparation of the friend of the good and the enemy * See Pahl. Yas. XXIX, 7 C. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LI, 9-14. 321 of the vile, and of friendship of the good and enmity of the vile, through understanding good and evil; and the understanding of good and evil is through possession of Vohuman, and that possession of Vohuman becomes also an explainer of Vohuman. 11. This, too, that by him who gives commands about the progress of the concerns of the sacred beings, his own knowledge of every kind is also developed ; even for this reason, because the command being necessary for the personal duty of the good, they also develope the knowledge of every kind for which that commanding of duty and its auspiciousness are suitable. 12. This, too, that by him who teaches the good, the good work is then appropriated which is also an assistance of Zaratust through speaking of the religion; even for this reason, because, on account of those of the religion of Zaratust who really constitute the renovation of the universe, the speaking connected with Zaratustthrough the teaching of the good and teachers not of the same religion and the assistance through speaking of the religion become the good work appropriated. 13. This, too, that by him who gives anything to that person who praises the sacred beings and the good, a throne is appropriated in yonder world', even on the mention of it. 14. This, too, that by him who is teaching that which is for the propitious, the damage that is owing to want of resources in religion is shut out of the world; even for this reason, because, owing to that, he increases the resources of religion of every kind, and the ad ws * Ibid. 9 b. See Pahl. Yas. XXIX, 8 c. [37] Digitized by Google

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322 DINKARD, BOOK IX. vantage therefrom, in the world. 15. This, too, that by him who is bringing him who is righteous forth to the rulers, for beneficence, the utmost assistance is then afforded; even for this reason, because an expectation of the utmost beneficence is further attached by him to the place of obtainment ?. 16. This, too, that by him who gives himself in service unto him who is the supreme king of kings, the way of good thinking of the assistance of pleasure, and of the production of sovereignty by Adharmazd is disclosed to his own; even for this reason, because the original reason of virtue is the worthiness of mankind owing to the creator and their service unto the creator, and, therefore, as he who is a well-ruling monarch is a creator in the worldly existence, and a recompensing (pado-dahak) leader of the creatures who steadfastly give themselves in service to him, it is then given by him to the creator also; and I teach, besides, that the origin of the virtue of worthiness, which is attached by the creator to his own, is the way that is stated above, and other virtue is also disclosed to his own thereby. 17. Righteousness is excellence that is perfect. CHAPTER LII. Bako Nask. 1. The sixth fargard, Ad-ta-vakhshya ?, is this, that by him who is a wise upholder of the dignity "See Pahl. Yas. XXIX, 10 c. * Ibid. 10 b; we should probably read ha-manisnih, pleasant dwelling,' instead of h-minisnih. : See Chap. VII, n; it is here written at-takhshe in Pahlavi. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LI, 15-LII, 5. 323 of a priest's leadership, the priestly assembly wanted for performing religious rites (deno) is enlarged ; for this reason, because the nature of the person, whose resources are bounty for the needy, eagerly becomes a causer of exertion for the teaching (amuko) of accomplishments. 2. This, too, that by him whose habits are virtuous the glorification of Adharmazda is accomplished and taught; even on this account, for the sake of whatever advantage and pleasure are due to virtue, they, indeed, whose habits are virtuous, glorify him, moreover, who is the creator of those virtuous habits, who is Adharmazd himself. 3. This, too, that by him who speaks virtuous words the performance even of the worship of Vohamanis also taught; even on this account, because of the comeliness and desirableness of virtue, the good make it an example and speak virtuous words, and virtuous speaking is the worship of Vohuman. 4. This, too, that the ceremonial which he whose way is virtuous shall accomplish becomes greaterthereby; even for this reason, because the sacred beings come more particularly to the ceremonial of those of pure dispositions and virtuous ways, and accept it. 5. This, too, that he who is a producer of benefit for promoters of good works becomes an extender of the teaching of religion; even for this reason, because from producing benefit for promoters of good works arises an increase of good works, from an increase of good works arises further progress of the will of the sacred beings, from further progress of the will of the sacred beings arises more progress 1 See Pahl. Yas. XXX, 1 a. * Ibid. 1 b. 3 Ibid. I c. * Ibid. 2 a. Y 2 Digitized by Google

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324 DINKARD, BOOK IX. of the good religion, and from more progress of the good religion arises an extension of the teaching of the good religion in the world. 6. This, too, that by him who possesses authority through virtue, discrimination as to the regulation of duties is taught to mankind; even for this reason, because the possessor of authority through virtue is a man who becomes a decider and ruler, and mankind learn and practise to exercise the disposition, habits, and custom of rulers. 7. This, too, that he who is a giver of the needful to his own needy ones has given himself to Zaratast; even for this reason, because the needful being given to one's own needy ones is the existence of true liberality, which is a compendium of the religion of Zaratast; by him who is thereby ennobled (vaspaharakani-aito) the religion of Zaratust is then put on, and whoever has put on the religion of Zaratust [has given himself to Zaratust. 8. This, too, that by him who]? gives the leadership [to him who is suitable for the leadership]even the wisdom of that man is increased; for this reason, because even the wisdom of the suitable, through which they accomplish that leadership, when the leadership comes to them, grows further with the glory of that duty. 9. This, too, that he who has to select the better of two ways, which are good and bad 3, is assisted See Pahl. Yas. XXX, 2 b. The words in brackets are the translation of a passage that was inserted in the MS. at the time the folios were patched. The original copyist of the MS. has evidently omitted a passage, but whether the repairer has made the insertion merely by guessing from the context (which is quite possible), or by referring to some other MS., is uncertain. 3 See Pahl. Yas. XXX, 3 b. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LII, 6-12. 325 to do so by the benefiters' ordeal of fire and ore; even for this reason, because that is discrimination by the eye of wisdom, which is the way of good intention, and the benefiters are decisive declarers of acquittal and incrimination through fire and metal, the two good discriminators; and when the business is of a different kind, even then both are associates in discriminating, and are powerful connections of one another. 10. This, too, that he who shall do that thing from which advantage of the sacred beings arises, is empowered to discriminate truly that which is sagaciousin thought, word, and deed; even for this reason, because from doing anything for the advantage of the sacred beings arises the reign of the will of the sacred beings in the world, from the reign of the will of the sacred beings in the world arises the freedom from danger of the temporal existence of the world, and the freedom from danger of the temporal existence of the world contributes also to the power of him who is sagacious in discriminating truly as to thought, word, and deed. Ji. This, too, that by him who thinks of the affairs of Adharmazd the eternity (ha mayikih) of Adharmazd' and also the consideration of his own eternity by Adharmazd are thought of; even on this account, because mankind mind and serve Adharmazd for the sake of even the hope 2 of eternal benefit from him ; and they who think of him, through the eternal benefit due to him, are themselves increasing that benefit which is eternal, and it is thought eternal by him that thinks of that eternal thing his own eternity. 12. This, too, that See Pahl. Yas. XXX, 3 c. 2 Ibid. 4 C. Digitized by Google

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326 DINKARD, BOOK IX. he who restrains a person from reverence of the demons, has diverted him from making the world sickly; even for this reason, because whoever has restrained a person from reverence of the demons, has diverted a demon from making the world anarchical and from making the world sickly. 13. This, too, that by him who shall practise liberality benefit for the sun is caused, and by him who shall cause benefit for the sun benefit is caused also for the nature of the body of mankind; even for this reason, because it is declared that the sun has progressed through the radiance and glory of the liberal, and the nature of the body of mankind is preserved by the sun. 14. This, too, that by him whose desire is for anything virtuous, and who possesses authority through virtue, mankind are controlled to persist ( maninidano) in virtue for receiving a reward ? ; even for this reason, because he whose desire is virtuous seeks happiness for every one-a pre-eminent desire for the happiness of human existence being the desire of mankind for virtue--and by him who requires that, and strives for it fully, so far as possible for him, any one whatever is brought to persist in virtue and to constrain the spirit for reward; and by him who possesses authority through virtue the continuance of mankind in authority and their persistence and instruction in virtue are attached to good works and are brought to reward. 15. This, too, that by him who possesses happiness through appropriation of the sacred beings mankind are attached to the sacred beings for receiving a reward ? ; even for this reason, because, on account of the possession of I See Pahl. Yas. XXX, ro b. ' Ibid. 10 c. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LII, 13-LIII, I. 327 happiness through appropriation of the sacred beings, he possesses it through the assistance and gratification of the good, and mankind shall therefore make him an example ; it also becomes a good work for them, and they adhere to the sacred beings for receiving a reward. 16. This, too, that by him who produces the benediction of him that is a conductor of investigation and a righteous judge, and who shall also occasion the reverence of the good, the teaching of the advantage of the righteous! is likewise performed; even for this reason, because the essentials (madigan) of the advantage of the world are twoone owing to justice, and one owing to generosity -and it is declared that the advantage of him who possesses the blessings of the judges is owing to the justice of the judges, and the advantage of him who is reverent to the good is owing to the generosity of the good in developing the world, and the righteous teach about it. 17. Righteousness is perfect excellence. CHAPTER LIII. Bako Nask. 1. The seventh fargard, Ta-ve-urvata ?, is that by him who possesses advantage through virtue, the world of righteousness is freed from destruction*; even for this reason, because the possession of advantage through virtue arises through the nonparticipation of the demons and the vile therein, and the participation of the sacred beings and the See Pahl. Yas. XXX, 11 C. See Chap. VIII, 1 n. . Assuming that mun, which,' stands for min. * See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 1 b. Digitized by Google

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328 DINKARD, BOOK IX. good; and, when one shall act so, the advantage of spiritual origin becomes more powerful through guarding the advantage from the destroyers. 2. This, too, that, by him who welcomes Adharmazd in his person, apostates are likewise forced to make the religion of Allharmazd progressive ?; even for this reason, because owing to ? the apostasy of apostates being a religion produced by Aharman, they are only able to make the religion progressive through the appellation of Adharmazd; apostasy and priesthood, and the apostates and priests, are fraternal opponents, and whenever the priesthood and multitudes of the priesthood are triumphant, multitudes of the apostates of apostasy perish (aoshend), and when the multitudes of the apostates of apostasy are bold, the priests of the priesthood are weak; and the priests are superior in power and success when their priesthood is properly limited, and their properly-limited priesthood, toowhich can arise through mankind-consists in the welcome precedence of Adharmazd. 3. About the completeness (sporikih) of the priesthood in that quality now, when the priests of the multitude are the habitation (mehono) of Adharmazd, and the power of the priests of the priesthood has increased, the valour of the apostates of apostasy is smitten, and the apostates are defeated by the abundant splendour of the priests, also their power as regards making the religion of Aharman progressive through the appellation of Adharmazd is fettered, and they keep apostasy concealed 3. i See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 1 c. * Assuming that la, 'not,' stands for rai. * The passage in the Pahlavi commentary on this Nask, which Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LIII, 2-7. 329 4. And then also they, with the appellation of priests, truly speak and teach the religion of Adharmazd, and make it progressive, just as it is solemnized and made easy by them, even though the will of the sacred beings be unheard and undesired through apostasy. 5. This, too, that he proclaims the miraculousness of Adharmazdi, who shall appoint for ordeal that which is certainly a doubt; even for this reason, because, through accomplishing an ordeal, that which is doubtful is forcibly rendered visible (venavdahaki-aito) to the eyes, as certain clearness, through the power of the spirit, which is itself a miracle of Adharmazd. 6. This, too, that by him who shall make a public decision thereon, as to the acquitted and convicted, gratification is afforded to him whose maintenance of the dispute 2 is righteous; even for this reason, because the needful is delivered by him to its own requirer who thereby becomes even renowned. 7. This, too, that even the rite of ordeal [is produced]: by him (who is an advantage to the righteous; for this reason, because the rite of ordeal is for the advancement of the ordeal, and the religious ordeal] proceeds through sovereignty; these righteous are those of the good religion, and their advantage is that belonging to the multitude, which is the sovereignty now, and every one who is given for that advantage, to the is here described, must evidently have been written shortly after some great triumph of the priesthood over some heresy, probably either that of Mani, or that of Mazdak. See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 2 b. ' Ibid. 3 a. 8 Ibid. 3 b. The words in brackets translate a passage inserted in the MS. at the time the folios were patched, like that in Chap. LII, 7, 8. Digitized by Google

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330 DINKARD, BOOK IX. righteous of those of the good religion, becomes the performer of any rite of ordeal really produced, because the origin of that giving of advantage is even the rite of ordeal. 8. This, too, that by him who gives a priest and righteous man for propagating the religion, the rite of ordeal is also proclaimed; even for this reason, because the teacher and one rightly merciful (h Q-amur'zidar) givel the sacred text by which even the rite of ordeal is declared. 9. This, too, that he who recites the revelation of Adharmazd, and who shall do it with exceeding goodness, becomes an increaser of wisdom ; even for this reason, because the wisdom of a man increases in these two ways, either he speaks and teaches himself, or he exemplifies the excellence of a portion to the wise who become speakers and teachers of wisdom. 10. This, too, that his homage is for Adharmazd, who thoroughly teaches a righteous employer of animals and human beings (kira vavir) that he considers him as their controller (dastobar); because, since the productiveness of the completion of the creatures is produced through the nourishment of the creatures by Adharmazd through his fulfilling his own productiveness, that righteous employer in the world is intended for the nourishment of his creatures, owing to that outward subjection and propitiation of theirs, and the righteous employer is connected with their subjection and propitiation for the creator. 11. This, too, that by him who gives thought to the religion of Zaratust, the soul is given to Zara Assuming that yehevand, they are,' stands for ye habund. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LIII, 8-15. 331 tust; even for this reason, because with a man's having given thought to the religion of Zaratust is connected the receiving of his soul by Zaratust for preservation from hell. 12. This, too, that by him who teaches the nature of the sacred beings to mankind, consultation with Adharmazd is also further taught; even for this reason, because the nature of the sacred beings is consulting a spiritual lord, and becomes also the consulting of Allharmazd. 13. This, too, that by him who keeps the produce of sheep as the property of Adharmazd, a sheep is given to him who is diligent and moderatel; even for this reason, because produce kept as the property of Adharmazd is for being given for good works, being given for good works is being truly kept as a beginning for the possession of produce, and a beginning truly kept is kept even through a sheep, as a beginning of excellence, in the control (dastobarih) of him who is a diligent and moderate shepherd ? 14. This, too, that by him who is liberal to the liberal the increase owing to developers is brought into the world; even for this reason, because a liberal man, on account of even that gift given back to the worthy, becomes even for us--through the development of the world--him who is first praised therein with the sacred beings. 15. This, too, that whoever shall form a store for sheep, becomes an agent even in the development of sheep by the creator; because, on account of the increase of sheep through the existence of nourishment for them having arisen, whoever has arranged nourishment for sheep, becomes an agent even in the de See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 10 a. Ibid. 10 b. Digitized by Google

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332 DINKARD, BOOK IX. velopment of sheep by the creator. 16. This, too, that by him who teaches inward prayer (vakako) to the good, it is also taught to eaters; even for this reason, because, everything connected with eating being declared by the religion, when the religion is taught by any one to the good, in which even that information is proclaimed, even eaters are taught about it. 17. This, too, that whoever maintains a sheep, or human being, as our property, is taught to maintain it through the high-priest of Zaratust; even for this reason, because it is so maintained as the property of the sacred beings, when he maintains it as the property of Zaratust. 18. This, too, that by him who gave predominance to those of the nature of Gayomardi, the sovereignty also of those of the religion of Zaratast is desired; even for this reason, because the religion of Zaratust is the nature of Gayomard, and the nature of Gayomard is the religion of Zaratust. 19. This, too, that when one is alone among rulers a way of speaking to the rulers such words as are really true is thereby provided; even for this reason, because the utterance of blessings by a solitary person is for advantage. 20. This, too, that by him who keeps the sovereignty which is his within the will of Allharmazd, the best thing is done unto Allharmazd; even for this reason, because a sovereignty is so kept within the will of Auharmazd when he who is the ruler gives to Adharmazd the individuality in which is the sovereignty, and when its proximity and closeness have given to Adharmazd that thing which is best and supreme. 21. This, too, that when one teaches the sayings + See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 11 b, and Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 1. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LIII, 16-25. 333 (va kako) of the benefiters, the information which is owing to the religion is illustrated 1 by him to his own; even for this reason, because the knowledge of religion, which is in its causing liberality by him, is increased even by the repeated enquiry of disciples. 22. This, too, that by him who teaches an applicant the virtuous way and doctrine (pand) the liturgy is then taught; even for this reason, because knowledge arises through the virtuous course of the liturgy? 23. This, too, that by him who thinks of the affairs of virtue, the liturgy is maintained and taught with virtuousness 2; even for this reason, because the maintenance of the liturgy with virtuousness arises through virtuous thinking. 24. This, too, that whoever shall provide the nourishment of creatures with propriety, his Vohuman (good thought) is Adharmazd's progenys; and whoever properly maintains those which are in his keeping, his position becomes Adharmazd's fatherhood of Vohuman *; even for this reason, because every proper nourishing is that in which the nourished becomes an offspring such as Vohaman unto Adharmazd; and every proper protection of the creatures, over those which are protected by it, is a fatherhood such as that of Allharmazd over Vohuman. 25. This, too, that by him who shall provide nourishment with propriety for the creation which is good, it is taught that the good creation was produced by Adharmazd; even for this reason, because from the nourishment of the creation with propriety, together with the discriminating action of the nourisher, the goodness of the nourished is also i See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 6 a. Ibid. 8 a. 2 Ibid. 6 b. * Ibid. 8 b. Digitized by Google

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334 DINKARD, BOOK IX. evident, from the goodness of the nourished creation the goodness of him who is its creator is evident, and the creator of the good creation is Adharmazd himself. 26. This, too, that whoever shall spiritually make Adharmazd the ruler over his own person becomes a ruler as to actions?; even for this reason, because whoever is making Adharmazd ruler over his person is a leader of wisdom, a leader of wisdom is a decider taking account of sin and good works, taking account of sin and good works is abstaining from sin and practising good works, and owing to abstinence from sin and practising good works one becomes a ruler over actions. 27. This, too, that Spendarmad" is given to Allharmazd by him who is as reverent unto Adharmazd as a daughter unto a father; even for this reason, because the Spendarmadic nature (Spendarmadih) is provided by him for Adharmazd. 28. This, too, that for him who thinks of the care of cattle there arises that wisdom' which the control (patih) of cattle gives; even for this reason, because the nature of the wisdom for a production of cattle is provided in mankind, and, when mankind apply their thoughts to seeking that wisdom, they obtain it. 29. This, too, that by him who is admitting the male to cattle at the proper time, the care of cattle is also thought of; even for this reason, because the admittance of the male becomes productiveness, and whoever * would cause productiveness thinks also of nourishment. 1 See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 8 c. ? Ibid. 9 a, and Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3. * Assuming that min, from,' stands for man. $ Ibid. 9 a. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LIII, 26-33. 335 30. This, too, that by him who has prepared himself for the priests the way to yonder world is taught; even for this reason, because the way to yonder world is declared by the religion, and its indicator is the priest; therefore, by him who is prepared for the priests, through discipleship, that way is known and is made known. 31. This, too, that in him who shall do that which is something that is an assistance to the renovation of the universe, thoughts of the bounty (dahih) of the creator arise ; even for this reason, because creativeness is through thinking of the renovation, thinking of the renovation arises through the renovation, the renovation arises through anything which is done that is an assistance of the renovation, the doing of anything that is an assistance of the renovation is through thinking of sagacity, and thinking of sagacity becomes thoughts of the bounty of the creator. 32. This, too, that by him who loves the affairs of the archangels a heart and mind?, for not being misled from the way of the sacred beings, are recommended to mankind; even for this reason, because from the religion of the sacred beings being loved arises increasing power of the sacred beings, from the increasing power of the sacred beings arises their greater authority among mankind, and from the greater authority of the sacred beings among mankind arises the resistance of heart and mind of mankind, even in their not being misled by the very demons. 33. This, too, that whoever shall act with reverence to Vohuman sees the sin which is concealed in him mingled with good works there See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 9 b. 2 Ibid. 12 b. Digitized by Google

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336 DINKARD, BOOK IX. by'; even for this reason, because reverence for Vohuman becomes submission (herih) in virtuousness, with virtuous submission are connected freedom from Kikship and from Karapship?, and with freedom from Kikship and from Karapship is connected one sound of life and eye, whereby he is an observant decider, and atonement for sin arises from good works. 34. This, too, that by him who shall provide liberality for the liberal, the giving of a loans to mankind is also taught; even for this reason, because liberal giving by any one is accounting for his own debt, and he endeavours to repay it fully observantly and with complete gratification ; besides that, the power of liberality becomes extendible among mankind, and through loans and other gifts 3 of generosity (dahisnikih) they become ardent. 35. This, too, that by him who pays homage (franamedo) to the affairs of Adharmazd, as much as he is able, the non-injury of the innocent is also taught; even for this reason, because to intertwine further (frovaftano) with the affairs of Allharmazd, as much as possible, is first to commit no sin and to perform as many good works as possible, and abstaining from the essentials of sin is non-injury of the innocent. 36. This, too, that by him who possesses a ruler and high-priest Adharmazd is 1 See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 13 C, where, after homanih, J2, Pt4, and Mf4 insert the following words: vinas den avo kirfako gumikhto yekavimunedo, madam aharayih ak sardar homanih. ? Pahl. akikih va-akarapih; see Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXV, 13 n for the two idolatrous priestly tribes here alluded to. On its second occurrence the first word is corrupted into akas which closely resembles akigih in Pahlavi letters. : See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 14 b. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LIII, 34-39. 337 spiritually made ruler over his person i; even for this reason, because, through the requirement of Adharmazd, the angels are lord and master of the worldly existence of that man. 37. This, too, that whoever decides duty and opinion becomes also an informer of others; even for this reason, because it informs others that he is possessing wisdom, and this is what is said, that 'the wisdom of a man is evident from his deciding as to affairs.' 38. This, too, that whoever shall provide nurture with propriety becomes also an indicator (dakh shakinidar)2 for others; even for this reason, because the happiness of the nurturer becomes also a happy indicator even for thee; and this, too, is what one says, that 'always good, happy, and free from serfs : is he who is not a master of vagabonds (pado- pu an).' 39. This, too, that by him who is a ruler who, by a command given, appoints him who is liturgical (mansarik), and gives anything to him which it is desirable to give, the necessary demeanour for true and virtuous statements is taught; even for this reason, because the uttering of true and virtuous statements, in fearlessness - of rulers, is owing to a well-established sovereignty, and their wellestablished sovereignty is more particularly through these two things, good commanding and helpfulness; when they establish that liturgical one by a command given it is good commanding, and when they give * See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 16 a. * Ibid. 17 c. * Pahl, a varuno; but, as freedom from servants is not exactly an Oriental idea of happiness, the word may also be read analono, a possible variant of a nalano, unlamenting.' See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 19 b. [37] Digitized by Google

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338 DINKARD, BOOK IX. anything to him which it is desirable to give the helpfulness is provided; also, owing to their good commanding, the helpfulness is a good establishment of the sovereignty, owing to a well-established sovereignty there is fearlessness also in uttering true and virtuous statements, and, owing to freedom from concealment in uttering true and virtuous statements, the necessary demeanour for true and virtuous statements arises. 40. This, too, that he who gives personal service unto the king of kings, and who considers the product (bar) as the property of Allharmazd, is empowered for indicating the acquitted and convicted by the spirits, his indicators of the acquitted and convicted; even for this reason, because the person being given in service to the king of kings is the preparation (nivarisno) of subjection, and the product being considered as the property of Adharmazd is to consider the innocence of its origin (bun) and to make the product wellselecting (hd-kinako) through virtuousness; owing to the progress of these two, the virtuousness in the world becomes great and increasing productiveness for all the good spiritual and worldly existences which are in it, even those who are angels indicating the acquitted and convicted. 41. This, too, that by him who becomes immortal progress 2 for him who is immortally progressive, complete progress 2 is given to him who is completely progressive; and its routine (da distan), too, i See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 19 C. * Ibid. 21 a; amarg-rabisnih and hamak-rubisnih are Pahlavi translations of Av. ameretad and haurvatad, as may be seen in Ibid. 6 b. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LIII, 40-46. 339 is even this, that by him who wishes to make that which is his own soul immortal, and would afford it assistance, every benefit is given to him who is a supplicant for every benefit and becomes a giver of every benefit which he begs, which becomes an assistance to him whom he asks in attaining thereto, 42. This, too, that whoever gratifies that which is enjoyment renders his soul immortal; even for this reason, because the soul subsists through good works, and good works are all those which gratify enjoyment. 43. This, too, that whoever keeps himself always in good works 2 has produced perfection and happiness by any goodness and worthiness of his; even for this reason, because keeping oneself always in good works becomes perfect diligence in industry, within perfect diligence in industry is also comprised opposition to any harm whatever, and it is opposition to harm and perfect goodness that are worthy of every happiness. 44. This, too, that by him who possesses wealth as high-priest of the priests, predominance as their high-priest is maintained and taught; even for this reason, because the provision of sovereignty and its progress are really through wealth. 45. This, too, that by him who would act for the pleasure of others, owing to virtue, the growth and increase owing to Vohaman* are produced; even for this reason, because that which has given virtuous pleasure is the nourishment of the creatures by the producer of increase and growth. 46. This, too, that by him who welcomes Adhar 1 Written yetibuned with ma above it as a partial correction into yesbemuned which is evidently the proper word. * See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 21 a. Ibid, 21 b. Ibid. 21 c. z 2 Digitized by Google

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340 DINKARD, BOOK IX. mazd in himself, and teaches good works to mankind, every virtuous instruction is taught; even for this reason, because the welcoming of Adharmazd in oneself is the non-committal of sin, and the teaching of good works to mankind is more particularly the performance of good works oneself; innocence and the practising of good works are the end of every instruction, and he in whom they exist becomes a teacher of every goodness. 47. This, too, that by him who shall occasion benefit through him who is a propagator of good works, the evidence of him who is well-informed ? is taught through one wellinformed ; even for this reason, because the chief evidence as to sagacity is to occasion benefit for the good. 48. This, too, that by him who gives commands as to the affairs of Adharmazd, Adharmazd is made welcome in his person'; even for this reason, because the throne of Adharmazd in the worldly existence is more particularly in a ruler of wellcommanding person. 49. The excellence of righteousness is perfect. CHAPTER LIV. Bako Nask. 1. The eighth fargard, Hvaetumaiti?, is that by him who teaches wisdom to others the not being deceived by an apostate into confusing a righteous one (aharabo-baristh) is also taught*; even for this reason, because he who has taught is not deceived. 1 See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 22 C. * Ibid. 22 a. See Chap. IX, i n; it is here written khvamaito in Pahlavi. + See Pahl. Yas. XXXII, 1-4. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LIII, 47-LIV, 6. 341 2. This, too, that by him who is as reverent unto Adharmazd as a daughter unto a father, and who is also a gratifier of virtuous doers, Spendarmadi is made one of the archangels, and one is also made to love her; even for this reason, because through that Spendarmadic one being reverent unto Adharmazd, and the gratification of the good by him, the archangels love and preserve her Spendarmadic nature (Spendarmadigih). 3. This, too, that he who is loving Vohuman is taught by his wisdom not to destroy (nasa ninidano)the religion of Adharmazd; even for this reason, because wisdom maintains the religion in virtue, and others are taught about it. 4. This, too, that by him who gives himself in discipleship unto the priests, and who asks again that which he does not understand, learning (amako) is taught; even for this reason, because the asking for knowledge again by him who has given himself in discipleship to a wise priest, increases knowledge ; and the friends of knowledge, therefore, make him an example, and shall practise asking again, that which they do not understand, from the disciples of the priests. 5. This, too, that whoever is in accordance with Zaratust, through pure affection, becomes, in like manner, him who is giving strength to the will of the archangels and the commands of the good; even for this reason, because these two capabilities are of the special nature of Zaratust. 6. This, too, that through the discrimination of him who loves : Vohuman All See Pahl. Yas. XXXII, 2 c, and Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3. ? Ibid. 4. c. Ibid. 8 C. It is possible to read the verbal stem gosh, 'hear,' Digitized by Google

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342 DINKARD, BOOK IX. harmazd is gratified ; even for this reason, because one loving Vohuman is loving wisdom and has taught wisdom, wisdom taught is discrimination, and the discriminator becomes a gratifier of Adharmazd. 7. This, too, that whoever gives thought to the religion of Zaratust is taught wisdom ; even for this reason, because all the wisdom of the good religion is taught to him by giving thought. 8. This, too, that whoever has kept wealth in the control of Zaratust becomes taught, and is one who is reverent to the benefiters; even for this reason, because whoever is reverent to the supporters of religion keeps wealth in the control of the supporters of religion, and, when kept by him in their control, it is kept by him in that of Zaratust. 9. This, too, that his destiny is connected with himself who practises industry. 10. This, too, that his good works for arranging the creation become his own who has fully prepared his own person. 11. The excellence of righteousness is perfect. CHAPTER LV. Bako Nask. 1. The ninth fargard, Yathais?, is that by him who praises Adharmazd his work in the Gathic lore 3 is taught; even for this reason, because the reason of the praise even of Adharmazd is for his works, and by him who extols any work the performance instead of dosh (Av. zush); but this is hardly possible in $ 2, and goshidano is not the usual Pahlavi for 'to hear.' See Pahl. Yas. XXXII, 9 b. See Chap. X, in; it is here written yatayis in Pahlavi. * See Pahl. Yas. XXXIII, I a. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LIV, 7-LV, 5. 343 of that work is also taught; moreover the work of Adharmazd, which is the Gathic lore, is pure goodness. 2. This, too, that by him who increases the propagators of good works priestly-controlled action (radik-ku nisnih) is taught; even for this reason, because the advancement of merit and the action of priestly chieftainship are the two maxims (vakako) of one who, when there is reason, exalts progressive merit when he increases the propagators of good works; and when progressive merit is exalted priestlycontrolled action is praised and also taught. 3. This, too, that what is worthy, and what is coveted for every worthy man, is produced by him for whom the command of the liturgy is the reckoning for him who is habitually sagacious; and this statement also indicates the explanation of rulers and all who are needing those of the world for one combined effort, who, in the immature world, have to trust a command that is at one time sagacious. 4. This, too, that personal assistance is liberally given (radinido) to the creatures of the good beings by him whose deeds are an assistance of the renovation of the universe; and this statement, too, also indicates the great power of any good work whatever, because every good work, being an assistance of the renovation, becomes liberality to the immature (kham) creation. 5. This, too, that whoever teaches to a son reverence unto his father has also appropriated the reward for reverence unto the creator for teaching that person; even for this reason, because express reverence unto parents and service to them are connected See Pahl. Yas. XXXIII, 1 b. Digitized by Google

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344 DINKARD, BOOK IX. with reverence unto the creator and service to him. 6. This, too, that whoever is personally progress for him who is his own that is, for any one whatever among those who are needing him-becomes the happiness of the creator who is the maker of the original good creations; and this statement also indicates as to whom it is, when, through him whose decision is progress--which arises through that which occurs when the decision is given that becomes for every one that which is needful for him--there is happiness that is concentrated. 7. This, too, that by him who is causing benefit for him who is a cultivator cattle 2 are multiplied; even for this reason, because a gratifier of the performers of tillage is multiplying tillage, and cattle are the chief tillage of the world. 8. This, too, that the religion which is the way of righteousness is made his own by him who is a good thinker about the religion of righteousness; and this statement, too, also indicates the limit of reliance (a stisno) upon the good religion ; because whoever is not a good thinker about the good religion, even though he be a reciter of revelation, becomes really an apostate; whoever is a good thinker, but not about the good religion, becomes really an infidel; and whoever thinks truly becomes a good thinker about religious righteousness and the statements in the good religion. 9. And about three statements, the bringer forward for all mankind is your submission to the sacred beings; one is of the produce (bar), one of the origin (ban), and i See Pahl. Yas. XXXIII, 3 a. . Ibid. 3 b, c. * Ibid. 5 c. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LV, 6-LVI, 2. 345 one of the body and life ; that of the produce is the exertion from which there is produce, that of the origin is the advantage for which the origin is requisite, and that of the body and life is the thought of the proposer (rayinidar), which considered both as submission to the sacred beings. 10. This, too, that connected with the sitting-place of the sage is the excessiveness of the pleasure for those causing pleasure, for the upper classes (avarigano) of Iran, and for the energy (patukih)' of the diligent. 11. Excellence that is perfect is righteousness. CHAPTER LVI. Bako Nask. 1. The tenth fargard, Ya-shyaothana?, is that, for him who is practising good works as much as it is possible for him to do, an efficacious reason for the renovation of the universe is afforded assistance; even for this reason, when every good work is an assistance to the renovation, then-according to the declaration that whoever does much more good work is more assisting the renovation--by him who is practising good works as much as it is possible for him to do, an efficacious reason for the renovation is afforded assistance. 2. This, too, that the apostate, who is the seduction of mankind, is injured by him who devotes himself to Adharmazd; even for this reason, because he is dislodged and is elucidated i See Pahl. Yas. XXXIII, 13 a. * See Chap. XI, in; it is here written ya-shaotno in Pahlavi. * See Pabl. Yas. XXXIV, 1 a. * Ibid. 8 a. Digitized by Google

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346 DINKARD, BOOK IX. (adivagi-a ito roshani-aito), and there arises a class of mankind who see the admission (parvanakih) of the apostate into hell, and he is disabled when it is seen by them. 3. This, too, that by him who is eager 1 for knowledge, knowledge is grasped and taught; even for this reason, because knowledge is taught through that which is the instruction of every science and the original desire for it, and mankind shall extol his knowledge; it is also coveted by them for being taught, and they mount and grasp it. 4. This, too, that to slay? an apostate is taught by the good one who is united (ha mi-ait) with a good man; even for this reason, because the destruction (adsh) of Aharman arises from the union of the good. 5. This, too, that by him who is a disturber (vishaftar) as to Vohuman the production of development through Vohumanic rule 3 is taught; sinners lawfully subjected to the bridge judgment (pdhalinido) for Vohamanic disturbance, and the command for it by rulers and high-priests, being a preparation for the development of the world. 6. This, too, that a great ordinance * is taught by him whose ceremonial 6 is for Adharmazd; even for this reason, because a comprehension of Adharmazd and serving him are the foundation of joy (parkan ban), and the ownership and concentration (hangerdikih) of all good works are themselves the great ordinance of the faithful whose preparation is through the ownership, and their welcome is more particularly in the ceremonial ; owing to the same * See Pahl. Yas. XXXIV, 9 a. Ibid. 11 b. * Ibid. 12 a, b. * Ibid. 10 c. * Ibid. 12 a. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LVI, 3-10. 347 reason, the original possession of the great ordinance of the ceremonial which is Adharmazd's own, and of other good works-even though relating to the ceremonial of Adharmazd of every kind owing thereto-is necessary for the manifestation of the great ordinance, and is incorporated (ham-tand) with it when it becomes manifest as a great ordinance, or as more than a great ordinance; even then its extent (valisno) is over this joy. 7. This, too, that the performance (sakhtarih) of a ceremonial of the needy is a gift to the worthy of the creation, and a gift to the worthy of the creation is the attraction (hakhtarih) of a ceremonial of the needy. 8. This, too, that the way of righteousness?, also that through which that way is seen, and likewise the reward of those lonely-labouring (ae varzikan) therein are taught by him whose deeds are an advantage to the sacred beings ; even for this reason, because the advantage of the sacred beings is the advantage of the multitude, and the advantage of the multitude, which is itself the religion of the sacred beings that is a guide, is the way of righteousness and also that through which is the reward of those lonely-labouring. 9. This, too, that even the reward of a teacher of professionals, which is the profit of the profession, is liberally given and appropriated for the professionals taught; even for this reason, because the business of the sacred beings has profited by the instruction (amuko). 10. Excellence that is perfect is righteousness. See Pahl. Yas. XXXIV, 12 a. ? Ibid. 12 c. Digitized by Google

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348 DINKARD, BOOK IX. CHAPTER LVII. Bako Nask. 1. The eleventh fargard, the Yasna", is that the whole of the good works which are to accomplish, and those, too, which are accomplished ?, are appropriated by the righteous man who teaches virtues to the righteous; even for this reason, of the good works which one accomplishes, and those, too, which are accomplished, there is all one store (anbar), from the work (var'zo) of the original good creation even to the renovation of the universe, and ever afresh the teaching of virtue by those who are righteous comes to the accumulation of the righteous and the accomplishment of that store, and they, too, are in possession of that store, in partnership with the other righteous. 2. This, too, that it is because he would do the best for his own", whose meditation of the liturgy is for those who are archangels, and who also maintains, for the assistance of the good, the strength which is his for the existences. 3. And this statement indicates the great participation of any one in that store, because when that store is really an accumulation of work on the way, for the partners in that store who have done more, and also those who have accomplished less, and remains, moreover, in the possession of them all, then, as to those accomplishing more of it, through the original possession of most of that work, and also through that which occurs when the accomplishers have attained to that plenty more particularly owing to their more labour, and likewise through the property, liberally, i See Chap. XII, i n; it is here written yasto in Pahlavi. * See Pahl. Yas. XXXV, 5. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 6. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LVII, 1-8. 349 largely, and lordlily, of those accomplishing more, and the indigence, unafflictedly', scantily, and subordinately, of those accomplishing less, it is reasonable to speak of that store as in their possession, and of their superiority as greatly over those accomplishing less. 4. This, too, that his work is good work whose liberality is for the archangels; even for this reason, because through a little labour for the sacred beings, which is itself that liberality, he contributes duty and good works. 5. This, too, that it becomes best for him, in both existences ?, who teaches a wishing for living in diligence to mankind; even for this reason, because he is a preserver of them through the wishing for living, and his soul, through the diligence owing to him, attains perfection, here from mankind and in yonder world from the sacred beings. 6. This, too, that the ceremonial and obeisance of Adharmazds are performed by him who is in the way of like thinking and like praising of the law of Adharmazd with all the worshippers of A dharmazd. 7. This, too, that he is in the leadership of his religion - who makes the knowledge of religion ever afresh; even for this reason, because every item of knowledge which he provides increases some greatness of it. 8. This, too, that he is in the service of his religion * who demands the knowledge of religion ever afresh; even for this reason, because so long as he demands more, he becomes nearer to a knowledge of religion. 1 Pahl. abeshiha, but it should perhaps be avesiha, unabundantly * See Pahl. Yas. XXXV, 9. Ibid. 19. . * Ibid. 22. Digitized by Google

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350 DINKARD, BOOK IX. 9. This, too, that mankind's wishing for life is authorised (dastovarinido) by him who authorises the production of anything for mankind; even for this reason, because authority (dastobarih) over the production of anything is conjoined with that which is for the wishing for life; so that whosever production of anything is authorisedly, their life is free from any discomfort; and whosever wishing for life is authorisedly, his production of anything is also authorisedly. 10. This, too, that acceptance, hints, and words are given to Adharmazd by him who asks again, that which he does not understand of the religion, from him who does understand; even for this reason, because knowledge is completed through these three things: obtainment, hints, and speaking, and all three are asked again by him who does not understand. 11. This, too, that the words of Adharmazdare taught by him who teaches the acceptance, remembrance, and speaking of the religion ; even for this reason, because this is the recital of that compendium (hangerdikih). 12. This, too, that the care 3 and reverence of fire are provided by him who is liberal to a fire as regards anything he supplies for the care and reverence which others shall provide for the fire, and he becomes equally rewarded for it. 13. This, too, that by him who teaches the religion of Adharmazd with joyfulness", the care and reverence of fire are I See Pahl. Yas. XXXV, 25. * Ibid. 27. * See Pahl. Yas. XXXVI, 1. This section implies that the attendant who feeds a fire with fuel supplied by others, obtains an equal share of merit with them. * Ibid. 4, 5. , Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LVII, 9-19. 351 provided as declared by the religion ; even for this reason, because even that which is taught by him combines with the action due to that teaching. 14. This, too, that the obeisance to those requiring obeisance is arranged by him who loves Vohuman. 15. This, too, that fire is strengthened--for that work, achieved in the future existence, which is the greatest 2 that exists-by him who invokes fire with the title of fire; even for this reason, because the title is put by him upon a nature that is laudable, and when invoked by him with that title the praised one is then strengthened by him. 16. This, too, that he becomes informed as to the religion of Adharmazds, who teaches the religion of Adharmazd with pleasure; even for this reason, because every knowledge is exercised and increased by teaching. 17. This, too, that Adharmazd is propitiated by the excellent sagacity of him who teaches virtuous words and actions * ; even for this reason, because sagacity has two parts, the speakable and the workable. 18. This, too, that the bodily form (kerpo) of Adharmazd is praised as perfection (ne vakotumth) by him who elevates (balistinedo) his own soul to the station of the sun?; even for this reason, because that bodily form of Adharmazd exists, and becomes the loftiest and most perfect in the station of the sun. 19. This, too, that all excellence is purely produced for Adharmazd by him who has root in the 1 See Pahl. Yas. XXXVI, 5. * Ibid. 6. 8 Ibid. 7. * Ibid. 11. 6 Ibid. 14. * Ibid. 15. * Ibid. 16; the highest grade of heaven below the supreme heaven, which latter is called Garddman (see Sls. VI, 3 n). Digitized by Google

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352 DINKARD, BOOK IX. possession of Adharmazd; even for this reason, because, when a root is given to him, fruit is also produced by him, and all excellence is both root and fruit? 20. This, too, that Adharmazd is invoked with the title 'lord 2' by him whom Adharmazd calls; even for this reason, because the interpretation of Allharmazd is really with the words 'greatly wise lord' (mas danak khadai). 21. This, too, that the names of the sacred beings which are invoked 3 are the praise glorified by any one, and by him who glorifies them they are named; even for this reason, because the names of the sacred beings are the glorification due to their names of praise. 22. This, too, that among those of the same class (ham-goharan), when he shall do it for one race, benefit is produced by him for other races within that class; among those of the same races (hamtokhmaka nan), when he shall produce benefit for one species, it is done by him also for other species within that race; and among the same species (ham saradako), when he shall produce benefit for one individual (kerpo), it is done by him for other individuals within that species. 23. This, too, that his personality (khudih) is the sacred beings' own", who maintains the rites 6 with the assistance of the righteous. 24. This, too, that his own is in the guardianship of the sacred beings, whose vehemence is through Good Thought; See Pahl. Yas. XXXVII (=V), 2. Ibid. 6. * See Pahl. Yas. XXXVIII, 10-12. * Ibid. 13-15 * See Pahl. Yas. XXXIX, 13. * Assuming that are atan stands for rw ayinan, as man atan is ungrammatical. 7 See Pahl. Yas. XXXIX, 15. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LVII, 20-LVIII, 1. 353 even for this reason, because his bravery is for the law. 25. This, too, that life is given to mankind by him who shall do that which is able to remain good for them. 26. This, too, that the friendship of Adharmazd is appropriated by him who has Adharmazd as a guardian, and perpetual guardianship is appropriated by him who teaches to mankind that thing which becomes their perpetual guardianship in yonder world. 27. This, too, that he causes righteousness? who thinks of anything which is virtuous. 28. This, too, that he has caused the good commands and propitiousness of Adharmazd, who gives his body and life 8 to the sacred beings; and body and life are given to the sacred beings by him who affords friendship to the religion of Zaratust. 29. And this, too, that to him who affords friendship to Adharmazd it occurs owing to the guardianship of Adharmazd; and that guardianship is perpetually* connected with him who teaches to others that thing which always constitutes their companionship with the sacred beings. 30. Excellence that is perfect is righteousness. CHAPTER LVIII. Bako Nask. 1. The twelfth fargard, Ustavaiti", is that the benefit of him who is reverent to the benefiters is the benefit of any one whatever ; even for this See Pahl. Yas. XL, 7. . See Pahl. Yas. XLI, 6. 3 Ibid. 7. 4 Ibid. 17. 8 See Chap. XIII, i n; it is here written all staito in Pahlavi. . See Pahl. Yas. XLII, I a. [37] Aa Digitized by Google

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354 DINKARD, BOOK IX. reason, because the benefit of the immature creation is owing to carrying out the commands of a benefiting spiritual lord. 2. This, too, that whoever pleases superiors by submission, is pleased by inferiors. 3. This, too, that by him who gives thought to the religion of Zaratust, that which is best for his own in every model is produced, because he has attained to the religion who is listening best. 4. This, too, that virtue is taught by him to all the creatures of the beneficent spirit, to the righteous whose stepping forth (fra vamisno) is for the righteous; even for this reason, because the creatures of the beneficent spirit are all of one nature, and the stepping forth (fragamisno) and hastening of the limbs of one body become those of the whole of that body. 5. This, too, that his spirit is connected with Allharmazd?, and his knowledge is accepted, who loves Vohuman ; even for this reason, because the spirit who is the original spiritual lord of knowledge is Vohuman. 6. This, too, that just giving is taught by him whose words are through Vohumans; even for this reason, because the speaking of virtuous words becomes the teaching of knowledge in which there is also just giving. 7. This, too, that joy which is of long duration is. produced 4 for his own by him who brings forth strength through virtue, and who also assists him who is unborn ; even for this reason, because joy which is perpetual increases by both. 8. This, too, that by him who is an assistance of those in the proper way, the proper way is taught to mankind " ; i See Pahl. Yas. XLII, 2 a. 3 Ibid. 2 d. 1 Ibid. 2 e. a ? Ibid. 2 c. Ibid. 3 b. ? Ibid. Ibid. 3 b. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LVIII, 2-11. 355 even for this reason, because he is making mankind long for that way. 9. This, too, that heat is given to fireby him who tells truth to the invokers; even for this reason, because the adversary--owing to the heat of the fire achieved by the indicator of truth-is more particularly subdued by the strength of that just one. 10. This, too, that the assistants for the renova tion of the universe are the decrees of Vistasp -- which are through Vohuman-of Soshans 3 and KaiKhasroi * ; even for this reason, because the fragments are possessing a renewer which is their own completion, and the completion-which is through the assistance of the renovation by Vistasp-is through what occurs when the religion is set going by him, through which the renovation arises; and the triumph of the completion, which is through an ordinance by Soshans, is through what occurs when through the ordinance there is thus a decree which sets aside all distress from the creatures, and gives the ordinance to the whole material existence, that which is living and also that which is dead. 11. This, too, that whoever intrusts it with a command givenwhich command given intrusts him who supplies the command from revelation-and it worships what is * See Pahl. Yas. XLII, 4 d. ? See Bk. VIII, Chaps. XI, 1, XIII, 15. * See Pahl. Yas. XLII, 4 e, and Bk. VIII, Chap. XIV, 14. * In the MS. the letters sro are omitted from this name which might, therefore, be read Kayanag; but Kai-Khusroi (see Chap. XXIII) is considered as one of the assistants of the renovation (Dd. XXXVI, 3), probably on account of his opposition to idolatry (Bd. XVII, 7). Pahl. maman baharand kashtar-homond-nafsman sporikih. Aa2 Digitized by Google

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356 DINKARD, BOOK IX. necessary to worship, is thereby displayed among the existences as the progeny of Adharmazdi. 12. This, too, that the defeat of the bad and the acceptance of the good ? are taught by him who shall provide a righteous gift for the worthy; because both are therein. 13. This, too, that ability for even the transformation of the creatures : of Adharmazd is taught by him who loves Vohuman; even for this reason, because the forward-dragging, and also the backward-dragging, power--which is in mankind-is qualified, through changeableness of will, for even the actions of the Vohumanic nature. 14. This, too, that power is taught, to that spirit through whom the creatures are changed, by him whose wisdom is for that which is wisdom ; even for this reason, because that spirit is wisdom, and increases in mankind through instruction. 15. This, too, that by him who praises the religion like a disciple, and who also teaches it like a priest", it is shown that Soshans* really comes ; even for this reason, because the religion, from the first praiser and teacher down to the last praiser and teacher, is connected by discipleship and priesthood, and Soshans becomes a disciple in the end, and the last priest. 16. This, too, that the wisdom of Adharmazd 5 is taught by him who shall supply decisions and adjudication from the religion; even for this reason, because the decision of religion is the wisdom of Adharmazd. 17. This, too, that complete mindfulness, so that they are not deceived", is taught 1 See Pahl. Yas. XLII, 5 b. * Ibid. 5 d. * Ibid. 5 e; assuming that dam-var'zisnih, 'accomplishment of the creatures,' stands for dam-vardisnih. * Ibid. 6 d. * Ibid. 6 e. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LVIII, 12-20. 357 through wisdom by him who is as reverent to Adharmazd as a daughter to a father; even for this reason, because the reverence of a daughter unto a father arises mostly through natural sympathy (ahang-1 kitrik), and through the intellectual complete mindfulness of the daughter. 18. This, too, that maintaining the destinies (vakh tan) of the body through the command of the creator is taught by him who teaches the righteous man and the wicked one that thing which becomes comfort to them, to the righteous man as to his body, and to the wicked one as to his soul; even for this reason, because he becomes a friend of the creatures, a friend of the creatures is also a friend of creativeness, and a friend of the creator maintains body and wealth through the command of the creator, and others are taught by him. 19. This, too, that joy owing to him who is powerful is taught him who is righteous only by him--that is, he is conveying him to the rulers for benefit :--who is an assistance of him who is righteous through capability, that is, he shall do it through exertion of power ; even for this reason, because, when he has provided as much assistance as it is possible for him to do, his praise arises through that benefit which is pre-eminent through his exertion. 20. This, too, that the benefit of sovereignty for that which arises is taught only by him who always thoroughly teaches authority (patih) up to dictatorship (vispo-farmanih); that is, he teaches to others that thing which always arises for them up to dictatorial authority; this is where it is connected by them with the See Pahl. Yas. XLII, 8 c. Ibid. 8 d. Digitized by Google

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358 DINKARD, BOOK IX. renovation of the universe through the control which is in the tree of germs'. 21. This, too, that he becomes liberal to fire ? who shall perform work for fire that is its protection, and so it is taught about it through the obeisance by him whose liberality--that is his through the obeisancebecomes liberal, and whose declaration, that arises as to Vohaman, possesses wealth through virtue. 22. This, too, that this thinking as to righteousness is taught only by him--that is, he thinks--whose petition for righteousness is ever afresh. 23. This, too, that the religion is interrogated 4 by him who is submissive to superiors and similarly situated (ham-gak) to inferiors. 24. This, too, that the state of the present world (latam manih) for the Mazda-worshipping religion is thoroughly taught where whatever becomes a progress of the religion is whatever is purification for mankind; even for this reason, because the want of progress of the religion is owing to the want of purification of mankind as to the fiend, and when a human being is purified from the fiend, the progress of the religion becomes different. 25. This, too, that pleasure is taught to him who is a friend Evidently the many-seeded tree of all germs, opposed to harm and called the proper-curing, energetic-curing, and all-curing ; it is renowned in Afran-veg and grows in the wide-formed ocean near the Gokereno, or white-Hom plant, which latter is one of the ingredients of the elixir producing immortality in the future existence (see Bd. IX, 5, 6, XVIII, 9, XXVII, 2, XXIX, 5). See Pahl. Yas. XLII, 9 d which Pt4 and Mf4 supply as follows:-Aedano avo hana-i lak atas rado homonam pavan niyayisno. * Ibid. 9 e. * Ibid. 10 c. * Ibid. II d. * Ibid. 14 a. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LVIII, 21-29. 359 only by him--that is, he gives it--who is a pleasure to him who is a friend ; and its routine is really this, that by him who causes pleasure to friends, his having caused pleasure is taught also to them. 26. This, too, that, owing to him whom Adharmazd teaches joy, it is taught that gratification comes from Adharmazd; even for this reason, because he is exalted, even in the worldly existence, through that joy which is supreme, and mankind are thereby taught. 27. This, too, that the augmentation of indications as to intellect is taught to him who is a vigorous-minded (tusto-minisno) man?, by him whose own progress is that towards his own sacred beings; even for this reason, because he fully considers, and delivers the decision, of his own powers, of those, too, of his contemporaries (ham-budikana), and likewise of the chivalry (kirih) of the age; and others are taught about it by him. 28. This, too, that the spirit of Adharmazds is expounded only by him--that is, he loves it--whose close exposition is of Adharmazd; even for this reason, because he becomes similarly loved with Adharmazd, so that ... 29. And this, too, that the reward is taught in the publicity of the sun by him whose friendship is for the Spitaman, which also increases in the day--that is, it is necessary to perform duty and good works in the day--but he does not put it aside the second day; even for this reason, because friendship for the religion is through kind regard ; See Pahl. Yas. XLII, 14 b. ? Ibid. 15 C. * Ibid. 16 a. Some clause appears to be omitted here. * See Pahl. Yas. XLII, 16 d. Digitized by Google

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360 DINKARD, BOOK IX. and duty in one day, only to put it aside for the second day, becomes affliction (vesh) at the bridge of judgment; also the sun is the most kindlyregarding and swiftest of those visible. 30. Excellence that is perfect is righteousness. CHAPTER LIX. Bako Nask. 1. The thirteenth fargard, Tad-thwa-peresa !, is that the obeisance ? of the archangels is performed by him who is educated in the recitation for the archangels of one learned in the religion, which is when he has to understand the recitation and to maintain the recitation of revelation with propriety, which is when an enumeration, or form (ainako), as to the qualities of the archangels exists, which is the obeisance for the sacred beings. 2. For, on this subject, one mentions seven kinds of mens, educated, * or well-educated, or ill-educated, who are connected with it in statements by those of the world; the merely educated man, particularly also the physician, explains this which is not mentioned and does not occur, that it is well, or ill, disposed *; the merely well-educated man, particularly also the physician, explains this which is mentioned and occurs, that it is well-disposed; the merely ill-educated man, and See Chap. XIV, 1 n; it is here written tad-spag-peres in Pahlavi. * See Pahl. Yas. XLIII, 1 b. 3 These appear to be the four kinds of ordinary men, and the three kinds of physicians, detailed in the following clauses. "Khu (Paz.ayo daim. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LVIII, 30-LIX, 7. 361 also the physician, explains this which is mentioned and occurs, that it is ill-disposed; and the merely uneducated man explains anything whatever that is really life?. 3. One educated in the recitation for the sacred beings, who when-on account of the necessity of speaking evil about a learned man-he is mischievous (a nag), so that he keeps in viciousness, and has remained in the obeisance for the sacred beings, is called not ransomed (la takhtik) 4. One ill-educated in the recitation for the sacred beings, which is when it happens that he keeps in viciousness, becomes even an apostate who is acquainted with the religion. 5. One uneducated in what pertains to the sacred beings is of two kinds, either good and void of learning, or an evil one who is void of knowledge; the good and void of learning worships the sacred beings unobservantly with the proper rites, and the evil one who is void of knowledge thinks to worship the sacred beings unobservantly with improper rites, and has no means of trustworthy reliance upon the religion of the sacred beings and their obeisance. 6. And one well-educated in what pertains to the sacred beings, through the three words of the connected series (ham-padvandisnih) which is good (khu) and learned, and through what pertains to the sacred beings, expounds faithfully the object of the obeisance for the sacred beings. 7. This, too, that, by him who teaches to mankind that thing which becomes their hope of eternity, mankind are taught to come to the religion of Apparently khaya- & badly written in B. * Paz. khu. . Probably good thoughts, good words, and good deeds.' Digitized by Google

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362 DINKARD, BOOK IX. the sacred beings; even for this reason, because the Vohamanic attainment to the religion of the sacred beings is to be required wisely for them, its requirement wisely for them is a benefit for the steadfast and becomes a consideration (minth) for them, and the consideration of the benefit of the steadfast is through hope of the eternity which is provided for the benefit, on account of which the hope of eternity -which is the basis--is the reason even of the acceptance of the religion. 8. This, too, that the perfection of the first among the existences ? is taught by him who has retentively remembered his words; even for this reason, because remembrance is the acme of every perfection. 9. This, too, that he becomes a nourisher of good works who shall perform good works publicly; even for this reason, because others are taught thereby, and good works increase in the world. 10. This, too, that by him who has fruit in the possession of Adharmazd the development of the world in virtue S is taught; even for this reason, because a lawful preserver and a producer of liberality arise through the fruit, they enlarge the root of the power of the angel of liberality, and pluck its fruit; the world is improved thereby, and mankind are taught about it. 11. This, too, that, through complete mindfulness, words and actions * are truly taught by him whose ceremonial is for complete mindfulness; even for this reason, because there are both words and actions in the ceremonial. 12. This, too, that the sagacious creativeness (far'zanak dahih) of Adharmazd is taught, which is See Pahl. Yas. XLIII, 1 e. ? Ibid. 2 b. Ibid. 2 d. * Ibid. 6 c. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LIX, 8-16. 363 the exposition, to Adharmazdi, of the production of the renovation; even for this reason, because the advantage of the sagacity of Adharmazd is the consequence of its beginning, and its middle is through the power of the goodness and knowledge of him himself, and because it is destiny as regards the creations; and whoever possesses that power for the assistance of the renovation, is extolled for that sagacity, and people are taught thereby. 13. This, too, that the reward of Zaratust is appropriated by him who decides about duty and opinion"; even for this reason, because, through that discrimination, he is similar to Zaratast. 14. This, too, that the recitation of revelation is performed for mankind by him who extends the propagation of the religions; even for this reason, because, owing to the gratification of virtuous practisers, virtue increases. 15. This, too, that the religion of Adharmazd is made progressive by him who shall perform the ceremonial of Adharmazd; even for this reason, because through that performance of his occurs the blessing of the provider of the rite (ntranginidar). 16. This, too, that that perfectly righteous man of just judgment is protected from the annoying spirit by him who possesses the resemblance (angunagih) unto Vohuman that they behold and resources through virtue; even for this reason, because the vexation which is partaken by him (the spirit), owing to the just judgment among those of the nature (kiharikan) of mankind, is redoubled (dokani-aito) by their pleasure owing to the Vohamanic resemblance, and the annoying spirit 1 See Pahl. Yas. XLIII, 8 b. 3 Ibid. 15 d, 17 c. * Ibid. 17 c. * Ibid. II e. Digitized by Google

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364 DINKARD, BOOK IX. is disabled (akari-hend)" by that accumulated vexation which occurs for his annoyance. 17. This, too, that the exploits of the archangels are taught by him who is really capable in what pertains to the archangels; even for this reason, because they become the hope of a consoling (vedvar) end, and are also indicative of the renovation of the universe, the hope of a virtuous end. 18. This, too, that the words of him who is Zaratust, that people shall become supplicant,' are taught by him who is for the benefiters; even for this reason, because they who are benefiters, on account of an inclination for the religion, make others eager for the religion, and make them mount for prayer. 19. And this, too, that by him who gives anything to a righteous man, this is also done that some one else may give even to him who is vile; even for this reason, because a foundation of liberality is thereby prepared for him ? 20. Perfect righteousness is excellence. CHAPTER LX. Bako Nask. 1. The fourteenth fargard, Ad-fravakhshya >>, is that whatever is instruction is to be listened to + here as much as is possible, and he who is not to be 1 The Paz, equivalent of a karih-ho mand. ? Implying that he is himself vile who gives to the righteous merely to induce others to give to himself. 3 See Chap. XV, in; it is here written ad-fravakhshe in Pahlavi. + See Pahl. Yas. XLIV, 1 a. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LIX, 17-LX, 4. 365 taught is allowed an opportunity for listening by Zaratust. 2. This, too, that by him who would be a causer of procreation for performers of labour, the perfect nature of the performance of the first next-of-kin marriage is praised; because causing the procreation of performers of labour is the fatherhood of mankind, the proper fatherhood of mankind is through the proper production of progeny, the proper progeny of the producer is through the accomplishment of progeny among his own, according to the disposition of the first creatures, and the accomplishment of progeny among one's own is next-of-kin marriage; and that which occurs, when a causer of the procreation of performers of labour praises the fatherhood of mankind, is that next-of-kin marriage is also praised by him. 3. This, too, that by him whose creatures are in virtue, owing to his virtuous nourishment of the creatures, the performance of next-of-kin marriage ? is taught, and the virtue is his virtue; even on this account, because, for the sake of keeping the creatures in virtue, he allows (andazedo) for the virtuous disposition pertaining to the multitude, and that which is born he produces (dahe de) as lineage from the next-of-kin marriage pertaining to the multitude. 4. This, too, that Spendarmad is in daughterhood 3 to Adharmazd is taught by him whose wisdom is through complete mindfulness; even for this reason, i See Pahl. Yas. XLIV, 4 a. Ibid. 4.c. $$ 2-5 have been already translated, somewhat differently, in S. B.E., vol. xviii, pp. 395, 396. * Ibid. 4 d. For Spendarmad see Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3. Digitized by Google

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366 DINKARD, BOOK IX. because his wisdom and complete mindfulness are within limits which are Adharmazd and Spendarmad, the wisdom being that of Allharmazd, the complete mindfulness that of Spendarmad, and the complete mindfulness being the offspring of the wisdom just as Spendarmad is of Adharmazd; and, owing to this, the assertion is reasonable that, by him whose complete mindfulness is connected with wisdom, it is taught that Spendarmad is in daughterhood to Adharmazd. 5. This, too, that thus the exercise of that daughterhood is taught by him whose righteousness is through complete mindfulness, and whose ceremonial is also through complete mindfulness ; that is, he shall perform the ceremonial and other good works fully mindfully. 6. This, too, that mankind are attracted to religious good deeds by him who shall provide benefit for the people through actions and words; even for this reason, because those actions are religious good deeds, and, when instituted by him, others are also taught by him. 7. This, too, that reverence for Vohuman is taught by him who shall make that which is contaminated obvious to the eye, so that what is dark becomes light; even for this reason, because the display of the work of Vohuman thereby has also taught the offer of reverence for Vohuman. 8. And this, too, that the ceremonial is taught with complete mindfulness 2 only by him who teaches words and actions with complete mindfulness. 9. Perfect righteousness is excellence. * See Pahl. Yas. XLIV, ge. Ibid, 10 a. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LX, 5-LXI, 4. 367 CHAPTER LXI. Bako Nask. 1. The fifteenth fargard, Kamnamaeza', is about the reply of Adharmazd to Zaratust, as to that which was asked by him thus : 'To which lands do I step ??' and it is thus: "Do thou march (sagitun) there where the man, in whose person righteousness is connected with complete mindfulness, is welcome ; this, too, is where happy is he from whom there is no complaint.' 2. This, too, that mankind are made diligent in good works by him who produces progress for good works; even for this reason, because mankind attain progress in manifest duty who engage more particularly in good works. 3. This, too, that the teaching of religion is the public action which is prescribed by him who would produce exertion for the righteous, that is, benefit for those of the good religion; even for this reason, because the multitude (kabedan) approach the religion, and are taught and practise it, on account of a desire for benefit. 4. This, too, that it is in a province of even exhausted productions that it is taught by him who appoints a virtuous governor over the province; even for this reason, because a virtuous governor of a province becomes a teacher of ability and good works to those of the province. * See Chap. XVI, i n; it is here written ka mnamezo in Pahlavi. See Pahl. Yas. XLV, 1 a; reading val kadar damikan va mam (=gamam, see Chap. LVIII, 4). * Ibid. 4 b. Digitized by Google

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368 DINKARD, BOOK IX. 5. This, too, that the good protection of fire is taught by him whose words are through Vohuman, and who also would provide a time for the ordeal of that which is doubtful; even for this reason, because he whose words are utterable through Vohaman, and who would provide a time for the ordeal of that which is doubtful, teaches the provision of care for the operative fire, owing to that which occurs when what is accomplished, about one acquitted or convicted by the fire, is declared, and mankind shall provide more particularly for the brilliancy of the fire, and the wicked more for assistance and protection from it. 6. This, too, that whoever shall provide about him who liberally gives himself in discipleshipunto the priests, has thereby taught even by the mention of the high-priest; even for this reason, because the person being given in discipleship unto the priests, the religion practised by the high-priest arises also for mention, and whoever shall provide generosity for that person, has increased and also taught that action, which is religion, even by the mention made. 7. This, too, that men and women 8 are taught as being given in discipleship - to Zaratust by him who keeps his own males and females in the control of Zaratust. 8. This, too, that goodness is taught by him to those (valman) who are good, so that they produce it who give to that righteous one the worthiness which is through that wealth; the righteous one who is worthy is one of the good religion for whose production of the worthiness which is through that wealth it is sought, and that wealth which is See Pahl. Yas. XLV, 7C. 3 Ibid. 9 d. 3 Ibid. 10 a. * Ibid. 10 b. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXI, 5-13. 369 coveted is wealth of little trouble and much advantage, through the goodness and idea of virtue of the giver to the account of him who is the accepter of the good worthiness. 9. This, too, that through his Kinvad passage (Kis-vidarg) it is taught that they shall step forth (frdva mand)"; and by him who goes on through anything (kis) openly, when he has proceeded publicly on the right path, one passed away on the Kinvad passage is taught. 10. This, too, that by him whose ceremonial is through complete mindfulness it is taught that the world produces abundance through complete mindfulness ? ; even for this reason, because it is taught by him, through that disposition of his for the sacred beings (pavan zak-i valman yazdana khim), that the developed world is shown to be theirs; and here below it is fully taught by him, that Khurdad and Amardad 3--that is, the sacred beings-produce it for the benefiters. 11. This, too, that thus he who is wicked, even he who is privileged, becomes unprivileged at that time when every one understands, that is, when righteousness is aloft. 12. This, too, that when he who is privileged is Vistasp", likewise he who is privileged is the righteous Zaratust ", and so he who is the wicked Argasp is unprivileged. 13. This, too, that creation is taught by him to See Pahl. Yas. XLV, 10 e, and Bk. VIII, Chap. XIV, 8. 3 Ibid. 12 c. See Chap. XIX, 1. * See Pahl. Yas. XLV, 13 e. o Ibid. 14 a, which is supplied by Pt4, Mf4, thus :-Zaratasto mun lak aharubo dosto. * See Bk. VIII, Chap. XI, 4. [37] Bb Digitized by Google

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370 DINKARD, BOOK IX. Adharmazd, so that he creates, and this, too, that the archangels are taught by his will, whose contentment is through that of the archangels, so that he observes the conclusion in the affairs of the archangels. 14. And this, too, that wisdom is taught to him who is Zaratust--so that it becomes his--by him whose thoughts are for Zaratusta and for the religion of Zaratust. 15. Perfect is the excellence of righteousness, CHAPTER LXII. Bako Nask. 1. The sixteenth fargard, Spenta-mainya s, is that the religion is lodging in him who is himself wise, or becomes a hearer of the wise. 2. This, too, that the deeds of complete mindfulness are practised 4 and taught by him who becomes himself completely mindful. 3. This, too, that whoever shall openly perform good works becomes a nourisher of good works. 4. This, too, that the spirit of fatherhood becomes lodging in him who nourishes the creatures with propriety6. 5. This, too, that pasture is given to cattle is taught by him who shall provide care for cattle, because the giving of pasture to them with care is advantageous. 6. This, too, that all for his good who becomes a benefit to him who is good 7-through that which 1 See Pahl. Yas. XLV, 19 e. ' Ibid. 19 b. 8 See Chap. XVII, in; it is here written spendmato in Pahlavi. * See Pahl. Yas. XLVI, 2 C. * Ibid. 2 d. Ibid. 3 c. ? Ibid. 5 b. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXI, 14-LXIII, 2. 371 has come to him-is every benefit which occurs to him who is good; all for his good every benefit is given to every one good by way of similarity in race, species, and nature, and every benefit is given in the way of complete giving which is possible for it. 7. This, too, that whoever shall justly inflict sentence and judgment, really according to the declaration regarding one acquitted or convicted', becomes praiseworthy; even for this reason, because the origin of the judgment is the ritual of the ordeal. 8. And this, too, that by him who gives to him who is wise that which is needful for him, an immense ? and strong foundation for learning is produced, and the knowledge in the world is augmented. 9. Perfect excellence is righteousness. CHAPTER LXIII. Bako Nask. 1. The seventeenth fargard, Yezis, is that whoever maintains the benedictions of the religion", and shall uphold its commands, has thereby made even others learn it; even for this reason, because through this it is much more possible for him to attract others to the religion ; and, as to the origin and means of attraction, the attraction is this, that he himself maintains the benedictions of the religion, and the means of attraction are this, that he is an upholder of the commands of the religion. 2. This, too, that by him who shall perform the ritual of an ordeal which is accomplished, the KinSee Pahl. Yas. XLVI, 6 b. Ibid. 6 c. . See Chap. XVIII, i n. See Pahl. Yas. XLVII, 1 d. B b 2 Digitized by Google

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372 DINKARD, BOOK IX. vad passage' is made known; even for this reason, because those even who have accomplished what is a work of the spirit become witnesses, one about the other, as to the facts. 3. This, too, that by him who shall perform that thing whereby a change occurs from evil to good ?, even that change which is the renovation of the universe is made known, by means even of the evidence of a partial change as regards a perpetual change. 4. This, too, that by him who shall produce generosity for the tillers 3 of the world it is then developed ; even for this reason, because they become more diligent in tilling the world. 5. This, too, that by him who shall produce benefit for the poor, a development of the world is produced for them; even for this reason, because through that reason they increase more. 6. This, too, that the creature-forming (da mih) of Adharmazdo is occasioned by him whose rule 6 is for Adharmazd; even for this reason, because he becomes a holder and attendant of good works. 7. This, too, that the devastation by Vohaman' is taught by him whose rule is for Adharmazd; even for this reason, because he smites sinners and destroys among villains. 8. This, too, that virtuous people are increased in a province 8 by him who appoints a virtuous governor of the province. 9. This, too, that virtuous instruction is provided and explained by him who loves Vohumano. 10. And this, too, that vir 1 See Pahl. Yas. XLVII, 2 b. Ibid. 4 a. Ibid. 5 d. * Ibid. 6 c. Ibid. 7 d. * Ibid. 8 a. ? Ibid. 9 c. Ibid. 12 a, and compare Chap. LXI, 4. . Ibid. 12 b. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXIII, 3-LXIV, 3. 373 tuous deeds are set going by him who teaches learned sayings and virtuous deeds to him who is good; even for this reason, because the reception of the progressive supply of virtue by the learned becomes more complete. 11. Perfect is the excellence of righteousness. CHAPTER LXIV. Bako Nask. 1. The eighteenth fargard, Ad-ma-yava?, is that, through his complete mindfulness 3, the teaching of mankind in virtue is by him, and they become properly intelligents through him, whose actions are those which are more daughterly, that is, as reverent unto Allharmazd as a daughter unto a father ; even for this reason, because his display of the complete mindfulness which is instinctive (asnik) is through action, and that action, acquired (srutik) for the thoughts of mankind, is kindled by him and has become properly intelligent. 2. This, too, that proper intelligence of things arises for one completely mindful, even for a daughter to a father, through that complete mindfulness which is instinctive, whereby that lust is excluded which is most violently reverenced by the male (kasno), and, devoid of that, the reverence is assimilated (angunihinido) most strongly to one's reverence unto the creator. 3. This, too, that discrimination of the affairs of the sacred beings through wisdom * is taught by him * See Pahl. Yas. XLVII, 12 C. See Chap. XIX, in; it is here written a d-ma-yav in Pahlavi. 3 See Pahl, Yas. XLVIII, 5 c. * Ibid. 6 b. Digitized by Google

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374 DINKARD, BOOK IX. whose learning is in the affairs of the sacred beings; even for this reason, because discrimination of the affairs of the sacred beings is specially that which is advantageous in the end, and the advantageousness in the end is seen through learning; and, apart from that, he who is learned in the affairs of the sacred beings has taught discrimination of the affairs of the sacred beings through his wisdom?. 4. This, too, that the joyfulness in righteousness is taught to Frashostar by him--that is, he would make him ardent in the performance of duty and good works--who has thoroughly expounded Khardad and Amurdad to Frashostar 3, that is, he maintains him as his high-priest. 5. This, too, that he who shall perform good works ever afresh, has taught him to become ardent in duty and good works?. 6. This, too, that Adharmazd supplies guardianship to him who gives pleasure to Adharmazd; even for this reason, because a giver of pleasure to Adharmazd is any one who is a true servant of Allharmazd, and Adharmazd becomes the guardian of a true servant. 7. This, too, that they ever amount to a master of all commands o for him who is a benefit and sovereignty for that which arises; even owing to this reason, because, in establishing and arranging that which is an absurd (askun) or a virtuous law, the command issued, which is another and further observation of the advantage of the creatures, prepares Assuming that ar'go, value,' stands for khirado, which is very similarly written in Pahlavi letters. See Pahl. Yas. XLVIII, 8 a. See Chap. XIX, 1, and Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXVIII, 68. * See Pahl. Yas. XLVIII, 8 b. Ibid. 8 d. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXIV, 4-10. 375 that which is ever an attainable benefit among the creatures, by means of which, even after symptoms of the life of one's body, it is governed through setting going the usage of that law, and is connected with his mastery of command and his sovereignty. 8. This, too, that Vohuman's having guarded the creature-forming (da mih) of Allharmazd 1 is taught by him whose rule is for Allharmazd; on this account, because he whose rule is for Adharmazd has taught the inclination for (padisai) being guarded, on this account, because the inclination of the creatures of that ruler for being guarded by the power of goodness, and the creatures being guarded by the power of goodness have published the power of goodness, which is Vohdman, to the multitude. 9. Here is about the reply to Zaratust concerning the wicked, thus : Upon arrival in the fiend's abode, through an immature (kham) death, they are unprivileged, so that every misery is theirs, and it is not possible for them to seek a remedy. 10. This, too, that the spirit of reverence comes through invocation to the assistance 3 of him who is reverent unto the benefiters; even for this reason, because the spirits respond more particularly to that invoker who becomes their worshipper preponderantly (vas puharakaniha); and for each one of the spirits there is preponderantly a form of worship, as the spirit of liberality is more particularly worshipped through helpfulness (vigidar-dahisnih), the spirit of truth through exact truth (h Q-rastih), the spirit of a promise through true promising (hu-mitroih), See Pahl. Yas. XLVIII, 10 a, b, and Chap. LXIII, 6. Ibid. 11 d. Ibid. 12 a. Digitized by Google

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376 DINKARD, BOOK IX. and the spirit of sovereignty through good sovereignty; and, even so, the worship of the spirit of reverence consists preponderantly in reverence unto the benefiters. 11. This, too, that he whose rule is for Adharmazd becomes a supplicant for that which is coveted (isto) from Adharmazdi; even for this reason, because what is wisely begged from the sacred beings and rulers, for rendering one's own self worthy, occurs as a benefit owing to the sacred beings and rulers. 12. About the reply of Adharmazd to Zaratust, when asked by him about his own, his confederate ?, and his serf, thus : 'He is thine own, he thy confederate, and he thy serf, even when and where he is a righteous offspring who produces the progress of this thy religion of Mazda-worship, and recites it openly even unto him he knows, who provides the public benedictions, this good practice of thine, that is, he maintains what is provided by thee as benedictions 3.' 13. Perfect is the excellence of righteousness. CHAPTER LXV. Bako Nask. 1. The nineteenth fargard, Kad-moi-urva", is that the sheep-nature (pahih) is taught to him who 1 See Pahl. Yas. XLVIII, 12 d. Ibid. 7 . Ibid. 7 d. + See Chap. XX, In; it is here written kad-mok-ravo in Pahlavi. See Pahl, Yas. XLIX, ib. The distinction made in the Pahlavi text, here and in $ 3, by using the scriptural term pah and the general word gospend for the sheep, might perhaps be imitated in English by using the word 'flock' for pah, but this would not express the meaning exactly. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXIV, 11-LXV, 8. 377 is a sheep (gospend), even for this reason, because the sheep is still among sheep (pa h-ik den). 2. This, too, that by him who provides pasture for sheep, mankind are nourished (srayinido): through the sheep; even for this reason, because the nourishment of mankind is through the sheep, and that of the sheep through pasture. 3. This, too, that the sheep of the present worldly state is expounded to him who is a sheep (pah) to Zaratust, that is, he has Zaratust as a high-priest; even for this reason, because still a sheep (pah-ik) is a sheep. 4. This, too, that strength in virtue is increased and taught by him who produces joyfulness through seeking gradual development, so that he would do that thing which gives him joyfulness, that is, he would do that thing which becomes his long-continued joy; even for this reason, because increase of strength arises more particularly from pleasure, the pleasure that one is gradually attaining (der-padai). 5. This, too, that by him who shall provide the ceremonial of the sacred beings, the joyfulness ? owing to the sacred beings is then connected with his own; even for this reason, because the coming of the sacred beings to it occurs. 6. This, too, that the wisdom 3 of Zaratast is taught and displayed by him who gives thought to the religion of Zaratust. 7. This, too, that the tongue : is instructed (farhanginido) in speech by him who becomes discriminating through wisdom. 8. And this, too, that preparation is taught to them who are benefiters of Zaratust, or who are so of the religion; even for this reason, because, owing to * See Pahl. Yas. XLIX, 1 b. . Ibid. 5 b. Ibid. 6 c. * Ibid. 6 d. Digitized by Google

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378 DINKARD, BOOK IX. that action, disposition, and attraction which are now theirs, they prepare mankind for the religion of Zaratust. 9. This, too, that whoever teaches the virtuous way to others, they become his through the knowledge of being instructed; even for this reason, because through the enlightenment of that way, they see and act, and are thereby instructed. 10. This, too, that the obeisance for the arch- . angels is performed by him who is a praiser of the archangels. 11. This, too, that assistance is taken 2 from the sacred beings by him who gives to him who is a supplicant that which is dear to him, because he himself is made worthy by his assistance, and, when made worthy by it, it is then taken by him; and the supplicant is he who is not a supplicant through his mouth, but through worthiness, and what is dear is that which is good about him. 12. This, too, that its being within the day till dawn (val aush) 3 is taught by him--that is, he would make it as a signal (dakhshako) 3_who is in obeisance, so that he may not neglect till another day the duty and good works which it is requisite for him to perform within the day; even for this reason, because to cause the preservation of the dawn from debased incompatibility (her hanbeshih) of duties, it is made exalted by him over the duties. 13. This, too, that complete mindfulness is taught among the existences by him whose thought among the existences is that he shall perform that thing which is possible to remain good in the world, such as the provision of good sovereignty, orthodoxy, the * See Pahl. Yas. XLIX, 7 b. * Ibid. 10 c. . Ibid. 7 d. * Ibid. II C. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXV, 9-LXVI, 3. 379 law of virtuous usage, and others, through which the dwelling, preparation, and living of mankind in the world arise, and the appropriation of any complete mindfulness of that performer is the exaltation which is his owing to that great performance. 14. It is righteousness that is perfect excellence. CHAPTER LXVI. Bako Nask. 1. In the twentieth fargard, Vohu-kh shathrem', it is also stated by Allharmazd to Zaratust the Spitaman thus: 'They who are now in sovereignty are privileged, the human being who is a wicked lying tyrant being not now in sovereignty; moreover, thou shouldst cause some one to thoroughly smite (bara vanin-ae) him who is causing deception in the embodied world by lamentation (sivan), and they cause the preservation of death, ruin, and falsehood because they would cause the preservation of his effects (mamanas var ae boginend).' 2. And this, too, namely: When the sovereignty should be given by them unto him who is good ?, they would be preserved through that sovereignty of his; moreover, thou shouldst cause some one to thoroughly smite him who is made deceitful by lamentation, and so also death, ruin, and falsehood.' 3. This, too, that by him who shall provide complete mindfulness e for his own, righteousness is produced; even for this reason, because, through See Chap. XXI, 1 n; it is here written vo hd-khshatar in Pahlavi. * See Pahl. Yas. L, 1 a. * Ibid. a b. Digitized by Google

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380 * DINKARD, BOOK IX. complete mindfulness, the discerning eye of life, which is righteousness, is enlightened. 4. This, too, that the coveted thing (isto) which it is expedient for sovereignty to give away is taught by him who shall provide sovereignty for him who is all-progressive (hamak-rabisno); even for this reason, because the observation, consideration, and action of him who is an all-progressive ruler are about that which is coveted by the multitude and is an advantage for the sovereignty which it is expedient to produce. 5. This, too, that what is produced by the words of Vohuman 2 is taught by him who shall perform the ceremonial of the sacred beings with the thoughts of Vohuman ; even for this reason, because, the mind being with the thoughts of Vohuman, the tongues of the faithful are habituated (kh ukinidako) in the statements of Vohuman. 6. This, too, that innocence from discontinued (amand) good works is taught by him who remains in virtue; even for this reason, because they are atoned for by him even among important good works. 7. This, too, that the original causer of goodness is assisted in causing goodness by him whose fundamental gift (bun dahisno) among the existences is that he supplies that which it is requisite for him to give; even for this reason, because in a work, upon which one remains with a thousand men, when one man is bringing his own strength to the labour therein, the 999 other men are assisted by him in that work. 8. This, too, that the way of righteousness : is See Pabl. Yas. L, 2 b. Ibid. 3 b. Ibid. 13 C. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXVI, 4-LXVII, 1. 381 not concealed, but taught, by him who is a good considerer as to righteousness; even for this reason, because the sap and root of his righteousness are owing to undiverted thought. 9. This, too, that its being unnecessary to provide repletion for those who are cattle is taught by him who keeps cattle as a controller for benefiters; even for this reason, because they teach and command him. 10. This, too, that housewifery being performed is taught by that wife who shall joyfully pay reverence to her husband; even for this reason, because her housewifery is for the satisfaction of the husband, the satisfaction is through her reverence, and the reverence arises through joy. II. This, too, that to love the religion through knowledge is taught by him who is peaceful (padmanik) and Vohumanic to it; even for this reason, because Vohumanic peacefulness is understood as religion. 12. And this, too, that the gratification of Adharmazd 4 is caused by him who teaches for Adharmazd. 13. It is righteousness that is perfect excellence. CHAPTER LXVII. Bako Nask. 1. In the twenty-first fargard, Vahistoisti", it is proclaimed by the righteous Zaratust, that the ceremonial is performed by him owing to whom our 1 See Pahl. Yas. L, 14 b. * Ibid. 18 b. 5 See Chap. XXII, 1 n. Ibid. 17 c. * Ibid. 20 c. Digitized by Google

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382 DINKARD, BOOK IX. worship is good thinking. 2. This, too, that Vohaman and the liturgy are lodging in the body of him in whose body the religion is lodging; and so is the spirit of goodness, which is peace (padman). 3. This, too, that the good religion is taught in word and deed by him who shall achieve the giving of thought (minisn-dahih) to Vohuman in the ceremonial. 4. This, too, that the archangels become lodging in the body of him who loves Vohaman; even for this reason, because their lodging is in light, purity, and perfume, and the body is illuminated, purified, and perfumed by Vohuman. 5. This, too, that mankind are made diligent in the performance of good works by him who shall provide gifts for the doers of good works. 6. This, too, that by him who loves the beneficial way?, even others are put in the same way and taught. 7. This, too, that he gives his daughter in daughterhood to his fatherhood ?, who teaches to the daughter reverence towards her father; even for this reason, because she is made steadfast in daughterhood by him. 8. This, too, that the authority of Vohman is taught by him who keeps the talent which is his for virtue; even for this reason, because from the authority of goodness arise the advantage and freedom from strife of the sciences (h unarano). 9. This, too, that a daughter is given to a father for womanly service (nesmanih), and so also a wife to another man, by him who teaches reverence, towards father and husband, to the daughter and the other woman; and so, too, by him who instructs * See Pahl. Yas. LII, 2 d. * Ibid. 4 a. In $ 9 (as in Chap. XLV, 4) there appears to be no confinement of the meaning to matrimony, Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXVII, 2-LXVIII, 1. 383 the wife of a man in housewifery; because the advantageous womanly service of a woman for a man arises through reverence towards her husband and good training in housewifery. 10. This, too, that even the reverence of a wife towards a husband is produced by him who gives a woman unto a man; because the giver of possession (khudih) becomes praiseworthy even by the act of having given that possession. 11. This, too, that origin and effect (ban va-bar) are produced for Adharmazd by him who gives what is necessary unto Adharmazd and teaches perpetual preservation; what is properly necessary being the origin of the preservation which is the effect of what is properly necessary. 12. This, too, that dominion is acquired for the house of him who keeps the door of the house an opening for the wise; the house being the body, and the door of the house being the ear, eye, and mouth. 13. It is the excellence of righteousness that is perfect. CHAPTER LXVIII. Bako Nask. 1. The beginning of the twenty-second fargard, the Airyaman?, is the last question (frasno) beyond the five Gathas; it is taught for the dominion of Adharmazd only by him--that is, it is making him ruler of himself-who shall do that which is declared by the passage :-Ya erezegyoi dahi * See Chap. XXIII, in; it is here written airemano in Pahlavi. Digitized by Google

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384 DINKARD, BOOK IX. drigaove va hy01: who gives delights (vayagano) to him who is a right-living poor man2-preservation from the destroyer, and the consummation of every happiness. 2. It is perfect excellence that is righteousness. CHAPTER LXIX. 1. About a selection from the whole Yast: referring to the developer (vakhshinidar-homond). 2. Those are beneficial who increase for the developer, that is, they shall occasion benefit (nevakih) for him who would occasion that benefit which is for others 4. 3. Thus the righteous man who produces perfect thought is he who comes upon it through Vohuman, and the benefit of him who is an open annoyer &--the righteous man who is a smiter of the wicked, and who developes as to what is Adharmazd's and as to what is Zaratust's--is that he slays in moderation. 4. Regarding him who is an oppressive man who is righteous, the reply spoken is thus: "The reward of the smiter and developer--that man of whom one See Yas. LIII, 9 d. See Pahl. Yas. LII, 9 d, and Chaps. XLV, 10, XLVII, 17. The twenty-first Nask, or original Yasna (see Bk. VIII, Chap. XLVI, 1). It is not very clear, from this chapter and from what is stated about it in Chap. I, 2, whether this selection was compiled by the author of the Dinkard, or by some earlier writer. So far as its statements have yet been traced, nearly all of them originate in the Gathas, or in the Yasna Haptanghaiti ; but SS 45 quotes a passage from the Bako Nask (Yas. XIX). * Compare Pahl. Yas. XLII, 1 a. o Compare Pahl. Yas. XXVIII, 2 a, where J2, Pt4, Mf4 have bara ye hamtunane pavan Vohuman. . Compare Pahl. Yas. XLII, 8 b. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXVIII, 2-LXIX, 9. 385 knows the smiting and developing--is the very evil reward of him who is wicked; just as his smiting, as an evil reward for him from those two spirits, is that very evil practice loved by him who is wicked ; even for this reason every righteous individual is Gathic, because, when privileged (padokhshai), he who is wicked is thus he who is righteous, and also he who is privileged is unprivileged ? 5. Zaratust proceeded with the smiting at the wicked, and as to that proceeding Adharmazd spoke thus : 'Thou shouldst thus proceed with smiting at the wicked by ordinance (da distan), because thus they have thee and the righteous of every kind as ruler. 6. Also through my decree (pavan-ik man vigir) one produces the ritual of ordeal, which realizes that which is real, so that one may make that which is dark fully light. 7. Thine, too, is so much the sovereignty of Adharmazd, thus through worship, that its requisite (kh vastako) privilege is thus maintained through virtue, because thou, who art thus, art more unconfined (anakosidar) to the world through the furtherance and development of righteousness; great, indeed, is he who trusts the righteous man for righteousness, and great is he who trusts the wicked man for wickedness.' 8. As to that utterance (farmayisno) Zaratust spoke thus: 'An open annoyer is the righteous man-the benefiter disclosed by Adharmazd--that loves the embodied world of righteousness, and demands its reverence (tarsakayih) for the proportion of righteousness therein, that is, he knows the proportion of duty and good works.' 9. Re * See Bk. VIII, Chap. I, 5 n. [37] See Chap. LXI, 11. Digitized by Google

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386 DINKARD, BOOK IX. garding the worldly existence, the reply spoken is thus : 'That which is again contaminated (gumikhted) by the demons becomes abundant so long as that which is proper is again contaminated with the demons; and, so long as there is a developer, they subsist for their own substances, so that it is possible for them to seek benefit for their own, and they are smiters of the righteous.' 10. Regarding him who is a wise smiter, Soshans! spoke in reply thus: 'It arises through his way when it is again contaminated.' 11. As to that mischief (dragisno) A dharmazd spoke thus : 'Happy is he from whom there is no mischief. 12. Regarding 2 him who has come, the Yim of splendours, he spoke thus: 'He attains his reward who is no smiter and no developer, not privileged and not unprivileged.' 13. As to that disclosure (hakisno) Vohdman* spoke thus: 'I aggrandize that spiritual lord and that priestly master who is my righteousness in person. 14. As to that utterance Spendarmad" spoke thus: 'So do thou perfect (bara vadidan) him whose information subsists--a man that becomes wise--who is as an emblem of my religion; because he has worshipped that which is ours, so that he has retained property in our possession, through whose words there is a furtherance of the world of righteousness. 15. That is my arrangement, and that my wish-that is, what is necessary for me and I See Bk. VIII, Chap. XIV, 14. Assuming that 1a, 'not,' stands for rai. : Av. Yimo khshaeto (see Bk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 6, 7), * See Bk, VIII, Chap. IX, 3. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXIX, 10-20. 387 love that which thou fully understandest, that is, that arrangement which is righteousness; also whatever discourse and perfect performance, thou askest of us, o Zaratust! in complete mindfulness, I now practise by the work of each hand; observe thoroughly that which I am performing, and thou, too, art accomplishing. 16. In worship thou, O Zaratast! art liberal, who art liberal in ceremonial; for thee, whose body believes, controversy is not lavish (rad) for the sake of the wealth bestowed; the reward of Zaratust the developer is for developing, the reward of Zaratust the smiter is for smiting, and the reward of Zaratust the smiter and developer is for smiting and developing. 17. At the bridge judgment of him whose name the fire calls for participation, as when they repeatedly pour the melted ore upon him in the throat, thou shouldst pray near him alive-him whose love is for virtue--so that he may perform duty and good works with fearlessness; with his desire, too, it is expedient to know that it is done by him on account of necessity.' 18. As to that utterance Adharmazd spoke thus : Such is the upward attraction (lala-hangisnih) of Shatraver1 for him who is ours. 19. As to that question (frashno) Adharmazd spoke thus : 'Such has happened to him who is ours through Vohaman; he ought to come to our religion through virtue. 20. Truly he, o Zaratust! is privileged for the sovereignty, who confines his ears to this religion, that he may make it fully progressive; who is given immortality through this, and kind regard for the will of him who is the best of that religion of mine, * See Chap. XLIII, 1. It is here written Shatrdver. ss 2 Digitized by Google

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388 DINKARD, BOOK IX. O Zaratust ! and who assists the furtherance of this world of mine in righteousness.' 21. As to those of that other oneAllharmazd spoke thus: "As regards that which is great evidence, when wicked they consider it as unattested for him who is wicked himself; and the thoughts ? of him, whose deeds are those of that other one, are due to Akomano 8. 22. Owing also to this, when both Khurdad and Amardad + are given to thee, it is in that way--when thou art of the propitious spirit and the best thought that what thou understandest thou shouldst be accomplishing, and what thou dost not understand thou askest again.' 23. Of him whose wisdom exists (afto)of Auharmazd-he whose wisdom arises (yehevuned)Zaratust-enquired concerning him who is unreal (an-aito) and who does not subsist (yehevuned) hereafter, who has thus never become a material existence for those on the side of virtue, and does not subsist for them henceforth. 24. As to that reverse description (padirakonisanisnih) Adharmazd spoke thus : 'Among men of every kind say unto the righteous who are smiting the wicked, that we improve the measure of any milk they propitiate, even by the holy-water which is the sustenance (barisno) of milk, in order to cause much happiness of life.' 25. As to that utterance Adharmazd spoke thus : 'Happy is he from whom there is no complaint, and a life which is like this the text Gerezoi... 1 The followers of Aharman. . Assuining that manisno, dwelling,' stands for minisno. * See Bk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3 n. See Chap. XIX, 1. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXIX, 21-27. : 389 akhso ...? implores. 26. To thee, O Zaratust! my protection is given in the reply of the Kem-na ? which, before the companionship of Kal-Vistasp 3 that righteous friend of mine was a published thing of those which are used, and of those such as it is requisite to use. 27. The talk of a man which is immoderate is false, everything immoderate is so for this reason, everything is not that which the good man possesses, because, when privileged, the wicked one is he who is righteous, and he who is privileged becomes unprivileged; he who is righteous is thus he who is wicked, and becomes him who is privileged and unprivileged, so that he is fully incriminated, and they shall carry off his possessions.' 1 Yas. XLVI, 2 c-e; its Pahlavi version (Pahl. Yas. XLV, 2c-e) may be translated as follows:- I complain to thee, behold it and this one, O Adharmasd! (that is, seek a remedy for me); that pleasure is my desire, which a friend gives to his friend; through the instruction of Vohman (when I am instructed in virtue) is the coveted thing of righteousness (thou shouldst give me).' The words in parentheses have no equivalents in the Avesta text. * Yas. XLVI, 7; its Pahlavi version (Pahl. Yas. XLV, 7 a-e) may be translated as follows:- Who is given to me and mine, my disciples) as protector by thee, O Adharmasdl when that wicked (Abarman) retains malice for me in possession (that is, maintains malice with me? Who shall provide me protection), other than thy fire and Vohaman? (Because I know that they would provide me protection for your sake) when I nourish righteousness through deeds for them, O Adharmasd! (that is, should I perform duty and good works, who shall provide me protection ?) Thou shouldst proclaim to me that high-priest of the religion; (this thou shouldst state thus: "Maintain the religion as highpriest").' * See Pahl Yas. XLV, 13 e, and Bk. VIII, Chaps. XI, 1, XIII, 15. . Compare Ibid. 14 a which is given in Pt4, Mf4, as follows:Zaratusto mun lak aharube dosto. Digitized by Google

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390 : DINKARD, BOOK IX. 28. Regarding the benefiters the reply spoken is thus: "They are owing to the reward of the smiter and developer ; those are beneficial whose smiting and developing are those of the developer Allharmazd, who understands smiting and development.' 29. When through smiting by Adharmazd, on account of the wicked, a question (frash no) about it arose, the reply spoken, as to the smiting of the present world by means of him who is ruler, was: The reward which the judgment that is perfect teaches is thus, that he who is the smiter and developer, Soshans , shall make the decision.' 30. Zaratust spoke in reply thus: 'He gives a reward.' 31. And that wise smiter, Soshans, spoke in reply thus : 'He shall inflict punishment.' 32. Even he who is an ox of many cattle has openly and publicly wailed this complaint on account of the righteous one : How long is it till the time when a developer arises, even he who is an irresolute ruler (akamako khadal)? How long is the time till he arises, until the wicked one who is a smiter and privileged corrupter is he who is unprivileged ?' 33. Because, for the sake of producing resolution (ka mak-dahih), he complains that, until the developer shall arise, even he who is irresolute is ruler, that is, until he who is the developer shall become privileged. 34. As to that complaint of his Adharmazd spoke thus : 'Not so as by this complaint is the obtainment of spiritual lordship (ahotkih), for this reason, when they do not consider the ruler as a ruler, and there is no giving of priestly authority (radoih) by any See $ 10. Compare Pahl. Yas. XXIX, 1, 9. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXIX, 28-40. 391 righteousness whatever 1, it is requisite, on account of the many righteous, to speak henceforth, until the time when the developer arises, even of him who is an irresolute ruler. 35. On account of the many statements of the spirits, even as to thought, word, and deed, it is requisite to say that they shall always render an account until even some obtainment of a smiter and developer, privileged or unprivileged. 36. Some arise of whom it is requisite to ask this question (frashno) 2 while he who is righteous and he who is wicked are two witnesses, and they make the righteous one manifest by his evidence, or they molest him who is righteous by smiting. 37. Some arise when it is requisite to speak this reply 3 during the smiting of the maintainer of strife and of the kinsman. 38. And some arise while that individual* is loved, though a righteous one and a developer arise, and it is requisite to produce a provider of benefit on account of the many, both wicked and righteous, so long as a wicked one of the smiting which is maintaining strife is privileged. 39. Because, regarding the production of resolution, it is proclaimed that it is so that they shall fully understand that Adharmazd discriminates truly, and Aharman does not discriminate truly. 40. And that it is so that they shall fully understand that the punishment of the wicked is for teaching them that they will attain to the existence of darkness, that even to him who belongs to the ever-stationary they may give his reward, that they are for smiting the wicked one, that they are very powerful to give, that I See Pahl. Yas. XXIX, 6 b. 3 That in SS 34. ? That in $ 32. * The irresolute ruler. Digitized by Google

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392 DINKARD, BOOK IX. they should kill the apostate, that one has to be converted from vileness to goodness, that he who would be wicked is made to believe by the tongue, that for the sake of proper nurture of the creatures next-of-kin marriage is provided, that the demons are despised, that thus he who is evil-ruling is wicked, and that they are approaching the place where Adharmazd shall provide for the account of sin and good works. 41. They shall become more diligent in the performance of duty and good works, and abstain more from sin, always until one attains even to some acquirement for those in life and those in a lifeless statel. 42. And they shall not inflict their punishment completely in the embodied state, and the fiend does not pity the worldly existence; every individual is counted up, and every one is fully completed for the affairs of Atharmazd, but the fiend is not smitten, and they shall not fully inflict the punishment. 43. No one thinks thou shouldst remain for the propitious Adharmazd, and no one completely presents himself; they attack through the fiend, and arise for the foolish one. 44. No one arises for the goodness of him who is good, but for the vileness of the fiend they destroy what is good, and do not understand evil and good; they recite the revelation for a wicked one, they do not bestow friendship for labour, but are for the evil-doer. 45. And the righteous one, who is the best of spiritual and worldly existences, becomes a privileged By accumulating more good works than are necessary to balance one's own sins. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXIX, 41-47. 393 developer, even he who is an irresolute ruler1; and so he who is wicked, even he who is privileged, becomes unprivileged, at that time when one gives the soul of every one unto the supreme heaven?, and when thou shouldst, every one, know that the affliction of the annoyers arises 3, so that when, owing thereto, they beseech the sacred beings, it is only hell that they supply. 46. When every one shall provide the ceremonial of the archangels unworriedly, and when every one knows that Gos-adrvan complained so that he who is the fashioner of cattle enquired thus : 'Whose is the guardianship of cattle o ?' and * Not without annoyance' was the reply of Ashavahist, 'that is, they shall inflict his punishment o'-every one also knows that in their light is joyfulness for the sight? 47. When every individual (kola ais-1) becomes aware of the priestly authority of Adharmazd; and when every individual knows that his remedy for the devastation owing to the evil spirit is comprehensibly stated 8 ; when every individual knows that Adharmazd fashioned the propitiousness in the liturgyo; and when every one knows that the priest is perfect, that Adharmazd enhances both of them in spirituality 10, that Vohaman is the offspring of Adharmazd 11, that Spendarmad is Adharmazd's own 12, that all three of them are the life of him who See Pahl. Yas. XIX, 58, XX, 10. % See Pahl. Yas. XXVIII, 4 a. * Ibid. 6 c. * See Pahl. Yas. XXIX, I a, and Chap. XV, 3. Ibid. 2 a. * Ibid. 3 a, and Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXVII, 14. ? See Pahl. Yas. XXX, I c. & See Pahl. Yas. XXIX, 6 a. Ibid. 72. 10 See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 7. 11 Ibid. 8 a. 19 Ibid. 9 a. Digitized by Google

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394 DINKARD, BOOK IX. has wandered forth that is, life is given by the thought and wisdom which are his own-and that the sacred beings are they who are supporting it. 48. When every one of this existence must act for the sake of that other existence, and knows how to act; when every one is a friend, through deeds, of the spirit which is his own 3; and when every one becomes a person supporting Allharmazd". 49. When every individual knows that they give no reward to him in whose body a demon is lodging who is not listening 6; when every one shall make his own soul immortal ; and when every one has advantage through possession of Adharmazd?, 50. When every one becomes a Zoti unsullied in righteousness 8; when every one gives a sacred cake to the archangels o; when every one knows that co-operation is due to him who is their servant; and when they are together in soul 10. 51. When every individual gives his body; when every one proceeds to their ceremonial and glorification 12 ; when every individual knows that 'other than they' is meant by naekim tem anyem 13; and when every one knows 1 See Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 10 a. * Ibid. 11 b, c. 8 Ibid. 21 C. * Ibid. 22 c. * Compare Pahl. Yas. XXXIII, 4 a, XLIII, 13 C. . See Pahl. Yas. XXXIV, 1 a. ? Ibid. 3 a. 8 See Pahl. Yas. XXXIII, 6 a, and Bk. VIII, Chap. VII, 5. * Ibid. 8 c. 10 Ibid. 9 c. ii Ibid. 10 C. 12 See Pahl. Yas. XXXIV, 6 c.. 15 Yas. XXXIV, 7 C, the Pahlavi version of which may be translated as follows :- I am aware of no one (above), other than you (that is, I know no one from whom my benefit is such as from you, and when they shall cause) righteousness (that is, they shall perform duty and good works, it) thus produces shelter for us.' The MS. has na ekid. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXIX, 48-54. 395 that, through that sovereignty of his, the renovation of the universe is produced by his will among the existences ?. 52. When every one knows the elucidation (roshano) of the religion; when every one considers the religion as governor and serf? ; when every one knows that the manifestation of this ought to arise in him; when every one thinks Adharmazd auspicious 3 ; and when every one knows that, when it occurs, benefit is produced, through resolute sovereignty", where and when it gives him a reward for the performance of the duty and good works they should call for. 53. When every one gives the sacred beings and the good a sheep; when every one knows that, for him whose righteousness is in action, immense and complete mindfulness arises 8 ; when every one thinks of much assistance from Adharmazd?; when every one speaks to restore his temper 8 ; when every one speaks to provide the ceremonial; and when every one produces that advantage by liberal giving 10. 54. When every one knows that one grants him the obeisance which is due to him when in a condition for the supreme heaven (amat den garodmanikih) 11; when every one knows that it is done by those in the realm of Adharmazd 12 ; and when every individual knows 1 See Pahl. Yas. XXXIV, 15 C. * See Pahl, Yas. XXXV, 22. See Pahl. Yas. XLII, 7 a. * Ibid. 8 d. Assuming that ye hevu ned, becomes,' stands for yehabuned. * See Pahl. Yas. XLIII, 6 c. ? Ibid. 7 d. & See Pahl. Yas. XLIV, 3 a. * Ibid. 6 a. 10 Ibid. 7 a. 11 Ibid. 8 e. 12 Ibid. 9 c. Digitized by Google

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396 DINKARD, BOOK IX. that, so long as the religion of the first creation 1 shall exist (ae), this characteristic is to be considered thus: Hvo zi dregvau, &c.? 55. When every individual keeps no wealth for a high-priest of the apostates 3 ; when every one knows that, when above, there is righteousness * ; when they shall make intercession for every individual, and when every individual becomes aware of it; when every individual sees that he is a father of righteousness?; and when every individual knows that the propitious spirit is in him. 56. When every one knows that, when a supplicant, he is more a smiter of the wicked'; when every individual utters the salutation (ntyayisno) of Adharmazd 10; when every individual knows that that is our comfort 11, and that it is Adharmazds own creature 12 ; and when every individual is taught 13, and every individual joins in the perfect religion 14. 57. When every individual knows that Vohaman See Pahl. Yas. XLV, 6 e. Yas. XLVI.6c-e: its Pahlavi version (Pahl. Yas. XLV. 6 c-e) may be translated as follows For he is wicked whose best nature is for the wicked, and he is righteous whose homage (franamisno in Pt4, Mf4) is for the righteous (in any doubtfulness, whoever gives anything to the wicked is to be considered as wicked, and whoever gives to the righteous is to be considered as righteous) so long as the religion of the first creation, O Adharmasdi (until the time when Soshans arrives one is ever to be considered in this way).' See Pahl. Yas. XLV, 8 a. The MS. has the righteous' by mistake. * Ibid. 12 a. Compare Pahl. Yas. XLVIII, 6 a. 6 Compare Pahl. Yas. XLV, 17 e. ? See Pahl. Yas. XLVI, 2 d. Ibid. 3 a. Ibid. 4 d. 10 See Pahl. Yas. XLVII, 1 d. 11 Ibid. 6 a. 18 Ibid. 7 d. 13 Ibid. 12 C. 14 See Pahl. Yas. XLVIII, 9 C. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER LXIX, 55-60. 397 guards the creatures ? ; when every individual becomes privileged by will 2 for the reward; when every individual knows that gain is through giving aways; when every individual transacts, or shall transact, the affairs of the archangels"; and when every individual knows that when he who is intelligent speaks to him ", it becomes a possession for the benefit of righteousness 6. 58. When, for equal meritoriousness, it is necessary to give sooner to Magian men?--so that on account even of the Magianship of Kal-Vistasp he was suitable for the sovereignty 8, that Zaratust was given a wife by Frashostar", that it was the learned Gamasp 10 that Adharmazd gave--and that every individual shall provide the ceremonial of Adharmazd 11. 59. And when every individual knows that they are the best prayers which are the words of Zaratust 12, and, even so, his is a wise reward for those which are yours 18. 60. It is perfect is the excellence of righteousness; it is perfect excellence that is righteousness. 1 See Pahl. Yas. XLVIII, 10 a, b. See Pahl. Yas. XLIX, 9 c. * See Pahl. Yas. L, Ib. The MS. has bun, instead of bara, by mistake. - Ibid. 3 C. Ibid. 8 a. * Ibid. 8 b. ? Ibid. 15 a. 8 Ibid. 16 a, and Bk. VIII, Chap. XI, 1. . Ibid. 17 a, and Bk. VIII, Chap. XXXVIII, 68. 10 Ibid. 18 a. 11 Ibid. 20 c. 12 See Pahl. Yas. LII, 1 a. 13 Ibid. 7 a. Digitized by Google

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DETAILS OF THE NASKS FROM OTHER SOURCES. Digitized by Google

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OBSERVATIONS. 1-5. (The same as on page 2.) 6. The manuscripts mentioned are : B (written A. D. 1659), see page 2. B29 (written A. D. 1679), a Persian Rivayat, No. 29 in the University Library at Bombay. DH (written A. D. 1813), a Din-vigirgard in the library of Dastar Hoshangji Jamaspji at Poona. K35 (probably written A. D. 1572), a Dadistan-i Dinik, No. 35 in the University Library at Kopenhagen. Mf4, Pt4 (written about A. D. 1780), in the Mulla Firuz Library and in that of Dastur Peshotanji Behramji in Bombay, respectively, both copied from a Yasna with Pahlavi, written in Iran and brought to India about A.D. 1478, which was a descendant of an ancestor of Ja and K5, and independent of those two authorities. MH10 (about 150 years old), a Persian Rivayat, No. 10 of Haug's Collection in the State Library at Munich. 0225, a Persian Rivayat in No. 225 of Ouseley's Collection in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Digitized by Google

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FROM THE SELECTIONS ZAD-S PARAM'. 1. About the three divisions of revelation there is a condensed medium, beneficial and small, of whose subdivision one category (ragistak/) is collection together; that is, the Ahunavair itself is a symbol of the Nasks. 2. First, the Ahunavair is apportioned into its three degrees (padman), as shown in another chapter; and by a like system (ragistak) the Gathas $, too, are into three, which are the threelined, four-lined, and five-lined"; even so the Nasks 1 Who was high-priest of Sirkan, in the south of Persia, towards the end of the ninth century, being contemporary with the last reviser of the Dinkard (see S. B. E., vol. xviii, p. xxvii). This extract from his Selections constitutes the particulars about the Gathas and the connection of the Ahunavair with the Nasks,' mentioned in the final footnote to Zs. XI, 10. For the Pahlavi text the translator is dependent upon a single MS., copied from K35 when this latter MS. was complete, and said to be now in the library of Dastur Jamaspji Minochiharji in Bombay. ? See Dk. VIII, Chap. I, 7. $ The word gasano is usually written like da hisno in the MS. * The three-lined stanzas of the Gathas are 100 in the Ahunavaiti (Yas. XXVIII-XXXIV), 40 in the Yasna of seven has (Yas. XXXV-XLI), and 22 in the Vohu-khshathra (Yas. LI), altogether 162 three-lined stanzas; the four-lined are one in the Ustavaiti (Yas. XLVI, 15), 41 in the Spenta-mainya (Yas. XLVII-L), and nine in the Vahistoisti (Yas. LIII), altogether 51 four-lined stanzas; (377 Dd Digitized by Google

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402 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. are denominated Gathic, Hadha-mathric, and Law. 3. Then the Ahunavair is apportioned into six which they call half-lines (nem-gas); so, too, the Gathas are into six, which are called the Ahunavaiti Gatha, the Yasna, the Ustavaiti ? Gatha, the Spentamainya (Spetamato) Gatha, the Voha-khshathra Gatha, and the Vahistoisti Gatha; even so the Nasks are into six, as the Gathas are into two, which are called one the Gathic creation--which is the Yast 2--and one the rest of the Gathic; also the Hadha-mathric into two, one the Mathra of the arranger--which is the Pakino and Rado-dado-aito 3 -and one the Mathra full of good tokens, which is the rest of the Hadha-mathra; and also the Law into two, one the law against the demons--which is the Vendidad and one the law of Zaratust, which is the rest of the Law. 4. Then it is apportioned into twenty-one, such as the twenty-one words (marik) of the Ahunavair; also the Gathas are into twenty-one, which are the Ahunavair, the praise of righteousness, the performance of the good, and from Yanim-mano unto Airyaman which, being and the five-lined stanzas are the remaining 65 in the Ustavaiti (Yas. XLIII-XLVI); making the total of 278 stanzas mentioned in $ 5. Yas. XLII is a later supplement to the Yasna of seven has, and, in the MSS. Pt4, Mf4, it is headed as follows:-Avar vaharako-i haft hado Yasto yazisnik bun, 'the beginning of worshipping as regards the portions of the Yasna of seven has.' 1 The MS. corrupts these two names into the one word asna. vato by omitting the syllables a usta. The Stod-yast, or first of the Gathic Nasks (see Dk. VIII, Chap. I, 9). The third and fourth of the Hadha-mathric Nasks (ibid. 10). 4 The fifth of the Legal Nasks (ibid. 11). 5 The three sacred formulas, Yatha-ahu-vairyo, Ashem-vohu, Digitized by Google

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SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. 403 accomplished (akardo), are twenty-one; and the Nasks are twenty-one. 5. Then the Gathas are apportioned into 2781 stanzas (vekesto); and the Nasks also into 278 categories, every single category having borne a form like a single verse ?, as regards how much and how anything good is indicated, such as the Patkarradistan?, in which what is legally disputable is reported (pedako); the Zakhmistan", by which the penalty of assault (zakhm) is reported; the Storistan", by which the sin and amount of penalty for a wound, as regard beasts of burden and cattle, are reported; the Aratestaristan, by which battle is reported; the Pasus-hadrvastan?, by which the customary keeping of sheep in control is reported; the Gardal-zaritunistan (corn-sowing code') $, by which agriculture is reported; the Varistan", by which an ordeal being accomplished is reported; and others of a like description. and Yenhe-hatam, with the seventeen has of the five real Gathas, and either the Yasna of seven has, counted as a single item, or the Airyaman, will make up the twenty-one divisions (compare the names applied to each fargard of the Sadkar, Varstmansar, and Bako Nasks in Dk. IX). 1 See SS 2 n; here the MS. has 288, by miswriting, in both occurrences of the ciphers. : Doubtful; the text appears to be as follows:-kola ragistako-ae bardo san manak ak gah. . See Dk. VIII, Chap. XVI. * Equivalent to Zatamistan (ibid. Chap. XVII), see Darmesteter's suggestion (ibid. Chap. XVI, 8 n). * Ibid. Chap. XXIV; here spelt Storitan by mistake. * Ibid. Chap. XXVI. ? Ibid. Chap. XXIII; here written Pasus-hallristan. 8 Ibid. Chap. XXXI, 30-32. * Ibid. Chap. XLII; here written Varistan. dd 2 Digitized by Google

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404 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. 6. Then the Gathas are apportioned into 10161 metrical lines (gas), and the Nasks into 1000 Has and Fargards ?, and, since the Hadokhts is the priestly master (rado) of the Nasks, and the remedy (darmon) which is a perfect statement about the master of the resurrection, the existence of its fargards about the other fargards is therefore 1000 remedies fully combined, being the corn and fodder that are shut up (bastako) when, over that thousand, they supply one that is great, which in every way protects them from hail and rain, from the wind which is hot and that which is cold. 7. Then the Gathas are apportioned into 6666 words (marik) 5, and as to the Nasks, too, their own 6666 ordinances (da distano) are therein severed. 8. And the 6666 words, which are in the Gathas, are See Sls. XIII, 50; that this number is correct may be seen from the details given in SS 2 n. See Dk. VIII, Chap. I, 20; here the MS. has ayaino instead of hato, by miswriting. $ The sixth of the Gathic Nasks (see Dk. VIII, Chap. I, 9). * See Dk. VIII, Chap. XLV, 13, where the word used is beshazo. According to Sls. XIII, 50 the six Gathas (including the Yasna of seven has) contain 5567 vakak, 9999 marik, and 16,554 khurdak; which enumeration makes the meaning of marik doubtful. In our present text, however, it must have its usual meaning of word,' as the number of 6666 words in the six Gathas can be obtained by including the customary repetition of the first stanza of each Ha of the five real Gathas, with the text of the Airyaman and of the introductions to Yas. XXVIII, XXXV, and probably the homage formula prefixed to each Gatha; also by considering each component of a compound as a separate word, and all verbal prefixes as separable; and by counting all enclitics except -ka, in accordance with the different modes of treating -kid and -ka in counting the words of the Ahunavair. If the three sacred formulas were included, and the Airyaman and five homage formulas were omitted, the total would be nearly the same. Digitized by Google

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SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. 405 an indicator of the period from the adversary having come to the creatures, as far as unto the end of the six millenniums each millennium being ten centuries --which amount to 60 single centuries--a century being ten tens 2-and up to the time when its : cold and distress arrive, which become awful; the 600, including the excess as far as one ten", are years of the 6000 years which are the words of the six Gathas that are the first indicator of the six millenniums; therefore of the 60 centuries are then the 600 and those which are added to them (zak-1 gha). 9. And after those 6000, which are the 6000 years, are the Airyaman' of Ashavahist and the accompanying sayings (ham-vako) which are at the end of the Gathas; those are the 57 years of Soshanse, and for the sake of them, too, are the Airyaman and from the praise of righteousness at its end to the consecration of the Airyaman, originally 57 words (marik), because the praise of righteousness for the Airyaman is 12, and the consecration of the Airyaman is 21, of the original 577. 1 The three millenniums during which Adharmazd and Aharman had nearly equal influence, and the last three millenniums during which the power of Aharman diminishes (see Bd. I, 20). 2 .dr stands for rw Assuming that 3 Assuming that munas. 'whose.' stands for a matas. * As the cipher for 'one' precedes that for 'ten,' it may possibly mean 'one less than ten,' as in the Roman IX. At any rate, 6609 years with the 57 accounted for in $ 9 make up the requisite total of 6666; but the mode of making this number correspond with the six millenniums is not very clear. 0 Yas. LIV, 1. . See Dk. VIII, Chap. XIV, 14; Bd. XXX, 7. ? The Airyaman contains 24 words, its Ashem-voh 12, and its consecration (Yas. LIV, 2) 21 words, making altogether 57 words. Digitized by Google

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406 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. DINKARD.--BOOK III. Chapter VII. The ninth question. 1. Another apostate enquired thus: "When there is Mathra that is said to be all in the words of Adharmazd to Zaratust, whether it be in the words of Frashostar and Gamasp?, or be in the words of Vohuman and the sacred beings, or be in words of theirs published before the time of Zaratust, or even after that of Seno ", is it to be considered by us, as to that which is relating to us, that what is the utterance of Allharmazd to Zaratust is only the Gathic, and the rest is composed by Zaratust and his disciples from the world, even statements due to a good inclination for conversion (vastakih)?' 2. The reply is that the other Mathra which is separate from the Gathas, if it be apart from the Gathas, is still owing to the composition of the Yatha-ahu-vairyo ; and the same separate Mathra, which is from a witness about it, is the evidence with Adharmazd himself in vigorous omniscience and composition, and not owing to the knowledge of mankind, which shall not attain even to an atom of the atoms thereof. 3. The arising of the Mathra, through the speaking of many voices, is not all the speaking of Adharmazd to Zaratust through those 1 According to Peshotan's notation; the text followed is that of the MS. B, written A.D. 1659. See Dk. VIII, Chap. XXXVIII, 68. * This seems a more likely reading than "Hom' for the imperfect word so many * See Chap. CXCVII, 6 n. See Dk. VIII, Chap. I, 7 n. Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK 111. 407 voices, but the speaking of several separately, through which the speaking of the voice would be evidently that of Adharmazd; that is this Mathra. 4. And just as the speaking forth of Zaratust and other good men, as well as evil ones, likewise of those who are demons, even as far as the evil spirit, is stated by Adharmazd in public, that statement would become even that of the evil spirit and demons, and the Mathra and Law against the demons would likewise become spoken by the demons. 5. And the Mathra is all confided by Adharmazd to Zaratust through many voices, being an avowal of Adharmazd to Zaratust, and an existence which is not inconsistent (han-beshin); just as the Gathas, which even you admit to be, as a whole, confided by Adharmazd to Zaratast, are spoken through the voice of Zaratust, be they through the voices of the archangels, be they through the voice of Gos-aurvan?, or be they through the voices of other sacred beings, to all they are spoken by Adharmazd to Zaratast, and are not inconsistent. 6. But owing to the disposition of an apostate there is a longing scrutiny about his own statements, and evil-thinking scrutiny about the statements protecting the spiritual lord. CHAPTER CLXI. 1. About one supremely? acquainted with the three 3 codes (dado) of the Mazda-worshipping religion there is this :-One supremely acquainted See Dk. IX, Chap. XV, 3. 2 Perhaps we should read avirtar, 'more particularly,' instead of avartar. B has four' by mistake here, but not afterwards. Digitized by Google

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408 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. with the three codes of the Mazda-worshipping religion is he of the primitive faith whose insight into the good religion is even such that he knows how to discriminate and announce the statements (vakako) of the Hadha-mathric and Gathic from those of the Law, those of the Legal and Gathic from those of the Hadha-mathric, and those of the Hadhamathric and Legal from those of the Gathas. 2. Also to the statements (vakako) in the Law--which is superior knowledge about the worldly existences--is allotted (vakhto) the worldliness of the Hadhamathric and also of the Gathic; to those in the Gathas --which are superior knowledge about the spiritual existences--is allotted the spirituality of the Hadhamathric and even that of the Law; and to those in the Hadha-mathra---which is superior knowledge about things intermediate between the spiritual and worldly existences is allotted the intermediate matter (miyanikih) of the Gathic and also of the Legal . CHAPTER CLXV. 1. About the purport of the evidence of the three codes of the Mazda-worshipping religion, one as regards the other, there is verbal evidence of the Gathic from the Hadha-mathric and the Law, and about the Hadha-mathric and the Law from the Gathas. 2. The purport, too, of the statement that occurs is this of a ruler putting aside the commands of an enemy--which are declared, in many passages (divak) of the Hadha-mathric and even of the Legal, to be worthiness of death-the purport being in the words of a Gathic phrase (nisang) that is See p. 407, n. 2. Compare Dk. VIII, Chap. I, 13, 14. Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK III. 409 even this :--He who is a good ruler is a desire and bringing on of fortune for me (valam)? 3. All rulers also for the world have arisen for their own, and for maintaining him who is high-priest; they are submissive, and any one accomplishing their commands--which are putting aside the commands of their enemy-is, owing to their submissiveness, authorisedly maintaining his own person and wealth in the world thereby, and in the world there is no place, nor yet a share of anything therefrom, on account of which he becomes offended by the world. 4. The evidence of the Hadha-mathric and of the Legal about a Gathic statement is the purport of these words in a Gathic phrase, that 'not for him who is rightly proceeding is there further ruin?;' and the evidence from the Hadha-mathric is even this which states that 'rectitude assists a man like a regiment a thousand strong 3;' also for the proportion of rectitude in his possession there is no disturbance whatever, and from the hurtful (vinasigand) from without he is thus protected, because fully-worshipping (pur-yazan) performance is freedom from danger from the want of freedom from wickedness (a-adarvandih) of the enemy, as regards benefit, through the doing of injury by him. 5. And on account of the superior knowledge of the spiritual existence, moreover, for the Gathas, above the intermediate Hadha-mathric and the lower knowledge of the Law, the purpose of the Gathic was for the statements of the Legal and the Hadhamathric, and the provision of the Hadha-mathric 1 Pahl. Yas. L, I a. s Dk. IX, Chap. XX, 4. * Pahl. Yas. XXIX, 5 C. Digitized by Google

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410 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. and the Legal was evidently for the statements of the Gathas. CHAPTER CXCVII. 6. One is that, on account of him who gave the Legal, and is also the protector of a priestly master who is given over to the Hadha-mathric, and the Gathic, through which the purity of the good creations arises, one is more steadfastly to aggrandise and develope them. . . . . . . DINKARD.-BOOK IV %. 1. Obeisance to the Mazda-worshipping religion which is opposed to the demons and is the ordinance of Adharmazd. 1 This is the fourth of the ten admonitions of the righteous Senov about the law of the Mazda-worshipping religion. In the seventh book of the Dinkard it is stated that as regards the highpriests this, too, is said on the subject of Senov, that one hundred years of the religion elapse when Senov is born, and two hundred years when he passes away; he was also the first Mazda-worshipper with a life of a hundred years (100 khaya), and who walks forth upon this earth with a hundred disciples. This last clause clearly identifies him with the "Saena, son of Ahum-stud, who first appeared upon this earth with a hundred pupils,' as stated in Yt. XIII, 97 (see Darmesteter, Textes pehlvis relatifs au Judaisme, premiere partie, p. 3, n. 2). . ? This book commences with an account of the seven archangels, and, illustrative of the desirable dominion' personified in Shatraver, the fourth of them, a statement is made of the legendary history of the efforts made by the good rulers, from Vistasp to Khusroi Anosharavan, for the preservation of Avesta and Pahlavi Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK IV. 411 2. The fourth book is matter for instruction from the statements selected, from the instruction of the good religion, by the saintly (hd-fravardo) Atur-farnbag', son of Farukho-zad and leader of those of the good religion. 3. From the Selection of Customary Instruction 2 there is this :-Number one is the actual original evolution 3, resembling only himself and not designed (kimik). 4. Number two, the duplication of the first among those akin (kh vesigan) owing to the consciousness of creation--which is the first--is Vohaman; but it is his origin, concealed from the destroyer, which is the reason of the creation. . 10. Number three is the original creature Ashavahist --due to development among those akin, one out of another--who possesses the third place among the archangels, for the reverence of the first. 12. Number four, the perfect sovereignty among literature. Most of this statement has been already translated at the end of Haug's Essay on Pahlavi, from a less perfect MS. than B, but, as some of the accompanying text is obscure, it has now been necessary to translate the whole of it to ascertain its connection clearly, although only so much of this translation is here given as will indicate this connection in a general way. 1 Who held a religious disputation with the accursed Abalis in the presence of the Khalifah Al-Mamun (A. D. 813-833), as stated in the Madigan-i Gugastak Abalis. He appears to have been the first compiler of the Dinkard, especially of its first two Books which are still undiscovered (see Dk. III, Chap. last, 9, in Introduction; Sg. IV, 107, IX, 3, X, 55). Dk. IV, V are taken from his statements, as well as a portion of Dk. III, Chap. CXLII. ? Aygine amuko vigino, evidently the name of a treatise compiled by Atur-farnbag. That is, Adharmazd. See Dk. VIII, Chap. XXXVII, 14: Digitized by Google

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412 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. those akin, is named Shatraver!, the necessity of the stored-up (avar-gudo) nature of a spiritual lord arisen from the reverence of the perfectly just doer Ashavahist, who is the third in arising from him who is the second, Vohaman, who is the first creature. . . . . 19. So, too, the sovereignty of the religion is ever specially good sovereignty and triumphant, and the true religion is confident; the will of the sacred beings in the world is progress, and the comprisal of every knowledge is in the Mazda-worshipping religion; the correct attainment of its good sovereignty and their joint statement are together really on account of their concealed good protection and progressive production, one for the other. 20. They strive for the powerful maintenance of the religious good monarchy of rulers, trusty in religion through practising Mazdaworship; the law of the rulers is custom, and their custom is religious. 21. Vistasp?, the king when he became relieved (pardakhto) from the war with Ar'gasp, sent to the chief rulers about the acceptance of the religion, and the writings of the Mazda-worshipping religion, which are studded with all knowledge through resources and learning of many kinds, and also the tongue of a Magian man (Magoi-gabra), arisen in the very same instructed duty, it is expedient you should send (sedranedo) therewith. 22. Now * See Dk. IX, Chap. XLIII, 1. * See Dk. VIII, Chaps. XI, 1, XIII, 15. Ibid. XI, 4. * Haug's MS. omits this passage: val sar-khudayan madam padiroftano-i deno firistako, va-nipikiha-i ; and, even when it is supplied from B, a few more words appear to be still wanting. Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK IV. 413 Arezraspo!, and others from outside of Khvaniras?, came to Frashostar for religious enquiry, with complete intelligence for the most who did so. 23. Daraio, son of Darat, ordered the preservation of two written copies of the whole Avesta and Zand, according to the receiving of it by Zaratust from Adharmazd; one in the treasury of Shapigan", and one in the fortress of written documents. 24. Valkhas, descendant of Askan, in each district, just as he had come forth, ordered the careful preservation, and making of memoranda for the royal city (shatro shahag), of the Avesta and Zand as it had purely come unto them, and also of whatever instruction (amuko-k), due to it, had remained written about, as well as deliverable by the tongue through a high-priest, in a scattered state in the country of Iran, owing to the ravages and devastation of Alexander and the cavalry and infantry of the Ardmans 1 Evidently the same person as Arezraspah (Dk. IX, Chap. XXI, 24), the supreme high-priest of the northern region Vidadafsh (Bd. XXIX, 1). In Dk. VII it is also stated that Spitois and Arezraspo came to Frashostar, seeking information about the religion, 57 years after it had been received by Zaratust who appears to have departed to the best existence ten years before. * See Dk. VIII, Chap. VIII, 2. 8 According to Bd. XXXIV, 8 and the Persian Rivayats, which teach a chronology of their own, this Darai was Alexander and reigned fourteen years; his father reigning twelve years. * It is hazardous to read the royal (sh aya gan) treasury' because the name, which occurs seven times in the Dinkard, is five times spelt Shapigan, and twice Shaspigan. * Probably Vologeses I, who was a contemporary of Nero and appears to have been a Mazda-worshipper (see S. B. E., vol. iv, p. xxxiv). . The older Greeks were so called by the Persians in Sasanian Digitized by Google

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414 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. 25. That (valman-1-1) Artakhshatar, king of kings, who was son of Papak, summoned Tosar, and also all that scattered instruction (amako), as true authority, to the capital ; Tosar having arrived, him alone he approved, and, dismissing the rest of the high-priests, he also gave this command, namely: 'For us every other exposition of the Mazda-worshipping religion becomes removed, because even now there is no information or knowledge of it below. 26. Shahpahar?, king of kings and son of Artakhshatar, again brought together also the writings which were distinct from religion, about the investigation of medicine and astronomy, time, place, and quality, creation (dahisno), existence, and destruction (vinasisno), the submission of a wild beast, evidence, and other records and resources that were scattered among the Hindus, and in Arum + and other lands; and he ordered their collocation again with the Avesta, and the presentation of a correct copy of each to the treasury of Shapigan *; and the settlement (astinidano) of all the erring upon the Mazda-worshipping religion, for proper consideration, was effected. .. 27. Shahpuhar, king of kings and son of Adharmazd, instituted a tribunal (avan ahanko kardo) for the controversy of the inhabitants of all regions, times, because they came from the same quarter as the later armies of the eastern empire of the Romans. 1 The first Sasanian king, who reigned A. D. 226-240. ? The second Sasanian king, who reigned A. D. 240-271. 8 Doubtful; but it is difficult to find a more probable meaning for da dako herih. * The eastern empire of the Romans. 6 See SS 23. 6 The ninth Sasanian king, who reigned A. D. 309-379. Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK IV. 415 and brought all statements to proper consideration and investigation; and after the preservation of Atarpad", through the statement which he maintained (pasakhto) with all those of different sects, and the Nasks were enumerated, he also spoke this even to those who were heterodox, namely: "Now, when the religion is recognised by us in the worldly existence, we do niost diligently endeavour that they shall not allow the infidelity (agdenoih) of any one whatever ;' and he acted accordingly. 28. This (le-denman-1-12) Khasrois, king of kings who is son of Kavad, as apostasy and tyranny were fully antagonistically smitten by him", and information and redoubled proper consideration were abundantly augmented--through a declaration from the religion unto every apostasy of the four classes (pisako)--also spoke even this as to winning the sacred beings (yazdan kharidih), namely: 'The truth of the Mazda-worshipping religion is fully understood, and the intelligent are steadfastly capable through proper consideration; but recognition by the worldly existence has mostly become exceedingly scattered, and the particulars are not possible through proper consideration, but through purity of thought, 1 See Dk. VIII, Chap. I, 22. s Literally 'this one who is,' which, applied to a person near at hand, is a phrase analogous to valman-1-i, 'that one who is,' applied in SS 25 to a person more remote. The oblique case le-denman of the demonstrative pronoun, which occurs very rarely, is analogous to the oblique cases li, lanman, lak, lekum of the personal pronouns, which occur constantly. The twentieth Sasanian king, who reigned A. D. 531-579; he was surnamed Anosharavan, 'immortal-soulled.' * Referring to his extirpation of the heresy of Mazdak, A. D. 528, before he came to the throne. Digitized by Google

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416 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. word, and deed, and the statements of the good spirit, the liturgical ceremonial of the sacred beings with purity. 29. 'We also call, each of those called by us, a priest of Adharmazd, whose perception of the spiritual existence is manifested unto us; and our wide resources, the perception of the spiritual existence and the example of the worldly one, are likewise indications of both natures that are complete. 30. And we invite (bavihunem) those invited', even with that excellence and efficiency which are due to them, on account of which the sacred beings are predominantly over Iran; the country of Iran having proceeded onwards through instruction from the Mazda-worshipping religion which the ancients celebrated. 31. The knowledge of the sociable ceremonial (ham-yazisnih)-for which, indeed, those of the intelligent of disunited Khvaniras are not in a dispute of antagonism-is, in that way, mostly the sonorous (aevazik) Avesta, in the pure statement of the writing adornable by memoranda of particulars ; and even the simple wordless (avakik) mode is maintained in the announcement of the statement. 32. 'Even then all the domestic (kha nik) knowledge of the Mazda-worshipping religion is really on this account, which is understood by us, that, when all are intellectual (vir-homond), and the proper consideration of a stranger (biganako) is owing to the world of the Mazda-worshipping religion, they arrive at this place. 33. But through the new possession and proper consideration of the stranger, owing to the Mazda-worshipping religion, they are 1 As in Yas, II. Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK IV. 417 not capable of bringing about so much acquirement and manifestation of knowledge, for the advantage and open duty of the worldly existence, as is in the recitation of a priestly master through much investigation, and is abundantly well-considered. 34. And if we command, with the utmost solicitude, the proper consideration of the Avesta and Zand of the primitive Magian statements (Magoi-gobisno), which are more humbly observant, better disposed, good, and ever renewed ineffacedly, as well as an increase of acquirement worthily therefrom, for the knowledge of those of the world, there is no necessity of first acquiring the quality of creation from the creator, by those who are worldly existences, for understanding the creator and the marvellousness of the spiritual existences; or all necessity of acquiring is said to be longing through scanty knowledge. 35. 'They who are a counterpart (aedundih) of manifestation from the religion and even through the resemblance there is a possibility of the existence of understanding are mentioned as effecting proper consideration (hQ-sikal-gar); and he who has to exhibit enlightenment (roshano) through knowledge, has to maintain acquaintance with the religion. 36. And since the origin of every knowledge is the religion, alike through spiritual power, and alike through worldly manifestation, that which any one has wisely spoken-even though not considered by him as similarly beheld (ham-dido) by any Avesta declaration-is still then accounted as a manifestation from the religion, whose business is 1 Assuming that pe dakih-inidarih stands for peda kinidarih. [37] Ee Digitized by Google

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418 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. bringing forth offspring for the sacred beings through instruction. 37. . . . . . . . . . FROM PERSIAN RIVAYATS 2. 1. FROM THE RivAYAT OF BAHMAN PONGYAH : The names of the twenty-one Nasks, from the Yatha-ahd-vairyo:-Yatha, the Stadkar; aha, the Varstah-manthrah; vairyo, the Bagh; atha, the Damdad; ratus, the Nadur; ashad, the Pazan; kid, the Ratustayid ; haka, the Baris; vangheus, the Kassrob; dazda, the Vistaspad; manangho, the Dad; shyaothananam, the Kidrast; angheus, the Spentah; mazdai, the Bayan-yast; khshathremka, the Niyadam; ahurai, the Duvasarogid; a, the Hasparam ; yim, the Sakadam; drigubyo, the Gud-dev-dad 4; dadad, the Hadokht of the Dvazdah-hamaspah ; vastarem, the Yast 6. * Then follows a briefer account of the remaining three archangels. These extracts from the Persian Rivayats are taken from MS. 29 belonging to the Bombay University Library, which is a copy, made A.D. 1679, from a long Rivayat said to have been compiled by Barzu Kamdin. The same extracts are to be found in many other MSS. 3 Bahman Pungyah of Surat, a layman whose father's name appears to have been Isfendyar, returned from Persia A. D. 1627, with letters and MSS. from priests in Iran in reply to letters from priests in India. * The Vendidad. The order in which the Nasks are here arranged is the same as that employed in Dk. VIII, Chap. I, 12, and was in general Digitized by Google

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PERSIAN RIVAYATS. 419 II. FROM THE RIVaYAT OF KAmAh BAHRAH !. 1. The name of the first of these books is Stodyast?, and this is a book of thirty-three compilations (drat), that is, of thirty-three subdivisions (kardah). The sending down of this book was for the description of the Lord 8 and his angels; and he made it an indispensable duty for the whole world that they learn this book by heart, and for this purpose they form an assembly. Of this total of twenty-one Nasks it is one Nask of the Avesta, and in that mode they recite this. 2. The name of the second is Stadgar", and this is of twenty-two subdivisions, which God, the praise use 600 years ago, as we find that Rastam Mitro-dpan (the writer of the original from which Ki was copied A.D. 1324) considered the Vendidad as the nineteenth Nask, corresponding to the Avesta word drigubyo in the Ahunavair. In Olshausen and Mohl's Fragmens relatifs a la religion de Zoroastre, a similar list of the Nasks is extracted from Anquetil's Great Rivayat, in which the order and orthography of the names of the Nasks are the same as those adopted by the later writers of the Persian Rivayats, beginning with the Stod-yast and ending with the Hadokht (which makes the Vendidad the twentieth Nask), and reversing the order of the Kidrast and Spentah, as well as that of the Duvasarogid and Husparam. 1 This writer is often quoted in the Rivayats, but no particulars about him have been noticed. Another copy of this text occurs in MS. 225 of Ouseley's Collection (0225, fols. 15-19) in the Bodleian Library at Oxford; Olshausen and Mohl (OM) combine the information given in II and III; and MS. 10 of Haug's Collection in the State Library at Munich (MHIO, fols. 55-57) combines II and IV. ? See Dk. VIII, Chap. XLVI. * Assuming that 'hves, "his own,' stands for 'hudaf, as in Riv. IV, 2. See Dk. VIII, Chap. II, and IX, Chaps. II-XXIII. Ee 2 Digitized by Google

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420 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. worthy and exalted, sent down for prayer and virtue, authority and intercession, and giving union to kindred. 3. The name of the third is Vahist-manthrah 1, and that is of twenty-two subdivisions, which God, the praiseworthy and exalted, sent down for faith and heedfulness in religion. One is reminded, in this book, about the intention and character of Zaratust ; also the goodness of the creation, and the good actions before Zaratust; and the narrative of this book extends in this manner up to the resurrection. 4. The name of the fourth is Bagha; this book is of twenty-one parts (parah) or subdivisions, and its explanation is about whatever is in the religion ; also a declaration of God, the praiseworthy and exalted, and of whatever the Lord has made incumbent on mankind as to devotion and heedfulness, as to justice and virtue, and as to good actions, closing the path of Satan to oneself, and approaching the last abode, that is, the other world. 5. The name of the fifth is Dvazdah-ha masts, and the commentary of this book is for assistance 4. This book is of thirty-two subdivisions, which God, the praiseworthy and exalted, sent down in remembrance of the beginning of the creatures of the upper world and lower world. Also a description of the whole of them, and of whatever the Most Just, the praiseworthy and exalted, has made mention in the See Dk. VIII, Chap. III, and IX, Chaps. XXIV-XLVI. * Ibid. Chap. IV and Chaps. XLVII-LXVIII. * Ibid. Chap. V. * Written dar-imdad; but, omitting the letter t, we should have the Damdad.' Digitized by Google

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PERSIAN RIVAYATS. 421 sky and the earth, water, plants, and fire, mankind and quadrupeds, grazing animals and birds, and whatever is created for the advantage and equipment of them. And like this, moreover, the resurrection, that is, the raising of the dead, their path, assembling, and dispersion, and the nature and circumstances of the resurrection, as to good doers and evildoers, through the gravity of every action which they perform as good or bad. 6. The name of the sixth is Nadar!, and that is of thirty-five compilations which are sent down about the stars and the aspect and life of the sky. Also a description of the constellations, which are auspicious and which inauspicious, the method of these sciences and the operation of each one; whatever they say in sublime words, and whatever remains in this. They separate this from a book whose name in Arabic is Bavaftal ? and is about the knowledge of the stars; and in Persian the name of that book is Favamigasans, and they have made much more mention of the meaning of that, and of instruction of this kind for the moderns. 7. The name of the seventh is Pagam4, and this is a book of twenty-two subdivisions, which God, the praiseworthy and exalted, sent down about quadrupeds and how it is necessary to render them 1 See Dk. VIII, Chap. VI. Singularly enough, the writers in the Rivayats profess to know very much about this and their twelfth Nask, of neither of which the Dinkard knows anything. . In the different MSS. consulted, this name is four times wywfTl and once bwfTl written Variously written wheels, ukomolyes whene selgusulustolyo, .khws`n * See Dk. VIII, Chap. VII. Digitized by Google

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422 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. lawful, which is lawful and which unlawful, and how they slaughter them ; which it is and how it is necessary to slaughter it for the sake of a seasonfestival, and whatever is about a season-festival ; how it is necessary to celebrate it, and the person who takes the things '; the expense of a seasonfestival and how much the reward is; how it is necessary to give to the priests, controllers (radan), and high-priests, and to any persons who are without doubts, who in speech, action, and intention are virtuous, and any persons who recite the season-festival liturgy. And everything wise is in this book; and this is incumbent on all people that they learn this, and it is the same for all till the days of the guardian spirits ; and every one who possesses knowledge seeks for this, and causes intercession by mankind, for the sake of the worthy, such as clothing for a righteous gift, so that one obtains recompense in the end from heaven; and it is necessary to give this clothing for a righteous gift to relations and the worthy. 8. The name of the eighth is Ratustayi?, and this is of fifty subdivisions, but when, after the time of Alexander, they held an enquiry, they found no more than thirteen subdivisions. And these are about the affairs of the king and obedience, judges and whatever becomes important in holding enquiries, philosophers and devotees; about the edifices of cities, constructed and made magnificent, birds and species of animals, fish and whatever is 10225 has kizha, the others only ha; but compare Dk. VIII, Chap. VII, 5. See Dk. VIII, Chap. VIII. Digitized by Google

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PERSIAN RIVAYATS. 423 Ormazd's, the fowls of Ormazd besides the creatures of Aharman; likewise mountains, rivers, and land, and the like of these. 9. The name of the ninth is Baris', and this is a book of sixty subdivisions, but after the time of Alexander they found again no more than twelve subdivisions. And these are about descriptions of kings and judges, and an investigation of their authority and their sufficiency; also the relations of a peasant with peasants, of a king with the kingdom, of judges with a judge, and whatever remains therein. Any actions that are for every nation, how they are ordered, and the option as to their species and nature; also whatever the people know, and the advantage that arises therefrom; besides the sins of people, deceit, telling lies, and whatever remains therein. 10. The name of the tenth is Kaskasirah, and this is a book of sixty subdivisions, but after the calamity of Alexander they found again no more than fifteen. Its explanation is about the distinction (fazl) of natural wisdom and knowledge 3 from acquired knowledge, that is, the knowledge born from the mother, and the knowledge and instruction they learn; one learned in purity and truthful speaking, and anything that has brought mankind with virtue out of evil, and with purity out of defilement, and this keeps the doctrine praised and great, and whoever is in the vicinity of a king, and is a peasant, becomes greater in honour and dignity; and, in like manner, any things from which advan See Dk. VIII, Chap. IX. * Ibid. Chap. X. 8 So in OM, MHIO; but O225, B29 are corrupted. Digitized by Google

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424 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. tage arises for mankind; and, as to those who tell lies, how it occurs in the vicinity of kings and peasants. II, The eleventh is the Vistasp-shah!, and that is of sixty compilations, but after the calamity of Alexander they found again no more than ten subdivisions. It is about Gustasp's acceptance of the sovereignty, and as to the religion of Zaratustwho was skilful in reciting the religion, and maintaining it and making it current in the world-he chose the religion of Zaratust. 12. The name of the twelfth is 'Hast?, and this is of twenty-two subdivisions, which are sent down in six portions (guza). The first is about knowing the Lord, may he be honoured and glorified! and faith on account of Zaratust. The second portion is about the obedience of kings, the truth of the religion, complying with commands and resisting them, and restraining one's hand from bad actions. The third portion is about the promise to benefactors and their recompense, evildoers and punishment, and escaping hell. The fourth portion is about the mansions of the world, agriculture, trimming trees, such as the date tree, and whatever remains thereof; the trouble and power of mankind and quadrupeds therefrom, and the obedience they exercise; they are the people to whom heedfulness is attributed, and whatever remains thereof; and the high-priests perform their duty by the law of the religion. The fifth portion is about the ranks of mankind, and See Dk. VIII, Chap. XI. In Riv. IV the surviving subdivisions are said to be only eight, so as to correspond with the sections of the extant Vistasp Yast. . Ibid. Chap. XII. 0225 has 'Hast. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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PERSIAN RIVAvats. 425 those are four ranks : the first is to maintain the king grandly, and, next, the judges and the learned in religion ; the second rank is to keep watch over the cities, and to annihilate the enemy; of the third rank are writers and, secondarily, cultivators and the society of cities; of the fourth rank are the people of trade, artizans, market-dealers, and tax-gatherers, in war they appear excited, and it is requisite to give a tithe to the high-priests and king; they keep on foot the obeisances and good works of which we have spoken, and, when they act thus, they obtain great rewards in the end 13. The name of the thirteenth is Sfend ?, and that is of sixty subdivisions which are sent down for the information of people who are in want of it, and for the knowledge of those persons who become covetous 6f virtuous actions, and act after the proceedings of the learned and people of religion, and receive advantage therefrom; also as reminders that there is advantage from the daily practice of them. And this book is our reminder about the accounts of the apostle Zaratust by religious people, and whatever is the allotment of God, the exalted ; about the false speaking of the people of the world, and about the goodness of the condition of the people of the world. Also whatever becomes manifest in ten years, about the miracles of Zaratust, by the seven reports that they recite. 14. The name of the fourteenth is Girasts, and this is of twenty-two subdivisions sent down for the Nothing is said of the sixth portion, either in the Rivayats or the Din-vigirgard. * See Dk. VIII, Chap. XIV. * Ibid. Chap. XIII. MHIO has Kirast. Digitized by Google

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426 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. understanding of the causes of mankind, which have made people manifest in the mother's womb, and afterwards those who come out of the womb, some of whom are apostles, some kings, and some peasants; and whatever remains therein. 15. The name of the fifteenth is Baghan-yast", and it is of seventeen subdivisions in praise of the creations of God, the praiseworthy and exalted, and the angels admitted to him; also thanksgiving for his favours, and that which he makes expedient in the religion, augments the thanksgiving for his favour, until one obtains it back in the end ; likewise the appearance of the angels, and this is noble. Praise be to the sacred being, the exalted! 16. The name of the sixteenth is Niyaram?, and that is of fifty-four subdivisions, about decrees as to riches, introducing inmates among outsiders, and whatever is made lawful by the exalted Lord; obtaining deliverance from hell, performing service, slavery, and the nature of wayfarers, and every one who performs service and produces remembrance for mankind; whatever is in the thoughts of mankind, and whatever is in the bodies of mankind. 17. The seventeenth is Asparam, and this is of sixty-four subdivisions, which are sent down about rituals, those which are in the book of the people of the religion, and an examination of the people's expense they know of, for the safety and punishment they order in the world until they obtain deliverance in the end; and whatever they do lawfully and do unlawfully they know; also decrees See Dk. VIII, Chap. XV. Ibid. Chaps. XXVIII-XXXVII, Ibid. Chaps. XVI-XX. Digitized by Google

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PERSIAN RIVAYATS. 427 as to inheritances and the limits of faith, about anything which they sow and whatever they grow, and about regulating nativity; whatever one makes incumbent on memory, and whatever one makes incumbent on memoranda prepared; also how it is necessary to produce whatever tokens there are at the time of childbirth. 18. The name of the eighteenth is Duvasaronigad", and it is of sixty-five subdivisions; robbers of human beings and quadrupeds, whatever one makes incumbent that they shall give, and an enumeration of what one makes incumbent on each one of them, owing to theft and terror, obstructing the roads, the dread of the wayfarers, and the disturbance of prisons; and whatever remains therein. 19. The name of the nineteenth is Askaram ?, and it is of fifty-two subdivisions, about judges and philosophers, the method of examining decrees, the knowledge of definitions, and an opinion of those in other matters. 20. The name of the twentieth is Vendidad, and that is of twenty-two subdivisions, for causing the abstinence of mankind from bad actions, from the devil and disgrace, foreign magicians and those who act after their proceedings and become committers of crime; and we are told of their crime among the whole of the goodness and purity, and the whole of the wickedness and defilement, and the explanation of them. 1 See Dk. VIII, Chaps. XXI-XXVII. MH1o has Duvasrob, and OM Duva sarogad; duva standing for du ba, or zu ba, the traditional reading of the Zvaris ganaba, 'a thief.' : Ibid. Chaps. XXXVIII-XLIII. Ibid. Chap. XLIV. Digitized by Google

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428 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. 21. The name of the twenty-first is Hadokht?, and this is a book of thirty subdivisions, about the manner of bringing together and the abundance of miracles, also the excellence and connections of them. And the accursed devil goes far from every one who recites this book together with the Yast?, and this person is near to the rank (paigah) of a sacred being, and his sins become pure; also in this book the accursed devil becomes cursed, and God knows it. III. FROM THE RivAvat OF NAREMAN HOSHANG 3. 1. Again, that which is in Pahlavi characters is clear in that manner, that in the Yatha-aha-vairyo there are twenty-one vocables, that is, twenty-one words, and beneath each word there is an equivalent meaning; it is also known to the devout that there are twenty-one Nasks of the Avesta 2. The first Nask is of thirty-three subdivisions, that is, it is of thirty-three compilations, and its name is Stod-yast, that is, 'producing the praise of the sacred beings;' and the words of the book have come down for the majesty of the sacred beings and angels, and they recite them in that manner; and in the presence of every high-priest of the pure ritual, who rightly understands its Avesta and Zand, i See Dk. VIII, Chap. XLV. 0225 has Hadokht. : The Yasna, or Stod-yast of $1. S Nareman Hoshang of Bharok returned from Persia, A.D. 1478, with letters from priests in Iran in reply to those from priests in India. His account of the Nasks is more abbreviated than the others, and appears to be derived from a Pahlavi original. Digitized by Google

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PERSIAN RIVAYATS. 429 as he recites them correctly on three occasions, the angels come down ; of this there is no doubt. 3. The name of the second is Istadgar, and it is of twenty-two subdivisions; its statements are for the admonition of the people. 4. The name of the third Nask is Vahistmanthrah, and it is of twenty-two subdivisions ; its purport is to bring confirmation of the religion. . 5. The name of the fourth is Bagh, and this is of twenty-one subdivisions; its explanation is about heedfulness. 6. The name of the fifth is Dvazdah-hamast, and it is of thirty-two subdivisions; its explanation is in remembrance of the upper world, and about the lower world. 7. The name of the sixth is Nadar, and that is of thirty-five compilations; its explanation is about the interpretation of the world of the stars, the planets and constellations, and understanding the arrangement of the sky. 8. The seventh is the Pagam; this Nask is of twenty-two subdivisions, and its explanation is with regard to lawful and unlawful animals, whenever they slaughter them for the sake of solemnizing a season-festival; and, again, whatever is manifold reward and good work; also about the reason of the five days of the guardian spirits, which they call the select, and wherefore they are appointed. 9. The name of the eighth is Ratustayf, and it is of fifty subdivisions, of which, after the time of Alexander, they preserved and found no more than thirteen subdivisions; its explanation is about maintaining devotion, and of obedience to kings, highpriests, and governors. Digitized by Google

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430 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. 10. The name of the ninth is Baris, and this Nask was of sixty subdivisions, but after the time of Alexander they found no more than twelve subdivisions ; its explanation is of those who are kings and high-priests, leaders and princes, judges and messengers, what is the nature of the authority of peasants and princes, and what kind of towns they possess. 11. The name of the tenth is Kassrob, and this Nask has been of sixty subdivisions, but after the time of Alexander they found again no more than fifteen subdivisions; its explanation is about the distinction of natural wisdom and knowledge from acquired knowledge; that which makes mankind pure from defilement, and the usage that maintains the proceedings of mankind. 12. The eleventh is the Nask of Vistasp-shah, and it has been of sixty subdivisions, but after the time of Alexander they found again no more than ten subdivisions, and their statements are with regard to king Gustasp making the religion current. 13. The name of the twelfth is 'Hast, and it is of twenty-two subdivisions; its explanation is about enquiry of wisdom, maintaining devotion in the world, and the punishment for every sin such as they supply it. 14. The name of the thirteenth is Sfend, and it is of sixty subdivisions; its explanation is of that which they demonstrate as miracles from this Nask, that every requirement comes to pass which every high-priest--who shall recite this Nask for several days with sevenfold voice, according to that which has been written-shall solicit for the world. 15. The name of the fourteenth is Girast, and Digitized by Google

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PERSIAN RIVAYats. 431 this is of twenty-two subdivisions, its explanation is about the creation of the people of mankind in the day of the Eternal, until the last day of the resurrection occurs; their becoming manifest in the mother's womb, and why some die in the womb and some are born, some are kings and some are peasants. 16. The name of the fifteenth is Baghan-yast, and this is of seventeen subdivisions; its explanation is about the praise of the angels admitted, and, as to the servants of the Most Glorious, at what period they each become manifest, and what duty they perform, till the resurrection. 17. The name of the sixteenth is Niyaram, and this is of fifty-four subdivisions; its explanation is about decrees as to traders, covenants and decisions, that is, awards with regard to the creatures and how they act. 18. The name of the seventeenth is Asparam, and this is of sixty-four subdivisions; its explanation in these is well-directed and a good thing; and whatever remains therein. 19. The eighteenth is the Duvasarogad, and it is of sixty-five subdivisions ; its explanation is that which is a statement on the subject of Khedyodath, that is, forming a union with each other by relations and those next one another. 20. The name of the nineteenth is Askaram, and it is of fifty-two subdivisions; its explanation is about the occurrence of the production of the renovation of the universe, up to the resurrection and future existence which are the converting of the dead alive, Aharman and the demons becoming extinct, and the circumstances of those events. Digitized by Google

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432 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. 21. The name of the twentieth is Gud-dey-dad", and that is of twenty-two subdivisions ; its explanation is of causing the abstinence of mankind from pollution, that is, from defilement, and the assault of evil peculiarly owing to the great; from the sight of a menstruous woman, and the like of these, whenever harm and injury happen to the creation. 22. The name of the twenty-first is Hadokht, and this is a book of thirty subdivisions; its explanation is such that the accursed devil goes far from every one who shall recite this book together with the Yast, and this person becomes near unto the sacred being, the praiseworthy and exalted, and in such manner as he is near the sacred being in like manner he obtains :rank. 23. And the purpose of this being written is so, that it is known to these humble individuals 2 in this manner, that these books are of those tendencies, and it has been written by those devout ones 3 in such manner that among us no one is able to read the Pahlavi characters, and the interpretation of these Nasks is in Pahlavi; any one who does not know the Pahlavi characters is high-priest and is not able to demonstrate the miracles of the religion, nor that which was written with regard to the commentary of these Nasks.' 1 Paz. gud is a translation of Av. vi which is merely transliterated by vik in Vik-dev-dad, the original form of Vendidad. . The priests in Iran who supplied this information to Nareman. & The priests in India who had applied for the information, using the words about to be quoted. Digitized by Google

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PERSIAN RIVAYATS. 433 IV. FROM THE RivAYAT OF DASTUR Barzo QIYAMU-D-DIN 1 1. The reply about the Nasks of the Avesta. The Yatha-ahd-vairyo is of twenty-one words, and the Avesta is similarly of twenty-one Nasks. 2. The name of the first Nask is Stod-yast, and that book is of thirty-three compilations, that is, it is of thirty-three subdivisions, and the description of the Lord and the angels is in it. 3. The name of the second Nask is Stadgar, and that is of twenty-two subdivisions; its description is about prayer, virtuous authority, and intercession. 4. The third Nask is the Vahist-manthrah, and that is of twenty-two subdivisions about faith and heedfulness; and one is reminded [&c., very nearly the same as in II, 31 5. The fourth Nask is the Bagh, and that is of twenty-one subdivisions ; its explanation is about the religion and its intention, and whatever the Lord has made incumbent on mankind as to devotion and heedfulness; also about closing the path of Satan to oneself, and approaching the last abode. 6. The name of the fifth book is Dvazda hhamast, and that is of thirty-two subdivisions in remembrance of the beginning [&c., very nearly the same as in II, 5). 7. The name of the sixth Nask is Nadar, and that is of thirty-five compilations about the stars This Dastur appears to have been one of several residing at Nausari A.D. 1614-1646; his father's name is more usually written Qavamu-d-din, and his account of the Nasks closely resembles that of Kamah Bahrah. [37] Digitized by Google

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434 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. and the disposition and life of the sky. [&c., very nearly the same as in II, 6 to] Bavaftal, and in Persian the name of that book is Favamsa'han, that is, instruction arises therefrom for the moderns. 8. The name of the seventh Nask is Pagam, and that is of twenty-two subdivisions; its description is about quadrupeds and how they are made lawful, which is lawful [&c., as in II, 7, to] for the sake of a season-festival, and how it is necessary to perform whatever is in a season-festival; the expense of a season-festival (&c., as in II, 7, to] high-priests, and a description of the clothing for a righteous gift, so that they may obtain recompense in the end from heaven. 9. The eighth Nask is the Ratustayi, and that is of fifty subdivisions; its purport is about the affairs of the king and obedience, cities constructed and made magnificent, birds, animals, and fish, and whatever is Ormazd's, besides the creatures of Aharman; (&c., as in II, 8]. 10. The name of the ninth book is Baris, and that is of sixty subdivisions, and about descriptions of kings and judges, and an investigation of their authority; also the relations of a peasant [&c., as in II, 9, to] deceit, and telling lies. 11. The name of the tenth book is Kaskantz, and that is of sixty subdivisions, about the advantage (fajl) of natural wisdom and knowledge as distinguished from acquired knowledge, that is, the knowledge born from the mother, and the knowledge which they learn by instruction ; doctrine about purity and truth, and anything [&c., as in II, 10, to] how it occurs. 12. The name of the eleventh Nask is Vistasp, Digitized by Google

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PERSIAN RIVAYATS. 435 and that is of sixty compilations, but after the calamity of Alexander, when they sought them again, they found no more than eight subdivisions, and those are about Gustasp's acceptance [&c., as in II, 11]. 13. The name of the twelfth book is 'Hast, and that is of twenty-two fargards in six portions. The first portion is about knowing the Lord, may he be honoured and glorified ! and faith in the mission of Zaratust and any duties which are ordered in a book of the religion. The second portion is about the obedience of kings, the truth of the religion, and complying with commands. The third portion is about the promise to benefactors and their recompense, the punishment of evildoers, and escaping from hell. The fourth portion is about the mansions of the world, agriculture and trimming trees, the power of mankind and quadrupeds arisen therefrom, the obedience they exercise, and whatever duty they perform for the high-priests of the religion. The fifth portion [&c., as in II, 12, to] the obeisances, so that they obtain great rewards in the end. 14. The name of the thirteenth book is Sfend, and that is of sixty subdivisions, for the information of people who are in want of it, and for their knowledge; also for any persons who become covetous as to virtuous actions, and proceed after the footsteps of the learned and people of religion, and receive advantage therefrom; and as reminders of the celestial sphere that there is advantage from the daily practice of them. Also about the accounts of the evil of mankind, by the apostle Zaratust, about the false speaking [&c., as in II, 13]. 15. The fourteenth Nask is the Girast, and that Ff 2 Digitized by Google

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436 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. is of twenty-two subdivisions, for the understanding of the causes of mankind [&c., as in II, 14]. 16. The name of the fifteenth book is Baghanyast, and that is of seventeen subdivisions, in praise of the Lord, the praiseworthy and exalted, and the admitted angels; also thanksgiving for the favours due to that which he makes expedient in the religion, and the thanksgiving for his favour lasts until one obtains it back in the end; likewise the appearance of the angels, and these are nobles for the praise of the sacred being. 17. The name of the sixteenth book is Niyaram, and that is of fifty-four subdivisions, about decrees as lo riches, bringing abroad, and whatever is made lawful ; obtaining deliverance from hell, performing service, slavery, and the nature of wayfarers; whatever is in the thoughts of mankind, and whatever is in the bodies of mankind. 18. The name of the seventeenth book is Asparam, and that is of sixty subdivisions about rituals [&c., very nearly the same as in II, 17]. 19. The name of the eighteenth Nask is Duvasrob, and that is of sixty-five subdivisions, about robbers (duvayan ?) of human beings [&c., very nearly the same as in II, 18). 20. The name of the nineteenth Nask is Askaram, and that is of fifty-two fargards [&c., very nearly the same as in II, 19]. 21. The name of the twentieth Nask is Vindad, and that is of twenty-two subdivisions [&c., very nearly the same as in II, 20]. And as to this book Vindad, which is the twentieth book of the Nasks, out of the twenty-one Nasks of the Avesta, we and you are now using it in the ceremonial, and when, Digitized by Google

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PERSIAN RIVAYATS. 437 after the calamity of Alexander, they sought for the books again, they found a portion of each Nask, but did not find any Nask in completeness except the Vindad which they found complete. 22. The name of the twenty-first Nask is Hadokht, and that is of thirty subdivisions, about the manner of bringing together and the many miracles, and their excellences and connections; and in this book the accursed devil becomes cursed and becomes annihilated. 23. At present, since the Nasks have not remained perfect in the midst of us, it is not possible to solemnize them, because Alexander the Ramani carried off a rough draft, in Raman characters, of those of the twenty-one Nasks of the Avesta which were about the stars and medicine, and repeatedly burnt the books of the Avesta, so that the soul of Alexander burns in hell; and after his calamity, every one of the high-priests, in council together, preserved something of the Avesta in his mind, and the aggregate has disclosed the books of the Yasna (yast), Visperad, Vendidad, Fravash, Khordah Avesta, Darun, Afringan, Kidah Vagarkardan, and Bundahis, which they wrote correctly; as to the remainder (tatammah) which they did not write, it was on this account, that they did not preserve it correctly in their minds. And the expectation, descended from the midst of them in the court of Ormazd and the archangels, is thus, that Vargavand, Peshotan, and Hushedar? will arrive in haste for the manifestation of the religion, and the goodness 1 See Dk. Bk. IV, 24 n. * The three chief producers of the future and final triumph of the religion (see Byt. III, 13-52). Digitized by Google

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438 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. of the religion again assumes splendour from a new head; the good and those of the good religion become cheerful and happy, and the bad and wicked become extinct and disappearing. Amen. FROM THE DIN-VIGIRGARD 1. In the name and for the propitiation of the creator Adharmazd these several commentaries (zand) are published from revelation (deno). The names of the twenty-one Nasks. 1. One is this that is Yatha, that is, the Stodyast, and the subdivisions of this Stod-yast are thirty-three. In that Nask are the blessing and propitiation of Adharmazd and the archangels, and they are for the utterance of praise. Adharmazd sends this Nask into the world, which is suitable for every one, and whoever has committed this Nask to memory recites it. And to every one who, being a high-priest, becomes a reciter of both the Avesta and Zand, and shall recite that Nask three times with correctness, the archangels will come near; as to this they know it without doubt. 2. The second Nask is that which is Aha, the Stadgar, and the subdivisions of that Nask are SA Rivayat in Pahlavi writing, but its language is more Persian than Pahlavi; it commences with this account of the Nasks, combining most of the information contained in the four preceding extracts from the Persian Rivayats. For this text the translator is indebted to a MS. written A.D. 1813 and belonging to Dastur Hoshangji Jamaspji of Poona; a previous translation, in Haug's Essays, was from a transliteration of the same text prepared by Haug some 25 years ago. Digitized by Google

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DIN-VIGIRGARD. . 439 twenty-two. In it are the giving of advice to mankind, the performance of prayer and virtue, the doing of good actions, intercession, producing union among relations, and such-like topics. 3. The third is Vairyo, the Vahist-mansar, and the subdivisions of this Nask are twenty-two. In this is the topic of those who are becoming without doubt as to the religion of Mazda-worship, causing heedfulness, and thinking about the religion ; also the production of the benediction and attributes (sifat) of the blessedness of Zaratust, every action which was declared virtuous before Zaratust, and all actions which have to occur after Zaratust until the future existence; the benefit of his world, and such-like topics. 4. The fourth Nask is this which is Atha, the Bagh, and the subdivisions of that Nask are twenty-one. In this the topic is this which is the purpose of the religion of Mazda-worship, and the ideas which Adharmazd caused to be taught unto mankind; the exercise of reverence, heedfulness, adjudication, and justice; the performance of the proper duty of decision, doing good actions (kar-1 khvair), closing the way of Aharman into oneself, attaining unto the spiritual existence for oneself, and such as are like these. 5. The fifth Nask is Ratus, the Dvazdakhomast, and the subdivisions of that Nask are thirty-two. In that Nask are all the topics of the spiritual existence and the heavenly state, virtue and vileness, the material existence of this worldly state, about the sky and about the earth, and everything which Adharmazd produced and which exists in the water, fire, and plants; human beings and Digitized by Google

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440 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. quadrupeds, grazing animals and birds, and everything which is similarly produced from any (aek) of them, and the characteristics of all things. Secondly, that which is the production of the resurrection and future existence, and the coming together and separation at the Kinvad pass; the recompense for the doers of good works and the punishment for sinners occur through the future existence, and such-like topics as these are. 6. The sixth Nask is Ashad, the Nadur, and the subdivisions of that are thirty-five. In this Nask are the purposes of the stars (nugum), the zodiac, and the planets, the goodness and evil of each constellation, and the movement of all the planets in the signs of the zodiac (burg) and lunar mansions (mahigan nugum). They have translated it into Arabic and Persian, and the name they have adopted for this book is Batal, and in Persian the name which is appointed for it is Kapamagan. 7. The seventh is this which is Kid, and is the Pagam, and its subdivisions are twenty-two. In this Pagam Nask is the topic of the slaughtering of quadrupeds and sheep, how they are to be slaughtered, of which among the quadrupeds the command is that it is allowable to eat, and of which kind the eating is not allowable; how he who slaughters shall strike at the time of the expiring of the sheep. The more expenditure (saraf) one makes upon a season-festival, so much the more is the reward; how much it is expedient to bestow upon the Dasturs, Mobads, and Herbads, and upon the unwavering practisers of good works in the good religion; what merit accrues to every one Digitized by Google

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OF T DIN-VIGIRGARD. 441 who celebrates a season-festival and consecrates clothing for a soul, and who, for that reason, is in the supreme heaven in the last times; and it is necessary to give clothing to relations and the righteous as a righteous gift, and to exercise mediation on the part of the righteous; the five greater and lesser days of the guardian spirits, and the practice of good works on these ten days is enjoined in this Nask. It is requisite for all people that they shall read this book with good and wise understanding, that all may become aware of its topics. 8. The eighth Nask is that which is Hak a, the Ratustaih, and the subdivisions of that Nask were fifty when the accursed Alexander had the Nasks burnt up, but after that, as they sought out this Nask, only thirteen of those subdivisions came to hand, and no more remained of those previously existing. In this Nask are the reasons of performing service, giving orders, and remaining at the command of kings and at the command of high-priests and judges; the adornment-preserving 1 purpose of cities is declared, the command of religion, and things made magnificently (agiziha), grazing animals, birds, cattle, and fish; everything which is a production of Adharmazd or Aharman; all the purposes of all the seas, mountains, and lands; and matters similar to such as are mentioned. 9. The ninth Nask is this which is Vangheus, and is the Baris; the subdivisions of that Nask were first sixty, but after the accursed Alexander only twelve remained. As to the information in this Nask, just as there is the sovereignty for those Assuming that freuvanik, which might mean important, stands for pardazanik. Digitized by Google

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442 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. who are kings, so there is the usage which it is necessary for them to practise, and the command of the sentence of judges of the religion such as is necessary to be executed; the custody and protection for the world, and making each new city flourishing; also the reasons of people, who are false-speaking, sinners, and such-like, are mentioned in this Nask. 10. The tenth Nask is that which is Dazda, the Kassrdb, and the subdivisions of that Nask were formerly sixty, but after the accursed Alexander only fifteen subdivisions remained. In that Nask the topic is that which is wisdom and knowledge, the reason of its being brought forth from the mother, and the teaching of wisdom by demonstration, the performance of purification and the speaking of truth; bringing people from vileness unto virtue, and bringing them from defilement and pollution unto purity; greatness and good progeny arise for people near kings, and how the habit of people telling lies, to others and to kings, arises ; and such-like as these. 11. The eleventh Nask was Manangho, the Vistaspad, and the subdivisions of that Nask were sixty, but after the accursed Alexander only ten remained. In this Nask is the topic of the sovereignty of Gastasp, and Zaratust the Spitaman, having brought the religion from Adharmazd, king Gustasp accepted it, and made it current in the world; and such-like as these. 12. The twelfth is Shyaothananam, the Khast, and the subdivisions of that Nask were first twentytwo, but after the accursed Alexander only six remained. Among those six, which are the first Digitized by Google

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DIN-VIGIRGARD. 443 portions (zizp= Ar. gizb), the topics in one portion are the attributes (sifat) of the creator Adharmazd, and the understanding of them; also being without doubt about the religion of Zaratust, the Spitaman, all the duty and good works which are prescribed in the religion, and such-like. In the second portion is the reason of service for kings, the truth of the religion, submission to all its commands, and withholding one's hand from evil actions, so that it has become far from mischief. In the third portion is that which is the debt for performers of virtuous position, the advantage of good works, the final release from hell, and such-like. The fourth is the reason of the creation of the world, the practice of agriculture, the cultivation of trees, the date-tree and every fruit-tree; whence arises most strength for people and animals; being under the command of the practisers of good works and the virtuous, and being under the command of the high-priests, and such-like as they are. In the fifth portion all the specimens of mankind are mentioned: they who are of great knowledge, who are kings, judges, and the sages of the religion; in the second specimen are they that have to keep watch over all the cities, and to make the enemy confounded; in the third specimen are these whose object one mentions in the term 'husbandmen;' the fourth specimen which one mentions are these who are the greatly-skilled and sitters in the market, grandiloquent to repel loss, giving one-tenth to the high-priest and king, and offering praise on hardened knees, the last reward of which is that one obtains in the spiritual existence. 13. The thirteenth Nask is that which is Angheus, Digitized by Google

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444 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. the Spend; its subdivisions are sixty which are precious unto people of pedigrees (mayagan) and those who possess much avidity for virtuous actions and have to proceed in the f otsteps (pal-rapih) of the great and religious; also accounts of Zaratust, who is born from the womb of Daghdavo, till ten years of age. Every Dastur and Mobad shall recite this Nask in purity, and with ease and the proper words, for several days, and shall obtain every desire of his own, or any wish which he claims on account of (bara rai-1) others. 14. The fourteenth Nask is that which is Mazdai; the name Zirast is appointed for it, and the subdivisions of that Nask are twenty-two. In like manner this Nask is sent by Adharmazd, which is to make manifest to the people what is the purpose of that science through which mankind are born from the womb of a mother, how many individuals among them will die away from the womb, and how many individuals will live; how many persons and people among them become kings, and how many, meanwhile (fim a), exercise apostleship, that is, the high-priesthood; how many are the grandest of people, and how many are the meanest of mankind, and in what mode this occurs; from first to last, the time people are born and all those topics are in this Nask. 15. The fifteenth is Khshathremka, and the name of that Nask is Baghan-yast, and its subdivisions are seventeen. In it are the topics of Adharmazd the lord and the archangels, the knowledge of their attributes, and the service and sublimity of Adharmazd; at what time every Gah occurs until the future existence, and what duty is Digitized by Google

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DIN-VIGIRGARD. 445 performed; offering praise for every benefit from A dharmazd, and obtaining benefit from him; the appearance of the archangels, and knowing what is such-and-such an appearance of such-and-such an archangel in the future existence. This Nask used in the service of Adharmazd and the archangels is very excellent. 16. The sixteenth is Ahurai, and they have appointed it the name Niyaram; the subdivisions of that Nask are fifty-four, about the reason of preserving wealth and placing it out, agreement and measure by the cubit and handful; everything the creator Adharmazd has ordained as uncontaminated, release from hell, and how to walk in the path of reverence and worship; what is in the mind of man, and what is everything in the body of man; and such-like as these that are mentioned. 17. The seventeenth Nask is that which is A, and the name they have appointed for it is Asparam; one mentions sixty-five subdivisions of it, and in this Nask is every religious topic which all persons well understand, and the punishment suffered by sinners, which they receive in their last career; everything which is uncontaminated is allowable, and what is not uncontaminated is not allowable; the stars preside over the destiny of mankind; and such-like as these. 18. The eighteenth Nask is that which is Yim, that has the name Duvasarozad appointed for it, and the subdivisions of it are likewise sixty-five. In this Nask are the reasons of next-of-kin marriage, forming connections among relations, and such-like as these. 19. The nineteenth Nask is Drigubyo, the name Digitized by Google

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446 OTHER DETAILS OF NASKS. of which is Askaram, and is of fifty-two stanzas (vekastiha), about the giving of orders, exercise of authority, and practising wisdom in everything ; producing the resurrection, by which every person passed away is made living again, and the malformations of Aharman and the demons are withered away; and such-like. 20. The twentieth Nask is that which is Dadad, that they call by its name of Vendidad, where the meaning of this is the law against the demons,' which is of twenty-two fargards. The topic of it is what preserves mankind from evil and pollution, and will restrain them from the menstruous, dead matter, pestilence, and running sores. Of all the twenty-one Nasks the Nask of 'the law against the demons' has alone remained entire; while several remain scattered by the wickedness (samih) of the accursed Alexander, this Nask of the Vendidad remained in hand, and owing to its elucidation the religion of Mazda-worship exists now. 21. The twenty-first Nask is Vastarem, whose name one calls Hadokht, and its fargards are said to be thirty. In it are much excellence and many miracles, and the vile Aharman becomes far from every one who recites this Hadokht, and it makes him extinct, and the reciter comes near unto Adharmazd and becomes purified from sin. 22. Now, alas! if all these Nasks do not remain, so that one is not able to solemnize them, that is for this reason, that the accursed Alexander, the Aruman, took several transcripts-in the Ardman language and characters (hurafo)of any among those twenty-one Nasks which were about the stars and medicine, and burnt up the other Nasks; and Digitized by Google

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DIN-VIGIRGARD. 447 the soul of the accursed Alexander, the Raman, will remain wretched and burnt in gloomy hell till the resurrection, owing to his own vileness which injured the religion of Zaratust. 23. After the villany of Alexander, an assemblage of several high-priests, who were sages of the religion, brought the Avesta of all of them from various places, and made a collection of so much Avesta and Zand as the sacred (yasto) Yasna, Visperad, Vendidad, Arda-fravard, and other scraps of the Avesta, the Darun, Afringan, and the Commands of the religion; all these were written, and the Bandahis book was correctly written ; and all such, among them, as were not written, which did not come into the thoughts of the sages, departed, on that account, from the midst of the many topics of revelation. 24. Just as it is said that there were twenty-one Nasks, there are first, in seven Nasks, the topics of the religion of Mazda-worship, in the second seven Nasks are the topics of medical practice, and in the third seven Nasks the topics and capabilities of the stars are mentioned. Digitized by Google

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NASK-FRAGMENTS THAT ARE STILL EXTANT. [37] [37] og og Digitized by Google

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EXTANT FRAGMENTS'. I. SUDKAR NAsk Dk. IX, Chap. II, 3-15, referring to the useful effect of reciting the Yatha-ahu-vairyo as a spell, on various occasions, is quoted in Sls. XIX, 1-14, and also in the Persian Rivayat of Bahman Pangyah, with some slight variations. Dk. IX, Chap. VI, 2, refers to the passage thus mentioned in Sls. IX, 2, 3:--' The priest who passes away in an out-district (a uzdehikih) thou hast considered as desolate (viran); and there is a high-priest who is of a different opinion, there is one who says it is as a non-Iranian (anairan) country. It is declared that, when a supreme high-priest (zaratustrotum) passes away in an out-district, an apostate will be born in that dwelling, and this calamity is only (aevak) mentioned as to the supreme high-priest' Dk. IX, Chap. VIII, 1-6, refers to Zaratust's * Only the Pahlavi versions of these fragments are extant, unless it be otherwise stated. * The detailed account of this Nask, in Dk. IX, contains about 5,400 Pahlavi words, and, if these represent the same proportion of original text as those in the accounts of the first three fargards of the Bako Nask do, they would indicate about 4,700 words of Avesta text and 10,500 of Pahlavi version as the original extent of this Nask. 3 See p. 418, n. 3. + This translation has been corrected in accordance with p. 178, n. 2. Gg 2 Digitized by Google

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452 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. prophetic vision of the golden, silver, steel, and mingled-iron periods of his millennium, quoted at length in Byt. I, 1-5, with variations indicative of the date of the Bahman Yast being later than that of this Nask. Dk. IX, Chap. X, 3, refers to the detailed account of the seven most heinous evil-doers, quoted in Dd. LXXII, 3-9. Dk. IX, Chap. XV, refers to the supplication of the soul of Keresasp for admittance into heaven, on account of his heroic deeds, quoted at length in the Dadistan Pahlavi Rivayat and the Persian Sad-darband-i Hash (see S.B.E., vol. xviii, pp. 373-381). Dk. IX, Chap. XVIII, 2, refers to the passage thus quoted in Sls. X, 8:-- For in the Stadgar it is said, concerning those who have unlawfully slaughtered animals, the punishment is such that each hair of those animals becomes like a sharp dagger (te kh), and he who is unlawfully a slaughterer is slain.' No allusion has been noticed in Dk. IX to another passage which is thus quoted in Sls. XII, 32 :- In the Stadgar it says thus: "What prepares sneezing ? that is, through what process (kar) does it come?" And Adharmazd spoke thus: "Hungry living, O Zaratust! moreover, the remedy for its existence is the Ahunavair, O Zaratust! and the Ashem (aharayih)."' II. VARSTMANSAR NASK 1. No quotation from this Nask has yet been noticed * The detailed account of this Nask, in Dk. IX, contains about Digitized by Google

Page #1818
EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 453 III. Bako Nask. Dk. IX, Chaps. XLVII--XLIX, describe the contents of the first three fargards of this Nask, which are still extant in the Avesta text of Yas. XIX-XXI, whose Pahlavi version may be translated as follows : Pahl. Yas. XIX = Bako I. The beginning of the Ahunavair of the Bakan 2. 1. Zaratust enquired of Adharmazd thus : 'O Adharmazd, propitious spirit, creator of the world of embodied existences, and righteous 4! (2) which were those words, O Adharmazd! that were spoken by thee for me, (3) before the sky, before the water, before the earth, before the (well-yielding) cattle, before the plants, before the fire which is Adhar 9,600 Pahlavi words, and, if these represent the same proportion of original text as those in the accounts of the first three fargards of the Bako Nask do, they would indicate about 8,300 words of Avesta text and 18,500 of Pahlavi version as the original extent of this Nask. 1 As the detailed account of the first three fargards of this Nask, in Dk. IX, contains about 840 Pahlavi words, and represents about 730 words of the original Avesta text in Yas. XIX-XXI, with 1630 in its Pahlavi version, it may be assumed that the detailed account of the whole Nask, extending to nearly 11,000 words, indicates about 9,500 words of Avesta text and 21,200 of Pahlavi version as the total extent of this Nask. $ The heading of this first ha is given in J2, Pt4, Mf4 which have been consulted by the translator in addition to Spiegel's text representing K5. The division into sections is that adopted by Spiegel, and the passages in parentheses have no equivalents in the Avesta text. * Sp., J2 insert 'good and! * Ja adds '(this is, Adharmasd the creator is righteous; the rest is through the praise which says the creator is righteous);' compare Pahl. Vend. II, 1. Digitized by Google

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454 EXTANT FRAGMENTS, mazd's son, before the righteous man (Gaydmard), before the demons, (who remain) noxious creatures ?, and mankind, before all embodied existence (the creation of sovereignty), and before all the excellence created by Adharmazd, (which is owing to) the manifestation of righteousness?' 4. And Adharmazd spoke thus: 'They were the apportionment of the Ahunavair, O Spitaman Zaratust! (that spirit who would make the religion current, who has formed that religion from the Ahunavair) which was spoken out by me for thee; (5) (that is,) before the sky, (&c., as in SS 3). 6. Whoever chants that apportionment of the Ahunavair, O Spitaman Zaratust! without talking (that is, he does not speak out in the middle of any of its difficult Avesta 2) and not without anxiety (that he may slumber), (7) it is like a hundred above any other authority of those of the Gathas, when one chants them without talking, or not without anxiety 8; (thus it becomes fit for the ceremonial). 8. Whoever chants it while talking, or without anxiety, (thus it becomes fit for the ceremonial,) it is like ten above any other authority of those of the Gathas. 9. Whoever in that embodied existence of mine, O Spitaman Zaratust! recalls the apportionment of 1 Assuming that the khrafstardo, or khrafostardo, of Pt4, Mf4, stands for khrafstarano, as required by the Avesta text. Sp., J2 have who were confounded by wisdom.' ? So in Pt4, Mf4; but Sp., J2 may mean "he strictly does not speak out in the middle of its Avesta.' : All the MSS. have 'while talking, or without anxiety,' as in $ 8; but this does not correspond with the Avesta text. The repetition of the parenthetical clause, about the ceremonial, which also occurs in SS 8, is likewise suspicious. Digitized by Google

Page #1820
EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 455 the Ahunavair, (that is, seeks for it,) and, further, mutters that which he recalls, (that is, shall accomplish it easily,) and, further, chants that which he mutters, (that is, fully understands its ritual,) and, further, reverences that which is chanted, (that is, shall celebrate the ceremony) (10) his soul I pass on to the best existence, three times over the Kinvad bridge, I who am Adharmazd, (that is, on that day in which he shall faithfully provide the ceremony, it shall a lead his soul three times unto the world yonder, and shall cause its happiness therein) (11) to the best existence, the best righteousness, and the best light. 12. Also whoever in that embodied existence of mine, 0 Spitaman Zaratust! mutters the apportionment of the Ahunavair, (that is, shall accomplish it easily,) and drops $, (that is, cuts off,) (13) either as much as a half, or as much as a third, or as much as a fourth, or as much as a fifth, (at a fifth the foundation of the sin is laid, at a half it becomes quite complete, and when he shall cut off the whole it is a Tanapahar sin,) (14) I twirl? away the soul of him, I who am Adharmazd, from the best existence, (that is, I would put it out ;) (15) to such an extent and width is the twirling away as that of this earth, and even so the extent of this earth is as much as its width.' 16. This saying is proclaimed (a revelation) pos Pt4, Mf4 vavar; Sp., Ja have va-aevar, and certainly.' ? So in Pt4, Mf4; Sp., J2 have 'I would,' which may be right. Pt4, Mf4 aparedined; Sp., Ja have bara a pahlukined, 'puts quite aside.' * Pahl. bara yanged (Pers. yang ad). * Only in Ja. See Dk. VIII, Chap. XX, 65. * Pahl. tanom (Pers. tanam). Digitized by Google

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456 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. sessing an Ahu and possessing a Ratu, (from which this is manifest, namely, the possession of a ruler and high-priest. 17. This, too, is said, that it was) before that sky was created, before the water, before the earth, before the plants, (18) before the creation of the four-legged ox (which was the sole-created ox), (19) before the creation of the two-legged righteous man (who was Gaydmard), (20) and before that sun of definite form (the body of the sun) was created as an acquirement of the archangels. 21. It was (likewise) proclaimed to me by the spirituality of propitiousness, (it likewise became possible for the spirituality of propitiousness to say (22) what was said 1 to Zaratust,) concerning the whole material existence of the righteous who are, who have been, and who will arise, (23) as to the progress of work, (that is, while they shall perform for it that which is specified by it, and good works shall arise through them,) that this work, among the living, is for Adharmazd, (that is, that which they may perform, suitable for Adharmazd, they shall so perform as is declared by this fargard). 24. This, too, is the most expressive (most in effect) of those statements which were ever spoken forth (till now), or which one speaks forth (at present) ?, or shall speak forth 3 (even henceforth); (25) for it is through such a statement (such in effect) as that, if the whole embodied existence (26) learnt it and, having learnt", (that is, they shall accomplish it easily,) they retain it, (that is, they Ja omits gafto, 'what was said.' 9 Pahl, a vo kevan in Pt4. 3. Or is spoken forth' in Pt4, Mf4. * Have learnt that which they should have learnt' in Pt4, Mf4. Digitized by Google

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EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 457 should rely upon it,) abstinence from passing away would be quite masterful, (that is, they become immortal). 27. This, too, is our saying spoken forth, (preserved among the revelation mentioned in this ? fargard,) which is learnt, (that is, they shall accomplish it easily,) and one recites, (that is, he utters it in a ceremonial,) thus for any one whatever of the beings whose righteousness is best, (that is, should he do it for a ceremonial, he becomes fit for it; it is when he utters this in a ceremonial that his soul becomes immortal). 28. As it is here spoken forth, (that a ruler and high-priest are to be maintained ; as these things are so spoken, and as this law is so,) (29) even when it gives him an Ahu and a Ratu, (that is, it gives up his person to the priestly assembly,) so it is thereby taught to him that the thought of Adharmazd is the creature with the first thinking, (that is, the Gathic lore is set going by him ;) (30) whatever teaches : this is the person of him who is king of kings, who) is the greatest (of men) of every description", (that is, it possesses : a person in the king of kings ;) and so it is taught that the creatures are for him, (where the Gathic lore is set going by him). 31. Whatever is a good emanation for? Adharmazd, (that is, has an origin in his personality,) is through the word vangheus, (which in the division becomes the beginning of) the third assertion here, whose recital is 'he gives through Vohuman,' (that is, the recitation which he utters properly is accomplished by him,) and, besides, here is that which Ja has 'given. Pt4, Mf4 insert "very.' So in J2, Pt4, Mf4. * Pt4, Mf4, 'the greatest of all men. See p. 458, n. 3. Digitized by Google

Page #1823
458 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. Vohuman has taught, (that is, the reward and recompense which they give Vohuman, they attribute also to him ;) (32) whatever is a further indication by Vohman, (that is, anything which he may accomplish ? properly as a token, and is performed by him,) became so through this summing up (that is, its end occurred) in shyaothananam; (33) here among the existences was the summing up, (that is, it was its end). 34. What it teaches to the creatures of him who is Adharmazd, is thus: he who is like him is he who is his own creature 3, (that is, even these people it tells something so, and thus they attain again, through purity, to the possession of Adharmazd, just as Adharmazd produced them through purity). 35. By 'the dominion is for Adharmazd' it has taught, that he has made Adharmazd his ruler", over his own person, (who shall perform that which is revealed by the Avesta ;) and this is taught, that through him is the ministration of the poor, (that is, happiness is thereby caused by him,) (36) which is friendship for the Spitaman; (and the religion of the Spitaman became) these five assertions, (that is, the decrees in it were five,) (37) which were the ? So in J2, Pt4, Mf4. ? Sp., J2 add of the sacred beings. * Only here, and in $30, dahm, 'a member of the community,' is substituted for the usual dam, 'a creature.' Either meaning might suit the context, but the Avesta text clearly has 'creature,' and would require more alteration, to suit it to the Pahlavi version, than vice versa. Dk. IX, Chap. XLVII, affords no assistance, as it does not allude to this passage. * The Pahlavi version of the Av. tad mazda tava khshathrem quoted in Dk. IX, Chap. XLVII, 17. Digitized by Google

Page #1824
EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 459 whole enunciation of the saying, and the whole saying was that of Adharmazdi. 38. For the sake of development Adharmazd, (for cherishing the creatures,) pronounced the Ahunavair, and in its development there was a summing up, (that is, its end occurred). 39. Quickly, when destruction arose, (that is, the destroyer,) and rushed in, even among the wicked he uttered (as resistance) (40) this interdict :-(41) 'Neither our thoughts, nors teachings, (as I have not taught that which thou hast taught,) nor wisdoms, (for I consider wisdom as virtuousness, and thou considerest it as viciousness,) (42) nor wills, (for my will is a virtuous wish, and thine a vicious one,) nor words, (for I speak that which is virtuous, and thou speakest that which is vicious,) nor actions, (for my actions are virtuous, and thine are vicious) (43) nor religions, (for my religion is the Gathic lore, and thine is witchcraft,) nor souls are themselves in unison, (for as to those who rely upon my things, and those who rely upon thy things, their souls are not in one place;' he who said this, that even their souls exist, must thus say that they are not souls in unison with ours). 44. Also this saying, which Adharmazd uttered, has the three degrees, the four classes, (priest, warrior, husbandman, and artisan,) the five chieftainships, (house-ruler, village-ruler, tribe-ruler, province-ruler, As the Pahlavi text of the foregoing interpretation is a com- . mentary upon an Avesta commentary on an obscure Avesta text, it must be expected to be difficult to translate with certainty. * Pt4, Mf4 omit when;' but the speaker of the interdict is Adharmagd in Pahl. Yas. XLIV, 2 c-e. * So in J2, Pt4, Mf4. Digitized by Google

Page #1825
460 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. and supreme Zaratast,) and its summing up is with liberality, (thus it is possible to make it completely for their own, when they deliver themselves up to the priests). 45. Which are the degrees of it? Good thoughts, good words, and good deeds; (they are', indeed, virtuous among the degrees of religion). 46. Which are the classes ? The priest, warrior, husbandman, and artisan, (47) who are the whole day and night with a righteous man, who are thinking rightly, speaking rightly, and acting rightly, (48) who have recognised a priestly authority, (that is, possess a high-priest,) who have taught the religion, (that is, have provided a ceremony,) (49) and who, through their actions, are a furtherance of the world of righteousness, (owing to the work they accomplish). 50. Which are the chiefs? The house-ruler, village-ruler, tribe-ruler, province-ruler, and the Zaratust is the fifth (51) in those provinces which are other than the Ragha 2 of Zaratust; with four chieftainships is the Ragha of Zaratust. 52. Which are the chiefs of that? The house-ruler, village-ruler, tribe-ruler, and the Zaratust is the fourth; (that is, when he was in his own province, he also produced its period of prosperity, who arises fourth). 53. How was it when through good thought, (that is, the religion remained in the degree of good thought)? When it arose first in a righteous thinker, (it arose in Gayomard, and he thought for it). 54. How, when through good words? When it was the bounteous text, (doing good). 55. How, * J2, Pt4, Mf4 indicate homant (=ait). ? The ancient city of Rai which stood not far from Teheran. Digitized by Google

Page #1826
EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 461 when through good deeds ? When it was the praise even of righteousness by the first creature, (that is, they shall perform the ceremonial, and also other good works, through the Gatha lore). 56. Adharmazd proclaimed; for what was it proclaimed by him ? For the righteous spiritual and worldly existence, ( for the benefit of the spiritual and worldly existence). 57. Owing to what desire (owing to what necessity) was the said announcement proclaimed by him ? (So that he shall become) the privileged developer, (he who is a resolute ruler). 58. For how many righteous (is it requisite to utter it)? (So that one may become) a developer, (even he who may be) an irresolute ruler, (to whom they reveal these words. So that the glory of the Kayans, such as it is with good rulers, should be even so with evil rulers; with good rulers for this purpose, that so they shall produce more benefit; and with evil rulers for this purpose, that so they shall produce less harm) Pahl. Yas. XX = Bako II. The beginning of the second subdivision 4 1. It was a proclamation of Adharmazd, the Ashem vohu vahistem ast15; besides perfect excellence is taught by it to him, (that is, benefit is * Pt4, Mf4 have frds gafto, as in Pahl. Yas. XX, 9. * Quoted in Dk. IX, Chap. LXIX, 45. $ $$ 56-58 are repeated at the end of Pahl. Yas. XX, with reference to the Ashem. So in Pt4, Mf4. * This Avesta is quoted as part of the Pahlavi version, and is translated, in Pt4, Mf4, by the usual Pahlavi for righteousness is perfect excellence.' Digitized by Google

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462 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. produced by it for him,) who shall make self-progress his own, (that is, shall produce that which is necessary to produce,) through voh u vahistem astf", thus become the summing up of the assertion, (that is, it became its end). 2. Usta asti, usta ahmai? has, besides, taught the righteous of every kind the happy progress which is necessary to arise for the righteous of every kind, (so that s happiness may be caused thereby); whatever endurance of man (or diligence) it is necessary for the righteous of every kind to occasion is, besides, taught to the righteous of every kind, (so that one's happiness may be caused thereby). 3. Hyad ashai vahistai ashem ? has, besides, taught that all (the duty and good works which are revealed in the text are the whole text (for him whose Avesta and Zand are easy, so that, through its Avesta and Zand, he can make manifest all the duty and good works of that whole text) (4) which teaches that the dominion is for righteousness , (so that, one may exercise authority through virtuousness, that is, it should be the opinion that it teaches a dominion through virtuousness, so that one may possess authority through virtuousness ;) (5) which also teaches the truth to that righteous invoker, (so that he may make a true decision ;) (6) and which also teaches the truth to you that are So in Pt4, Mf4; J2 has through one voh vahistem; and vahistem asti.' ? This phrase of the Ashem, which begins the Avesta of this section, must also be understood as beginning its Pahlavi version, * Only Sp. adds 'one's' here. * Only Sp. has the righteous of, but it is in the Avesta text. * So in Pt4, Mf4. & Just as the Ahunavair states that the dominion is for Adhar. mazd' (see Pahl. Yas. XIX, 35). Digitized by Google

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EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 463 fraught with advantage, (so that it may produce true judgment). These were the three assertions, (that is, three decrees were in it,) (7) and the whole saying was a proclamation, the whole saying was that of Adharmazd. 8. Adharmazd proclaimed; (&c., as in Pahl. Yas. XIX, 56-58). Pahl. Yas. XXI = Bako III. The beginning of the third subdivision '. 1. A saying of the righteous Zaratust, to be reverenced, was: "Whoever of those existing is thus in worship as regards the good?' Here what is taught by it is the worship of Adharmazd, (that it is that which one should provide for,) which is the law of Adharmazd, (that is, his virtuous law,) whereby the reverence of existence is taught, (that is, that which he would most occasion, which is the everasking for progeny by mankind; and he mentions that thing to them,) through which it is possible for them to live well. 2. Here, besides, the reverence of those males and females of the righteous, through complete devotion who was the first, is taught by it, (3) which is the obeisance for the archangels, (that is, it would occasion the propitiation of the archangels). These were the three assertions, (that is, three decrees were in it,) and it was in every way a saying to be reverenced. Unto whom was the reverence ? Unto the archangels in that worship. 4. And Adharmazd spoke thus: 'Happy is he . i So in Pt4, Mf4. * The beginning of the Yenhe-hatam (see Dk. IX, Chap. IV, in). * The archangel Armait, or Spendarmad. Digitized by Google

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464 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. whose happiness is the happiness of any one whatever, (5) and may Adharmazd grant it, through predominance of will, (through his requirement) 1' 6. What reply did he speak through that utterance of words, (what was the thing he spoke about?)? 7. He spoke the reply of happy progress, the happy progress of the righteous of every kind, who are, who have been, and who will arise. 8. The developer told (that man, as) the development, in reply; and (the reward as) the development that Adharmazd mentioned in reply was: That development (I call) righteous, (which) is a development for the righteous. Dk. IX, Chap. XLVII, 11, refers to Pahl. Yas. XIX, 12-15, which is thus quoted in Sls. X, 26, in a shorter and altered form :- As it says in the Bak thus: "Whoever shall mutter, O Zaratust! my apportionment of the Ahunavair, (that is, shall softly take it inwardly,) and shall let it escape - again, (that is, shall utter it aloud.) so much as a half, or a third, or a fourth, or a fifth, his soul will I shield", I who am Adharmazd, from the best existence, (that is, I will keep it away,) by such an extent as the width of this earth."' i Quoted from Pahl. Yas. XLII, 1 a, b. ? Pt4, Mf4 have madam in place of maman. So in Pt4, Mf4. * Pahl. rahoined, or ranined, reject.' It is the alteration in this verb that changes the meaning of the original text; as the preceding and following verbs, vakhdaned and goyed, do not differ in Pahlavi writing from the vadid uned and yanged of Pahl. Yas. XIX, 12. o Pahl, netrunam. Digitized by Google

Page #1830
EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 465 IV. DAMDAD NASK ? From the very short account of this Nask, given in Dk. VIII, Chap. V, it appears that its contents were very similar to those of the original Bundahis, so far as we find them in the imperfect Indian Bd. I-XXX. And this connection between the two works is further testified by Zs. IX, 1, 16-23, which attributes to the Damdad many statements, regarding plants and animals, which are detailed in Bd. XIV, 1, 2, 14-18, 21-24. Owing to the brief character of the account in Dk. VIII, Chap. V, it is impossible to trace any allusion to two passages quoted from the Damdad as follows: In Sls. X, 22, XII, 15, it is said that in the Damdad it is revealed thus: "Likewise, too, the good works, in like measure (or manner), which come into the father's possession (or to the father as his own)."' In Sls. XII, 5, it is said that in the Damdad it is revealed that when they sever the consciousness of men it goes out to the nearest fire, then out to the stars, then out to the moon, and then out to the sun; The very short account of this Nask, in Dk. VIII, contains 75 Pahlavi words, and, if these represent the same proportion of original text as those in the very short accounts of Nasks I, II, III, XXI in the same book, they would indicate about 8,900 words of Avesta text. But, as this is a Hadha-mathric Nask, the proportion of its Pahlavi text is best ascertained from that of Nask X, belonging to the same division, which indicates about 29,300 words for the Pahlavi version. The actual original extent of the Iranian Bundahis (which may be considered as a descendant of the Damdad appears to have been about 28,000 Pahlavi words. [37] Hh Digitized by Google

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466 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. and it is needful that the nearest fire, that to which it has come out, should become stronger.' V. NADAR NASK!. No quotation from this Nask has yet been noticed. VI. PAgaG NASK? Dk. VIII, Chap. VII, 4, or 5, probably refers to the passage which contained the statement thus quoted in Sls. IX, 9, 10:--'In a passage of the fifth fargard of the Pagon it is declared that one mentions these characteristics of four kinds of worship of the sacred beings :-one is that whose Avesta is correct, but the man is bad; the second is that whose Avesta is faulty, but the man is good; the third is that whose Avesta is correct, and the man is good; and the fourth is that whose Avesta is faulty, and the man is bad. That whose Avesta is correct, but the man bad, the archangels will approach and will listen to, As there is no account of this Nask in Dk. VIII, we can only guess that its extent was about the average length of the other Hadha-mathric Nasks, or about 6,800 words of Avesta text and 22,200 of Pahlavi version. The account of this Nask in Dk. VIII (like those of Nasks VIII, XII, XIII, XX), though four or five times as long as the very short accounts, is still short, and the data for estimating the original extent of these five Nasks are very inadequate. We may, perhaps, guess that the two Nasks VI, VIII were together equal to half the length of the four other Hadha-mathric Nasks IV, VII, IX, X, and then proceed to apportion the extent, thus guessed, between the two in proportion to the number of Pahlavi words in the short account of each. In this way we shall find that the 505 Pahlavi words in the short account of the Pagag may indicate about 9,100 words of Avesta text and 29,800 of Pahlavi version. Digitized by Google

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EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 467 but do not accept; that whose Avesta is faulty, but the man good, the archangels and sacred being will approach, but do not listen to, and will accept; that whose Avesta is correct, and the man good, the archangels and sacred being will approach, will come to, will listen to, and will accept; and that whose Avesta is faulty, and the man bad, they do not approach, do not listen to, and do not accept.' VII. RADd-DAD-AfTAG NASK! Dk. VIII, Chap. VIII, 4, probably refers to the passage containing the statement thus mentioned in Sls. X, 29:- In the Rado-dad-aitth many harsh things are said about the severe punishment of the unhelpful ones (avigidar-dahisnano)in the spiritual existence.' VIII, IX. BARIS 3 AND KaskisROBO Nasks. No quotation from these Nasks has yet been noticed. 1 The very short account of this Nask, in Dk. VIII, contains 88 Pahlavi words, from which the extent of its original text may be estimated in the same way as in the case of Nask IV) at about 10,500 Avesta and 34,300 Pahlavi words. * Otherwise read hangidar-dahisnano, producers of irritation,' in S. B. E., vol. v, p. 330. The short account of this Nask, in Dk. VIII, contains 248 Pahlavi words, from which the extent of its original text may be guessed in the same way as in the case of Nask VI) at about 4,400 Avesta and 14,600 Pahlavi words. * The very short account of this Nask, in Dk. VIII, contains 46 Pahlavi words, from which the extent of its original text may be estimated (in the same way as in the case of Nask IV) at about 5.500 Avesta and 17,900 Pahlavi words. hh 2 Digitized by Google

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468 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. X. VISTASP-SASTO NASK!. The first half of this Nask (as described in Dk. VIII, Chap. XI, 1, 2) appears to be still extant in the Vistasp Yast, 1-44; but the remainder of that Yast does not correspond with the description of the latter half of the Nask. XI. VASTAG NASK? No quotation from this Nask has yet been noticed. XII. KitradAD NASK 8. Dk. VIII, Chap. XIII, 1o, probably refers to the passage that contained the statement thus quoted in Sls. X, 28 :-'Even so it is revealed in the Kitradad that Spendarmad spoke to Manus'kthar thus: "Even the swiftest horse requires the whip, the sharpest As half this Nask consists of the Vistasp Yt. 1-44, which contains about 1,100 Avesta and 3,600 Pahlavi words, the contents of the whole Nask may be estimated at about 2,200 Avesta and 7,200 Pahlavi words. * As there is no account of this Nask in Dk. VIII, we can only guess that its extent was about the average length of the other Gathic Nasks, or about 8,900 words of Avesta text and 18,400 of Pahlavi version. * The short account of this Nask, in Dk. VIII, contains 396 Pahlavi words, which may be guessed to represent the same proportion of Pahlavi version as in Nasks VI, VIII, the accounts of which are also short. And, as this is a Legal Nask, it may be assumed that the proportion of Avesta text to Pahlavi version would be the same as in the other Legal Nasks, which is the proportion still extant in the Nirangistan section of Nask XVII. Based upon these assumptions, the probable extent of the Kitradad would be about 2,600 words of Avesta text and 23,400 of Pahlavi version. Digitized by Digitized by Google

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EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 469 steel knife requires the whetstone, and the wisest man requires counsel."' XIII. SPEND Nask! Dk. VIII, Chap. XIV, 1, probably refers to the passage that contained the statement thus quoted in Sls. X, 4, XII, 11:-- It is revealed in the Spend that towards Dakdav, the mother of Zaratast, when she was pregnant with Zaratust, every night for three nights a leader with a hundred and fifty demons rushed (or came) for the destruction of Zaratust, yet, owing to the existence of the fire in the dwelling, they knew no means of accomplishing it.' Dk. VIII, Chap. XIV, 8, probably refers to the passage that contained the statement alluded to in AV. XXXII and thus quoted in Sls. XII, 29 :*As in the Spend it was shown to Zaratast about one man, that all his limbs were in torment, but one foot was outside ; and Zaratust enquired of Adharmazd about the cause of it; and Adharmazd said that he was a man, Davans 2 by name; he was a ruler over thirty-three districts, and no good work was ever practised by him, except one time when fodder was conveyed by him to a sheep with that one foot.' 1 The short account of this Nask, in Dk. VIII, contains 347 Pahlavi words, which would represent about 20,500 words of Pahlavi version, according to the proportion guessed in the case of Nask XII. But, this being a Gathic Nask, the proportion of Avesta to Pahlavi ought to be that calculated for the Gathic Nasks I, II, III, XXI, which would give about 9,900 words of Avesta text for this Nask. The seventh book of the Dinkard, whose contents are very similar to those attributed to the Spend Nask, contains about 16,000 Pahlavi words. * A personification of the Av. davas of Yas. XXXI, 10 c. Digitized by Google

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470 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. No allusion to the following two passages, quoted from the Spend, has been noticed in Dk. VIII, Chap. XIV: In Sls. XII, 3, it is said that in the Spend it is revealed that a fire, when they shall make it quite clean from its chilled charcoal, has as much comfort as a man whose clothing they shall make clean.' In Sls. XII, 15, it is said that in the Spend and Nihadum the high-priests have taught that the duty and good works which a son performs become as much the father's as though they had been done by his own hand. XIV. BAKAN-YAST Nask! No allusion to the following three passages, quoted from this Nask, could be expected in the very short account of it, given in Dk. VIII, Chap. XV; and they can hardly be traced, with any certainty, in the Avesta texts of the Yasts themselves : It is just possible that a commentary on Yt. I, 17 may have contained the Av.-Pahl. passage thus quoted in Vig. pp. 160, 161 :- By the Avesta of 1 The account of this Nask in Dk. VIII, though very short, is a fair description of the extant Yasts I-XX, and their general character is also indicated by the name of the Nask, which means the worship of the divinities.' The extent of these Yasts may be estimated at about 22,000 words of Avesta text, and, from the Pahlavi versions of the few Yasts that still possess one, it may be calculated that about 44,000 words of Pahlavi version would have been required for the whole collection. * Vigirkard-i Dinik, ed. Peshotan, Bombay, 1848; printed in Pahlavi type from a copy, transcribed in 1754, from an Iranian MS. written in 1240, which the transcriber found in the Modi library at Surat. The Avesta quotations are here transliterated without any attempt at amendment. Digitized by Google

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EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 471 the Baghan-yast it is declared : Yad aete yo mazdayasno aperenayuko avi he hapta saredha fragasaiti, stehr-paesangho aiwyaunghand paitis he maidhyai bugyamano, avi he nara paskaiti nemanghenti: Whoever of those Mazda-worshippers is a child who attains unto the age of seven years, and ties the thread-girdle on his waist, upon that man there is thenceforth the maintenance of the obeisances.' A Pahlavi commentary on Yt. VI, 2 may have formerly contained the passage thus mentioned in Sls. XII, 17:-- As in the Bag-yasno notice is given about the uncleanness of well-water at night.' Perhaps one of the five Yasts, XI, XII, XIII, XV, XVIII, respectively dedicated to Srosh, Rashnu, the guardian spirits, the good Vae, and Astad--the sacred beings specially propitiated by the ceremonies after a death--may have included a commentary containing the passage thus quoted in Vig. pp. 157- 158, about the necessity of appointing some one to provide such ceremonies for a man who dies without a son, and to administer his estate:-- By the Avesta of the Bagan-yast it is declared : Yezi naro pankadasangho saredho irfraithyad avi he urvanem bugyanem thrayo ayara uzayarana rathwo hangamanem fragasoid, aad he aputhra anghad puthra fradadhaiti yathaka nara irista vispanam avaretanam shaetavaitanam avi he frazaintim fragasoid, paskaiti nemanguhaiti baoidhyeitaka urvasnayau.' XV. NIKADUM NASK". Dk. VIII, Chap. XVIII, 3, refers to the passage which, no doubt, contained the statement thus quoted * The very long account of this Nask, in Dk. VIII, contains Digitized by Google

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472 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. in Farh. Olm, pp. 6, 1. 11-7, 1. 13:--'Aedha is the skin of the head, and there is part of it which is large and part which is small, as it says in the Nihadum :--"Kaya henti masyangho aedha, which are those parts with the larger skin ? Yo aparaya paiti mastraghnaya, whatever is behind the skull; (Afarg said, from the ear backwards). Kaya kasyangho, which are those with the smaller ? Yo paouruya paiti mastraghnaya, whatever is before the skulla. Vaghdhanem is the head, and one says nars vaghdhanem, &c., this is : Sinful are they who penetrate (sambend) a man's head, astem aevo mastra vanam, or one bone of the skull; vispaka yo mastraghnam amasta, all those are to be smitten who have penetrated into the skull, and to be given up as outcast 3; hvaro-kithanam * aetee a nye kikayato, the penalties of a Khor 6 sin chastise those who hurt other parts, (such as the brain which is in the skull of the head, and the marrow of the other members that are to be mentioned, just as it mentions this :-Sinful are they who strike through the bone, or fesh, or marrow of a leg, and every one of those is to be smitten who strikes 4,876 Pahlavi words, from which the extent of its original text may be estimated (in the same way as in the case of Nask XVII) at about 62,600 Avesta and 562,900 Pahlavi words. 1 One of the old commentators whose statements are frequently quoted in the Pahlavi versions of the Avesta. The reading of his name and the age in which he lived are alike uncertain, but he appears to have been one of the earliest commentators whose opinions now survive. ? Perhaps the quotation ends at this point; but Dk. VIII, Chap. XVIII, 3, is equally applicable to what follows. 8 Tandpahar, see Dk. VIII, Chap. XX, 65. * So in K2o. * See Dk. VIII, Chap. XXXI, 39. Digitized by Google

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EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 473 through the bone of one fleshy part, and he is to be given up as outcast; while the penalties of a Khor sin 1 chastise those who hurt other parts)." Dk. VIII, Chap. XX, 116, probably refers to the passage which contained the statement thus quoted in Pahl. Vend. IV, 35:- That is, this is the account of the number of years, according to that which is in the Hasparum as regards the account of the number ; and according to that which is in the Nihadum it is the account of the number of men.' Dk. VIII, Chap. XX, 124, possibly refers to the passage which contained the statement thus quoted in Sls. X, 3: In the exposition of the Nihadum Nask it says that a man is going to commit robbery, and a wall falls in upon him, it is his destroyer ; when a man strikes at him he is his adversary, and both are in sinfulness; when he is going to perform the ceremonial of the sacred beings both are in innocence towards him.' No allusion to the following six passages, quoted from this Nask, has been noticed in Dk. VIII, Chaps. XVI-XX : In Sls. X, 22, XII, 15, it is said as in the last fragment of the Spend Nask, already quoted. In Sls. X, 23, XII, 16, it is said that 'in the Nihadam the high-priests have taught thus :--"A man gives a hungry one bread, and it is too much, yet (or when a man gives bread to a man, even though that man has too much bread) all the good works, which he shall perform through that super 1 MH6 has va-a evak kerp after mazg, and both K20 and MH6 have valman bara yehabunisn; khor togisniha after tandpu har. Digitized by Google

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474 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. abundance, become as much his who gave it as though they had been done by his own hand." In Pahl. Vend. V, 73, it is said 'like unto this earth and that (sky) which would also cover over it (ever in all places; there is some one who says this is as to dead matter, that in the Nihadum says it is as to decision and judgment, and that in the Hasparam says it is as to the ritual of the ceremonial).' In Vig. p. 136, it is said that 'it is declared by the Avesta of the Nihadam thus:-"Aad yad draono Vananto staro mazdadhato frayazyad, kathwaro draono frakerententi aiwi-hvarenti, yad aesho na yo yaozdathryo:-So when he, who is that man who is a purifier, shall consecrate the sacred cake of Vanand", the star produced by Adharmazd, they cut up and shall eat up four sacred cakes." In Vig. pp. 180, 181, it is said that in the Nihadum it is stated :-Aad aokhta Ahurd Mazdau: "Yad aete yo mazdayasna aetem srirem vastrem stehr-paesanghem hvam tanum badha paoirim vanghanemka hadha varano paitanemka, paskaiti aiwyaunghano ava he maidhyanem bagyamano." Aetem zi srirem vastrem mainyutastem haka mainyavanam damanam avi me fradadhad Ahuro Mazdau ashava. "Yatha he varano paitanem asti manayen hvare-khshaetahe, adhad hadha he vastranam yaozdathranam frayaza va nizbaya va Ahurai Mazdai ameshanam spentanam, Spitama Zarathustra !"--Thus spoke Adharmazd: "When for him, of those who are Mazda-worshippers, there is this beneficial, star-spangled (that is, wrought) garment ?, always (after seven years of age, that is, 1 The southern leader of the stars, probably Fomalhaut (see Bd. II, 7, V, I). The sacred shirt. Digitized by Google

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EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 475 after seven years of age) first he covers up (that is, clothes) his own body in it, and with (that he is properly) a preserver of faith (that is, a preserver of attachment, and) he afterwards ties? (that) girdle (over that starry garment) at the waist (as a waist-belt)." That, even this well-looking garment, spiritually formed by the creatures of the spirits, is really (that which) the righteous Adharmazd granted me (who am Zaratust). "Since it is his preserver of faith, (that is, preserver of attachment), he is like him who is as) the sun, (a preserver of beneficial faith, an implorer of the splendid heaven, and is one who is an accepter of the religion); therefore, with that garment, which is purified (that is, pure), do thou worship, or practise invocation, as regards Adharmazd and as regards the archangels, O Spitaman Zaratust!". In Vig. pp. 184, 185, it is said that it is declared by the Avesta of the Nihadam thus :-Aad aetahe panka ayara hamaspathmaidhem paiti ratum spentayau armatdis maungho noid frasravayoid :-So one does not chant forth (that is, does not invoke) the month of (the completely mindful) Spendarmad? (that is, the Spendarmad month) in the reign of those five Hamaspadmedem days'; (for if one invokes it, owing to forgetfulness, the Avesta is not accepted).' This appears to be the reverse of the meaning of Av. bugyamano in Yt. I, 17, but see the first fragment of Nask XIV, quoted in Vig. pp. 160, 161. * The last month of the Parsi year, named after the archangel Spendarmad (see Dk. VIII, Chap. IX, 3). The five intercalary days that follow the last month, in order to make the twelve months, of thirty days each, correspond with a year of 365 days. They coincide with the Hamaspadmedem season-festival, originally intended to celebrate the vernal equinox. Digitized by Google

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476 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. XVI. GANABA-SAR-NIGAD Nask! Dk. VIII, Chap. XXII, 2, probably refers to the passage which contained the statement thus quoted in Sls. X, 13:--'It is revealed in the Ganaba-sarniged, where a day in the year is indicated, that the sacred thread-girdle of every one who shall be one day more than fourteen years and three months old 2 is to be tied on-it is better so than when he remains unto fifteen years, and then ties on the girdle--who is more cared for, that way, than those of five (or nine) months in the womb of the mother, on whom they should put it.' XVII. HOSPARAM NASK 3. A small portion of this Nask is still preserved and known by the name of Nirangistan. The last seveneighths of this text corresponds with the description of the Nirangistan section of the Husparam, given in Dk. VIII, Chap. XXIX, 1-17, although a few folios of its commencement are probably lost. And | The very long account of this Nask, in Dk. VIII, contains 2,179 Pahlavi words, from which the extent of its original text may be estimated (in the same way as in the case of Nask XVII) at about 28,000 Avesta and 251,500 Pahlavi words. ? So as to include the nine months' existence, before birth, in the prescribed fifteen years. : As the 212 Pahlavi words in Dk. VIII, Chap. XXIX, 1-17, represent about 2,722 words of the original Avesta text of this Nask, with 24,472 of its Pahlavi version, it may be fairly assumed that the 3,496 Pahlavi words of the whole account of the Nask in Chaps. XXVIII-XXXVII, must represent about 44,900 Avesta and 403,600 Pahlavi words of original text. And the same proportion probably holds good with regard to the other Legal Nasks, XV, XVI, XVIII, of which very long accounts are given. Digitized by Google

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EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 477 the earlier portion of the text begins with a fragment of a passage; which appears to correspond with part of the description of the Aerpatistan section, given in Chap. XXVIII, I; but also contains passages that are difficult to trace in any part of that description. The Nfrangistan portion of this text is divided into three fargards, and Dd. LXVI, I mentions 'five fargards of the Avesta of the correct law of the Nfrangistan, which are easy through the Zand;' so that the missing portion of this section of the Nask, described in Chap. XXIX, 18-25, must have contained two fargards. With regard to the unidentified passages, preceding the Nirangistan portion of the extant text, it may be remarked that they include several of the statements about 'unseasonable chatter' contained in Sls. V, 3-6, where they are differently arranged. Dk. VIII, Chap. XXIX, 2, refers to a passage which may have contained the statement thus mentioned in Sls. XII, 1:-Of the merit of a threefold consecration of the sacred cake the high-priests have specially taught in the Hasparam that it is as much as that of a lesser form of worship.' Dk. VIII, Chap. XXIX, 8, refers to the passage which probably contained the statement thus quoted in Sls. XII, 31: Of the ceremonies which go to the bridge as sin it says this in the Hasparam, that they are the non-celebration of the rites of the season-festivals, the Rapitvin, the three nights after a death, the days of the guardian spirits, and the sun and moon. Dk. VIII, Chap. XXXII, 1, refers to the passage which must have contained the statement thus mentioned in Sls. XIII, 17:--'The six hot ordeals Digitized by Google

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478 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. which, in the Hasparam, are effected by kathrayaim athraiam 1' Dk. VIII, Chap. XXXIII, 4, refers to the passage which must have contained the statement thus mentioned in Pahl. Vend. XV, 67:- What is as to the sick dog in the Husparam is, "When several doors are together, it is just if the nourishment at each one be only for three nights, and then, when opulence is manifest, the delivery be unto that opulent one, and when not, the delivery be unto him who is good." Dk. VIII, Chap. XXXV, 2, probably refers to the passage which contained the statement thus mentioned in Sls. XII, 7:--'In the twentieth 2 of the Hasparam it is shown that over the soul of him who works in the dark there is more predominance of the evil spirit.' Dk. VIII, Chap. XXXVI, 7, or 13, probably refers to the passage thus mentioned in Dd. LXI, 3: - Nearer details of the family guardianship which is proper and which is not proper for an adopted son's duty, of the child of the good religion with whose business it is connected, and of the fathers for whom a family guardian is to be appointed, are in the recital of five fargards 8 of the Husparam.' Dk. VIII, Chap. XXXVI, 8-12, probably refers to the passage which contained the statement thus quoted in Sls. X, 21, XII, 14:--*In the fourteenth * This corrupt Avesta means probably fourfold fire. * The first section mentioned of these twenty is that described in Chap. XXXII. * See Dk. VIII, Chap. XXXVI, in. That is, in one of the last fourteen sections of the Nask. If it were not for this number, and the fact that the passage is understood to apply to the children of a concubine, it might be connected with Chap. XXXIV, 4, 5. Digitized by Google

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EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 479 of the Husparam Nask the high-priests have taught thus: "My son is suitable even as thy son, but my daughter is not suitable even as thy daughter." No allusion has been noticed in Dk. VIII, Chaps. XXVIII-XXXVII, to the two passages in Pahl. Vend. IV, 35, V, 73, referring to this Nask, which have been already quoted as also referring to Nask XV. XVIII. SAKADUM Nask ? Dk. VIII, Chap. XXXVIII, 1, 2, refer to passages, one of which may possibly have contained the statement thus quoted in Sls. XII, 2:--' It says in the Sakadum that no one of them, that is an inattentive man who has no high-priest, attains to the best existence, not though his recitation should be so much that it has made his duty and good works as much as the verdure of the plants when it shoots forth in spring, the verdure which is given abundantly by Adharmazd.' Dk. VIII, Chap. XXXVIII, 3, refers to a passage which is thus quoted in Sls. X, 25:--When an action or an opinion comes forward, and one does not know whether it be a sin or a good work, when possible it is to be abandoned and not carried out by him, as it says in the Sakadum that Zaratust has not provided about anything whatever as regards everything, but three times it has been done by Zaratust about this duty, that is, so that the Avesta "The very long account of this Nask, in Dk. VIII, contains 4,129 Pahlavi words, from which the extent of its original text may be estimated in the same way as in the case of Nask XVII) at about 53,coo Avesta and 476,600 Pahlavi words. Digitized by Google

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480 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. and Zand, when made quite easy by any one, are for recitation, but are not to be mumbled, for, in mumbling, the portions of the Ahunavair are more chattering.' Dk. VIII, Chap. XXXVIII, 6, refers to the passage thus mentioned in Sls. XII, 12 :- Where a child is born, during three days, for protection from demons, wizards, and witches, a fire is to be made at night until daylight, and is to be maintained there by day, and pure incense is to be put upon it, as is revealed in the thirtieth 1 of the Sakadam.' Dk. VIII, Chaps. XXXVIII, 13, XLI, 19, refer to passages which seem both to be partially quoted in Farh. Oim, p. 38, 11. 4-10, thus :--The period is eagerly proclaimed in another place, as it says in the Sakadum thus :-"Thripithwo zi asti atars Ahurahe Mazdau hama, bipithwo aiwi-game, atha naro ashavano :--For thrice-supplied is the fire of Adharmazd in summer 2, twice in winter; so is the righteous man. (Whoever has become a depriver of food (atapdad) four times, which are successive, should be in doubtfulness as to unrestricted (aband) maintenance vikithremkid: without any publicity; as much as it is possible to see being the original minimum of any other)." Dk. VIII, Chap. XXXVIII, 33, refers to the passage which contained the statements thus quoted in Ep. I, viii, 1, 7:--'It is declared in the Sakadum, that the consecrated bull's urine, when it becomes That is, in one of the first thirty sections (see Dk. VIII, Chap. XXXVIII, 1). * Both K20 and MH6 have amat, though,' instead of pavan hamin. This first sentence corresponds with part of Chap. XLI, 19, and the following sentence with part of Chap. XXXVIII, 13. Digitized by Google

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EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 481 fetid, is to be stirred up', and they should not carry it forth so to the fire, so that the stench extends to the fire; because, if that stench extends to the fire, on account of the moisture and through carrying bodily refuse over and forth to the fire, it overwhelms it. And that which the Sakadam has declared is, specially, that one of the high-priests has individually said: "That stench is mentioned with reference to the occasion when a stench reaches it of a different kind from that which exists naturally in it." Dk. VIII, Chap. XLIII, 33, refers to the passage which contained the statements thus mentioned in Sls. XII, 10, XIII, 30:- 'In the twenty-two2 sections of the Sakadam grievous things are shown about those who do not make offerings unto the sacred beings.' And, again, 'while those nineteen (stanzas of Yas. XLVI) are our offering, which it says in the Sakadum should be my own, the strength and power of the sacred beings shall become more considerable, and the destroyer more perishable.' XIX. VENDIDAD Nask 8. The whole of this Nask (as described in Dk. VIII, Chap. XLIV) is still extant, and is considered by the writers of the Persian Rivayats to be a complete work. Its fragmentary character, which is obvious enough to European scholars, must, therefore, be 1 This statement is again mentioned in $ 6. * The last twenty-two (see Dk. VIII, Chap. XLI, 1). * The extent of this Nask appears to be the same now as it was in Sasanian times, and may be estimated at about 23,000 Avesta and 48,000 Pahlavi words. The moderately long account of it in Dk. VIII, contains 1,272 Pahlavi words. [37] Digitized by Google

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482 EXTANT FRAGMENTS, attributed, in all probability, to losses it sustained before the revival of Mazda-worship by the Sasanian dynasty. It is remarkable that the compiler of the account in the Dinkard makes no allusion to the twelfth fargard of the Vendidad, which is also omitted in all old MSS. of the Vendidad with Pahlavi that have been examined, although the copyists appear to have been aware of the existence of a twelfth fargard. XX. HADOKHT Nask 1. It is doubtful how much of this Nask is still extant. Traditionally, the two fragments published by Westergaard as Yt. XXI, XXII (excepting XXII, 37-42), and by Haug as Hn. I, II, III, are said to belong to this Nask; but no allusion to Hn. II, III can be found in the account given in Dk. VIII, Chap. XLV, and Hn. I can be traced in that account only by assuming that the Ahunavair is therein mentioned in SS 1) instead of its accompanying Ashem-vohu, as it appears to be in Hn. I, 4. In Yt. XI we also appear to have a form of the Srosh Yast derived from the Hadokht Nask, or used in the liturgy when that Nask was recited, and this Yast likewise refers (in SS 3) to the Ahunavair in similar terms to those used in Hn. I, 4. Dk. VIII, Chap. XLV, 1, refers to the passage which contained the statement about the Ahunavair already mentioned and also thus quoted in Sls. The short account of this Nask, in Dk. VIII, contains 295 Pahlavi words which, according to the proportions adopted in the case of Nask XIII, would represent about 8,400 Avesta and 17,400 Pahlavi words of original text. Digitized by Google

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EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 483 XII, 19:-- It says in the Hadokht that of the sayings which are spoken out the Ahunavair is that which is most triumphant.' Dk. VIII, Chap. XLV, 4, refers to the passage which probably contained the statements thus quoted in the Afrin-i Gahanbar, 14-19 (Sp.), concerning the righteous gifts to be given away, for the sake of the soul, at each of the six season-festivals :-- There is an Avesta witness manifest in the Hadokht from the passage (in the case of the Maidhyo-zaremaya festival): "Hazangrem maeshinam daenunam paitiputhranam naram ashaonam ashaya vanghuya urune para-daithyad, aevahe hatam kinmanahe yad ashahe vahistahe." During the other five festivals the gifts, instead of ewes, are to be cows, mares, camels, and all kinds of herds and seeds, respectively, as appears from the corresponding passages. All six passages, mingled with further Avesta text, occur in several MSS. of the Afringan-i Gahanbar (see the earlier part of each section of Af. Gah. 7-12, ed. Geldner). Dk. VIII, Chap. XLV, 9, probably refers to the passage which contained the statement thus quoted in Sd. XL, 4:- In the commentary of the Hadokht it says :-"Ma azaraydis, Zarathustra! ma Pourushaspem, ma Dughdhovam', ma aethrapaitis :- It is not desirable that thou, O Zaratust! shouldst distress thy father, or mother, or priest." Dk. VIII, Chap. XLV, 10, may possibly refer to 1 The orthography of these three Avesta names has been amended in accordance with the Persian version accompanying them, but all the four MSS. consulted have the first two in the genitive, and one MS. uses a masculine genitive form also for the third name. Ti 2 Digitized by Google

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484 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. the passage which contained a statement that is often partially quoted in Pahlavi colophons, and the Avesta text of which constitutes Yas. LXXII, II (Gld.); the first part of the statement, with a translation of its Pahlavi version, is here quoted from Mitro-apan's colophon to a volume of miscellaneous Pahlavi texts, usually called the Vistasp-shahnamak from the subject of its first text, and written A.D. 1322, in which the writer mentions the source from which he quotes; and the second part is taken from the same writer's colophon to the Yasna MS. K5, written thirteen months later, which is the only known authority for this part of the text:-In one passage of the Hadokht it is declared that Adharmazd spoke to Zaratust thus :-"Aevo pantau yo ashahe vispe anyaesham apantam :-one only is the way of righteousness, all those are no ways :angrahe mainyeus nasistam' daenam daevayasnanam paragitim mashyanam ? frakereitfm :which the evil spirit of the heretical demon-worshippers, the wizard, has forced on to mankind." Dk. VIII, Chap. XLV, 13, must refer to the passage which contained the statement thus mentioned in Sls. XIII, 10:--The fifteen stanzas of Ya-shyaothanas are for this reason, because it is given for the destruction of those fifteen fiends who are declared in the medical part of the Hadokht.' No allusion to the following seven passages, quoted from this Nask, has been noticed in Dk. VIII, Chap. XLV: In Sls. XII, 30, it is stated that 'in the Hadokht 1 Only the first and last letters of this word are clearly legible. * The first syllable is illegible. : Yas. XXXIV. Digitized by Google

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EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 485 it says that a woman who shall be reverent is to be considered as much as she who is suitable.' In Sls. XIII, 6, it is said that 'the twenty-two stanzas of Ta-ve-urvata are the twenty-two judgments of which it speaks in the Hadokht thus : "Anaomo mananghe daya vispai kva, kva pard ?Lodging in the judge, that while he has twenty-two judgments he may be more just." In Sd. XXII, 3, 4, it is stated that 'in the commentary of the Hadokht it says, that every one who performs intercession, and extracts anything from a person on their account, and conveys it to them is as much without dishonesty towards them, as he who may have given to them out of his own property. And in the spiritual existence they take account of that profit for him, and just as they make out the account of the good work of that person who may have given it, even so much is his good work.' In Vig. p. 12, it is said, with reference to Aharman, 'that he is a creature of Adharmazd is manifest from the Avesta of the Hadokht: "Data, Ahura spenta ! Mazdau." In Vig. Pp. 23-25, it is said that, 'if any one passes away from the bodily existence, as much of his wealth comes to his son, wife, and daughter as is declared by the Avesta of the Hadokht 2:--"Aad yezi avi he anguhe astvainti, Spitama Zarathustra!So if in that bodily existence, O Spitaman Zaratast ! --naram va nairinam va para-irithyaa,--of males or 1 Yas. XXXI. It is perhaps necessary to repeat that no attempt is made to correct the Avesta orthography, except in the case of a few obvious misprints. Digitized by Google

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486 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. females one expires,-kvad aetaesham yaunghuyanam avaretanam maethananamka vastranam paiti-raekyad, -however much of their wealth and things, houses and clothing he abandons (that is, he leaves such in this world)--avatha he hvato puthrem anghad, aevobaghem haka avaretanam nisrinuyad; aad yezi hvam nairika bavaiti, aevo-baghem paiti-nidadhaiti ; yezi dughdhram henti, naemem baghem fragasad :-in such a case, should there be a son of his, himself, one delivers up to him one share of the property; if the wife herself (that is, his privileged wife) exists, one gives up to her one share in it; if there are daughters, a half-share comes on to each of them.Aad yezika he naro irista hva hizva ukhdhem vakem nazdaska naro danghrem paiti-dyaeti, vispanam vakam ukhdhanamka avi yam astvaitim gaetham harethrem frabarad ;--So also, if that dead man gives over a verbal statement by his own tongue to the nearest wise man (that is, speaks his own will), all his words and statements, when in control of his bodily existence, one carries out (that is, one shall confer authority on his words) ;-yezi noid harethrem baraiti anaperetha haka shyaothana :-if one shall not confer the authority, he becomes an unpardonable sinner (owing to doing this deed; that is, the person who, when there is a will, does not carry it out).--Avad yad he naro irista aputhrai anghad, upa he puthrem fradadhad, Spitama Zarathustra ! yahmad haka puthrd haom urvanem Kinvad peretum vidharyad :-So when that dead man is without a son (that is, there is no son of his), one gives forth the share over to the son, O Spitaman Zaratust! by whom, as a son (that is, an adopted son), they pass on the man's own soul from that Digitized by Google

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EXTANT FRAGMENTS. 487 Kinvad bridge (that is, it departs by the passage of the bridge). In Vig. p. 83, it is said that "hair from an ox or a horse is suitable, as it is declared by the Hadokht: "Geus va aspahe va varesa." In Vig. pp. 144, 145, it is said, with reference to announcing the name of the deceased during the celebration of the Srosh Yast after a death, that 'it is declared by the Avesta of the Hadokht:"Yezi nard mazdayasno haka gaethabyo parairithyeiti, aad he nama hadha pito frageurvayad; yezi nairika para-irithyeiti, kad yad he nama hadha pathano uzgeurvayad, Spitama Zarathustra! aetem vakem ni antare mazdayasnanam frasastayad :If a man who is a Mazda-worshipper passes away from the worldly existence, in such a case one holds out his name with that of his father; and if it be a woman who passes away, in such a case one upholds whatever is her name with that of her husband, o Spitaman Zaratust! one shall further bless this statement (that is, its being reverenced is important) among the Mazda-worshippers, (do thou proclaim and further bless this statement)."'. XXI. STOD-YAST Nask 1. It has been already shown, in Dk. VIII, Chap. XLVI, 1 n, that the whole of this Nask is probably still extant in the Yasna and Visperad. About half of the present Yasna appears to consist of five-sixths of this Stod-yast, to which have been added three ? The actual extent of those portions of the Yasna and Visperad which appear to have constituted this Nask, may be estimated at about 12,500 Avesta and 22,400 Pahlavi words. Digitized by Google

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488 EXTANT FRAGMENTS. fargards of the Bako (Nask III), with the Hom and Srosh Yasts, extracted probably from the Bakanyast (Nask XIV), and the greater part of the Atas and Aban Nyayises; the whole collection being provided with an introductory and concluding ritual, compiled from other sources, to form the complete ceremonial liturgy of the present Yasna. There appears to be no sufficient evidence, either internal or external, for ascribing this collection of the liturgy to so late a date as the end of the ninth century, when the compilation of the Dinkard was completed. It is therefore safer, for the present, to assume that the Stod-yast existed for a long period as a separate Nask (the form described by the Dinkard), even after the greater part of its text had been incorporated with others to form the collected liturgy now known as the Yasna. Besides the fragments which are specially attributed to particular Nasks, there are also a few writings which closely resemble the Nasks, or their fragments, in general character, but which can hardly be traced to their actual source by means of the accounts given in the Dinkard. Thus, the Aogemadaeka might perhaps be supposed to have been extracted from the Baris (see Dk. VIII, Chap. IX, 18), if it did not contain a few Avesta quotations from the Yasna, Vendidad, and Yasts. While the quotations from the Ashem-staota, given in Vig. pp. 89, 90, 125-129, 177, 178, are difficult to trace, owing to the name of their source. Digitized by Google

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INDEX. Digitized by Google

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OBSERVATIONS. The references are to the pages of the introduction and extant fragments, and to the books, chapters, and sections of the translations; the chapters being denoted by the larger ciphers. The letters ch. stand for chapter, com, for commentator, Dk. for Dinkard, Dv. for Din-vigirgard, Fr. for Fragments, Int. for Introduction, lun. man. for lunar mansion, m. for mountain, meas. for measure, n for foot-note, Riv. for Rivayat, and Zs. for Selections of Zadsparam. Digitized by Google

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INDEX. Abalis, man, Int. 33; Dk. IV, 2 n. Aban ngayis, Dk.IX,48,7n; Fr.488. Achaemenians, Dk. VIII, 13, 16 n. Ad-fravakhshya ch., Dk. ix, 15, 1; 38, 1; 60, 1. Ad-ma-yava ch., Dk. IX, 19, 1; 42, 1 ; 64, 1. Ad-ta-vakhshoa ch.. Dk. ix, 7, 1; 30, 1; 52, 1. Aerpatistan ch., Dk. VIII, 28, 1; Fr. 477. Aeshm, demon, Dk. VIII, 9, 3 n; IX, 9, 1 n; 21, 4 n; 22, 5, 6; 29, 9; 89, 8; 41, 18. Aethrapaitis ch., Dk. ix, 24, 1. Aezemno, man, Dk. IX, 33, 5. Afarg, com., Fr. 472. Afringan, Riv. IV, 23; Dv, 23; Fr. 483. Afrin-i Gahanbar, Fr. 483. Agerept sin, Dk. VIII, 20, 65 n; 31, 39. Agoyost, meas., Dk. VIII, 20, 19. Aharisvang, angel, Int. 33 n; Dk. VIII, 9, 3; IX, 34, 3, 11; 30, 14; 43, 6. Aharman, Dk. IX, 30, 4; 31, 3, 4; 89, 14; 53, 2, 3; 56, 4; 69, 26 n, 39; Zs. 8 n; Dv. 4, 8, 19, 21; Fr. 485. Ahu, Fr. 456, 457. Ahum-stad, man, Dk. III, 197, 6 n. Ahunavair, Int. 29, 40; Dk. VIII, 1, 7, 18, 19; 2, 3 n; 4, 1 n; 44, 51 n, 81; 45, 1; 46, 1, 2 n; 1X, 2, 3 n, 17-19; 3, in; 19, 2, 6-9; 24, 18; 25, i n; 33, 5; 47, 3-4, 9, 11; Zs. 1-4,7n; Fr. 453-455, 459, 463 n, 464, 482, 483. Ahunavaiti gatha, Zs, a n, 3. Airan-shah, man, Int. 35. Airan-veg, land, Dk. IX, 12, 3; 16, 13, 14 n; 20, 3; 58, 20 n. Airik, man, Int. 35; prince, Dk. VIII, 13, 9, 1o. Airman, angel, Dk. VIII, 44, 80. Airman supplication, Dk. VII, 44, 81; IX, 46, 1, 2. Airya, tribe, Dk. viii, 13, 15 n. Airyaman ch., Dk. IX, 23, 1; 46, I ; 68, 1; Zs. 4, 7 n, 9. Aiwisrathrim gah, Dk. IX, 9, 10. Akatash, demon, Dk. IX, 9, 1. Akht, man, Dk. IX, 44, 14. Akomano, demon, Dk. VIII, 9, 3 n; IX, 21, 4 n; 30,8; 32, 3 n; 41, 13; 69, 21. Albur'z m., Dk. IX, 20, 3; 82,4,7. Alexander the Great, Int. 31; Dk. VIII, 1, 21; 8,10; 9,in; 10, in; 11, in; 13, 16 n; IV, 23 n; Riv. II, 8-11; III, 9-12; IV, 12, 21, 23; Dv. 8-12, 20, 22, 23. Al-Mamun, khalifah, Int. 33; Dk. IV, a n. Amurdad, angel, Dk. IX, 8, in; 19, 1; 31, 25; 34, 9; 95, 21; 41, 17; 43, 3; 61, 10; 84, 4; 69, 22. Anahar, demon, Dk. VIII, 9, 3 n. Anahita, angel, Dk. IX, 24, 3 n. Andar, demon, Dk. IX, 9, 1; 32, 3 n. See Indar. Angra-mainyu, Dk. IX, 21, 4 n. Anoshak-ruban, man, Int. 36, 38. Aogemadaeka, book, Fr. 488. Arabs, Int. 31, 39; Dk. VIII, 13, 16 n. Aratestaristan ch., Dk. VIII, 26, 1; Zs. 5. Ard, angel, Dk. VIII, 9, 3 n. Arda-fravard, book, Dv. 23. Ardavahist, day, DE. VIII, 20, 22. Arda Viraf, man, Dk. IX, 45, 4 n. Aredas sin, Dk. VIII, 20, 64, 65 n; 31, 39; IX, 12, 15. Arekdviksur, angel, Dk. IX, 24, 3, II. Aresh, demon, Dk, IX, 30, 4, 5; 31, 6-10. Digitized by Google

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492 PAHLAVI TEXTS. 20, 22. Arezraspah, priest, Dk. IX, 21, 24; IV, 22. Ar gasp, king, Dk. VIII, 11, 4; IX, 61, 12; IV, 21. Ar'gistan ch., Dk. VIII, 25, 1. Armaiti, angel, Fr. 463 n. Armat, angel, Dk. IX, 84, p. Artakhshatar, king, Int. 31; Dk. IV, 25, 26. Arum, land, Dk. IV, 26. Ardman, Dv. . Arumans, Int. 31; Dk. IV, 24. Ashavahist, angel, Dk. VIII, 37, 14; IX, 9, 1 n, 8; 30,14; 44, 12; 89, 46; Zs. 9; Dk. IV, 10, 12. Ashavazd, man, Dk. IX, 16, 17. Ashem, Fr. 452. Ashem-staota, book, Fr. 488. Ashem-vohu ch., Dk. IX, 3, 1; 26, 1; 48, 1; formula, Dk. VIII, 2, 5n; 45, in; IX, 9, 3n; 19, 6-8; 23,6 n; Zs. 9n; Fr. 482. Ashem-yahmai-usta, man, Dk. ix, 39, 20 n. Ashi, angel, Dk. VIII, 9, 3 n. Askan, Dk. IV, 24. Askanians, Dk. viii, 13, 16 n. Askaram nask, Dk. VIII, 38, in; Riv, II, 19; III, 20; IV, 20; Dv. 19. Asnavand m., Dk. IX, 12, 5 n. Aspandiarji, priest, Int. 36. Asparam nask, DK. VIII, 28, in; Riv. II, 17; III, 18; IV, 18; Dv. 17. Aspikan, Dk. IX, 21, 11. Astad, angel, Dk. IX, 9, 6; 20, 4; Fr. 471. Ast-vidad, demon, Dk. IX, 12, 17; 16, 1, 2; 23, i n. Asuristan, land, Int. 33. Atarevakhsh, priest, Dk. IX, 83, 5. Atas-nyayis, Dk. IX, 43, 7 n; Fr. Athwyo, man, Dk. VIII, 13, 8 n. Atur-farnbag, priest, Int. 31-34; Dk. IV, 2. Atarpad-1 Hemedan, Int. 32-35, 38. - iMaraspendan, Int. 33, 34, 40, 42; Dk. VIII, 1, 22; 13, 18; iX, 8, 4; 89, 13 n; IV, 27. - i Zaratustan, Dk. viii, 1, 7 n. Atur-patakan, 'land, Dk. '1X, 12, 50, Aldak, woman, Dk. IX, 21, 4. Adharmazd, Dk. VIII, 1, 1, 7 n; 2, 2; 8, 4; 10, 3; 11, 3; 13, 16; 14, 3; 15, 1; 20, 114, 129, 158; &c.; creator, Dk. VIII, 9, 19; u, 2; 13, 1; 16, 4; 87, 16; 43, 32; IX, 1, 1; 9, 9, 10; 12, 4; 18, 8; 21, 20, 21, 24, 19; 29, 9, 12; 81, 4, 13; 34,9; 85, 21; 88, 6, 8; 43, 2; 44,8; 45, 8; 47, 1, 4, 13; 50,1; 53, 10, 25; 58,13; 61, 13; 63,6; 64, 8; 89, 56; false account of origin, Dk. ix, 30, 4; lord, Dk. VIII, 27,11; speaks, Dk. IX, 11, 12; 12, 2, 24; 20, 4n; 24, 4, 13, 17; 27,1; 28, 4, 5; 29, 6, 11; 30, 7; 32, 3, 25; 33, 1; 84, t; 35, 19, 23, 25; 37, i, n; 44, 1; 61, 1; 84, 12; 66, 1; 69, 5, 11, 18, 21, 24, 25, 34; III, 7, 1, 3-5. Adharmazd day, Int. 35; Dk. VIII, - king, Dk. IV, 27. Adshahin gah, Dk. Ix, 9, 6. Aushedar, apostle, Int. 32; Dk. VIII, 14, 12, 13; IX, 30, 10 n; 41, 6. A shedar-mah, apostle ; Dk. VIII, 14, 13, 14; IX, 36, 10 n; 41, Adzaerin gah, Dk. IX, 9, 9. A uzobo, king, Dk. VIII, 13, 11. Avan day, Int. 36. Avarethrabau, priest, Dk. VIII, 13, 18. Avenak, lun. man., Int. 46. Avesta, Int. 31, 32, 38-42, 44; Dk. VIII, 7, 2; 16, 11 ; 26, 24; 27,11; 29, 1, 4, 25 n; 42,6; 44,81; IX, 14, 4 n; 24, in, 16 n; 43, 7; IV, 26, 31, 36; Riv. II, 1; III, 1; IV, 1, 21, 23; Dv. 23; Fr. 454, 458,466, 467, 474, 175, 477, 483-485, 487, 488; - and Zand, Int. 31; Dk. VIII, 6, 1; 12,1; 20, 69; IX, 31, 32, 33, 20; IV, 23, 24, 34; Riv. III, a; Dv. 1, 23; Fr. 462, 479; - legends, Dk. VIII, 13, 16 n; --lore, Dk. IX, 46, 1;- quoted, Dk. VIII, 1, 7n; 17,6 n; 18,5 n; 19, 10; 20, 7 n, 19 n, 74 n; 22, 16 n; 85, 13 n; 44, 65 n, 80 n; IX, 3, in; 4, in; 12, 3n; 68, 1; 69, 25, 51, 54; Fr. 461, 462, 488, Digitized by Google

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INDEX. 493 IX, 32, 10 n; 47,2 n; Riv. IV, 23; Dv. 23; Fr. 465. Batal, book, Dv, 6. 471, 472, 474, 475, 478, 480, 483-487. Avigeh-din, book, Int. 36. Avoirist sin, Dk. VIII, 20, 65 n; 31, 39. Ayazem, man, Dk. IX, 83, 5 n. Az-i Dahak, king, Dk. VIII, 35, 13; IX, 10, 3; 21, 11-13, 16, 18, 20, 21. Azo, demon, Dk, IX, 82, 3 n. Caspian sea, Dk. VIII, 13, 9n; IX, 16, 14 n; 22, 4 n, 9 n. Ch in Oriental words is printed K. Bagh nask, Dk. VIII, 4, in; Riv. 1; II, 4; III, 5; IV, 5; Dv. 4. Baghan-yast nask, Dk. VIII, 15, in; Riv. II, 15; III, 16; IV, 16; Dv. 15. Bahman Pangyah, man, Dk. VIII, 2, an; IX, 2, 3 n; Riv, I; Fr. 451. Bahman Yast, Fr. 452. Bahram I, king, Dk. IX, 39, 1; n. Bakan, DK, IX, 47, 2, 9, 11; 48, 1; Fr. 453. Bakan-yast nask, Int. 40, 41, 43, 45; Dk. VIII, 1, 11, 12, 16 n; 15, 1; Fr. 470, 471, 488. Bakdad, Int. 33. Bako nask, Int. 43-45; Dk. VIII, 1, 9, 12; 4, 1, 2; 46, in; IX, 47, 2; 50, 2; 69, in; Zs. 4 n; Fr. 451 n, 453, 461, 463, 464. Barazak, man, Dk. IX, 16, 18. Baris nask, Int. 43, 45; Dk. VIII,1, 10, 12; 9, 1, 30; Riv. 1 ; II, 9; III, 10; IV, 10; Dv. 9; Fr. 467, 488. Barmayun, ox, Dk. IX, 21, 22; 22, Barsom, Dk. IX, 43, 7 n. Bartarush, man, Dk. VIII, 35, 13 n. Barza Kamdin, priest, Riv. o n. - Qiyamu-d-din, priest, Riv. IV, Bavafral, book, Riv. II, 6; IV, 7. Bayan-yast nask, Int. 45 ni Dk. VIII, 16, in; Riv. 1. Bazai sin, Dk. VIII, 31, 39. Bevarasp, title, Dk. IX, 21, 7. Bodok-varst sin, Dk. VIII, 19, 1n. Bodok-zed sin, Dk. VIII, 19, in; * 84, 11 n. Bombay, Int. 36, 37. Bradrok-resh, man, Dk. VIII, 36, 13 n. Bundahis, book, Dk. VIII, 5, 5n; Dad nask, Dk. VIII, 12, 1 n; Riv. I. Dadik men, Dk. VIII, 1, 5 n. Dabak, king, Dk. VIII, 13, 8, 9; IX, 5, 2; 15, 2; 16, 17 n; 21, 1, 2, 8-10. Dahisn-aiyyar, man, Int. 35. Dahman afrin, Dk. IX, 22, 1, 2. Daiti peak, Dk. IX, 20, 3. Damdad nask, Int. 43, 45; Dk. VIII, 1, 10, 12, 16 n; 6, 1,5 n; Riv. 1; Fr. 465. Darai, king, Dk. IV, 23. Darmesteter, Prof., Int. 39 n; Dk. VIII, 16, 8 n; 44, 33 n; IX, 24, 17 n; Zs. 5 n; Dk. III, 187, 6 n. Darun, book, Riv. IV, 23; Dv. 23. Dashmest, meas., Dk. VIII, 20, 19. Dastanik, man, Dk. IX, 15, a. Davans, man, Fr. 469. Dayan, priest, Dk. IX, 84, 17 n. Day-watches, Dk. VIII, 7, 10; 29, 9; 43, 38; 45, 4, 8; IX, 9, 6 n-son. Den day, Int. 34. Dimavand m., Dk. IX, 15, a n; 18, 17 n; 21, 1o n. Dinkard, book, Int. 29, 30, 33-39, 41, 43, 46; Dk. VIII, 1, 5 n, aon; 13, 18 n; 14, 4; 44, 51 n; IX, 47, z n; 69, in; Zs. on; Dk. III, 197,6 n; IV, Din-vigirgard, book, Dk. VIII, 2, 3 n; Dv. o n. Drvaspa, angel, Dk. IX, 16, 3 n. Daghdavo, woman, Dv. 13 ; Fr. 469, 483. Durasrob, man, Dk. VIII, 35, 13 n. Duvasarogad nask, Dk. VIII, 21, 1 n; Riv. I, III, 19. Duvasaronigad nask, Dk. VIII, 21, in; Riv. II, 18. Duvasarozad nask, Dv. 18. Duvasrob nask, Dk. VIII, 21, I n; Riv. IV, 19. Dvazdah-hamast nask, Dk. VIII, 5, Digitized by Google

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494 PAHLAVI TEXTS. In; Riv. II, 5; III, 6; IV, 6; Gathic men, Dk. VIII, 1, 5 n; IX, Dv. 5. 69, 4. - nasks, Int. 40-42; Dk. VIII, Erdishir, man, Int. 35, 36. 1, 5, 9, 13, 15-17; IX, 2, 2n; Ezekiel, book, Int. 39 n. 24, 1 n; 47,2n; Zs. 2, 3; Dk. Eznik, Dk. IX, 30, 4 n. III, 7, 1; 161, 1, 2; 165, 1, 2, 4, 5; 197, 6. Fargard, ch., Dk. VIII, 1, 20, 33; Gayomard, man, Dk. VIII, 18, 1; 28, 7; IX, 1, 2; 23, 7; Zs. 6. IX, 32, 9, 10 n; 58, 18; Fr. Farhang-i Oim-aevak, book, Int. 30; 454, 456, 460. Dk. VIII, 16, 8n; 17, 6n; Geldner, Prof., Dk. VIII, 1, 7n; 19, 1 n, 54 n; 20, 19 n, 64 43, in; IX, 31, 6 n. n, 74 n;22, 16 n; 31, 39 n; Ges, man, Dk. IX, 23, 6. 88, 13 ; 41, 19 n; Fr. 472, Geurva, man, Dk. ix, 28, 2. 480. Goharikistan ch., Dk. VIII, 80, 1. Farukho-zad, priest, Int. 31, 32, 34; Gokerend plant, Dk. VIII, 44, 80 ; Dk. IV, 2. IX, 58, 20 D. Favamigasan, book, Riv. II, 6. G6k-pato, chief, Dk. IX, 16, 14. Favamsa'han, book, Riv, IV, 7. Ges day, Int. 38. Firdausi, man, Dk. VIII, 13, 12 n. Gos-aurvan, angel, Dk. IX, 16, 3; Fomalhaut, star, Fr. 474 n. 29, 1, 3-6, 8-10; 51, 1; 69, Frabardar, priest, Dk. IX, 33, 5; 46; III, 7, 5. 49, 7 n. Greek language, Int. 31. Fradadafsh, region, Dk. IX, 21, 24n. Greeks, Dk. iv, 24 n. Fradakhshto, man, Dk. IX, 16, 16. Guardian spirits, Dk. VIII, 7, 11-13, Franamam, creed, Dk. IX, 31, 6. 23; IX, 12, 21; 22,10 n; Riv. Frashostar, man, Dk. VIII, 29, 25 II, 7; III, 8; Dv. 7. n; 38, 68; IX, 21, 24; 22, 2 Gushisn-ayar, man, Int. 38. n; 24, 17; 28, 5; 42, 8; 44, Gusn-asp fire, Dk. IX, 12, 5. 17; 45, 3; 64, 4; 69, 58; III, Gustasp, king, Riv. II, 11; III, 13; 7, 1; IV, 22. IV, 12; Dv.11; - man, Int. 36. Frasiyav, king, Dk. VIII, 13, 11, 12 n; IX, 16, 14 n; 23, 5. Gamasp, priest, Dk. VIII, 29, 25 n; Fravash, book, Riv. IV, 23. 38, 68; IX, 21, 34 n; 24, 17; Fravashi, see Guardian spirits. Fredan, king, Dk. VIII, 13, 8, 9; Gamshed, king, Dk. VIII, 13, 6 n. IX,5, 2; 15, a n; 21, 8, 10, 11, Geshmak, man, Dk. VIII, 86, 13 n. 17, 18, 20-22, 24. Girast nask, Dk. VIII, 13, in; Riv. Fryanaks, family, Dk. IX, 89, 20. 11, 14; III, 15; IV, 15. Gud-dev-dad pask, Dk. VIII, 44,in; Gahanbar, see Season-festival. Riv. I; III, 31. Ganaba-sar-nigad nask, Int. 41, 43, Gardai-zaritunistan ch., Zs. 5. 45; Dk. VIII, 1, 11, 12; 21, 1; Fr. 476. Ha, ch., Dk. VIII, 1, 20, 23; IX, 1, Gandarep, monster, Dk. IX, 15, 2. 2; 2, 2n; Zs. 6, 7 n. Garshasp, king, Dk. VIII, 13, 120. Hadha-mathric lore, Dk. VIII, 1, 7. Gathas, hymns, Dk. VIII, 3, 2, 4; -- men, Dk. VIII, 1, 5 n. 20, 162; 44, 81; 46, 1, 2; -- nasks, Int. 43, 44, 46; Dk. IX, 6, 1-3; 17,8; 18, 1; 80, VIII, 1, 5, 10, 13, 15, 16; Zs. 2, 12; 41, 27 n; 48, 7n; 47, an, 3; Dk. III, 161, 1, 2; 165, 1, 9; 68, 1; 69, in; Zs. on, 2, 4, 5; 197, 6. 2-9; Dk. III, 7, 2, 5; Fr. 454. Hadokht nask, Int. 40, 43, 45; Dk. Gathic days, Dk. VIII, 7, 11, 23. VIII, 1, 9, 12, 16; 20, 162; 45, - lore, Dk. VIII, 1, 7, 17; IX, 1, 12, 14; Zs. 6; Riv. I; II, 5, 7; 23, 6; 55, 1; Fr. 457, 21; III, 22 ; IV, 32; Dv, 21; 459, 461. Fr. 482-487. 42, 9. Digitized by Google

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INDEX. 495 Ist Odgar nask, Dk. VIII, 2, in; Riv. III, 3. Isvand, priest, Dk. IX, 33, 5. I in Oriental words is printed G. Tamaspji Minochibarji, Dastur, Int. 36. Jeremiah, book, Int. 39 n. Hakidakanistan ch., Dk. VIII, 89, 1. Hamaspadmedem gah, Fr. 475. Hamemalistan ch., Dk. VIII, 19, 1. Haoist, man, Dk. IX, 23, 2. Hasar of distance, DK. Vill, 20, 19, 78, 100 n; 22, 18; - of time, DK. VIII, 19, 54; 20, 68, 99; 82, 18. 'Hast nask, Dk. VIII, 12, 1n; Riv. II, 12 ; III, 13; IV Haug, Prof., Int. 29, 30; Dk. VIII, 1,7n; Fr. 482. Havan gah, Dk. IX, 9, 7 Havanan, priest, Dk. IX, 88, 5. Hindak, Int. 46. Hindus, Dk. IV, 26. Holy-water, Dk. VIII, 7, 1; 26, 24 ; 29, II, 98, 9; 44, 41; IX, 82, 4, 7; 69, 24. Hom, angel Bk. ix, 48, 6; III, 7, in. - juice, Dk. VIII, 38, 7. - plant, Dk. VIII, 44, 80; IX, 58, 20 n. - yast, Fr. 488. Hoshang, king, Dk. VIII, 13, 5, 6, 8. - man, Dk. IX, 16, 16 n. Hoshangji Jamaspji, Dastur, Int. 37. HQmai, queen, Dk. ix, 22, 2. Humstuv, man, Dk. IX, 33, 5. Hushedar, apostle, Riv. IV, 23. See Allshedar. Hasparam nask, Int. 41, 43, 45; Dk. VIII, 1, 11, 12; 28, 1; Riv. I ; Fr. 473, 474, 476-479. Hatos, queen, Dk. IX, 45, 5. Hvaetumaiti ch., Dk. Ix, , 1; 32, 1; 54, 1. Hvobas, DK. IX, 21, 24; 45, 3. Hvobo, Dk. IX, 44, 17. Hvov, Dk. VIII, 29, 25. Kadmis, Int. 36. Kad-moi-urva ch., Dk. IX, 20, 1; 43, 1; 65, 1. Kai, Dk. IX, 20, 3, 4; 89, 19; 44, 14, 15. See Kik. Kai-Apiveh, prince, Dk. IX, 28, a. Kai-Karad, king, Dk. IX, 23, 2 n. - Khusroi, king, Dk. VIII, 13, 14, 15n; IX, 12, 5 n; 16, 19; 22, Ion, 11, 12; 23, 1, 2, 4-6; 58, 10. - Laharasp, king, Dk. VIII, 13, 15. - Qubad, king, Dk. VIII, 18, 12 n. Kaityok-zed sin, Dk. VIII, 19, 1 n. Kai-Us, king, Dk. VIII, 13, 8 n, 13, 14 n; IX, 82, 4-6, 8, 9, 12; 29, 2n. Kai-Vistasp, king, Int. 31; Dk. VIII, 11, 1, 2; 18,15; IX, 24, 5, 17; 39, 22; 41, 5; 44, 16; 69, 26, 58. See Vistasp. Kamah Bahrah, man, Riv. II, o. Kamnamaeza ch., Dk. IX, 16, 1; 39, 1; 61, 1. Kangdez, land, 'Dk. IX, 16, 15; 41, 6 n. Kapamagan, book, Dv. 6. Karap, Pk. VIII, 35, 13 ; IX, 29, 3; 82, 23; 39, 19; 44, 15; 59, 33. Kaskaniz nask, Dk. VIII, 10, i n; Riv. IV, 1. Kaskasirah nask, Dk. VIII, 10, 10; Riv. II, 10. Kaskisrobo nask, Int. 43, 45; Dk. VIII, 1, 10, 12; 9, 20; 10, 1; Fr. 467. Kassrob nask, Dk. VIII, 10, in; Riv. 1 ; III, 11 ; Dv. 10. Kausji Rustamji, Dastur, Int. 36. Kavi-Kavad, king, Dk. VIII, 13, 12, 13, 15 n. Kavulistan, land, Dk. IX, 16, 17 n. Kayans, Dk. VIII, 13, 12; 1x, 16, 19; 22, 7, 9; 24, 3, 11; Fr. 461. Indar, demon, Dk. IX, 21, 40; 32, 3. See Andar. Iran, Int. 31, 32, 36; Dk. VIII, 1, 20, 21 ; 11, in; 19, 10-12, 15; 20, 119; 26, 32 ; 87, 26, 50 ; 88, 30; IX, 8, 5; 16, 15 n, 17 n; 21, 17 n; 28, 3; 41, 6 n; 43, 4; IV, 24, 30. Iranians, Dk. viii, 1, 5n; 8, a n; 20, 26, 152; 34, 8; 31, 50; 88, 61; 44, 37; IX, 23, a. Isfendiyar, man, Riv. I n; prince, Dk. IX, 22, 4 n. Digitized by Google

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496 PAHLAVI TEXTS. Keresasp, man, Dk. VIII, 13, 12; 85, 13 n; IX, 15, 1-4; 16, 17 n; 28, 6; Fr. 453. Khor sin, Dk. VIII, 31, 39; IX, 12, 15; Fr. 472, 473. Khshmaibya ch., Dk. IX, 6, 1; 29, 1; 51, 1. Khumbik, Dk. IX, 16, 16. Khurdad, angel, Dk. IX, 9, in; 19, 1; 81, 25; 34, 9; 35, 21; 41, 17; 43, 2; 61, 10; 64, 4; 69, 21; month, Int. 36. Khurdah Avesta, Riv. IV, 23. Khusrdi-i Kavadan, king, int. 42; Dk. IV, on, 28. Khast nask, Dv. 12. Khvaniras, region, Dk. VIII, 8, 2; 13, 2, 4, 8 n, 9, 14; IX, 16, 12; 21, 17, 24; IV, 22, 31. Khyon, Dk. Vili, 11, 4. Kielhorn, Prof., Int. 37. Kik, Dk. VIII, 35, 13 n; IX, 32, 23; 53, 33. Kubad, man, Int. 35. Kekast lake, Dk. IX, 12, 5 n; 23, 5. Kidah Vagarkardan, book, Riv. IV, 23. Kidrast nask, Dk. VIII, 18, in; Riv. I. Kinistan, land, Dk. IX, 16, 14 n. Kinvad bridge, Dk. VIII, 14, 8; 24, 10 n; 29, 1 n; IX, 16, 3 ; 20, 3, 4; 49, 8n; 61, 9; 63, 2; Dv. 5; Fr. 455, 487. Kitradad nask, Int. 40, 41, 43, 45; Dk. VIII, 1, 11, 12, 16 n; 18, 1; Fr. 468. Kitrag-miyan, prince, Dk. IX, 41, 6. Law, Dk. VIII, 1, 5, 7, 16, 17; Zs. 2, 3; Dk. II1, 7, 4; 181, 1, 2; 185, 1, 5. Legal nasks, Int. 43-45; Dk. VIII, 1, 11, 13; III, 161, 1, 2; 165, 3, 4, 5; 197, 6. Madigan-i gugastak Abalis, book, Int. 33; Dk. IV, a n. Magian men, Dk. IX, 69, 58 ; IV, 31. Magianship, Dk. IX, 69, 58. Magian statements, Dk. IV, 34. Mah-rd, Dk. IX, 43, 7 n. Mah-vindad, man, Int. 34-36, 38. Maidok-mah, man, Dk. IX, 24, 1, 17; 44, 19; 45, 2 n. Maidok-zarem, season, Dk. VIII, 38, 7. Manih, heretic, Dk. IX, 39, 13; 69, 3 n. Mansarspend, angel, Dk. IX, 12, 16; 89, 8. Manuskihar, king, Dk. VIII, 18, 10, II 1, 12, 18; IX, 85, 13; Fr. 468. Mar'zapan, man, Int. 35. Mashya, man, DE. VIII, 13, 1; 81, 30. Mashydi, woman, Dk. VIII, 18, 1; 81, 30. Mathra, Zs. 3; Dk. III, 7, 1-5. Mathra-spenta, Dk. VIII, 1, 5 n. Mazdak, heretic, Int. 42; Dk. IX, 82, 17 n; 53, 30; IV, 28 n. Mazendaran, land, Dk. VIII, 18, 9; IX, 16, 17 n; 21, 17-21, 23, 24; 22, 4 n. Mazonik demons, Dk. IX, 22, 4. Mithaokhta, demon, Dk. IX, 21, 4 n. Mitro, angel, Dk. VIII, 44, 16; IX, 9, 7; 20, 4, 5; 92, 1; 28, 3; 89, 9; month, Int. 38. Mitro-apan, man, Int. 34, 35, 38; Fr. 484. Modi library, Fr. 470 n. Mouth-veil, Dk. VIII, 44, 65. Muhammadan, Int. 38, 39, Dk. IX, 82,17 n. Mulla Bahman, Int. 36. - Behram, Int. 36. - Firuz, Int. 36. Nadar nask, Int. 39, 43, 45; Dk. VIII, 1, 10, 12; 6, 1; Riv. II, 6; III, 7; IV, 7; Fr. 466. Nadar nask, Dk. VIII, 6, 1 n; Riv. 1; Dv. 6. Naremahan, man, Int. 34, 35, 38. Nareman Hoshang, man, Riv. III, o. Naunghaithya, demon, Dk. IX, 21, 4 n. Nausari, town, Int. 37. Nero, emperor, Dk. IV, 24 n. Neryosang, angel, Dk. IX, 22, 10 12, Nikadom nask, Int. 41, 43, 45; Dk. VIII, 1, 11, 12, 16, 1; Fr. 470-475. Nirangistan ch., Int. 44, 45; Dk. VIII, 29, 1; Fr. 468, 476, 477. Nivik, man, Dk. IX, 16, 2. Niyadam nask, Dk. VIII, 18, i n; Riv, I. Digitized by Google

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INDEX. 497 Niyaram nask, Dk. VIII, 16, i n; Riv. II, 16; 111, 17; IV, 17; Dv. 16. Niyaz, demon, Dk. 1X, 21, 4 n. Nodar, man, Dk. VIII, 18, 18; IX, 33, 5. Ordeal, Dk. VIII, 19, 38; 20, 12, 14-16, 19, 33, 38, 40-42, 54-56, 66, 67, 130; 32, 1; 38, 64; 42, 3-6; IX, 17, 8; 40, 11, 12; 53, 5-8; Zs. 5; Fr. 477. Oxus, river, Dk. IX, 16, 14 n. Rapithwin gah, Dk. IX, 9, 8; Fr . 477. Rashna, angel, Dk. VIII, 20, 153 157, 158; 22, 23; 44, 16; 1) 9, 6; 39, 10; Fr. 471. Raspi, priest, Dk.'VIII, 7, 5, 9; 8, 3; 89, 1, 5, 13. Ratanji-shah, man, Int. 36. Ratu, Fr. 456, 457. Ratustayi nask, Dk. VIII, 8, in; Riv. I; II, 8; III, 9; IV, 9; Dv. 8. Reshistan ch., Dk. VIII, 18, 1. Rog-veh, man, Int. 35. Romans, Dk. IV, 24 n, 26 n. Raman, Riv. IV, 23; Dv. 22. Rustam, hero, Dk. IX, 22, 4 n. Rastam, man, Int. 35, 36, 38. Rustamji Kaikobadji, Dastur, Int. 37. Padramgas, lun. man., Int. 46. Pagag nask, Int. 43, 45; Dk. VIII, 1, 10, 12; 7, 1; Fr. 466. Pagam nask, Dk. VIII, 7, in; Riv. II, 7; III, 8; IV, 8; Dv. 7. Pagon nask, Fr. 466. Pakino nask, Zs. 3. Papak, man, Int. 31; Dk. IV, 25. Parasang, meas., Dk. VIII, 20, 100. Par darsh bird, Dk. VIII, 44, 69. Parshad-gavo, chief, Dk. IX, 24, 17. Parsi year, Int. 35, 36, 38. Pasus-hadrvastan ch., Dk. VIII, 28, I; Zs. 5. Patkar-radistan ch., Dk. VIII, 16, 2; Zs. 5. Pat-sr8bo, king, Dk. VIII, 13, 9. Pazun nask, Dk. VIII, 7, in; Riv. I. Pehshotand, prince, Dk. IX, 16, 15; 41,6 n; Riv. IV, 23. Pesandas, Pesansih, or Pesgansai, land, Dk. IX, 16, 17 n. Pesanigas, land, Dk. IX, 21, 20. Pesdadian, Dk. VIII, 13, 5. Peshotanji Behramji, Dastur, Int. 37; Fr. 470 n. Pesinas, land, Dk. IX, 16, 17. Pisin valley, Dk. IX, 16, 17 n. Poona, town, Int. 37. Porudakhshto, man, Dk. IX, 16, 17. Porukast, woman, Dk. IX, 45, 3 n, 4. Pourushaspa, man, Fr. 483. Ptolemeds, Int. 46. Sacerdotal leadership, Dk. VIII, 7, 4, 5; 8, 2; 37, 5; 45, 5. Sacred cake, Dk. VIII, 29, 3; IX, 14, 1, 2; Fr. 474. - feast, Dk. VIII, 30, 6. - shirt, Dk. VIII, 29, 15; Fr. 474. -thread-girdle, Dk. VIII, 29, 15; 88, 25; Fr. 475, 476. - twigs, Dk. VIII, 19, 38; 20, 12, 66; 26, 24; 29, 16; 44, 65. Sad-dar, book, Dk. VIII, 44, 33 n. Sad-darband-i Hash, book, Fr. 452. Saham, demon, Dk. IX, 21, 4 n. Sairima, land, Dk. VIII, 13, 15 n. Sakadam nask, Int. 43, 45; Dk. VIII, 1, 11, 12; 88, 1; Riv. 1 ; Fr. 479-481. Salm, prince, Dk. VIII, 13, 9. Salman, land, Dk. VIII, 13, 15. Samarkand, land, Dk. IX, 33, 5 n. Sasanians, Int. 29, 42, 44; Dk. VIII, 13, 16 n, 17; 43, 24 n; 44, in; IX, 32, 17 n; IV, 24 n; Fr. 482. Saukavastan, land, Dk. IX, 16, 14 n. Season-festival, Dk. VIII, 7, 1, 3, 8; 29, 8, 10; 45, 4; IX, 2, 6; Riv. I1, 7; III, 8; IV, 8; Dv. Seg, demon, Dk. IX, 21, 4 n. Senan, tribe, Dk. IX, 33, 5. Seno, priest, Dk. IX, 24, 17; 88, 5. See Seno. Sfend nask, Dk. VIII, 14, in; Riv. II, 13; III, 14; IV, 14. Qandahar, city, Dk. IX, 16, 17 n. 7. Rado-dad-aitag nask, Int. 43, 45; Dk. VIII, 1, 10, 12 ; 8, 1; Zs. 3; Fr. 467. Ragha, city, Fr. 460. Ram, angel, DR. IX, 28, In, [37] Kk Digitized by Google

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498 PAHLAVI TEXTS. Shah-mard, man, Int. 35. Shahnamah, book, Dk. VIII, 11, 4n; 13, 6 n, 9n; IX, 22, 4 n, 5 n. Shahpuhar I, king, Dk. IX, 30, 13 n; IV, 26. Shahpdhar II, king, Int. 42; Dk. VIII, 1, 22 n; 13, 18 n; IV, 27. Shapigan, Int. 31; Dk. IV, 23, 26. Shatraver, angel, Dk. IX, 43, 1, 2; 69, 18; IV, o n, 12. Shatro-ayar, man, Int. 34-36, 38, 47. Shatro-ayaran ephemeris, Int. 46. Shatvairo, angel, Dk. IX, 9, 1 n. Sirkan, town, Zs. o n. Siyavakhsh, prince, Dk. VIII, 13, 14; IX, 16, 15 n; 22, 11. Snoe, man, Dk. IX, 33, 5. Sohrabji Rustamji, Dastur, Int. 36. Soshans, apostle, Dk. VIII, 14, 14; IX, 23, 3-5; 80, 10n; 33,1; 41, 8; 58, 10, 15; 89, 10, 29, 31; Zs. 9. Spansnayos, man, Dk. IX, 21, 34. Spend nask, Int. 40, 41, 43, 45; Dk. VIII, 1, 9, 12; 14, 1, 5; Dv. 13; Fr. 469. Spendarmad, angel, Dk. VIII, 9, 3; IX, 12, 25; 24, 3 n ; 31, 17n; 88, 5n, 6; 42, 10; 43,2; 53, 27; 64, 2; 60, 4; 69, 14, 47; Fr. 463 n, 468; month, Int. 35; Fr. 475. Spend-dad, man, Int. 35; prince, Dk. VIII, 13, 18 n. Spentah nask, Dk. VIII, 14, in; Riv. I. Spenta-mainyl ch., Dk. IX, 17, 1; 40,1; 62, 1; gatha, Zs. 3 n, 3. Spiegel, Prof., Fr. 453 n. Spitaman, Int. 34; Dk. IX, 12, 31; 18, 3; 20, 4-6; 28, 6; 31, 8; 32, 9, 19; 34, n; 35, 6, 17; 88, 10; 30, 20; 40, 4; 43,1; 46, 1-3; 47, 19; 58, 29; Fr. 458. Spitaman Zaratust, Int. 31; Dk. VIII, 11, 2; IX, 21, 24; 45, 6,7; Fr. 454, 455. Spitamas, Dk. IX, 39, 23; 45, 2. Spitiyos, priest, Dk. IX, 21, 24. Spitdis, priest, Dk. IV, 22 n. Srobar, snake, Dk. VIII, 35, 13; IX, 10, 3; 15, 2, 3 n. Srosh, angel, Dk. VIII, 9, 3; 44, 16; IX, 9, 5; 21, 4 n; 22, 1; 28, 3; 33, 5 n; 39, 16; Fr. 471. Srosh yast, Dk. VIII, 46, in; Fr. 482, 487, 488. Sroshavarz, priest, Dk. IX, 83, 5. Stod-yast nask, Int. 40, 42, 43, 45; Dk. VIII, 1, 9, 12; 46, 1 n, 4; IX, 2, an; 47, 10; Zs. 3n; Riv. II, 1; III, 2; IV, 2 ; Dv. I; Fr. 487, 488. See Yast. Storistan ch., Dk. VIII, 24, 1; Zs. Studgar nask, Dk. VIII, 2, an; Riv. I; II, 2; IV, 3; Dv. 2; Fr. 452. Sudkar nask, Int. 43, 45; Dk. VIII, 1,70,9,12; 2, 2; IX, 2, 2; Zs. 4n; Fr. 451. Surat, town, Int. 36; Fr. 470 n. Satvaharan, lun. man., Int. 46. Seno, priest, Dk. III, 7, 1; 197, 6 n. See Seno. Sikand-gumanik Vigar, book, Int. 33. Sovar, demon, Dk. IX, 9, 1; 21, 4 n. Tad-thwa-peresa ch., Dk. IX, 14, 1; 87, -; 59, 1. Takar, meas., Dk. VIII, 20, 19. Takhmo-rupo, king, Dk. VIII, 13, 6. Tanapahar sin, Dk. VIII, 20, 65, 98; 29, 5; Fr. 455, 472 n. Tardkmat, demon, Dk. IX, 34, p. Tartars, Int. 39. Taurvo, demon, Dk. IX, 9, 1; 21, 4 n. Ta-ve-urvata ch., Dk. IX,8, I; 81, 1; 63, 1. Taz, man, Dk. VIII, 13, 8, 9. Taziks, tribe, Dk. VIII, 13, 8. Tehmuras Dinshawji, priest, Int. 46. Thraetaono, king, Dk. VIII, 13, 8 n. Three nights after death, Dk. VIII, 80, 12. Tir, month, Int. 34. Tistar, day, Int. 36. Tosar, or Tanasar, priest, Int. 31; Dk. IV, 25. Tug, prince, Dk. VIII, 13, 9. TGirya, tribe, Dk. VIII, 13, 15 n. Tumaspian, title, Dk. VIII, 18, 11. Turan, land, Dk. VIII, 13, II, 15; 86, 138; IX, 22, 11; 33, 5; 89, 20. Tur-i Bradar-vakhsh, man, Dk. IX, 10, 3. Digitized by Google

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INDEX. 499 Tur-i Bradr8-resh, man, Dk. VIII, 23, 2 n; 28,4 ; 89,5; 89,22; 35, 13. 41, 6 n; 50, 26; 68, 10; 61, Turkabad, town, Int. 36, 38. 12; IV, on, 21. Turkistan, land, Dk. IX, 16, 14 n. Vistasp nask, Dk. VIII, u, i n; Tus, hero, Dk. IX, 16, 2 n; 23, 2, Riv. IV, 12. Vistaspad nask, Dk. VIII, 1, 1 n; Riv. I ; Dv. 11. Uda, fiend, Dk. IX, 10, 3 n; 21, Vistasp-saste nask, Int. 40, 43, 45; 4n. Dk. VIII, 1, 10, 12, 15; 9, 20; Urumiyah lake, Dk. IX, 23, 5 n. 11, 1; Fr. 468. Ustavaiti ch., Dk. IX, 13, 1; 36,1; Vistasp-shah nask, Dk. VIII, 1, in; 58, 1; gatha, Zs. 2 n, 3. Riv. II, 11; III, 12. Vistasp-shaunamak, book, Fr. 484. Vadak, woman, Dk. IX, 10, 3; 21, Vistasp yast, Dk. VIII, 1, 5 n. 4 n. Vivanghau, man, Dk. IX, 32, 12. Vae, spirit, Dk. IX, 23, 1-3 ; Fr. VohQ-khshathra gatba, Zs. a n, 3. 471. Vohu-khshathrem ch., Dk.IX, 21, ); Vaedvoist, man, Dk. VIII, 35, 13 n. 44, 1; 66, 1. Vabist-manthrah nask, Dk. VIII, 3, Vohlman, angel, DE. VIII, 9, 3; in; Riv. II, 3; III, 4; IV, 4; 44, 76, 78; IX, 12, 29 n; 28, Dv. 3. 3; 80, 10; 81, 5, 13, 14; 82, Vahistoisti ch., Dk. IX, 22, 1; 45, I1; 34, n; 36, 3; 38, 5n, 6, 1; 87, 1; gatha, Zs. 2 n, 3. 8, 12; 39, 20, 22, 24; 41, 18, Vahram, man, Int. 34, 36, 38. 23, 25; 42, 7, 10; 44, 12, 18, Vakhshistan ch., Dk. VIII, 41, 1. 20; 47, 2 n, 15, 16; 50, 6, 14; Valkhas, king, Dk. IV, 24. 51, 10; 52, 3; 53, 24, 33, 45; Vanand, star, Fr. 474. 54, 3, 6; 56, 5; 67, 14, 24; Varahran fire, Dk.VIII, 25, 2; 29,17. 58, 5, 6, 10, 13, 21; 59, 7, 16; Varaz, man, Dk. IX, 33, 5. 60,7; 61, 5; 63, 7, 9; 84, 8; Vareno, demon, Dk. VIII, 9, 3n; 66, 5, 11; 87, 2-4, 8; 69, 3, IX, 32, 3 n. 13, 19, 25 n, 26 n, 47, 57; III, Vargavand, title, Riv. IV, 23. 7, 1; IV, 4, 12; Fr. 457, 458; Varistan ch., Dk. VIII, 42, 1; Zs. 5. day, Dk. VIII, 20, 22; month, Varstah-manthrah nask, Riv. I. Int. 36. Varstmansar nask, Int. 43, 45; Dk. Vohumano, king, Dk. VIII, 13, 18 n. VIII, 1, 9, 12; 8, 1, 3, 4; IX, Vohuvasto, priest, Dk. IX, 33, 5. 24, 1; Zs. 4n; Fr. 452. Vologeses I, king, Dk. IV, 24 n. Vastag nask, Int. 38, 40, 41, 43, 45; Dk. VIII, 1, 9, 12, 15; 12, 1; Westergaard, Prof., Int. 38 ; Fr. 20, 162; Fr. 468. Vendidad nask, Int. 40, 43-45; Dk. 482. VIII, 1, 5 n, 11, 12, 16, 17 n; Yadkar-i Zariran, book, Dk. VIII, 23 ; Dv. 20, 23; Fr. 481, 488. 11, 4 n. . Vesko, tribe, Dk. IX, 16, 2; 23, 6 n. Yaman, land, Dk. VIII, 13, 9 n. Vidadafsh, region, Dk. IX, 21, 24 n; Yanim-mano ch., Dk. IX, 5, 1; 28, IV, 23 n. 1; 50, 2; Zs. 4. Vigirkard-i Dinik, book, Fr. 470 n. Ya-sbyaothana ch., Dk. IX, 11, 1; Vindad nask, Dk. VIII, 44, in; 34,- ; 56, 1. Riv. IV, 21. Yasna, book, Int. 40; Dk. VIII, 46, Visperad, book, Int. 40; Dk. VIII, i'n, 30; IX, 4, 1 n; Riv. iv, 46, 1 n, 3; Riv. IV, 23; Dv. 23; Dv. 23; Fr. 487, 488. 23; Fr. 487. Yasna haptanghaiti, Dk. VIII, 46, 1 Vistasp, king, Dk. VIII, u, -4 ; n; ix, 2, 2 n; 12, 1; 35,1; 13, 16 n; 29, 25; 38, 68 n; 57, 1; 69, in; Zs. 2 n, 3, 4 n, IX, 8, 3; 16, 15, 19; 22, 2; 7 n. Kk 2 Digitized by Google

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500 PAHLAVI TEXTS. Yast (yasna), Dk. IX, 69, 1; Riv. II, 21 ; III, 22. - nask, Dk. VIII, 1, 16; 46, 1; Zs. 3; Riv. I. See Stod-yast. Yasts, Int. 45; Dk. VIII, 10,2 ; Fr. 470, 471, 488. Yat sin, Dk. VIII, 81, 39. Yatha-nhu-vairyo ch., Dk. IX, 3, 4; 25, 1; formula, Dk. VIII, 1, 7 n; 2,2n; 44, 51; IX, 2, 2, 3, 16; 32,9; 47, a n, 6; Zs. 4n; Dk. III, 1, 2; Riv. I; III, 1; IV, 1; Fr. 451. Yathais ch., Dk. IX, 10, 1; 38, 1; 58, 1. Yazd, town, Int. 36. Yazdakard, king, Int. 34-36, 38. Yeshe-hatam che, DR. IX, 4, I; 27,1; 49, 1; formula, Zs. 4 n; Fr. 463 n. Yezi ch., Dk. IX, 18, 1; 41, 1; 88, Yim, king, Dk. VIII, 18, 6-8; 44, 3, 4; 1X, 8, 2, 4; 12, 3 n; 21, 2-4, 6, 12; 82, 1a; 69, 12; Dv. 18. Yost-i Fryano, Dk. VIII, 13, 18 n; IX, 23, an; 39, 30 n. Yugyast, meas., Dk. VIII, 20, 19. 3; 67,1; 89, 3, 23, 59; accepts religion, Dk. IX, 24, 18; IV, 23 n, 23; advised, Dk. IX, 12, 13; 24, 15, 17; 25, 2; 27,1; 39, 25; 43, 8, 11; birth, Dk. VIII, 3, 1; 14, 1, 2; 44, 79; IX, 24, 1, 2, 4, 7-13; coming, DE. VIII, 18, 16, 20; conflict with demons, Dk. VIII, 44, 74, 75; his family, Dk. VIII, 20, 25; his successors, Dk. VIII, 14, 12-14; IX, 39,18; 41, 6-8; killed, DL. VIII, 36, 13 n; law of, Zs. 3 ; life and actions, Dk. VIII, 14, 3-10; praise of, Dk. IX, 28, 1, 6; 42, 7; 50, 2; religion of, Dk. ix, 37,8%; 51, 12; 52,7; 53, 11, 18; 54,7; 57, 28; 58, 3; 61, 14; speaks, Dk. IX, 12, 23; 27, 2; 31, 7, 9, 11; 36, 18, 22, 24; 37, m; 89, 8, 30; 111,7,4; spoken to, Dk. IX, 28, 2, 4, 8; 81, 6; 32, 9, 12; 83, 1; 35, 13, 17, 20, 21,25; 87, e, k,^; 89, 1, 4, 15, 20, 23, 26; 42, 13; 43, 10; 44,1; 46,3; 61,1; 84,9,12; 65, 6, 8; 89, 5, 15, 16, 20, 26; III, 7, 1, 3, 5; vision of the future, Dk. IX, 8, 1-3 ; 85, 14. Zaratust the Spitaman, Int. 34; Dk. VIII, 13, 16; IX, 27, r; 30, 11; 32, 17, 21; 41, 5; 66, 1. Zaratust, priest, Int. 32. Zaratust-i atar padan, Dk. VIII, 13, 18 n. Zarido, demon, Dk. IX, 9, 1; 21, 40. Zarman, demon, Dk. IX, 21, 4 n. Zatamistan ch., Dk. VIII, 17, 1. Zirast nask, Dv, 14. Ziyanakistan ch., Dk. VIII, 40, 1. Zoti, priest, Dk. VIII, 7, 5, 9; 8, 3; 29, 1, 5, 13; 81, 20; IX, 12, 26-28; 24, 4; 33, 5; 45, 7; 60, 50. Zad-sparam, priest, Int. 33, 39; Dk. VIII, 6, 5 n. Zakhmistan ch., Zs. 5. Zand, commentary, Dk. VIII, 1, 3; 3,3; Fr. 477. See Avesta and Zand. Zaratust, apostle, Int. 32 ; Dk. VIII, 1, 20; 10, 3; 11, 2, 4; 20, 114; 38,68 0; 45, 3, 14 ; 1X, 2, 17; 12, 30; 13, 1, 8, 9; 15, 1, 4; 16, 19 n; 20,5 ; 26, 4; 28, 3; 29, 5, 13; 30, 4; 33, 5; 84,9; 35, 2, 5; 43,7; 44, 14, 17-21; 45,2-4 ; 69, 17; 54, 5, 8; 59, 13, 18; 80, 1; 61, 7, 12; 85, Digitized by Google

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501 ERRATA. P. 89, II. 9, 10, for 'the Iranian nationality (Airih)' read 'subjection (herih)' P. 186, 11. 19, 20, for preparation read 'bespattering' In several places it would be better to read a muko, 'teaching,' instead of hamo-kun,' every kind (or mode),' so as to obtain the following amended passages :P. 23, 11. 14-16. Then the exalting chanted teaching of Atharmazd for Zaratust is called, &c. P. 24, 1. 1, the teaching for Kai-Vistasp; &c. P. 114, II. 15-18, the meritoriousness in the guardianship and teaching by the keepers of those flocks; the happy effect of the flock and that of the keeper's teaching ; &c. II. 23-28, that of the disciple through the teaching by the priestly instructor; the teaching of the priestly instructor for the pupil, and the happy effect of the priestly instructor's teaching in similar matters. P. 119, 11. 2-5, the want of eminence of any one through a teaching that is an offence to others, which is owing to his closed doors and evil eminence in teaching ; &c. Professor Darmesteter has suggested the following correction :P. 26, II. 22, 23, for 'based upon the traditional early law (vasarid pes da do)' read 'dependent upon Vaegered the Pesdadian ;' (who was the twin brother of Hoshang; see Sachau's Albir uni's Chronology of Ancient Nations, pp. 206, 211). Kk 3 Digitized by Google

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TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS ADOPTED FOR THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. MISSIONARY ALPHABET. | | | 1 CONSONANTS. Sanskrit Zenda Pehlerl Persian Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese I Clans. II Clas. 111 Clasu Gutturales. 1 Tenuis ......... 2 aspirata ..... 3 Media .......... 4 >> Aspirata ... 5 Gutturo-labialis . . 6 Nasalis ............ TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS. (18) 0 na novo :::::: Dibung : -- www: www: ::::9: --www: mnann: EZERE: 3 :: :: ww: :::: 7 Spiritus asper..... 8 , lenis ....... , asper faucalis .... ,, lenis faucalis .... 11 asper fricatus .... 12 , lenis fricatus .... Gutturales modificatae (palatales, &c.) 13 Tenuis ......... 14 , aspirata ..... 15 Media ......... , aspirata ..... >> Nasalis ...... Digitized by Google 503 16

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| MISSIONARY ALPHABET. CONSONANTS (Contined'). Sanskrit. Zend Pchlovl. Persian Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese 504 I Class. II Class 111 Class. 18 Semivocalis ... y y init. SS A : 4 4: :::: ::: TH TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS 44 19 Spiritus asper...... 20 , lenis ........ asper assibilatus .. ,, lenis assibilatus .. Dentales. 23 Tenuis ........ 24 >> aspirata ...... 25 , assibilata ... 26 Media .......... 27 , aspirata...... 28 29sibilata ..... 29 Nasalis .......... 30 Semivocalis ....... 31 >> mollis l.... mollis 2.. 33 Spiritus asper 1 .... >> asper 2.... , lenis ...... >> asperrimus 1.. * asperrimus 2 .. ::78 20 qe :: Pu 23:03:51: :24: : ::39 1:00:57::53 :: 3 : 9::- :: 3:23: 4 DH 31 21 8 Digitized by Google 4: : 4 - 0 G: : N (1) z (3)

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:: Dentales modificatae (linguales, &o.) 38 Tenuis......... 39 aspirata ....... 40 Media ......... 41 , aspirata ........ 42 Nasalis ......... 43 Semivocalis ...... 44 ,, fricata ...... 45 , diacritica .... 46 Spiritus asper ...... 47 , lenis ....... .. :::6 *$*$*:*::: :: VIE: ::::::?: 13:3:-:::: ::: 14.: : : : : *"HA :.:MEN ON A FOR THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. :::: 1 . Labiales. 48 Tenuis ...... 49 aspirata... 50 Media ........ 51 , aspirata .... 52 Tenuissima ....... 53 Nasalis ......... 54 Semivocalis ...... 55 , aspirata .. 56 Spiritus asper..... 57 , lenis ...... 58 Anusvara ........... | 59 Visarga ....... . . 3:7::::00: ::::: -::: 0 wwuu ::::::: : Digitized by Google 505 :

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MISSIONARY ALPHADET. Sanskrit VOWELS. Zend. Pehlevi. Persian Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese. I Class II Class III Class. - - s P o o o M$ 4: : 506 . 2 2. * A4 27 2 UNI'...UTY OF TO FESE BO 1 Neutralis ...... 2 Laryngo-palatalis .... 3 ,, labialis .. 4 Gutturalis brevis .... 5 longa .... 6 Palatalis brevis . ....... 7 ,, longa ..... 8 Dentalis brevis ..... 9 , longa...... 10 Lingualis brevis ..... 11 longa ..... 12 Labialis brevis ........ 13 longa ........ 14 Gutturo-palatalis brevis ... 15 longa ... e (ai) ( 16 Diphthongus gutturo-palatalis dia ei (ei) . >> oi (ou). 19 Gutturo-labialis brevis .... 0 20 longa .... 6 (au) 21 Diphthongus gutturo-labialis au eu (eu) .. 23 >> >> ou (ou) 24 Gutturalis fracta ....... 25 Palatalis fracta ..... 26 Labialis fracta ...... 27 Gutturo-labialis fracta . :::vylib: : : : 1: ::yyli b : : :lch :::: : : : : : : :: 1. Inbal :: ::--ll:::::::::: : : : : ::::: TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS. 17 >> :: 44: : : Mund (au) s` Digitized by Google o: :: - o:

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SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST TRANSLATED BY VARIOUS ORIENTAL SCHOLARS AND EDITED BY THE RIGHT HON. F. MAX MULLER. ** This Series is published with the sanction and co-operation of the Secretary of Stale for India in Council. BAPOBE proganted to th. AOADINIS DIS INSORIPTIOITS, May 11, 1883, by . BRIBBT BEI AI. M. Renan presente trois nouveaux une seconde, dont l'interet historique et volumes de la grande collection des religieux ne sera pas moindre. M. Max "Livres sacres de l'Orient" (Sacred Muller a su se procurer la collaboration Books of the East), que dirige a Oxford, des savans les plus eminens d'Europe et avec une si vaste eradition et une critique d'Asie. L'Universite d'Oxford, que cette si sure, le savant associe de l'Academie grande publication honore au plus hant des Inscriptions, M. Max Muller.... La degre, doit tenir a continuer dans les plus premiere serie de ce beau recueil, com larges proportions ane cuvre aussi philoposee de 24 volumes, est presque achevee. sophiquement concue que savamment M. Max Muller se propose d'en publier executee.' BITRACT from the QUARTERLY RIVIIW. We rejoice to notice that a second great edition of the Rig Veda, can comseries of these translations has been an pare in importance or in usefulness with nounced and has actually begun to appear. this English translation of the Sacred The stones, at least, ont of which a stately Books of the East, which has been devised edifice may hereafter arise, are here being by his foresight, successfully brought so brought together. Prof. Max Muller has far by his persuasive and organising deserved well of scientific history. Not power, and will, we trust, by the assist a few minds owe to his enticing words ance of the distinguished scholars he has their first attraction to this branch of gathered round him, be carried in due study. But no work of his, not even the time to a happy completion.' Professor 2. XARDY, Inaugural Lecture in the University of Fredburg, 1887. Die allgemeine vergleichende Reli- internationalen Orientalistencongress in cionswissenschaft datirt von jenem gross- London der Grundstein gelegt worden artigen, in seiner Art einzig dastehenden war, die Ubersetzung der heiligen Bucher Unternehmen, zu welchem auf Anregung des Ostens' (the Sacred Books of the Max Mullers im Jahre 1874 auf dem East). Th. Xon. ALBBRT S. G. CAXING, 'Words on Idsting Boligions." The recent publication of the "Sacred a great event in the annals of theological Books of the East" in English is surely literature.' Oxford AT THE CLARENDON PRESS LONDON: HENRY FROWDE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AMEN CORNER, E.C. Digitized by Google

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SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST: FIRST SERIES. VOL. I. The Upanishads. . Translated by F. Max MULLER. Part I. The Khandogya Upanishad, The Talavakara-upanishad, The Aitareya-aranyaka, The Kaushitaki-brahmana-upanishad, and The Vagasaneyisamhita-upanishad. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, ros. 60. The Upanishads contain the philosophy of the Veda. They have become the foundation of the later Vedanta doctrines, and indirectly of Buddhism. Schopenhauer, speaking of the Upanishads, says: In the whole world there is no study so beneficial and so elevating as that of the Upanishads. It has been the solace of my life, it will be the solace of my death.' [See also Vol. XV.) VOL. II. The Sacred Laws of the Aryas, As taught in the Schools of Apastamba, Gautama, Vasishtha, and Baudhayana. Translated by GEORG BUHLER. Part I. Apastamba and Gautama. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, 1os. 6d. The Sacred Laws of the Aryas contain the original treatises on which the Laws of Manu and other lawgivers were founded. (See also Vol. XIV.] VOL. III. The Sacred Books of China. The Texts of Confucianism. Translated by JAMES LEGGE. Part I. The Shu King, The Religious Portions of the Shih King, and The Hsiao King. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, 12s.6d. Confucius was a collector of ancient traditions, not the founder of a new religion. As he lived in the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. his works are of unique interest for the study of Ethology. [See also Vols. XVI, XXVII, XXVIII, XXXIX, and XL.] VOL. IV. The Zend-Avesta. Translated by JAMES DARMESTETER. Part I. The Vendidad. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, 145. The Zend-Avesta contains the relics of what was the religion of Cyrus, Darius, and Xerxes, and, but for the battle of Marathon, Digitized by Google

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EDITED BY F. MAX MULLER. might have become the religion of Europe. It forms to the present day the sacred book of the Parsis, the so-called fire-worshippers. [See also Vols. XXIII and XXXI.) VOL. V. Pahlavi Texts. Translated by E. W. WEST. Part I. The Bundahis, Bahman Yast, and Shayast la-shayast. 8vo, cloth, 12s. 6d. The Pahlavi Texts comprise the theological literature of the revival of Zoroaster's religion, beginning with the Sassanian dynasty. They are important for a study of Gnosticism. [See also Vols. XVIII, XXIV, XXXVII, and XLVIL) VOLA. VI AND IX. The Qur'an. Parts I and II. Translated by E. H. PALMER. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, 215. This translation, carried out according to his own peculiar vicus of the origin of the Qur'an, was the last greal work of E. H. Palmer, before he was murdered in Egypt. VOL. VII. The Institutes of Vishnu. Translated by Julius JOLLY. 8vo, cloth, 1os. 6d. A collection of legal aphorisms, closely connecled with one of the oldest Vedic schools, the Kathas, but considerably added to in later time. Of importance for a critical study of the Laws of Manu. VOL. VIII. The Bhagavadgita, with The Sanatsugatiya, and The Anugita. Translated by KASHINATH TRIMBAK TELANG. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, ros. 60. The earliest philosophical and religious poem of India. It has been paraphrased in Arnold's Song Celestial.' VOL. X. The Dhammapada, Translated from Pali by F. Max Muller; and The Sutta-Nipata, Translated from Pali by V. FAUSBOLL; being Canonical Books of the Buddhists. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth, ros. 6d.. The Dhammapada contains the quintessence of Buddhist morality. The Sulla-Nipata gives the authentic teaching of Buddha on some of the fundamental principles of religion. Digitized by Google

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SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST: VOL. XI. Buddhist Suttas. Translated from Pali by T. W. Rhys DAVIDS. 1. The Mahaparinibbana Suttanta; 2. The Dhamma-kakka-ppavattana Sutta. 3. The 'Tevigga Sultanta; 4. The Akankheyya Sutla ; 5. The Ketokhila Sulta; 6. The Maha-sudassana Suttanta; 7. The Sabbasava Sutta. 8vo, cloth, ros. 6d. A collection of the most imporlant religious, moral, and philosophical discourses taken from the sacred canon of the Buddhists. VOL. XII. The Satapatha-Brahmana, according to the Text of the Madhyandina School. Translated by JULIUS EGGELING. Part I. Books I and II. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. A minute account of the sacrificial ceremonies of the Vedic age. It contains the earliest account of the Deluge in India. (See also Vols. XXVI, XLI, XLIII, and XLIV.] VOL. XIII. Vinaya Texts. Translated from the Pali by T. W. Rhys DAVIDS and HERMANN OLDENBERG. Part I. The Patimokkha. The Mahavagga, I-IV. 8vo, cloth, 1os. 6d. The Vinaya Texts give for the first time a translation of the moral code of the Buddhist religion as settled in the third century B.C. [See also Vols. XVII and XX.] VOL. XIV. The Sacred Laws of the Aryas, As taught in the Schools of Apastamba, Gautama, Vasishtha, and Baudhayana. Translated by GEORG BUHLER. Part II. Vasishtha and Baudhayana. Svo, cloth, 1os. 6d. VOL. XV. The Upanishads. Translated by F. Max MULLER. Part II. The Kalha-upanishad, The Mundaka-upanishad, The Taittiriyaka-upanishad, The Brihadaranyaka-upanishad, The Svetasvatara-upanishad, The Prasfia-upanishad, and The Maitrayana-brahmana-upanishad. Sccond Edition. 8vo, cloth, 1os. 6d. VOL. XVI. The Sacred Books of China. The Texts of Confucianism. Translated by JANES LEGGE. Part II. The Yi King. 8vo, cloth, 1os. 6d. [See also Vols. XXVII, XXVIII.) VOL. XVII. Vinaya Texts. Translated from the Pali by T. W. Rhys DAVIDS and HERMANN OLDENBERG. Part II. The Mahavagga, V-X. The Kullavagga, I-III. 8vo, cloth, ros. 6d. Digitized by Google

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* EDITED BY F. MAX MULLER. VOL. XVIII. Pahlavi Texts. Translated by E. W. West. Part II. The Dadistan-i Dinik and The Epistles of Manuskihar. 8vo, cloth, 12s.6d. VOL. XIX. The Fo-sho-hing-tsan-king. A Life of Buddha by Asvaghosha Bodhisattva, translated from Sanskrit into Chinese by Dharmaraksha, A.D. 420, and from Chinese into English by SAMUEL BEAL. 8vo, cloth, ros. 6d. This life of Buddha was translated from Sanskrit inlo Chinese, A.D. 420. Il contains many legends, some of which show a certain similarity to the Evangelium infantiae, goc. VOL. XX. Vinaya Texts. Translated from the Pali by T. W. Rhys DAVIDS and HERMANN OLDENBERG. Part III. The Kullavagga, IV-XII. 8vo, cloth, 1os. 60. VOL. XXI. The Saddharma-pundarika ; or, The Lotus of the True Law. Translated by H. Kern. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. * The Lotus of the True Law,' a canonical book of the Northern Buddhists, translated from Sanskrit. There is a Chinese Translalion of this book which was finished as early as the year 286 A.D. VOL. XXII. Gaina-Satras. Translated from Prakrit by HERMANN JACOBI. Part I. The Akaranga-Satra and The Kalpa-Satra. 8vo, cloth, 1os. 6d. The religion of the Gainas was founded by a contemporary of Buddha. It still counts numerous adherents in India, while there are no Buddhists left in India proper. [See Vol. XLV.) VOL. XXIII. The Zend-Avesta. Translated by JAMES DARMESTETER. Part II. The Sirozahs, Yasts, and Nyayis. 8vo, cloth, 1os. 6d. VOL. XXIV. Pahlavi Texts. Translated by E. W. WEST. Part III. Dina-i MainogKhirad, Sikand-gumanik Vigar, and Sad Dar. 8vo, cloth, ros. 6d. Digitized by Google

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SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST: SECOND SERIES, VOL. XXV. Manu. Translated by GEORG BUHLER. 8vo, cloth, 21s. This translation is founded on that of Sir William Jones, which has been carefully revised and corrected with the help of seven nalive Commentaries. An Appendix contains all the quotations from Manu which are found in the Hindu Law-books, translated for the use of the Law Courts in India. Another Appendix gives a synopsis of parallel passages from the six Dharma-sutras, the other Smritis, the Upanishads, the Mahabharata, gc. VOL. XXVI. The Satapatha-Brahmana. Translated by JULIUS EGGELING. Part II. Books III and IV. 8vo, cloth, 12s. 6d. VOLS. XXVII AND XXVIII. The Sacred Books of China. The Texts of Confucianism. Translated by JAMES LEGGE. Parts III and IV. The Li Ki, or Collection of Treatises on the Rules of Propriety, or Ceremonial Usages. 8vo, cloth, 255. VOL. XXIX. The Grihya-Satras, Rules of Vedic Domestic Ceremonies. Part I. Saokhayana, Asvalayana, Paraskara, Khadira. Trans lated by HERMANN OLDENBERG. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. VOL. XXX. The Grihya-Sutras, Rules of Vedic Domestic Ceremonies. Part II. Gobhila, Hiranyakesin, Apastamba. Translated by HERMANN OLDENBERG. Apastamba, Yagna-paribhasha-satras. Translated by F. Max MULLER. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. These rules of Domestic Ceremonies describe the home life of the ancient Aryas with a completeness and accuracy unmatched in any other literature. Some of these rules have been incorporated in the ancient Law-books. VOL. XXXI. The Zend-Avesta. Part III. The Yasna, Visparad, Afrinagan, Gahs, and Miscellaneous Fragments. Translated by L. H. MILLS. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. VOL. XXXII. Vedic Hymns. Translated by F. Max MULLER. Part I. 8vo, cloth, 18s. 6d. (See also Vol. XLVI.) VOL. XXXIII. The Minor Law-books. Translated by Julius JOLLY. Part I. Narada, Brihaspati. 8vo, cloth, ros. 6d. Digitized by Google

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EDITED BY F. MAX MULLER. VOL. XXXIV. The Vedanta-Satras, with the Commentary by Sankara karya. Part I. Translated by G. THIBAUT. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. . (See also Vol. XXXVIII.] VOLB. XXXV AND XXXVI. The Questions of King Milinda. Translated from the Pali by T. W. Rhys DAVIDS. Part I. 8vo, cloth, ros. 6d. Part II. 8vo, cloth, 125. 60. VOL. XXXVII. Pahlavi Texts. Translated by E. W. WEST. Part IV. The Contents of the Nasks, as stated in the Eighth and Ninth Books of the Dinkard. 155. VOL. XXXVIII. The Vedanta-Satras. Part II. 8vo, cloth, with full Index to both Parts, 125. 6d. VOLS. XXXIX AND XL. The Sacred Books of China. The Texts of Taoism. Translated by JAMES LEGGE. 8vo, cloth, 215. VOL. XLI. The Satapatha - Brahmana. Part III. Translated by JULIUS EGGELING. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. VOL. XLII. Hymns of the Atharva-veda. Translated by M. BLOOMFIELD. 8vo, cloth. 215. VOL. XLIII. The Satapatha-Brahmana. Translated by JULIUS EGGELING. Part IV. Books VIII, IX, and X. 125. 6d. VOL, XLIV. The Satapatha-Brahmana. Translated by Julius EGGELING. Part V. Books XI, XII, XIII, and XIV. 185. 6d. VOL. XLV. The Gaina-Sutras. Translated from Prakrit, by HERMANN JACOBI. Part II. The Uttaradhyayana Satra, The Satrakritanga Saetra. 8vo, cloth, 125. 6d. VOL. XLVI. Vedic Hymns. Part II. 8vo, cloth, 145. VOL. XLVII. Pahlavi Texts. Translated by E. W. West. Part V. Marvels of Zoroas trianism. 8s. 6d. VOL. XLVIII. The Vedanta-Satras, with Ramanuga's Sribhashya. Translated by G. THIBAUT. [In the Press.] VOL. XLIX. Buddhist Mahayana Texts. Buddha karita, translated by E. B. Cowell. Sukhavati-vyuha, Vagrakkhedika, &c., translated by F. Max MULLER. Amita yur-DhyanaSatra, translated by J. TARAKUSU. 8vo, cloth, 128, 6d. Digitized by Google

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RECENT ORIENTAL WORKS. Anecdota oroniensia. ARYAN SERIES. Buddhist Texts from Japan. I. Vagrakkhedika ; The Diamond-Cutter. Edited by F. Max Muller, M.A. Small 4to, 3s. 6d. One of the most famous metaphysical treatises of the Mahayana Buddhists. Buddhist Texts from Yapan. II. Sukhavati-Vydha : Description of Sukhavati, the Land of Bliss. Edited by F. Max MULLER, M.A., and BUNYIU NANJIO. With two Appendices: (1) Text and Translation of Sanghavarman's Chinese Version of the Poetical Portions of the SukhavatiVyuha; (2) Sanskrit Text of the Smaller Sukhavati-VyQha. Small 4to, 7s.6d. The editio princeps of the Sacred Book of one of the largest and most i influential sects of Buddhism, numbering more than ten millions of followers in Japan alone. Buddhist Texts from Japan. III. The Ancient Palm Leaves containing the Pragna-Paramita-HridayaSutra and the Ushnisha-Vigava-Dharani. Edited by F. Max MULLER, M.A., and BUNYIU NANJIO, M.A. With an Appendix by G. BUHLER, C.I.E. With many Plates. Small 4to, 1os. Contains facsimiles of the oldest Sanskrit MS. at present known. Dharma-Samgraha, an Ancient Collection of Buddhist Technical Ternis. Prepared for publication by KENJU KASAWARA, a Buddhist Priest from Japan, and, after his death, edited by F. MAX MULLER and H. WENZEL. Small 4to, 75. 6d. Katyayana's Sarvanukramant of the Rigveda. With Extracts from Shadgurusishya's Commentary entitled Vedarthadipika. Edited by A. A. MACDONELL, M.A., Ph.D. 16s. The Buddha-Karita of Asvaghosha. Edited, from three MSS., by E. B. Cowell, M.A. 125. 6d. The Mantrapatha, or the Prayer Book of the Apastambins. Edited, together with the Commentary of Haradatta, and translated by M. WINTERNITZ, Ph.D. First Parl. Introduction, Sanskrit Text, Varietas Lectionis, and Appendices. Small quarto, ios, 6d. Oxford AT THE CLARENDON PRESS LONDON: HENRY FROWDE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AMEN CORNER, E.C. Digitized by Google

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Google This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project to make the world's books discoverable online. It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover. Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you. Usage guidelines Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying. We also ask that you: + Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for personal, non-commercial purposes. + Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help. + Maintain attribution The Google "watermark" you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it. + Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe. About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at http://books.google.com/

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UC-NRLF B 3 022 021

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REESE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Class No.685 M2246 1.47 MERCO

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THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST (47] Digitized by Google

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HENRY FROWDE, M.A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD Domndra Inut Elo the line LONDON, EDINBURGH AND NEW YORK Digitized by Google

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TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS ADOPTED FOR THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. MISSIONARY ALPHADIT. CONSONANTA Sanskrtt. Lond. Tarl Persian Arabic Hebrew I II Clan III Clan Gutturales. 1 Tenuis ..... 2 aspirata .... 3 Media .......... 4 , aspirata. ..... 6 Gutturo-labialis ..... 53 (ng) 6 Nasalis ......... ngwa::.::::: ::::: me on : 49 o ::: -- www: Anaar: EZRAE: TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS. eu leo ho) UNI . 7 Spiritus asper........ 8 , lenis . ....... 9 >> asper faucalis .... 10 , lenis faucalis .... >> asper fricatus ... lonis fricatus .... . . 12 Digitized by a Digitized by Google Gutturales modificatae (palatales, &o.) 13 Tenuis ..... 14 , aspirata ... 15 Media ..... 16 >> aspirata ........ 17 . Nasalis ...... :3 :: By: ww: :www: ::::: 22 +

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MISSIONARY ALPHABBT. 1 CONSONANTS continued'). Sanskrit. Zend. Pehlevi. Persian Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese I Class II Class III Class. 9 y - 18 Semivocalis... init. : 4:3 19 Spiritus asper... 20 lenis ....... >> asper assibilatus , lenis assibilatus Dentales. 23 Tenuis ........ 24 ,, aspirata .... 25 ,, assibilata .. 26 Media .......... 7 , aspirata ........ 28 , assibilata .... 29 Nasalis .......... 30 Semivocalis ....... 31 moliis 1 ... >> mollis 2... 33 Spiritus asper 1...... >> asper 2 ....... 35 >> lenis ........ asperrimus 1... , asperrimus 2 ... TH TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS ::3 :::: 3: ::34 1:09:33?:933 ::13:23: Sirrinn:20-n: DH :::: #831 : EMI Digitized by Google 8 ( z (3) ? (3) *

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. Dentales modificatae (lingualos, &c.) 38 Tenuis ............ 39 aspirata ..... 40 Media .......... 41 ,, aspirata ........ 42 Nasalis ............ 43 Semivocalis ......... >> fricata ...... , diacritica .... 46 Spiritus asper ........ 47 lenis ......... 45 At all ar an ::::-- : * 4 4.- : : : : : *480 **~:41:47. : : : vsem :: re: -:Lie :::8::: ::06::: Labiales. 48 Tenuis ............ 49 aspirata ....... 50 Media ........ 51 aspirata ....... 52 Tenuissima.......... 53 Nasalis ............ 54 Semivocalis ......... 65 - aspirata ..... 56 Spiritus asper ........ 57 , lenis ......... 38 Anusvara ........... 59 Visarga ....... **:3:-:::: ::::::: : :::::::: emmn:o :::-:: FOR THE SACKED BOOKS OF THE EAST. Digitized by Google .

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MISSTONARY ALPHABET. VOWELS. Sanskrit. Zend. Pehlerk Persian Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese. I Class 11 Class III Class. 2 m 4 4 : 3 4 8 34 1 Neutralis ......... 2 Laryngo-palatalis ...... 3 , labialis ....... 4 Gutturalis brevis ....... 5 , longa ...... 6 Palatalis brevis . ....... 7 , longa ....... 8 Dentalis brevis .... 9 , longa ...... 10 Lingualis brevis ..... 11 , long& ..... 12 Labialis brevis ........ 13 ,, longa ........ 14 Gutturo-palatalis brevis ... 15 longa ... e (ai) 16 Diphthongus gutturo-palatalis di ei (si) oi (ou) 19 Gutturo-labialis brevis .... 0 longa ....0(au) 21 Diphthongun gutturo-labialis au 22 eu (eu) 23 Jou(ou) 24 Gutturalis fracta ..... 25 Palatalis fracta ....... 26 Labialis fracta ........ 27 Gutturo-labialis fracta .... 9: :: 18: 2::::: 3: 2: : 4 11 :: :R 5 : : : : 04:15::::::::::: :::yeli bi : : : : n/ac :::::: :::: TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS. (e) 17 18 >> 20 cu (an) Digitized by Google : : : : : 44: : : N : : : O:

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THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST TRANSLATED BY VARIOUS ORIENTAL SCHOLARS AND EDITED BY F. MAX MULLER VOL. XLVII Orford AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1897 [ All rights reserved] Digitized by Google

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JS:]! Oxford PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART, M.A. PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY Digitized by Google

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PAHLAVI TEXTS TRANSLATED BY & w. west E. W. WEST PART V MARVELS OF ZOROASTRIANISM UNT CY Orford AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1897 [ All rights reserved] Digitized by Google

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CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION . . . . . Abbreviations used in this volume . . . . . . . . PAGB . iX . xlviii CHAP. MARVELS OF ZOROASTRIANISM. DiNKARD, Book VII. 1. Descent of the glorious destiny . . . . . 3 2. Parentage of Zaratust . . . . 3. His birth, childhood, and youth till his conference : . 35 4. His missions to the Karaps, and Vistasp's conversion . 5. Events in the last thirty-five years of his life . 6. Further events till the death of Vistasp. . 7. , , till end of Sasanian monarchy 8. , till end of Zaratust's millennium . . 94 9. Allshedar's millennium . . . . . . 107 10. Allshedar-mah's millennium. . 112 11. Soshans and the renovation . . . . . 116 DiNKARD, Book V. 1. Kai-Loharasp at Jerusalem, and descent of the religion. 119 2. Parentage, birth, and life of Zaratust. Future apostles. 122 3. Events after Vistasp's conversion and in later times . 126 4. Descent of the Iranians. The tribe having a Gyemara. 127 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. 12. Two old legends of Spendarmad and of the hero Srito. 133 13. Parentage of Zaratust . . . . . . . 138 14. Demons try to injure him before and at his birth. : 140 15. Five Karap brothers opposed to Zaratust and his four brothers . . . . . . . . 143 16. One Karap tries to kill Zaratust five times . . . 144 Digitized by Google

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viii CONTENTS. CHAP. PAGE 17. Another foretells his glorious destiny . 147 18. His father disagrees with him . . . . . 148 19. And he disagrees with his father and the chief Karap. 149 20. Legends indicative of his good disposition . . . 151 21. His going to confer with Adharmazd. 154 22. His conferences with the archangels . . . 159 23. Dates of conversions, births, and deaths 163 24. Five dispositions of priests and ten admonitions . INDEX . . . . . . . . . . 171 ERRATUM . . . . . . . . . . Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the Trans lations of the Sacred Books of the East . . . 183 Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. 1. In the summary account of the Spend Nask, given in the eighth book of the Dinkard, chapter XIV, it is stated in SS 4 (see S. B. E., vol. xxxvii, p. 32) that many marvels, owing to Zaratust, are published therein, 'just as there are some which, collected and selected, are noticed by the Dinkard manuscript.' This statement evidently refers to the seventh book of the Dinkard, which contains the legendary history of Zaratust and his religion, related as a series of marvels extending from the creation to the resurrection of mankind. A much briefer account of some of the same details occurs at the beginning of the fifth book of the Dinkard, and appears to have been abridged from a compilation which was either derived partially from a foreign source, or prepared for the use of foreign proselytes. A third compilation of similar legends is found among the Selections of Zad-sparam. And a careful translation of these three Pahlavi Texts constitutes the Marvels of Zoroastrianism contained in this volume. 2. As the extent of Dk. VII is about 16,000 Pahlavi words (without allowing for one folio lost), it probably contains about four-fifths of the details included in the Spend Nask, the Pahlavi version of which has been estimated, in S. B. E., vol. xxxvii, p. 469, to extend to 20,500 words. It says very little about Zaratust's conferences with the sacred beings (mentioned in Dk. VIII, xiv, 5, 6), and gives no description of the other world and the way thither (as reported ibid. 8). But it probably contains many verbatim extracts from other parts of the Pahlavi version of the Spend Nask, which appear, however, to have been previously collected in the Exposition of the Good Religion, an older MS. than the Dinkard, which is quoted as an authority in Dk. VII, i, 2. Digitized by Google

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PAHLAVI TEXTS. 3. This seventh book commences with a detailed statement of the descent of the glorious ruling dynasty from the primeval man Gayomard, through his descendants, the Pesdadian and Kayanian rulers, to Kai-Vistasp. Among the individuals, rarely mentioned elsewhere, are the sacred being Hadish (the protector of homesteads in the Visperad), Vaegered the brother of king Hoshang, Patakhsrobo king of the Arabs, and Adshnar the chancellor of Kai-Us. Zaratust and the three millennial apostles are also mentioned, but the contents of this first chapter are probably derived from the Kitradad Nask (see Dk. VII, xiii, 20) and from Yt. XIX, 25-93. 4. Chapter II begins the legendary history of Zaratust with the descent of his glory, from the presence of Adharmazd to the house in which Zaratust's mother was about to be born ; and, alarmed at her radiance, the Kavigs and Karaps, or ruling priests of the district, oblige her father to send her away to another valley, where Poru. shaspo resided, to whom she was afterwards married; and several legends are related, in which both the archangels and archdemons are active agents, which lead on to the birth of Zaratust, thirty years before the end of the ninth millennium of the universe, and his complete genealogy is given. 5. Chapter III begins with his laughing at birth, and describes the ill-will of the Karaps, or priests of those times, and their many attempts to destroy him during his childhood, till he openly defied them at the age of seven. At the end of the ninth millennium, when he was thirty years old, as he was bringing Hom-water out of the fourth f the Daiti river, he met the archangel Vohumano who had come to invite him to a conference with Allharmasd, about which no details are given. 6. Chapter IV, however, proceeds to mention that, in two years, he returned from his first conference, by order of Allharmazd, to preach his religion to the Kigs and Karaps in the presence of their ruler, Aurvasta-dang the Tur. They seem to have listened attentively till he advocated Khvetukdas, when they demanded his death, and Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. were supported by the Tur's brother ; but the Tur's son, who presided, remonstrated with them, and Adrvaita-dang himself protected him, but refused to be converted. Zaratust was afterwards sent to demand slaves and horses from Vedvoist, a rich Karap, who refused them arrogantly; he also went to Parshad-gau in Sagastan and cured his bull with Hom-water, whereupon Parshad-gau joined him in worship, but not in public. Zaratust repulsed the demons as in Vd. XIX, 1-4; he is then tempted by a Karap in the form of Spendarmad, whom he also repulses. And he is finally sent to the court of Vistasp, where he is relentlessly opposed by the Kigs and Karaps who obtained his imprisonment, during which he is saved from starvation by a miracle; then some of the sacred beings arrive to assist him, and Vistasp is at last converted, twelve years after the coming of the religion when Zaratust went to his first conference with Adharmazd. 7. Chapter V refers to the marvels of the last thirty-five years of Zaratust's life, after Vistasp's conversion, but says nothing about his own death, except that he departed to the best existence at the age of seventy-seven. It mentions the establishment of ordeals of thirty-three kinds, the victory of Vistasp over Argasp the Khyon, the useful works and advice of Zaratust, the compilation of the Avesta, and the birth of Peshyotan, the immortal ruler of Kangdes. 8. Chapter VI continues this account of marvels till the death of Vistasp, which occurred forty-three years later. The legends related are about the presentation of a heavenly chariot to Vistasp by the soul of an old hero Srito who had been killed about 350 years before; and regarding the coming of two high-priests from the southern regions of the earth, ten years after the departure of Zaratust, to enquire about the religion. 9. Chapter VII relates the marvels occurring after the death of Vistasp until the end of the sovereignty of Iran; mentioning king Vohumand who was a grandson of Vistasp, the high-priest Senov who lived throughout the second century of the religion, the devastator Alexander the Great, the four successive high-priests who restore ortho Digitized by Google

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xii PAHLAVI TEXTS. doxy in the fifth and sixth centuries of the religion, the apostate Rashn-resh of about the same period, king Artakhshatar the founder of the Sasanian dynasty, his chancellor Tanvasar, Atarpad-i Maraspendan and his son surnamed Avarethrabau, with an anonymous arch-apostate of their time, and then king Khusro Anoshervan. Finally, it condemns the proceedings of the devastators in later times, whose names are not mentioned. 10. Chapter VIII deals with the ninth and tenth centuries of the religion, which bring the millennium of Zaratust to a close. After a bitter lamentation over the anarchy in religion and government-in which parts of $$ 34 and 36 are taken from the Varstmansar commentary on Yas. XXXII in Dk. IX, xxxii, 17, 20--it refers to the arrival of Kitro-mehono, 'him of the racial home,' a title of Peshyotano, son of Vistasp, and immortal ruler of Kangdez, who arrives with 150 disciples to restore the religion and destroy the wicked, including the Turkish demons, the Arabs, and the ecclesiastical Shedaspo 1 (Theodosius?). In the thirtieth year before the end of this tenth millennium Allshedar, the Developer of Righteousness, is born, and confers with the archangels at the end of the millennium, when the sun stands still for ten days and nights. II. Chapter IX describes the eleventh millennium, that of Aushedar, who produces much prosperity and progress which continue until the fifth century. Then the wizard Mahrkus appears for seven years, and produces awful winters in four of them, in which most of mankind and animals perish, till he is himself destroyed by the Dahman Afrin. Afterwards, Yim's enclosure is opened to replenish the earth with animals and men who then begin to subsist more upon the milk of cattle, which is plentiful; and Ashavahisto interferes to diminish the slaughter of cattle. At the end of the fifth century two-thirds of the Iranians have become righteous, and in the thirtieth year before the end of this eleventh millennium Allshedar-mah, the Developer 1 This name can be read Shedasfas in Byt. III. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xiii of Worship, is born, and confers with the archangels at the end of the millennium, when the sun stands still for twenty days and nights. 12. Chapter X describes the twelfth millennium, that of Allshedar-mah, during which mankind continue to improve, are better supplied, and have fewer wants, while deaths occur only through old age and the executioner. During the last fifty-three years, they leave off eating meat and subsist upon vegetables and milk, for which latter they substitute water for the last three years. But the old tyrant Dahak breaks loose, and Keresaspo has to be roused to smite him. In the thirtieth year before the end of this twelfth millennium Soshans, the Triumphant Benefiter, is born; KaiKhusrd and his companions afterwards arrive to assist him, and the sun stands still for thirty days and nights. 13. Chapter XI describes how Soshans and his assistants destroy all the evil remaining in the world, during the course of fifty-seven years, while mankind subsist for seventeen years on vegetables, thirty years on water, and ten years on spiritual food. And, at the end of these fifty-seven years, Aharman and the fiend are annihilated, and the renovation for the future existence occurs. 14. Several of the details described in Dk. VII are briefly mentioned in Dk. V, i-iv, where they are introduced by a statement of the siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar (Bukht-Narsih) assisted by Kai-Loharasp, father of Vistasp. Excepting this account of the siege, in which the Jews are evidently called 'a congregation or tribe' (ram), and some remarks about the same 'tribe' at the end of Chapter IV, all the other details which are mentioned have reference only to Iranians; but they are said to be the sayings of Atur-farnbag as to the MS. which that tribe call really their Gyemara (Chaps. I, 2, 3; IV, 8), as the name can be most plausibly read. Most of the strictly Iranian details have manifestly been derived from the same sources as were consulted by the writer of Dk. VII, that is, from the Pahlavi versions of the Spend and Kitradad Nasks. It would probably be hazardous to suppose that the Jewish compilers of the Gemara could have had access to these Digitized by Google

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xiv PAHLAVI TEXTS. sources, and it might be preferable to assume that Atarfarnbag was himself compiling a record of Zoroastrian traditions for the use of some converts from Judaism, to take the place of the Gemara of their former faith. 15. The Zaratust-namak of Zad-sparam is contained in the latter half (Zs. XII-XXIII) of the first series of his Selections, the former half of which, being a paraphrase of the first half of the Bundahis, has been translated in S. B. E., vol. v, pp. 155-186. In Chapter XII Zad-sparam relates two of the earliest legends referring to Mazda-worship, which he had found in old MSS. The first of these describes the appearance of the archangel Spendarmad, wearing a golden sacred girdle, at the court of king Manuskihar, 428 1 years before the coming of the religion to Zaratust when he went to his conference with the sacred beings. The other is the legend of the warrior Srito, the seventh brother, who was sent by Kai-Us to kill the frontier-settling ox which threatened him, 300 years before the coming of the religion, with future execration by Zaratust. 16. Chapter XIII refers to the descent of Zaratust's glory upon his mother at her birth, and the combination of his spiritual and worldly natures; also detailing his genealogy. Chapter XIV describes the attempts of the demons to destroy him before and at his birth, when Vohumano entered his reasoning powers and made him laugh with delight and utter one form of the Ahunavair formula. Chapter XV is about the five Karap brothers, with their first cousins the Ausikhshes, all descended from the demon of Wrath and a sister of king Manuskihar; also about the four brothers of Zaratust who seem to be unmentioned elsewhere. 17. Chapter XVI details the attempts of one of the Karaps to destroy Zaratust during his infancy, and the means by which he is preserved; it also explains who Ragh and Nodar were. In Chapter XVII one of the Karaps foretells the future success of Zaratust. In Chapter XVIII * The MSS. have 528, but this would be twenty-eight years before the accession of Manuskihar, see the synopsis in $ 55. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. khu his father hears him accused of folly, and takes him to a Karap to be cured. In Chapter XIX the chief Karap comes to the house of Zaratust's father, and is invited to consecrate the food set before him ; but Zaratast objects and a quarrel ensues, which so much disturbs the Karap that he leaves the house, and drops dead from his horse on the road home. In Chapter XX instances are given of Zaratust's righteous desires, his compassionate assistance of people fording a river, his liberal disposition, his abandoning worldly desires, his pity for dogs, his wish for a goodlooking wife, and his acceptance of progress even from the wicked, during his youth. 18. Chapter XXI relates that, at thirty years of age, on his way to the festival of spring, he saw in a vision all mankind following Medyomah, his first cousin, into his presence. He then went on to the bank of the Daitih, and crossed its four channels, when he met Vohumand who led him to the assembly of the archangels, where he received instruction from Adharmazd and saw the omniscient wisdom; the archangels also subjected him to various ordeals. 19. Chapter XXII refers to his conferences with the seven archangels, each at a different place, and extending over ten years. In Chapter XXIII, Medyomah is converted at the end of these ten years. The next two years are spent on the conversion of Vistasp, in which Zaratust is assisted by some of the sacred beings, and the narrative ends by giving the dates of several other conversions, births, and deaths. But after its 300th year the religion is disturbed and the monarchy contested; referring, no doubt, to the effects of Alexander's conquest of Persia. 20. These three narratives appear to be the only connected statements of the Zoroastrian legend that remain extant in Pahlavi, and all three seem to be chiefly derived from the Sasanian Pahlavi version of the Spend Nask, with some probable additions from the similar version of the Kitradad Nask, as may be gathered from the summary accounts of the contents of these Nasks given in Dk. VIII, xiii, 20-xiv, 15, and translated in S. B. E., vol. xxxvii, pp. 31-34. There are, however, allusions to other legends Digitized by Google

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xvi PAHLAVI TEXTS. regarding Zaratust to be found scattered about in Pahlavi literature, to which we shall return after mentioning the manuscript authorities for the texts translated in this volume. 21. The chief existing authority for the Pahlavi text of the Dinkard, Books III-IX, and the only independent one for Book VII, is the MS. B in Bombay, which has been fully described in S. B. E., vol. xxxvii, pp. xxxiii-xxxvii ; it will therefore be sufficient here to give a short statement of the information which was there detailed at full length. This MS., written in 1659, was an unbound quarto volume of 392 folios when it was brought from Iran to Surat in 1783; after which time 70 folios became detached from various parts of the MS., but nearly all these had been discovered more than twenty years ago. 22. The writer of the MS. not only recorded the date of his own work, but also copied two previous colophons of his predecessors, with dates corresponding to A. D. 1516 and 1020, and it appears that there had been an intermediate copy about 1355. The MS. of 1020 had been copied at Bakdad, possibly from the original MS. of the last editor of the Dinkard, which must have been completed about A. D. 900. 23. For the text of Dk. V we have a second authority, independent of B, in the MS. K43 at Kopenhagen (see S. B. E., vol. xxxvii, pp. xxxvii-viii), written shortly after 1594 and also descended from the MS. of 1020. 24. The Selections of Zad-sparam are found in some of the old MSS., which also contain the Dadistan-i Dinik (see S. B. E., vol. xviii, pp. xv-xvii). Of the two MSS. used for the text of Zad-sparam's Zaratust-namak, K35 was brought from Iran to Kopenhagen in 1843. It has lost many folios, both at the beginning and end ; but, before it was so mutilated, a copy (BK) of it was made, which is now in Bombay and contains a copy of its colophon, the date of which corresponds to A. D. 1592. For the text of Zs. xxii, 4-xxiv, 19, which has been lost from K35, the translator is indebted to this old copy. The other MS. authority T, belonging to Ervad Tehmuras in Bombay Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xvii (a copy of which has been used), is dated two generations earlier. 25. Regarding the period of Zad-sparam's career we are well informed by the date of the third Epistle of Mandskihar, corresponding to A.D. 881, at which time Zad-sparam was probably in the prime of life; but his Selections were certainly compiled as late as A. D. 900, or about the same time as the completion of the Dinkard. So that the Pahlavi texts, from which these three narratives of the Zoroastrian legends have been translated, were no doubt all written about A. D. 900, and the information they contain was nearly all derived from the Pahlavi versions of two of the Nasks. 26. We have reason to believe that the Pahlavi versions of Avesta texts were completed in the fourth century and revised in the sixth, after the downfall of the heretic Mazdak. This may not only be clearly inferred from the traditional account of the compilation and restorations of the Avesta and Zand, preserved in Dk. IV, 21-36, and translated in S. B. E., vol. xxxvii, pp. 412-418; but is also in accordance with the actual condition of the Pahlavi versions of the liturgical Avesta texts. With the exception of a few interpolated passages, the whole of these Pahlavi versions might have been written, or revised, in the time of king Shahpuhar II (A. D. 309-379). And the exceptional passages mention no persons or events of a later date than the reign of king Khusro I (A. D. 531-578); being merely references to such persons as Mazdak, the heretic, and certain commentators who lived about that time. 27. If we examine the Zoroastrian legends, translated in this volume, we shall also find it difficult to discover a passage that clearly alludes to any historical personage of later date than Khusro I, who is named in Dk. V, iii, 3; VII, vii, 26, although the compiler of the Dinkard had the traditions of 250 years of Arab rule to draw upon for facts, if he had been disposed to continue the statements of the Pahlavi Spend Nask down to his own time. No doubt, these traditions may have intensified his denunciations of [47] Digitized by Google

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xviii PAHLAVI TEXTS. the devastators in Dk. VII, vii, 29-38; viii, 4-9, but, like most Pahlavi writers, he is careful not to mention Muhammadanism. Dk. VII, vii, 33, 34 seem to refer to some particular individual of this later time; but the references to Kaisar and Khakan, the Turkish demons with dishevelled hair, the Arab, and Shedaspo (Theodosius ?) of Arum, may all have been taken from a Pahlavi version revised in the time of Khusro I. 28. That the original Pahlavi version was translated from an Avesta text, though many Pahlavi commentaries were intermingled, appears certain. Apart from the numerous quotations from revelation (deno), which may be safely assumed to have had an Avesta original, there are many passages interspersed with glosses, such as the Pahlavi translators habitually used, as well as numerous sentences beginning with a verb, an Avesta peculiarity which generally disappears in an English translation. Regarding the age of this Avesta text it would be hazardous to speculate without further information than we yet possess. 29. The principal details connected with the Zoroastrian legends which have been noticed in other Pahlavi and Pazand texts, with references to the passages where they occur, are as follows : Gosurvan informed of the future coming of Zaratust in Bd. IV, 4. Zi's genealogy and family in Bd. XXXII, 1-10. Summary account of Z. and Zoroastrianism, from the creation to the resurrection, in Dk. VIII, xiv, 1-15. The abode of Z.'s father, when Z. was born, was on the bank of the Darega river (Bd. XX, 32; XXIV, 15). 150 demons were prevented from destroying Z., before his birth, by the presence of a fire in his father's house (Sls. X, 4; XII, II; Sd. XVI, 3). Detailed account of the birth of Z. in Dk. IX, xxiv, 1--18. When Z. first saw the archangels, he thought they were arch demons (Ep. I, X, 9). Omniscient wisdom temporarily conferred upon Z., and what he then saw (Dk. IX, viii, 1-6; Byt. I, 1-5; II, 5-22). He saw the soul of Davans tormented in hell, excepting one foot (AV. XXXII, 1-6; Sls. XII, 29; Sd. IV, 3-11). Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xix 4 . He also saw a mortal with children and an immortal without any, and preferred the former (Dd. XXXVII, 43). And he beheld the terrible condition of Keresasp's soul (Dk. IX, XV, 1-4). Advice of Adharmasd to Zaratust (Sd. XXV, 6-9; LXXXI, 2-16). The demon Envy (Aresh) converses with Z. in Dk. IX, xxxi, 6-11. Aharman tempts 2. with the promise of 1000 years dominion, in Mkh. LVII, 24-29. About Maidok-mah, in Dk. IX, xliv, 19. Z. coming to preach to king Vistasp, in Sg. X, 64-68. Archangels assist Z. in converting Vistasp, also the war with Argasp, in Dk. VIII, xi, 2-4. The war of the religion with Argasp mentioned in Bd. XII, 33. The families of Zaratust, Hvov, and Vistasp mentioned in Dk. VIII, xxix, 25. About Frashostar and Gamasp in Dk. VIII, xxxviii, 68; IX, xlii, 8, 9; xliv, 17, 18. About Kai-Vistasp, Frashastar, Porukast, Gamasp, and Hotos in Dk. IX, xlv, 3-5. Brad-rakhsh, or Bradro-resh the Tor, mentioned as destroying the righteous man, in Dd. LXXII, 8; Sd. IX, 5; Dk. VIII. XXXV, 13; IX, X, 3. The last millenniums mentioned in Dk. IX, xxxix, 18; xli, 6-8. Events in the last two millenniums, in Byt. II, 22-III, 62. The resurrection described in Bd. XXX. 30. Beyond the frequent occurrence of the names of the chief actors in the traditions, there are not many references to the Zoroastrian legends in the extant Avesta. This is owing to the fact that three-fourths of the Avesta texts, including the Nasks specially devoted to these legends, have been lost. The chief references to them that still survive in the Avesta are as follows:The passing on of the kingly glory from ruler to ruler, from Haoshyang,ha to Kava-Haosrava, from Zarathustra to Kava Vistaspa and the Saoshyant, in Yt. XIX, 25-90. The terror of the demons on hearing of the birth of Z., in Vd. XIX, 43-47. 2. mentioned as son of Pourushaspa in Yt. V, 18. Verethraghna gives 2. strength, health, vigour, and keenness of sight (Yt. XIV, 33). b 2 Digitized by Google

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XX PAHLAVI TEXTS. References to Z's conference with Ahura Mazda, and his rejection of the demons, in Yas. XII, 5, 6. The demons attempt to destroy Z., and to tempt him, but are repelled by recitations, in Vd. XIX, 1-10. Commentary on the Ahunavair, in Yas. XIX. Z. converses with Haoma, in Yas. IX, 1-16. Fate of the soul after death revealed to Z., in Vd. XIX, 26-34. Z. is taught various spells, in Yt. XIV, 34-38. He prays that he may convert the queen Hutaosa, in Yt. IX, 26; XVII, 46. References to the battle with Aregad-aspa, in Yt. V, 109, 113, 116, 117; IX, 30; XVII, 50, 51. Z!'s reply to Frashaostra regarding the ritual, in Yas. LXXI, I-11. There are also other references to Kava-Vistaspa, Frashaostra, Gamaspa, Pourukista, Maidhyomau, the Haekadaspas, Spitamas, and Saoshyants. And the Fravashis of all the righteous persons receive homage in Yt. XIII. Of the unbelievers, the Karapans and Kavis are mentioned several times in the Gathas and Yasts, including the Hom Yast; and the Usikhsh once in the Gathas. 31. So far as these references in the Avesta extend, they agree with the Pahlavi versions of the legends, and occasionally state some further particulars. We may, therefore, safely conclude that these Pahlavi versions present a fairly complete view of the Zoroastrian legends current in Sasanian times. But we have another means of testing this conclusion more fully in the Persian Zartustnamah, translated by Eastwick in the Appendix to The Parsi Religion, as contained in the Zand-Avasta, by John Wilson, D.D. (Bombay : 1843). 32. This Zartust-namah contains 1570 Persian couplets, composed by Zartust Bahram Pazdu, apparently at the ancient city of Rai, and finished on August 12, 1278. But Eastwick's English translation was made from a good MS. of this poem, written by Dastur Barzu Qiyamu-d-din (=Kamdin) in 1636, belonging to the Wilson Collection and now in the library of Lord Crawford at Wigan. Zartust Bahram relates how a priest of Rai, named KaiKaus, son of Kai-Khusro, showed him an old Pahlavi MS. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxi narrating the history of Zartust, and offered to interpret it, if he would undertake to paraphrase it, in Persian verse, for the information of others. 33. After mentioning Z.'s grandfather and father, descended from king Fredun, a frightful dream of his mother is related, in which she sees herself attacked by wild beasts eager for the destruction of her son, who drives them away. She relates her dream to an astrologer, who prognosticates a wonderful career for the unborn child; but this dream is an addition to the Pahlavi texts. 34. The child is born, and laughs at birth, exciting admiration among the women and dismay among the magicians. Duransarun, their chief, comes to see the child. and tries to kill him with a dagger : but his hand is withered, and the magicians carry off the child, who is exposed to death from fire, oxen, horses, and wolves, but all in vain, as his mother brings him home safe on each occasion. Another magician, named Bartarush, then foretells that Z. cannot be destroyed, and will establish a new religion; and he repeats this to the child's father, naming Gustasp as his future protector. This narrative corresponds with Dk. VII, iii, 2-31 ; but then follows the addition that he was confided to the care of an old man, named Barzinkarus, till he completed his seventh year. 35. Then Duransarun and Bartarush went together to see him, and tried their magic arts upon him in vain (ibid. 32, 33). Afterwards, when Z. was sick, Bartarush supplied him with filthy drugs, but he threw them on the ground, which seems to be another version of Zs. XVIII, 5, 6. Then follows a paraphrase of Dk. VII, iii, 34-48, and Zs. XX, 4, 5; XXI, 1-20, 23-27, with some additional remarks about worship and the Avesta being taught to Z. The conferences with the six archangels are more detailed than in Zs. XXII, and more ritualistic in their tendency. 36. When Z. returns to the earth, he is met by the demons and magicians, who oppose him, but are killed or dispersed by the utterance of an Avesta text; in which account we have an extreme condensation of Dk. VII, iv, 36-46, 57-62. He then goes to the court of king Gustasp, Digitized by Google

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xxii PAHLAVI TEXTS. where he is hospitably received by the king, surrounded by his princes and wise men. With the latter Z. enters into. argument, and overcomes them all successively. This is repeated, till all the learned of the realm are vanquished in argument, in the course of three successive days. 37. Then Z. produces the Avesta and Zand, and reads a chapter ; but the king hesitates to accept it, until he learns more about it; and Z. retires to his lodgings. In the meantime, the wise men form a conspiracy to ruin Z., by secreting in his lodgings, with the connivance of his doorkeeper, many of the impure things used by sorcerers. The next day, while the king and Z. are examining the Avesta, the wise men denounce Z. as a sorcerer; his lodgings are searched, and the impurities are brought to the king, who becomes angry and commits Z. to prison. 38. Now the king had a magnificent black horse, and when Z. had been a week in prison, this horse fell sick, and was found with its four feet drawn up to its belly. When the king was informed, he summoned his wise men, but they could suggest no remedy; so the king and all his people remained fasting all day and lamenting, and the jailer forgot to take any food to Z. till the evening, when he told Z. about the state of the black horse. 39. Z. requested the jailer to inform the king that he could cure the horse; and the king, on hearing this the next day, releases Z., who undertakes to restore the horse's limbs to their natural state, on receiving four solemn promises, one for the cure of each leg. Three of these promises are that the king, his son Isfendyar (=Spend-dad), and the queen, should each undertake to accept his religion and never forsake it ; and the fourth promise is that the false accusation of sorcery, made by the wise men, should be investigated. 40. After each promise Z. prays vehemently, and each limb is restored to use. While, on the confession of Z.'s doorkeeper, the wise men are convicted of fraudulent deceit, and are sent to execution. The Persian version is here a highly embellished paraphrase of Dk. VII, iv, 64-70, especially in the horse episode. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxiii 41. King Gustasp next asks Z. to pray for information as to the king's future position in the other world, also that he may become invulnerable, omniscient as to worldly affairs, and immortal ; but Z. tells him that he must be satisfied with the first wish for himself, and the remaining three for other persons. The next day, while the king is sitting in court with Z. present, horsemen arrive, who are the archangels Bahman and Ardabahist, with the spirits of the Khardad and Gusasp fires. They are sent to testify the truth of Z.'s mission, and to urge the king to accept the religion; this he does, and they then depart; when Z. informs the king that his four wishes will be granted, as he will soon see. For some of these details see Dk. VII, iv, 74-82. 42. Zartust then performs the Darun ceremony, having provided wine, perfume, milk, and a pomegranate. After reciting prayers from the Avesta, he gives the wine to the king to drink, who then falls into a trance and sees his own future position in heaven, and those of others. His son Peshotan receives the milk which makes him immortal. The perfume, or incense, is given to Gamasp who obtains knowledge of all events till the resurrection. And Isfendyar, the warlike son of Gustasp, eats one grain of the pomegranate and becomes invulnerable. The Pahlavi versions are silent about the king's four wishes and their fulfilment, except such hints as may be conveyed in Dk. VII, iv, 84-86. Afterwards, Z. reads the Avesta to the king and comments upon it; concluding with praises of the creator. 43. To this narrative Zartust Bahram adds a further episode of Z. asking for immortality, at the time when he went with Bahman to confer with the creator. His request is refused, but the creator gives him a drop of liquid to drink, like honey, and he sees everything in both worlds, as in a vision. When he wakes up, he relates what he saw in heaven and hell; and also describes a tree with seven branches of gold, silver, copper, brass, lead, steel, and mixed iron, respectively, overshadowing the world. The creator explains that these seven branches represent seven Digitized by Google

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xxiv PAHLAVI TEXTS. powerful personages who arise in successive ages of the world. The golden branch is 2. himself, the silver is Gustasp, the copper is an Askanian king, the brass is Ardashir the Sasanian, the lead is king Bahram (Gor), the steel is Noshervan who destroys the heretic Mazdak, and the mixed iron is the malicious monarch who upsets the true faith. Then follow many details of the lamentable evils which then occur; and when the Hazarahs 1 appear, * the condition of Iran becomes still worse, as described in Byt. II, III, until the arrival of king Bahram the Hamavand from India, and Peshotan from Kangdiz, who restore the Iranian monarchy and religion. 44. This additional narrative is evidently a paraphrase of the Pahlavi Bahman Yast, translated in S. B. E., vol. v, pp. 191--235; and that Pahlavi text appears to be merely an enlarged edition of Fargard VII of the Sadkar Nask, of which a short summary is given in Dk. IX, viii. 45. From the foregoing epitome of the Persian Zartustnamah, it will be evident that its author's information was a combination of the statements still surviving in Dk. VII and Zs. XII-XXIII, so far as they suited his fancy and convenience. Many statements are omitted, others either condensed, or greatly elaborated; but very few novelties can be detected, excepting such as are clearly due to the writer's own imagination. Whether any small residuum of these novelties can be attributed to other sources than the Persian writer's fancy, must remain doubtful until some older authority for such details is discovered. 46. With regard to Zi's vision of heaven and hell, which is mentioned in Zartust Bahram's final episode, his immediate informant was certainly Byt. II, 11-13; but the original authority was the Spend Nask, as summarized in Dk. VIII, xiv, 7, 8, although Dk. VII omits this incident, and Zs. XXI, 21, 22 merely mentions the bodily appearance of the omniscient wisdom, without referring to Z.'s vision. The details of the conferences with the six archangels, Those specially belonging to the latter millenniums, probably meaning the people who were expected to make most of the last two centuries intolerably wicked. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. XXV which are summarized in Dk. VIII, xiv, 9, as having existed in the Spend Nask, are also omitted in Dk. VII, though briefly stated in Zs. XXII. 47. It is worthy of notice that Z. was first sent to offer his religion to the Kigs and Karaps and their sovereign, Aurvaita-dang the Tur (see Dk. VII, iv, 2-20), who seem to have received his doctrines favourably, excepting his advocacy of Khvetuk-das!, which led to their rejection of his proposal. He was next sent to the Karap Vedvoist (ibid. 21-28), whom Adharmazd had hitherto befriended; but this Karap was rejected for illiberality and arrogance. 2. then went to Parshad-tora in Sagastan (ibid. 31-35), taking some Hom-water with him, to cure an infirm bull belonging to this chieftain, as soon as the latter had accepted the religion in public; the chieftain assented to the religion, though only privately, but this was sufficient to obtain the cure of his bull. It was only after these three trials that the conversion of king Vistasp was attempted. 48. There is some difficulty in understanding the exact difference between the primeval religion and that taught by Zaratust. When Dk. VII, I, 9-11 speaks of Atharmazd talking with Masye and Masyadi; or Hadish tells them of Adharmazd, the archangels, and the Ahunavair (ibid. 12, 13); or the sacred beings are said to have taught them the primitive arts (ibid. 14); or we are told of the existence of demons in the times of Hoshang and Takhmorup (ibid. 18, 19); or of Ashavahisto in the time of king Patakhsrobo (ibid. 34); it may be urged that the mention of these beings in connection with the men of those times is no proof that their existence was known then. Because it only shows that the old writers, being satisfied that these beings existed in their own time and were immortal, only logically assumed that they must have existed in former times. The really weak point in their argument being the assumption of the existence of such beings in their own time. 49. Safer conclusions may be formed by noticing the "For the meaning of this term, as defined by the texts which use it, see S. B. E., vol. xviii, pp. 389-430. Digitized by Google

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xxvi PAHLAVI TEXTS. dogmas that Zaratust most strongly advocates and reprobates. When he goes to his first conference (Dk. VII, iii, 56-62) he goes in search of righteousness. When he went to Adrvaita-dang, as mentioned above, he advocated the praise of righteousness, scorn of the demons, and the observance of ceremonies; but it was only his scorn of the demons, which took the form of Khvetuk-das, that the Karaps really rejected. In Dk. VII, iv, 14, he says, 'worldly righteousness is the whole worship of the demons, and the end of the Mazda-worship of Z: Though the Hom plant was sacred before Z.'s birth (ibid. ii, 22-47), the Hom-water (ibid. iv, 29-35) seems to have been a distinctive token of Z.'s religion ; also chanting the Ahunavair (ibid. iv, 38, 41, 42, 56, 61) and the Avesta in general (ibid. 63). The perverted religion and demonizing of the Kigs and Karaps appear to have been the worst faults he had to find with them (ibid. 64, 67). And the archangels tell Vistasp that the world requires the good religion which proceeds through Zi's recitation, so he should chant the Ahunavair and Ashem-voha, and not worship the demons (ibid. 79, 80). Again, when Durasrob and Bradrok-resh partake of food with Porushaspo and Zaratust (ibid. iii, 34, 38), the latter does not object to the form of worship proposed, but to the person selected to conduct it; and he then proclaims his own reverence for the righteous and the poor. 50. From these statements we may conclude that the old writers, who have handed down these legends from ancient times, were of opinion that Zaratust was not so much the founder of a totally new religion, as he was a reformer who retained as much of the prior religion as was not seriously objectionable. While strongly insisting upon the necessity of reverencing all good spirits, he strictly prohibited all propitiation of evil spirits. His law was to resist and destroy all that is evil and injurious to man, and to respect and honour all that is good and beneficial to him. According to the legends, he seems to have found little gross idolatry, in the form of image-worship, to reprobate. From the times of the idol-worship encouraged by Dahak in Bapel (Dk. VII, iv, 72), and of the destruction of the Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxvii celebrated idol-temple on the shore of Lake Kekast by Kai-Khusroi (ibid. i, 39; Mkh. ii, 95), we find nothing in the legends about this form of idolatry, till 'the oppressiveness of infidelity and idol-worship, shortly after the downfall of the Sasanians, is lamented (Dk. VII, viii, 6). Demon-worship (ibid. iii, 35; iv, 30; vii, 17, 36, 37 ; viii, 7, 34), although a term sometimes applied to idolatry, seems to be often used in its literal sense of 'worship of evil spirits,' one form of which is described by Zaratust (ibid. iv, 47-53). 51. Another interesting study, for which these Zoroastrian legends supply materials, is the traditional chronology which they contain; and how far it will be found, upon examination, to harmonize with the system stated in Bd. XXXIV, or to explain the manifest inaccuracies of that system. The matter is rather complicated, but the Zoroastrian system can be connected with the European system of chronology with some degree of probability. 52. The epoch of Zoroastrian chronology is the coming of the religion, but it has long been doubtful whether this event was the birth of Zaratust, or his going to conference with the sacred beings, or the acceptance of the religion by Vistasp. Any doubt, however, as to the meaning of the phrase, has now been removed by the statement in Dk. VII, viii, 51, that the first century of the religion is that from the time when Zaratust came forth to his conference, which event happened when he was thirty years old (ibid. iii, 51, 60, 62). It is also stated, in Bd. XXXIV, 7, that Vistasp reigned thirty years before the coming of the religion, that is, before Zaratust went to his conference. From these data it is evident that the traditional Zoroastrian chronology makes the birth of Zaratust coincide with the accession of Vistasp. 53. The nearest date to these events, which is well defined in both the Zoroastrian and European systems of chronology, is that of the death of Alexander, near midsummer in B.C. 323, which Bd. XXXIV, 7, 8, places 272 years after the coming of the religion, that is, after the thirtieth year of Vistasp's reign. And if this were the first Digitized by Google

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xxviii PAHLAVI TEXTS. year of the religion, the death of Alexander must have occurred in its 273rd year, according to the Bundahis. 54. But this has to be reconciled with the statement in Zs. XXIII, 12, that, after its 300th year, the religion is disturbed and the monarchy is contested;' which statement is expressed more definitely by AV. I, 2-6, when it asserts that the religion remained in purity for 300 years, but then Alexander came to Iran and destroyed the monarchy. If these statements be accepted literally, they imply that Alexander invaded Iran either in the zooth year of the religion, or shortly after that date, but certainly not before it. We cannot place Alexander's invasion of Iran itself at a later date than the battle of Gaugamela (B.C. 331); and if this were the 300th year of the religion, the death of Alexander (B.C. 323) must have occurred in its 308th, instead of its 273rd year, and the coming of the religion would have to be put back thirty-five years. This may be done with some plausibility by assuming an omission of thirty-five years between the reigns of Humai and Darai, where the Bundahis passes from traditional to historical personages. Alexander's invasion must also have been a good and sufficient reason for the dissolution of the hundreddiscipledom, or priestly college, established by Seno, which lasted only till the zooth year, as Zs. XXIII, 11 informs us. 55. If we now adopt the abbreviations A. R. for 'anno. religionis' and B. R. for 'before the religion,' we are prepared to compile the following synopsis of Zoroastrian Chronology according to the millennial system of the Bundahis, extended to the end of time, but dealing only with traditional matters, combined with the European dates of the same events, deduced from the synchronism of A.R. 300 with B. C. 331, as stated above in $ 54: B. R. 9ooo, B. C. 9630. Beginning of the first millennium of Time; and formation of the Fravashis, or primary ideas of the good creations, which remain insensible and motionless for 3000 years (Bd. I, 8; XXXIV, 1). , 6000, B. C. 6630. Beginning of the fourth millennium, when the spiritual body of Zaratust is framed together, and remains 3000 years with the archangels (Dk. VII, ii, 15, 16), while Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxix the primeval man and ox exist undisturbed in the world, because the evil spirit is confounded and powerless (Bd. I, 20, 22 ; III, 1, 3, 5; XXXIV, 1). B. R. 3000, B. C. 3630. Beginning of the seventh millennium, when the evil spirit rushes into the creation on new-year's day, destroys the primeval ox, and distresses Gaydmard, the primeval man (Bd. I, 20; III, 10-20, 24-27; XXXIV, 2). 2. appears to remain with the archangels for 2969 years longer. ,, 2970, B.C. 3600. Gayomard passes away (Bd. III, 21-23.; XXXIV, 2). ,, 2930, B. C. 3560. Masye and Masyaoi had grown up (Bd. XV, 2; XXXIV, 3). >> 2787, B.C. 3417. Accession of Hosang (Bd. XXXIV, 3). , 2747, B.C. 3377. Accession of Takhmorup (ibid. 4). >> 2717, B. C. 3347. Accession of Yim (ibid.). ,, 2000, B. C. 2630. Beginning of the eighth millennium. Ac cession of Dahak (ibid. 4, 5). , 1000, B. C. 1630. Beginning of the ninth millennium. Acces sion of Fredan (ibid. 5, 6). ,, 500, B.C. 1130. Accession of Manuskihar (ibid. 6). , 428, B.C. 1058. Spendarmad comes to Manuskihar at the time of Frasiydu's irrigation works (Zs. XII, 3-6). The MSS. have B. R. 528, but to bring this date into the reign of Manuskihar would be inconsistent with the millennial arrangement; while to assume a clerical error of one century is a probable explanation, as it makes the date more consistent with the allusion to Frasiyav, whose irrigation works, mentioned in Bd. XX, 34; XXI, 6, must have been carried out in the latter part of Manuskihar's reign. , 380, B. C. IDIO. Accession of Auzobo (Bd. XXXIV, 6). , 375, B.C. 1005. Accession of Kai-Kobad (ibid. 6, 7). >> 360, B. C. 990. Accession of Kai-Us (ibid. 7). ,, 300, B. C. 930. Zaratust first mentioned by the ox that Srito killed (Zs. XII, 7-20). , 210, B. C. 840. Accession of Kai-Khusroi (Bd. XXXIV, 7). , 150, B. c. 780. Accession of Kai-Loharasp (ibid.). ,, 45, B. C. 675. The Glory descends from heaven at the birth of Dukdak (Zs. XIII, 1). 20. B. c. 660. Accession of Kai-Vistasp (Bd. XXXIV, 7). Vohumano and Ashavahisto descend into the world with a stem of Hom (Dk. VII, ii, 24). Zaratust is born (ibid. VI). Digitized by Google

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XXX PAHLAVI TEXTS. B. R. 23, B. C. 653. Z. is seven years old when two Karaps visit his father, and Darasrobo dies (Dk. VII, iii, 32, 34, 45). , 15, B. C. 645. Z. is fifteen years old when he and his four brothers ask for their shares of the family property (Zs. XX, 1). ,, 10, B. C. 640. Z. leaves home at the age of twenty (ibid. 7). A. R. I, B.C. 630. Beginning of the tenth millennium. Z. goes forth to his conference with the sacred beings on the 45th day of the 31st year of Vistasp's reign (Dk. VII, iii, 51-62; viii, 51; Zs. XXI, 1-4). , 3, B.C. 628. 2. returns from his first conference in two years, and preaches to Allrvaita-dang and the Karaps without success (Dk. VII, iv, 2-20). ,, II, B. C. 620. After his seventh conference, in the tenth year he goes to Vistasp; Medyomah is also converted (ibid. 1, 65; Zs. XXI, 3 ; XXIII, 1, 2, 8). , 13, B.C. 618. Twelve years after Z. went to conference, Vistasp accepts the religion, though hindered for two years by the Karaps (Dk. VII, V, 1; Zs. XXIII, 5, 7). , 20, B. C. 611. A Kavig, son of Kandah, is converted (Zs. XXIII, 8). , 30, B. C. 601. Defeat of Argasp and his Khyons (ibid.). , 40, B. C. 591. Vohunem is born (ibid.). About this time the Avesta is written by Gamasp from the teaching of Z. (Dk. IV, 21; V, iii, 4; VII, v, 11). >> 48, B.C. 583. Z. passes away, or is killed, aged seventy-seven years and forty days, on the 41st day of the year (Dk. V, iii, 2; VII, v, 1; Zs. XXIII, 9). ,, 58, B. c. 573. Arrival of the religion is known in all regions (Dk. VII, vi, 12). ,, 63, B.C. 568. Frashostar passes away (Zs. XXIII, 10). >> 64, B. C. 567. Gamasp passes away (ibid.). , 73, B.C. 558. Hangaurush, son of Gamasp, passes away (ibid.). >> 80, B. c. 551. Asmok-khanvato passes away, and Akht the wizard is killed (ibid.). >> 91, B.C. 540. Accession of Vohuman, son of Spend-dad (Bd. XXXIV, 7, 8). >> Ioo, B. C. 53I. Seno is born (Dk. VII, vii, 6). >> 200, B. C. 431. Seno passes away (ibid. ; Zs. XXIII, II). >> 203, B. C. 428. Accession of Humai (Bd. XXXIV, 8). [Here ends the fragment of the old millennial system preserved in the Bundahis which omits thirty-five years in Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxxi this place, as explained in $ 54, with the effect of postponing the end of the millennium. It then proceeds to finish the chronology in its own fashion ; mentioning only three historical names, which are here added; the thirty-five omitted years being also inserted.] A. R. 268, B.C. 363. Accession of Darai (ibid.). , 280, B. C. 351. Accession of Darai, descendant of Darai (ibid.). >> 294, B.C. 337. Accession of Alexander' (ibid.). , 300, B. C. 331. Invasion by Alexander. Seno's hundred discipledom ends, the religion is disturbed, and the monarchy contested (Zs. XXIII, 11, 12; AV. I, 2-6). , 308, B. C. 323. Death of Alexander (Bd. XXXIV, 8). ,, 400, B.C. 231. Benightedness arises (Dk. VII, vii, 9). >> 440-560, B.C. 191-71?. Orthodoxy is still upheld by four successive high-priests (Dk. VII, vii, 8-10). , 800-950, A.D. 170-320. The ninth and tenth centuries are represented as very evil and miserable (ibid. viii, 2-45, 61). >> 971, A. D. 341, Allshedar is born (ibid. 55-57). , 1001, A.D. 371. Beginning of the eleventh millennium, when the sun stands still for ten days, and Aushedar is thirty years old and confers with the sacred beings (ibid. 58-60). , 1400-1500, A. D. 770-870. In this century the wizard Mahrkas produces seven awful winters successively, in which most of mankind and animals perish, including himself (ibid. ix, 3). ,, 1971, A. D. 1341. Adshedar-mah is born (ibid. 18-20). , 2001, A.D. 1371. Beginning of the twelfth millennium, when the sun stands still for twenty days, and Allshedar-mah is thirty years old and confers with the sacred beings (ibid. 21-23). ,, 2971, A. D. 2341. Soshans is born (ibid. x, 15-18). , 3001, A. D. 2371. Beginning of the preparation for the Renovation, when the sun stands still for thirty days, and Soshans is thirty years old (ibid. 19); but another passage (ibid. xi, 2) implies that this is the date of his birth. , 3028, A. D. 2398. The renovation of the universe occurs at the end of the fifty-seventh year of Soshans (ibid. 4, 7). * He became king of Macedon B. c. 336, and of Persia in 331. * The erroneous dates in the Bundahis chronology (see $ 57) alter this period to B. C. 156-36. Digitized by Google

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xxxii PAHLAVI TEXTS. 56. We must suppose that the millennial chronology, which the Bundahis discontinues in the middle of the tenth millennium, was originally completed to the end of Time, as attempted in this synopsis, in accordance with the statements in Byt. and Dk. But the allusions to future events and denunciations of coming evils were, no doubt, of a mythological or general character, such as those still surviving in Dk. VII, vii, 29-32; viii, 40, 41, 44-46, 48-60; ix-xi. Whenever we meet with seemingly prophetic descriptions and denunciations, which clearly allude to historical events, such as those in Dk. VII, vii, 3-28; viii, 2, 10, 23, 32-36, 42, 43, 47, 61, they must, of course, be treated as interpolations of a later date than the events themselves. And there are several passages that may belong to either class. 57. It has been already shown, in $ 54, that the death of Alexander, which the Bundahis places in A. R. 273, must have occurred in A. R. 308 according to other traditional records. If this error of thirty-five years stood alone, it might be considered accidental; but when we find that the Bundahis supplies only 284 years for the Askanians, to fill up the whole interval of 548 years between Alexander and Ardashir, son of Papak, we must conclude that these two errors were intended for the purpose which they both fulfil, that of postponing the end of the tenth millennium. On the other hand, the Sasanians who ruled for 425 years, are allowed 460 years in the Bundahis, which just counterbalances the thirty-five years omitted after the time of Humai. This third error may be considered unintentional, as it probably arose from counting the year of each succession twice over, first in the reign of the deceased king, and again in that of his successor. 58. The extent to which the Bundahis chronology is distorted, by these three errors, will be better understood on inspection of the following tabular statement than from any description of the results, merely observing that the year of the religion (A. R.) is given according to Bundahis dates in the first column, and according to real dates in the second. Several intermediate events have been inserted, Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxxiii for the sake of illustration, and each of their Bundahis dates includes its proper proportion of the errors 1 :Bd. date. Real date. Real date. Bd. date. A. R. 265, A. R. 300. Invasion by Alexander. B. C. 331, B.C. 331. , 273, 308. Death of Alexander... 323, 323. , 321, 400. Real date of A. R. 400 .. 231, 275. 400, 553. Bd. date of A. R. 400 .. . , 78, , 196. 528, 800. Real date of A. R. 800 . . A. D. 170, 68. 557 . 896. Accession of Ardashir . . 226, > 39. 605, >> 900. Real date of A. R. 900 .. >> 270, A.D. 10. 647, 939. Accession of Shahpahar II . >> 309, 52. 713, 1000. Real date of A. R. 1000.. 370, 118. 786, 1068. Accession of Yazdakand II . >> 438, >> 191. 800, >> 1081. Bd. date of A. R. 800 . . 451, >> 205. 841, 1118. Accession of Kavad, .. 488, ,, 246. 884, 1158. Execution of the Mazdakites >> 528, 289. 887, 1161. Accession of Khasro I.. >> 531, >> 292. >> 900, 1173. Bd. date of A. R. 900 .. . >> 543, 305. >> 951, 1220. Accession of Khusro II. 590, 356. , 1000, 1265. Bd. date of A. R. 1000 . . 635, 405. >> 1017, >> 1281. Death of Yazdakard III. 651, 422. 59. The object of preparing this statement has been to ascertain the reason for the intentional errors in the Bundahis chronology, and the probable period at which they were introduced. It has been mentioned, in $ 57, that the effect of both the errors, which are not accidental, has been to postpone the end of the tenth millennium, but they also postpone the dates of some other events which are mentioned in the Zoroastrian legends. 60. Thus, we are told in Dk. VII, vii, 9, that benightedness arises after A.R. 400, which is postponed by the errors from B.C. 231 to 78, but both of these times seem to have been equally unpropitious to the Zoroastrians. Then we learn (ibid. 10, 11) that in the fifth and sixth centuries, say A.R. 440-560, orthodoxy is still upheld by four successive high-priests. This period is postponed by the errors from B. C. 191-71 to 156-36 (see p. xxxi, n. 2), and Zoroastrianism was probably flourishing the whole time. So far, no reason for the alterations can be discovered, as the vague description of events, supplied by the old writer, appears to be The basis of calculation is the real date of each event and real century, but the Bd. date of each Bd. century. The only Bd. data are 284 years from the death of Alexander to the accession of Ardashir, and 460 years from the latter to the death of Yasdakard III, as stated in $ 57. [47] Digitized by Google

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xxxiv PAHLAVI TEXTS. just as applicable to the original periods as to the altered ones. 61. We are further informed (Dk. VII, viii, 2-45) that much evil and misery occur in the ninth and tenth centuries (A.R. 800-1000), at all events until the birth of Allshedar (ibid. 55-57) in A.R. 971; and such events as war, invasion, fall of monarchy, oppression, persecution, infidelity, and apostasy are mentioned. Allshedar confers with the archangels in A.R. 1001 (ibid. 58-60), and the evils afterwards pass away till A.R. 1400-1500 (ibid. ix, 3), when frightful winters occur. The evil period A.R. 800-971 was originally A.D. 170-341, or from the middle of the reign of Vologeses III to the middle of that of Shahpuhar II. But the Bundahis postpones this period to A. D. 451-608, or from the time of the Armenian revolt in the reign of Yazdakard II, to that of the first total defeat of a Persian army by the Arabs near Dhu-Qar in the reign of Khusro II. The evil times were probably expected to continue till the end of the millennium, or later, as in the case of Zaratust himself; for Allshedar does not go to his conference till A.R. 1001, and might not be expected to begin to preach till A.R. 1011. These dates, originally A.D. 371-381, comprising the remainder of the reign of Shahpuhar II, would be altered by Bd. to A. D. 636-645, a period which includes the last two great battles with the Arabs, that decided the downfall of the Sasanian dynasty, though king Yagdakard III lived some six years longer as a fugitive? 62. It is hardly possible that king Ardashir (A.D. 226- 241) and his chancellor Tanvasar, when collecting and revising their sacred books, would have compiled the original traditional system of chronology, however general might have been the terms in which the evils were described by the records they possessed, because it would have been a voluntary confession that they had no power to remedy 1 The authorities consulted, for Persian historical facts and dates, have been Noldeke, Aufsatze xur persischen Geschichte; and A. von Gutschmid, Geschichte Irans und seiner Nachbarlander von Alexander dem Grossen bis eum Untergang der Arsaciden: edited by Noldeke. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. XXXV the evils of their own time. But if they found the system in an ancient document, they might have been quite willing to admit that evils existed, owing to their enemies, which would have become much worse if they had not been mitigated by their own exertions. In fact, an old document prophesying evil which actually occurred at the time specified, could be used as evidence of the truth of their religion, and would therefore be carefully preserved. And it is quite certain that, if they had altered the chronology of an old document which foretold the time of the downfall of the monarchy, they could not have correctly guessed that time before the downfall occurred. For these reasons we must conclude that the original system of chronology, handed down by the Bundahis, was neither compiled nor altered in the time of Ardashir. 63. For the long reign of Shahpuhar II (A.D. 309-379) the original tradition predicted not only a continuation of evil times, but also the birth and education of a new apostle, Aushedar, for the next millennium, who was expected to put an end to evil for about four centuries. His birth was to take place in A. D. 341, and his conference was to commence in 371. These dates are so well defined that, if we could discover any important religious teacher to whom they could refer, we might be justified in believing that the original chronology was compiled in his time. Unfortunately, we know very little of the internal history of Persia during this reign; there was war with the Romans in 337-350 and 358-363, and on the eastern frontiers in the intervening period ; also a persecution of the Christians, beginning about 339; all of which fairly represent the predicted evils. 64. Regarding the priesthood and religious history of the reign, we have only the traditions handed down in Pahlavi texts to guide us. In these we are told that Aturpad, son of Maraspend (Dk. VII, vii, 19), was born in the steel period (Dk. IX, viii, 4), and lived in the reign of king Shahpahar II, son of Adharmazd (AV. p. 145 n), being high-priest over the religion (Dd. XXXVII, 36). He also collected and preserved the Nasks (Dk. VIII, i, 22), C2 Digitized by Google

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xxxvi PAHLAVI TEXTS. and, after he had proved his orthodoxy by ordeal (Sg. X, 70, 71), the king proclaimed his intention of not allowing any more heterodoxy (Dk. IV, 27 ?). In his old age he obtained a son, after devout prayer, and named him Zaratust (Pandnamak, 1); but this son also bore the Avesta title of Avarethrabau (Dk. VII, vii, 20, 21; VIII, xiii, 18), who is called the son of Rastare-vaghent in Yt. XIII, 106, showing that this latter Avesta title was adopted by Aturpad himself. Finally, we meet with another aturpad, son of Zaratust, described in Peshotan's Dk. III, cxxxvii, 2, as high-priest in the reign of Yazdakard I (A. D. 399-420), son of Shahpuhar, and also mentioned in Pahl. Yas. p. 120, 11. 14, 15 Sp. (translated in Dk. VIII, i, 7 n). 65. We have here, evidently, three successive high-priests, father, son, and grandson, and all celebrated men. The father had been employed in collecting and revising, or probably translating, some of the sacred books, and then, after a religious discussion, submitted himself to the ordeal of melted metal, as a test of his orthodoxy. The king was convinced, and his proclamation meant persecution of the heterodox, such as was commenced about A. D. 339, as regards the Christians. So that we may safely assume that Aturpad's ordeal took place shortly before this date, and probably shortly after 337, when the Roman war commenced. As we must also certainly assume that the original chronology could not have come into existence at a much later date than 341, when so remarkable an event as the birth of a new apostle was fixed by it to occur, we have to consider who this apostle could have been; and whether it may not have been intended to identify him with Aturpad's own son. 66. In the first place, is such a suspicion consistent with known dates ? To represent Allshedar, according to the original chronology, the son must have been born A.D. 341 ($ 63); and we may suppose that the time of Aushedar's conference (371) would represent the time of Aturpad's See S. B. E., vol. xxxvii, p. 415. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxxvii death, when his son succeeded him in the high-priesthood. If Aturpad were aged eighty-one at his death, he would have been fifty-one at the birth of his son, or approaching old age; and he would have been born in 290, or nineteen years before the king. His grandson may have been born in 365, when his father Zaratast was twenty-four, and may have succeeded that father in the high-priesthood about 400, the second year of king Yazdakard I. As all these dates are reasonably consistent with the few facts that are known, there seems to be no impossibility in the hypothesis that the original chronology of Adshedar's birth may have had some connection with the date of the birth of Atorpad's son. The dates assumed, with regard to these three highpriests, which may be slightly varied, are as follows: Aturpad, born 290, high-priest 320, died 371. Zaratust, 341, 371, , 400. Aturpad, 365, 400, 420, or later. 67. On the other hand, we must recollect that the time of the birth of Allshedar was not an isolated date which could be varied at pleasure, to suit any circumstances that might arise ; but it was intimately connected with the dates of birth of three other apostles, which were each placed at the same distance from the ends of three other millenniums. It would perhaps be more difficult to suit a new millennial system of chronology, to the accidental year of a particular child's birth, than to have the child born in a particular year of an old system already existing. And, if so, it may be safer to assume that Aturpad, knowing the year of the expected birth, took measures to secure the fulfilment of the prophecy, so far as the birth was concerned. If the child did not turn out so capable of regenerating the world as had been expected, that was a matter for posterity to explain. Under such circumstances of merely seeming fulfilment of a single particular, fraudulently obtained, the original prediction might be of any age. 68. It does not appear that the priestly councillors assembled by Khusrd I (Byt. I, 7), made any alteration in Digitized by Google

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xxxviii PAHLAVI TEXTS. the original chronology, although they slightly revised the Pahlavi Vendidad. In fact, the priests, who must have been long expecting the end of Zaratust's millennium, were probably looking forward for the approaching downfall of the Sasanian monarchy, which might readily be understood, as the surest sign of the termination of this period, from such statements as those in Dk. VII, viii, 1, 2. At any rate, the alterations in the chronology, for the purpose of postponing the end of the tenth millennium till A. D. 635, would not have been made till some time after the termination of the monarchy in 651, but probably long before the compilation of the Bundahis about 900. The effects of these alterations upon the dates of the evil ninth and tenth centuries, and upon those of the birth, conference, and preaching of Allshedar, have been already stated in $ 61. And their object has evidently been to adapt the old predictions as much as possible to real events ; for which purpose also, the predictions themselves have probably been often made more definite than they were originally. .69. It follows, from the foregoing investigation, that the original chronology must have existed A.D. 341, and, in fact, we have found no sufficient reason for supposing that it was compiled as late as Sasanian times. While the alterations, we find in the Bundahis, could have hardly been made till after 651. 70. Regarding the age in which Zaratust lived, the dates stated in the synopsis of traditional chronology (8 55), are B.C. 660-583, while the reign of Vistasp, which extends to the fabulous length of 120 years, or 660-540, evidently represents a short dynasty, including Hystaspes and his next four forefathers, if we accept the traditional identification of Vistasp with the father of Darius I. But the names of those four forefathers, which are known on the unimpeachable authority of the Behistun inscription of Darius himself, render it almost impossible to accept this traditional identification, as they differ totally from those of the forefathers of Vistasp in the Avesta. The two dynasties are as follows: Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xxxix Behisten: Hakhamanis Avesta: Kavi Kavata Kaispis Kava Usa Ariyaramaa Kava Husrava Arshama Aurvadaspa Vistaspa Kava Vistaspal : Unless it can be shown that these two series of names have the same meaning in two different languages, there seems little chance of proving the identity of the two dynasties. We may, however, quote the instances of the high-priest Aturpad=Atare-pata and his son Zaratust= Zarathustra being called Rastare-vaghent and Avarethrabau, respectively, in the Avesta (see SS 64); but these latter names seem more like titles than translations. * 71. The date of Zoroaster and his religion has formerly been fully discussed by Windischmann" and others, and the question has been lately re-examined by Williams Jackson : He divides the ancient statements, that have been made on the subject, into three classes : those which declare that Zaratust lived before B.C. 6000, those which associate his name with Ninus and Semiramis, and the native tradition which, as we have seen, places his life in the period B.C. 660-583. Singularly enough, the oldest writers, those who lived only two to four centuries after the traditional period of the lifetime of Zaratust, are those who report that he lived some 6000 years before that period. Pliny the Elder (Nat. Hist. XXX, 2) quotes Eudoxus (B.C. 368) as stating that Zaratust existed 6oco years before the death of Plato, that is, B.C. 6347, which is also confirmed by Aristotle. And he quotes Hermippus (about B.C. 250) as placing him 5000 years before the Trojan war, that is, B.C. 6184. A third mode of describing this period 1 These were the reigning sovereigns, but the last two are descended from a collateral branch, and their actual pedigree is as follows:-Kavi Kavata, Kavi Aipivanghu, Kavi Pisanangh, Manus, Uzava, Aurvadaspa, Kava Vistaspa (Bd. XXXI, 28, 29). ? Zoroastrische Studien, von Fr. Windischmann, edited by Spiegel, 1863; Pp. 121-165, 260-313. s on the date of Zoroaster, by A. V. Williams Jackson; Journal of American Oriental Society, vol. xvii, pp. 1-22. Digitized by Google

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xl PAHLAVI TEXTS. seems to have been used by Xanthus of Lydia (B.C. 500- 450)1 who stated that Zaratust lived 6000 years before Xerxes, as quoted by Diogenes Laertius, that is, B.C. 6485. 72. Three or four other classical writers mention similar statements, and Jackson points out that these extravagant dates are probably owing to the European writers misunderstanding Persian statements with reference to the pre-existence of Zaratust's Fravashi. It will, in fact, be seen from the synopsis ( 55) that the traditional account is that the spiritual body of Zaratust was framed together as early as the beginning of the fourth millennium, which occurred B.C. 6630, and this may be accepted as a close approximation to the three dates, B.C. 6347, 6184, and 6485, indicated by the ancient writers, considering that their statements are made in even thousands of years. 73. Pliny also mentions, on the authority of other writers who are not named, that another Zoroaster, a Proconnesian, lived a little before the time of Osthanes who accompanied Xerxes to Greece (B.C. 480). And, so far as time is concerned, this Zoroaster might have been the traditional Zaratust who died 103 years before this journey of Osthanes. 74. The old statements about Zoroaster or Oxyartes, the Magian king of Bactria in the time of Ninus and Semiramis, can hardly refer to the traditional Zaratust who is never represented as a king, although the supreme Zarathustra of the Avesta was apparently a ruling priest. The time in which this Bactrian lived is also very uncertain, for though Semiramis has recently been placed about B. C. 800, her position in Albiruni's tables is certainly 1 200 years earlier. 75. It seems, therefore, that the ancient statements, regarding the date of Zaratust, reported by Pliny and corroborated by a few other classical writers, can be fully explained from the traditional system of chronology used in Pahlavi texts, by identifying the classical Zoroaster of the seventh millennium B.C. with the traditional Zaratust 1 There are some doubts as to the correctness of these dates. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xli in his ante-natal spiritual state, after he had ceased to be a mere Fravashi, or primary idea, and had become an intelligent, moving, and personal existence, but still a spirit. While the later Zoroaster of Pliny, who flourished before the fifth century B.C., must have lived about the same time as the same traditional Zaratust after he came into the worldly existence, and may reasonably be identified with him, although Pliny had little information to give about him. 76. It will be noticed that this explanation depends entirely upon the peculiarly artificial system of the traditional chronology, in which the whole of time is assumed to consist of twelve millenniums devoted to different purposes; and if this particular system had not been in use at the time the statements, quoted by Pliny and Diogenes Laertius, were made, those statements could not have been explained as referring to the same individual. But if they do not refer to the same individual, we have only the options of rejecting all the statements, or believing an impossible date to be literally correct ; neither of which decisions would be altogether satisfactory to a judicious mind. The only reasonable conclusion seems to be that the chronology based upon the twelve millenniums was in use in the fifth century B.C., about which time the earliest quoted statement seems to have been made. 77. It will also be observed that this millennial chronology is inextricably associated with the idea of the primeval existence of all good creations in the state of Fravashis. These are described as spiritual existences who remained three millenniums unthinking, unmoving, and intangible (Bd. I, 8); and the next three millenniums they still remained undisturbed by evil, mankind being represented, for that period, by Gayomard in the world (Bd. XXXIV, 1) and by the spiritual form of Zaratust in heaven (Dk. VII, ii, 15), while the animals were symbolized by the primeval ox for the same period. Six millenniums, which are half the duration of time, were thus appropriated to Fravashis, spiritual and embodied, probably before the birth of Plato, if we may rely upon classical statements; and it must have Digitized by Google

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xlii PAHLAVI TEXTS. been before this date that the series of millenniums was arranged for all future history, till Time was expected to merge once more into Eternity at the renovation of the universe. 78. As we have seen that Zoroastrian tradition is very consistent in fixing the date of Zaratust's activity about the end of the seventh century B.C., it may be asked, why have Avesta scholars so strongly insisted upon its greater antiquity? They may have had several reasons, but three, at least, were important. First, they had the classical statements which, as we have seen ($ 71), generally placed Zaratust as far back as the seventh millennium B.C., on the testimony of persons who lived from two to four centuries after the traditional date of Zaratust's death. No one, of course, could believe in the literal accuracy of the number of millenniums, which referred, as we have seen, to an imaginary period of spiritual existence, but this number was considered merely as an exaggeration which might be reduced to any amount that seemed reasonable. At the same time, this evidence for antiquity was quite sufficient, in the second place, to discredit the traditional date, of which these old authorities seemed ignorant, though it was a period then comparatively recent. And, if this discredit had not been sufficient to shake the faith of Avesta scholars in the traditional date of Zaratust. they still had a third reason for their scepticism, when they discovered that the language of the Avesta was not merely a sister of Sanskrit, but that a large portion of it was sister to the oldest Sanskrit with which they were acquainted, and which appeared to them certainly older than the time of Gautama Buddha, who lived about one generation later than the traditional Zaratust. 79. How far Avesta scholars were justified in their conclusions must be left for future ages to determine; at present we have no really historical information about the origin of Zoroastrianism, and must still consider it as decidedly prehistoric; though, it may be admitted that the Parsi calendar, as used in Persia, so far agrees with tradition, that it still bears witness to its own original institution in Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xliii the reign of Darius Hystaspes, as will be seen from the following details. 80. The Parsi year consists of twelve months, each consisting of thirty days, with five additional days added at the end of the year, and the total number of 365 days never varies, so that, whenever a leap-year occurs in our calendar, the beginning of the Parsi year retreats one day in the Christian calendar. In this manner, the total number of days which the beginning of the Parsi year has retreated, since the institution of their calendar, records the number of leap-years which would have occurred in the same period of Christian years, if the regular leap-years had existed the whole time; and four times the number of leap-years would be the total number of years. But as leap-years have not been used the whole time, we have to calculate from astronomical data. 81. In the first place, we want to know at what season the Parsi year originally began, and we learn this from Bd. XXV, 7, 20, where we are told that the winter of the rectified year ends with the five extra days, and the spring begins with the first month; which means that the rectified year begins with the vernal equinox. We also have to observe that, retreating at the rate of one day every four years, the beginning of the year retreats all round the year in 1460 years; and we know from general history that the period, with which we have to deal, is much more than 1460 years and less than 2920. Then we have to ascertain the exact length of the tropical year, which astronomers say is 365.2422 days, with an infinitesimal decrement, quite inappreciable in the period we have in view. 82. We may calculate back from any vernal equinox which occurs not too far from noon, say that of March 22, 1865, when the beginning of the Parsi year, according to Persian reckoning, had retreated to August 24, 1864, or 210 days, in addition to a previous retreat of a whole year of 365 days, or altogether 575 days since the establishment of the calendar. So that the difference between the Parsi year of 365 days and the correct tropical year of 365.2422 days had then accumulated to a total of 575 days. Divid Digitized by Google

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xliv PAHLAVI TEXTS. ing the accumulated error of 575 days by the annual increment of 0.2422 of a day, we obtain a quotient of 2374 years, including A.D. 1865, as the time in which this error had accumulated, and this carries us back to B.C. 510 as an approximate date of the establishment of the Parsi calendar, with the first day of the year coinciding with the vernal equinox. 83. This date is, however, liable to some modifications for errors of observation on the part of the ancient astronomers, one of which errors, being constantly in one direction, must be taken into account. These old observers were not aware of the effect of refraction, which always makes the night seem somewhat shorter than it is in reality; and this would lead them to antedate the vernal equinox by rather more than a day; so that they would observe an apparent equinox in B.C. 505 on the same day in the Parsi year as that on which the real equinox occurred in B.C. 510. The most probable date of the establishment of the Parsi calendar is therefore B.C. 505, with a margin of four to eight years in either direction for accidental errors of observation. 84. A few years before this period we know, from the cuneiform inscriptions of Behistun, that Darius Hystaspes used an older calendar, when recording his early victories over insurgents, which consolidated his empire. It was a time when he was introducing many reforms in the government, and, being a believer in Auramazda, his most influential advisers would probably be Zoroastrian priests. If they thought it necessary to reform the old calendar, the adoption of strictly Zoroastrian names for the new months and days in the Parsi calendar would be fully explained. 85. But, besides this ordinary civil calendar, in which new-year's day was constantly retreating, the Persians had a rectified calendar for religious purposes, which intercalated an extra month from time to time, for the purpose of bringing new-year's day forward again to the vernal equinox, and restoring the festivals to their proper seasons. It is this calendar which is used in Bd. XXV, and its days Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xlv and months are distinguished by the epithet vehikakig (veh + ik +ak+ig), 'belonging to what is really good,' or vehikak, 'belonging to the really good,' which, in this connection, may be best expressed by the word 'rectified.' 86. This intercalation is described by Albiruni in various passages which inform us that, after the new-year's day had retreated more than a month from the vernal equinox, the king would order the priests to arrange for the solemn proclamation of an extra month to be intercalated, between the last month of the year and the five extra days, by merely moving those five days from the end of the twelfth month to the end of the first month of the next year. The effect of this was to put an extra month into the earlier year which, beginning with the first month, would also end with the first month augmented by the five extra days as the usual termination of the year. All following years would begin with the second month, and end with the first month and the five extra days, until the second intercalation, when a year of thirteen months and five days would be again obtained, by merely moving the five extra days to the end of the second month which would thus become the last month of the year, while the third month would begin the year until the third intercalation. By these means, any number of intercalations could be made without any additional month being named, and the position of the five extra days always indicated the end of the rectified year, and that the rectified first month, which followed them, was to become the last month of the preceding year at the next rectification, or intercalation. 87. If the Parsi calendar, as used in Persia, were established B.C. 505, as we have calculated, it ought to have been rectified by an intercalation of one month about each of the following years :B.C. 381, 257, 133, 10, A.D. 115, 239, 363, 487, 610. Albiruni (p. 121), however, has recorded only one intercalation of two months in the time of Yazdakard I (A.D. 399-420), son of Shahpuhar, when the 1 Sachau's Albiruni's Chronology of Ancient Nations, pp. 12, 13, 38, 53-56, 121, 184, 185, 220, 221. Digitized by Google

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xlvi PAHLAVI TEXTS. five extra days were removed to the end of the original eighth month Aban, where they remained until Albiruni's own time (Alb. p. 56), about A.D. 1000. The reason for intercalating two months at once, was because the time for the seventh intercalation (A.D. 363) was already long past; so the eighth was added three or four score years in advance, being due in 487. 88. All that Albiruni says about this double intercalation is quite in accordance with the original establishment of the calendar by Darius Hystaspes, and would render any date more than thirty-seven years later than his reign impossible. With regard to the earlier intercalations (which must have occurred to account for the movement of the five extra days) that of A.D. 115 was neither in the reign of Vologeses I, nor in that of Vologeses III, one of whom must have been the Askanian renovator of the Avesta. That of A.D. 239, if carried out punctually, would have been at the extreme end of the reign of Ardashir ; but the intercalations seem to have been usually delayed, as in the case of that of 363 which was delayed for thirty to fifty years, although it ought to have been carried out under the direction of one of those ultra-orthodox high-priests, Aturpad son of Maraspend, or his son Zaratust, in the reign of Shahpuhar II. 89. It is worthy of notice that the names of both the days and months, which have come down to us in this calendar of Darius, include the names of the six Ameshaspentas, which, according to Darmesteter's hypothesis, were not invented till the time of Vologeses I, in the first century A.D. We have positive evidence that the calendar of twelve months of thirty days each, with five extra days to complete the year, must have been established in the time of Darius. This fact being recorded mechanically by the extent of the retreat of the Persian Parsis' new-year's day down to the present time, and by the number of months intercalated in their religious calendar down to the fifth If the calendar had been established thirty-eight years after the death of Darius, the seventh intercalation would not have been due till one year after the death of Yazdakard I. Digitized by Google

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INTRODUCTION. xlvii century A.D., being known from the position of the five extra days in the rectified calendar. We have no evidence of any change of names having been made in this calendar at any time; and only positive and indisputable evidence could be admitted, because reformers of calendars are hardly ever satisfied with mere change of names, and the calendar itself is a permanent witness that no alteration can have been made in any other particular, since the time of Darius. 90. Darmesteter's theory of a late origin for the Avesta having been mentioned, it may be allowable to add, that the likelihood of this theory does not increase upon closer examination. It is a brilliant hypothesis, very carefully prepared to meet ordinary criticism ; but it does not appear to convince Avesta scholars in general, for want of sufficient evidence, as it is very necessary to distinguish carefully between possibilities and probabilities; the former being not admissible as evidence, unless corroborated by positive facts. Its chief use has been in checking the tendency to exaggerate the age of the Avesta, but it seems itself to be an exaggeration in the opposite direction, a returning swing of the ever-restless pendulum of judgment. On the other hand, the traditional age of the religion cannot be fairly considered as exaggerated, for the chief difficulty in accepting it as sufficiently old, is that the nearer our researches penetrate to that time the less real light we obtain. E. W. WEST. April, 1897. Digitized by Google

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ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS VOLUME. A.D. for Anno Domini; Alb. for Albiruni's Chronology of Ancient Nations, translated by Sachau; A. R. for Anno Religionis; Ar. for Arabic; AV. for the Book of Arda-Viraf; Av. for Avesta; B for Bombay MS. of Dinkard, brought from Iran in 1783; B.C. for Before Christ; Bd. for Bundahis (S. B. E. v, 1-151), and Band (volume); Beh. for Behistun inscription ; BK for an old copy of K35, made when this MS. was more complete than it is now; B. R. for Before the Religion; Byt. for Bahman Yast (S. B. E. v, 189-235); Chald. for Chaldee; Chap. for chapter; Chaps. for chapters; Dd. for Dadistan-i Dinik (S. B. E. xviii, 1-276); Dk. for Dinkard (S. B. E. xxxvii, 1-397, 406-418, and this volume); ed. for editor or edition; Ep. for Epistles of Manuskihar (S. B. E. xviii, 277-366); Etudes iran. for Etudes iraniennes; Farh. Oim for Farhang-i Oim-aevak; gen. for genitive case; Gesch. der Sas. for Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden; Gf. for the Tale of Gost-i Fryan; Heb. for Hebrew; Ibid. for ibidem; Ind. vers. for Indian version; J. for Jamasp's old MS.; K for University Library at Kopenhagen; L for India Office Library at London; I. for line; 11. for lines; Mkh. for Mainyo-i Khirad (S.B.E. xxiv, 1-113); MS. for manuscript; MSS. for manuscripts; n. for footnote; nom. for nominative case; p. for page; Pahl. for Pahlavi; Pers. for Persian; pp. for pages; Pt. for Peshotan's old MS.; S. B. E. for Sacred Books of the East; Sd. for Sad-dar (S. B. E. xxiv, 253-361); Sg. for Sikand-gumanik Vigar (S. B. E. xxiv, 115-251); Sls. for Shayast-la-shayast (S. B. E. v, 237-406); Sp. for Spiegel's edition ; T for Tehmuras's MS. of Dd., Zs., &c.; Vd. for Vendidad, ed. Geldner; Vig. for Vigirkard-i Dinik; Visp. for Visperad, ed. Geldner; vol. for volume; Westerg. Frag. for Westergaard's Fragments; Yas. for Yasna, ed. Geldner; Yt. for Yast, ed. Geldner; YZ. for Geiger's Yatkar-i Zariran; Z. for Zaratust ; Zs. for Selec. tions of Zad-sparam, first series. Digitized by Google

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MARVELS OF ZOROASTRIANISM AS STATED IN THE SEVENTH AND FIFTH BOOKS OF THE DINKARD AND IN THE SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM CHAPTERS XII-XXIV. vi [47] Digitized by Google

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OBSERVATIONS. 1. For all divisions into chapters and sections the translator is chiefly responsible, as the stops found in the manuscripts are not used systematically. 2. Italics are used for any English words which are not expressed, or fully understood, in the original text, but are added to complete the sense of the translation. 3. Italics occurring in Oriental words, or names, represent certain peculiar Oriental letters (see the 'Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets' at the end of this volume), or certain abbreviated modes of writing Pahlavi letters. Italic a, a, b, d, e, f, h, i, f, kh, 1, p, r, sh, u, v, ad indicate no change of pronunciation; but & should be sounded like j, hv like wh, k like ch in church,' s like sh, and Avesta z like French j. 4. In the translation words in parentheses are merely explanatory of those that precede them, and often translate Pahlavi glosses in the original text. 5. For the meaning of the abbreviations, used in the notes, see the explanatory list after the Introduction. 6. The manuscripts used for the Dinkard are : B (written A.D. 1659), the only independent authority for Book VII; it was brought from Iran to Surat in 1783, and one folio, at the end of Chap. iv, appears to be missing. K 43 (written A. D. 1594 and later), No. 43 in the University Library at Kopenhagen, which contains another independent authority for Book V in its later portion. 7. The manuscripts used for the Selections of Zad-sparam are : K 35 (probably written A. D. 1572), No. 35 in the same library, which was brought from Iran by Prof. Westergaard in 1843, along with No. 43. T, a copy of a MS. about fifty years older, belonging to Ervad Tehmuras Dinshawji Ankalesaria of Bombay. Digitized by Google

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MARVELS OF ZOROASTRIANISM. DINKARD.-BOOK VII. aitse Lil: OF THEY UNIV. CHAPTER I. Y 1. For the gratification of the creator Adharmazd, even through the complete superiority of the Mazdaworshipping religion, adorned by omniscience, in the world. 2. The seventh book is about the marvellousness of the greatest reminder of the Mazda-worshipping religion, Zaratust 1 of the Spitamas; also of the mindfulness of that illustrious one by Adharmazd, and of his religion, arisen through the word of Adharmazd, being blessed among those of the region of king Vistasp; from the Exposition of the Good Religion 2 : 3. But, before that, there is purposely written whatever was the progress of the character and effect of the good religion and its first acceptor in the spiritual and worldly existences; and, after that, 1 Nearly always spelt Zaratakhsht in the MS., t counterpart of the Persian form Zaratuhsht or Zaraduhsht. * This Nikezo-i Veh-deno was evidently the name of an older book, from which the Dinkard quotes much of its information on religious matters. B2 Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK VII. the prophets, apostles, and upholders in the period as far as Zaratust, whose guardian spirit is reverenced, and their religion, which is this, due to the utterance and splendour with which they have been blessed with prophecy among mankind 1. 4. According to the Mazda-worshipping religion and the Exposition of the Good Religion, it is the nature of Adharmazd's disposition and his knowledge as to the complete obtainment of the first creature, the archangel Vohumano, and the first progress spiritually among the archangels and the other sacred beings of the spiritual and worldly existences, and materially in Gayomard, the first man, through concurrent and complete acceptance from the creator Allharmazd, and the needful atonement in his own period through meditation, and the smiting thereby of the fiend of that period and the opposition thereof, by thinking of the creator's teaching, that constitute the whole of that first utterance of the religion of Adharmazd. 5. According to the declaration of the good religion about the production of existence, which is the praise of him who was the causer of existence and creator, the beneficent spirit, the first craving among mankind was this, that 'we be happy and be the creation of Adhar mazd ;' and the last, as regards the preservation of a remedy for mankind, is this, that 'the best is this, that the formation of lives be perfect now, though rendered sickly by him; and the spiritual existences of mankind be so now, though the destroyer has come to the creatures.' 6. For 1 This preliminary matter occupies the whole of Chap. I. ? The Yatha-ahd-vairyo, or most sacred religious formula of the Parsis. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER 1, 4-8. human beings of the lineage of Gayomard this is the one thing good, when they shall perform their duty and good works; and one's work is to smite one's own opposing fiend; an instance presentable to any of the lineage, that it is important for every one of you to smite his own opposing fiend, is the freedom from molestation which occurs thereby, and the noncontamination of the creatures by the destroyer ; and it is that effect which the creator of creation has produced for it. 7. And this, too, is declared by the good religion, that through a true-spoken statement Gayomard attained to the good spiritual lordship of the archangels (that is, he was fit for the supreme heaven ). 8. And after Gayomard, at various periods until the ever-favouring 3 Zaratust of the Spitamas, whose guardian spirit is reverenced; much also was his acquaintance with knowledge, and his work was the preservation of the mankind of that time in which he came into notice ; moreover he became requisite for conference with the creator; and because of their superior carrying on of destiny ", by command of the 1 Reading ho-a haih, Av. hvanghevi. This section is one of the numerous quotations from the Pahlavi version of a lost Avesta text. When we are furnished with a complete Pahl.-Av. vocabulary, it will be possible to recover much of the original Avesta of such quotations, with some degree of certainty. * Pahl. garodmanig. Such glosses and comments, inserted by the Pahlavi translator, are always marked as parenthetical. Pahl. hamai-bahar; it might be read hamai-bidar, 'ever vigilant. * Reading vakhsh (= Pers. bakhsh), which is usually expressed by its Zvaris equivalent gadd (traditionally gadman), and this means both destiny' and 'the star, or glory, of destiny' (Av. hvareno, Pers. khura). Here the first letter of vakhsh is omitted, and this error converts the word into kha ya, the Zvaris of gan, life.' Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK VII. creator, it is declared in the good religion, that the combined titles of prophet (vakhshvar), acceptor, and promoter are enumerated of them. 9. As Gayomard passed away, it came to Masye and Masyaoi?, the second of worldly beings who were the progeny of Gayomard the first; and it is declared, by the word of Adharmazd, that he spoke to them, when they had been produced by him, thus : 'You are the men I produce, you are the parents of the parents of all embodied existence; and so do you men not worship the demons, for the possession of complete mindfulness is the best thing produced by me for you, so that you may fully observe duty and ordinances with complete mindfulness.' 10. And the bountifulness of Adharmazd was extolled by them, and they went on with their own duty; they also performed the will of the creator, enjoyed the advantage of the many duties of the world, and practised next-of-kin marriage for procreation, union, and the complete progress of the creations in the world, which are the best good works of mankind. 11. The creator showed them the sowing of corn, as declared in the words of Adharmazd thus : 'This is thine, O Masye! which is an ox; thine, too, is this corn; and thine those other appliances; henceforth thou shouldst know them well.' This must have also occurred twice in a previous copy of the MS. in $ 28, where the word is written gan, life,' in the MS. B. In S. B.E., vol. xxxvii, Dk. VIII, xiii, 20, vakhsh has been erroneously translated word.' The glorious destiny. $$ 9 and 10 have been previously translated in S. B. E., vol. xviii, pp. 411, 412. Literally 'man and woman' who grew up as plants from the earth fertilized by Gayomard, the prototype of the human race; see Bd. XV, 1-5. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER I, 9-14. 12. This, too, is declared by the good religion, that Adharmazd spoke to Hadish', one of the sacred beings thoroughly worthy through righteousness, thus: 'O Hadish, who art thoroughly worthy through righteousness! thou shouldst proceed to Masye and Masyadi, thou shouldst procure thy ? corn and bread from Masye and Masyadi, and shouldst bless theirs thus: "This corn comes up owing to you, and, as it came unto you from Adharmazd and the archangels, may the corn extend from you unto your descendants without disturbance from the demons;" and two Ahunavairs 3 are to be recited for the staying away of the demon and fiend.' 13. And Hadish, the thoroughly worthy through righteousness, went to Masye and Masyaoi, and he procured his corn and bread from Masye and Masyaoi, and it was given by them; he also blessed them thus : May this corn come up from you, as from the archangels! as it came unto you from Adharmazd and the archangels, may it extend from you unto your descendants, without disturbance from the demons;' and two Ahunavairs were recited by him, for the staying away of the demon and fiend. 14. And, owing to the explanation of the sacred beings, Masye and Masyaoi attained also to the manufacture of clothing, the tending of sheep, housebuilding, and primitive carpentry, the agriculture and husbandry of the ancients, and the memory of their original state ; and these proceeded from them through their lineage, presenting an example and 1 Mentioned in Visp. i, 9: ii, II: ix, 5, and recognized as a spirit in Pahl. Visp. i, 31 (Sp.). The spirit who assists the husbandman, see Etudes iran. ii, 2016 9 The MS. has his,' as in $ 13, by mistake. 3 Two of the sacred Yatha-ahd-vairyo formulas. Digitized by Google

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8 DINKARD, BOOK VII. spreading in the world, to artificers among the plenitude of artificers. 15. And after that, the destiny to be carried on came to Samak !, who was their son, and the descent of their collateral descendants was on to each region and each quarter of the world, to that extent which the creator chose for that region and quarter; and thereby there was a completion of the progress and spreading of mankind into the various regions and quarters. * 16. At another time it came to Vaegered and Hoshang ? of the early law (pes-dad), for providing in the world the law of husbandry, or cultivation of the world, and of sovereignty or protection of the world. 17. And through their companionship and united-force, given by religion, the sovereignty and cultivation of the world were prepared through progress and a succession of provisions of Adharmazd's creatures, as well as the religion appointed by Adharmazd. 18. And through that glory of destiny (gada) two-thirds of the demons of Mazano 8 and the seven evil-instructed ones * of Aeshm were destroyed by Hoshang. 19. After that it came to Takhmorupo the wellarmed, and through that glory the demon and evil mankind, the wizard and witch, were smitten by him ; idolatry was also cast out by him, and he propagated in his time the reverence and service of the creator ; the evil spirit, converted into the shape of a horse, was also carrying him for thirty winters. . See Bd. XV, 24-26. ? Grandsons of Samak, see Bd. XV, 28, and Sachau's Albiruni's Chronology of Ancient Nations, pp. 206, 212. 3 The idolators of Mazandaran. See Yt. XIX, 26. * Called.seven powers' in Bd. XXVIII, 15. 6 See Bd. XXXI, 2, and Yt. XIX, 28, 29. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER I, 15-24. 20. And it came, at another time, for the conference with Adharmazd, to Yim'the splendid, the son of Vivang, ha; and owing to his accepting the four classes of the religion, which are priesthood, warriorship, husbandry, and artisanship, there are the four classes which are priesthood. warriorship, husbandry, and artisanship, and thereby the world was improved, extended, and developed; he also rendered even the creatures, in a measure, immortal, undecaying, hungerless, thirstless, plentiful, and fully-settled. 21. And in the good religion ? it is declared, by the word of the creator Adharmazd to Yim, thus: "Then do thou widen my world! (that is, make up its measure more), then do thou extend my world ! (that is, make it up larger), and then thou shouldst accept from me the protection, nourishment, and chieftainship of the world; and do thou effect such watchfulness over it, that no one shall be able to occasion the wounding or injury of another.' 22. And this was accepted and done by Yim, as Allharmazd commanded him; and through the same glory he widened the earth three-thirds larger than that which it was theretofore. 23. And, in that realm of his, the cattle and men of the realm were made immortal by him, and the other creations, water, vegetation, and the various foods, imperishable. 24. And this, too, is declared by the good religion, that the world was made by him like the supreme heaven in pleasantness; also the enclosure made by Yim, constructed by him according to all the commands of the creator 3, about guarding the creatures from perishing through the winter of In Vd. II, 4. See Bd. XXXI, 3-5, and Yt. XIX, 31-33. * As detailed in Vd. II, 22-31, 40, 41. Digitized by Google

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10 DINKARD, BOOK VII. Mahrkus, and likewise many other wonders are reported by the good religion. 25. And it came, at another time, by command of the creator, to Fredun the Aspigan ? when he was in the pregnant womb, owing to the share of husbandry in the avocations of the religion, through allotment from the glory of Yim, and through its triumphant splendour. 26. And Fredan, through that triumphant splendour, became a responder to Dahak 2 from the pregnant womb, and that degraded fiend was averted and paralysed by him; having come to nine years of age, he proceeded about his destruction, and through that victory Dahak was smitten by him 3, the creatures were saved and relieved thereby, those of Mazandar and Mada were smitten, their ravage and mischief were removed from the region of Khvaniras, and the region of Khvaniras was preserved for his three sons. 27. And owing to his husbandry, which is the third avocation of the religion, pestilence and disease were disturbed by the medical treatment even of pestilence itself, and he exhibited to mankind also many other wonders produced and useful occupation for the world. 28. And, in the life-time of Fredan, the same destiny came to Afrik", son of Fredun, owing to introduction by the creator, and was diffused in him, and he practised humility; the life which is perfect is brought through a prayer from his father Fredan, See Bd. XXXI, 7, 8, and Yt. XIII, 131; XIX, 36. * The Arab usurper, or usurping dynasty, that conquered Yim in his old age; see Bd. XXXI, 5, 6. $ See Yt. XIX, 37. See Bd. XXXI, 9, 10. * Probably 'destiny;' the initial letter of vakhsh, 'destiny,' has been omitted, and this blunder converts the word into khaya, life.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER I, 25-31. 11 and that life' came to him from the creator through the blessing of Fredun. 29. And it came, through his mother, to a descendant of Fredun and descendant of Alrik; it proceeded with the angel Neryosang to Manuskihars, and its entire progress was in the lineage of Airik. 30. And it came to Manuskihar, the monarch of Iran, and through it many wonder-wrought actions were performed by him; he smote Salm and Tog in revenge for Afriks, he was a responder to the superfluities of foreign countries, he arranged the realm of Iran, improved and fertilised the land of Iran, and made the country of Iran victorious over foreigners. 31. At another time it came to Adzobo, son of Tumasp", a descendant of Manuskihar the monarch of Iran; and, through that destiny and glory combined, the new-born came to mature activity and the proportions of a man during childhood, through agriculture; he disclosed his lamenting mother to the countries of Iran, he marched on to the destruction of foreigners, to drive out and make them outcast from the land of Iran; he also defeated the village-terrifier of the country of Iran, the wizard who frightened his father and fellow-immortals, Frangrasiyak of Tur ; and he developed and ferti 1 See note 5 on preceding page. ? Here spelt Neresang and Manusir. The former is the usual spiritual messenger of Adharmazd; and for the lineage of the latter see Bd. XXXI, 9-14. It appears that the glorious destiny was preserved by the angel Neryosang for some generations, and he conveyed it to the grandfather of Manuskihar (see Chap. II, 70). 3 The three sons of Fredun, among whom he divided his dominions, with the usual result of triumvirates. * See Bd. XXXI, 23; XXXIV, 6. 5 See Yt. XIX, 56-64, 77, 82, 93, and Bd. XXXI, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 35; XXXIV, 6; where the Av. form Frangrasyan is further Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK VII. lised the country of Iran, and increased the many streams and cultivated lands in the country of Iran. 32. At another time it came to Keresaspo the Saman", owing to the share of warriorship which is the second avocation of the religion, through allotment from the glory of Yim ?; and, through it, the serpent Srobovar which was swallowing horses and swallowing men, the golden-heeled demon Gandarepo, and much other production of adversity by the demon and the fiend--the murderess of the creatures--were destroyed by him. 33. At another time it came to Kat-Kobads, the progenitor of the Kayans; through it he arranged the realm of Iran, he united the sovereignty with himself in the Kayan race, and he thereby occasioned much splendour and actions of advantage to the creatures. 34. And it came to Patakhsrobo 4, son of Afryefshva , son of Taz, who was king of the Arabs, through the mindfulness of the archangel Ashavahisto, and his enquiry about it from its own tribe 6for the demon of greediness (a zo), with one similarly corrupted into Frasiyav, as it is also hereafter in Chap. II, 68; Zs. XII, 3 A famous hero whose exploits, like those of Hercules, have given birth to many legends; see S.B.E., vol. xviii, pp. 369-382. * Compare $ 25. 3 See Yt. XIX, 71; Bd. XXXI, 24, 25, 28; XXXIV, 7. * Or Patasrobo, spelt Patsrobo in Pahl. Vd. XX, 4 (Sp.). * Or Airyefshnig; evidently the same as Virafsang in Bd. XXXI, 6, which is spelt Avirafshaneg and Airafshanig in two MSS. of the Iranian Bundahis. Hence we may conclude that Patakhsrob was a brother of Zainigav, and a great-uncle of Dahak; but how his daughters could have been married to the three sons of Fredun, as stated in the Kitradad Nask (see Dk. VIII, xiii, 9), is a chronological difficulty that throws doubt upon this identification. * The people of the primitive faith, who are supposed to have Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER I, 32-37. destined, had rushed for the destruction of him who was very gentle to that tribe l-as he had a full inclination for the ascendancy of the portion whose guidance to the lofty priestly master was owing to the archangel Ashavahisto, just as the fish image ? of that other portion was for falling into the river ; and it is declared that he came to the ceremonial of Zaratust. 35. At another time it came to Kal-Arsh and his brothers, the descendants of Kobad; through it they have been all-experienced and powerful, heedful and performing wonders ; and the eldest brother of them, Kat-Us, seized upon the sovereignty of the seven regions, and became very illustrious and full of glory. 36. At the same time it came to Aoshnar* who became fully sagacious (pur-zir), owing to the glory of Yim, when he was in his mother's womb, and many wonders were taught by him to his mother, through speaking from the mother's womb; also at his birth he vanquished the maleficent spirit by uttering answers to the questions of the deadly Frakih the demon-worshipper. 37. He also attained to the chancellorship (farmadarih) of Kal-Us, and became administrator (rayinidar) in his realm of the seven regions; the frontier speech (vimandgo bisnih) was also explained and taught by him, already practised most of the duties upheld by Zarathustra before his appearance as a reformer. 1 Indicating that the Arab subjects of the king had revolted, because he favoured those of the primitive faith who, no doubt, gained further favour by putting down the rebellion. * Or it may be fish priest,' as karapo, a heathen priest,' and kerpo, shape, image,' are written alike in Pahlavi letters. * See Yt. XIX, 71; Bd. XXXI, 25. * See Yt. XIII, 131; Dd. XLVIII, 33. Digitized by Google

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14 DINKARD, BOOK VII. and much other learning of advantage to mankind who are unaffected by the utterance of replies of a foreigner; he also advised the Iranian country with the best-instructed counsel. 38. And its coming to Kai-Siyavakhsh the illustrious, through the wondrous-formed Kangdez being held by him for the retention of protection for the much splendour and suitable glory of the religion, from which the restoration of time, the re-arrangement of the realm of Iran, and the reunion of power and triumph with the religion of Adharmazd are manifest. 39. It came to Kal-Khusroi?, son of Styavakhsh, and through it he smote and vanquished Frangrasiyak 3 of Tur, the wizard, and his fellow-miscreation Kersevazd * of those of Vakgiro, and many other very evil devastators of the world; he also joined in the destruction of that idol-temple which was on the shore of Lake Kekast(r), and demolished that fiendishness which was awful. 40. On account of the desirableness of means for the renovation of the universe, he is also on a throne (na mlko), which is assuredly selected by that destiny, at a secret place where there is an immortal preserver for his body until the renovation, through the will of the creator. 41. And it came from him, after Zaratust of the Spitamas came to the conference of the creator * See Yt. XIX, 71, 77; Bd. XXXI, 25; Byt. III, 25, 26. * See Yt. XIX, 74, 77, 93 ; Bd. XXXI, 25. * See $ 31. * Brother of Frangrasiyak, see Yt. XIX, 77; Bd. XXXI, 15. * Reading Vakgiragano, probably the inhabitants of the Bakyir mountain, mentioned in Bd. XII, 2, 20 as a stronghold of Frasiyav (=Frangrasiyak). * See Bd. XVII, 7; Mkh. II, 95. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER I, 38-43. 15 Adharmazd, and accepted from the omniscient creator Adharmazd unmixed freedom from pollution, the comprehensive and also recited acquaintance with the knowledge and work of priesthood, warriorship, husbandry, and artisanship, and the separate portions of the Mazda-worshipping revelation (deno) brought to king Kai-Vistasp by command of the creator, illuminated by the great splendour in that supreme sovereign of the sacred beings, and propagated by the learned of the region, in the regions which are seven, through the good eloquence which is owing to the succession of creatures until the renovation of the universe. 42. And through its production by those who will be his sons, Adshedar, Allshedar-mah, and Soshans ', the renovation in the existence of the creatures of Allharmazd is immortal; and a more remindful statement of its splendour, glory, and marvellousness is a statement that is written and found below ?. 43. And there have also been others before Zaratust, the prophet (vakhshvar) of desired fame in the Mazda-worshipping religion ; for it is declared that, at times, some came from the spiritual beings to him who was more of a leader, and mankind have become as captivated by the solicitation and interrogation of that affair, as now by the solicitation and interrogation of the religion ; the necessity for that period is not now necessary, because all mankind 1 The Pahlavi transcripts of the Avesta names, Ukhshyad-ereta, Ukhshyad-nemangh, and Saoshyas, of the three apostles expected to revive and renovate the Parsi religion in successive millenniums. According to the imperfect chronology of the Bundahis, the millennium of Aushedar-mah has now nearly one-fourth elapsed. . See Chap. XI, 7-11. Digitized by Google

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16 DINKARD, BOOK VII. are made acquainted with the religion, and Zaratust of the Spitamas, whose guardian spirit is righteous, is to be reverenced. 44. Now, that which is declared in the world is written, about the splendour, glory, and marvellousness of the prophet of the Mazda-worshipping religion, the best of creations, whose guardian spirit is reverenced, Zaratust of the Spitamas; and ten chapters are published here, as to the information from the Avesta, and in benediction of the religion of Adharmazd 1. 45. That of it which is before the birth of that glorious one from his mother in the present world. 46. That of it which is from the birth of that illustrious one onwards, till his coming to a conference with Adharmazd. 47. That of it which is from the conference onwards, till his pre-eminence over prophecy in the world, and the acceptance of the religion by the exalted Kal-Vistasp. 48. That of it which is onwards from that, till the departure (vikhezo) of that pure soul to the existence which is best. 49. That of it which is also successively after that, in the reign of the obedient king Kai-Vistasp. 50. That of it which is after that, until the collapse (angavisno) of the sovereignty of Iran. 51. That of it which is also after that, until the end of the millennium of Zaratust and the arrival of Aushedar. 52. That of it which is also after that, until the end of the millennium of Aushedar and the arrival of Allshedar-mah. * Then follow the headings of these ten Chapters (II to XI). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER I, 44 - II, 3. 17 53. That of it which is also after that, until the end of the millennium of Aushedar-mah and the arrival of Soshans. 54. And that of it from the arrival of the Triumphant Benefiter, until the wonder of the renovation and future existence; a statement of them each separately. CHAPTER II. 1. About the marvellousness of the manifestations before the birth of that most auspicious of offsprings from his mother? 2. One marvel is this which is declared, that the creator passed on that glory of Zaratust through the material existences of the creatures 8 to Zaratust; when the command arose from Adharmazd, the coming of that glory from the spiritual existence to the worldly, and to the material substance (madiyato) of Zaratust, is manifested as a great wonder to the multitude (val kabedano). 3. Just as revelation mentions it thus: "Thereupon, when Adharmazd had produced the material (dahisno) of Zaratust, the glory then, in the 1 The MS. has patas for pes. 9 The contents of this chapter are thus mentioned in the summary of the Spend Nask (Dk. VIII, xiv, 1 in S.B.E., vol. xxxvii, p. 31) The Spend contains particulars about the origin and combination of the material existence, guardian spirit, and soul (or glory) of Zaratust; how the creation of each one occurred in the spiritual existence, and in what mode it was produced for the worldly existence; how their connection with the parents arose, the coming of the parents together, the combination in the mother, and the birth from the mother; and whatever is on the same subject.' * The writer uses two Arabic words: ma diyato-i 'halqo.' [47] Digitized by Google

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18 DINKARD, BOOK VII. presence of Allharmazd, fled on towards the material of Zaratust, on to that germ ; from that germ it fed on, on to the light which is endless"; from the light which is endless 2 it fed on, on to that of the sun; from that of the sun it fed on, on to the moon ; from that moon it Aled on, on to those stars; from those stars it fled on, on to the fire which was in the house of Zois 3; and from that fire it fled on, on to the wife of Frahimrvana-zois 4, when she brought forth that girl who became the mother of Zaratust.' 4. Of that splendour, escaped at the same time into the earth and into the sky, the father-in-law's ignorance is declared, so that it is said by those in the village of the more instructed and invoking Zois', as to the self-combustion which burns the fire, that fuel is not necessary for its use. 5. Then they went on to the governor (ke do), and he explained to them concerning that same (that is, he spoke to them) thus: 'The full glory of embodied existence * Perplexed by the repetitions, some copyist has evidently omitted this phrase by mistake. * Pahl. anagar, a transcript of Av. anaghra which is always translated by Pahl. asar, endless. The endless light' is the abode of Agbarmazd, see Bd. I, 2. 8 Written in Pazand. * Also written in Pazand. In Bd. XXXII, 10, it is stated that the name of the father of the mother of Zaratust was Frahimrava' (or Fereahimruvana in the Iranian version); but very little reliance can be placed on such Pazand readings of names originally written in Pahlavi. Here written in Pahlavi letters which can also be read Zandih. In the text, the two preceding adjectives, farhakhtar va-k hvan, might be read Farakht-ruvanan as the beginning of the name. But, as it stands, the text implies that Zofs, the father-in-law of his son Frahim-rvana's wife, was the master of the house, which is the usual oriental arrangement. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER 11, 4-9. 19 is the glory of life apart from the body, so that all diligence devoid of this is only movement.' 6. And it is declared that the demons, on account of their defeat by that glory in maintaining adversity for the girl, were bringing on to that district three armaments (heno), winter, the demon of pestilence, and oppressive enemies; and a suspicion was cast by them into the minds of those of the district, that this harm happened to the district owing to the witchcraft of this girl ; so that those of the district quarreled dreadfully with the parents, as to the witchcraft of antagonism in the girl, and about putting her out from that district. 7. And the father of that girl spoke even these words to those of the district, with much reason, about the unjust assertion of witchcraft relative to the girl, that is : 'When this girl was brought forth among those of mine, her whole destiny (vakhsh) was afterwards set forth by that manifest radiance of fire, where it brought out radiance from all over her in the dark night. 8. When this girl sits in the interior of the house, wherein there is no fire, and in the chamber (sarai) of fire they increase its intensity (burzo), it is lighter there, where and when this girl sits, than there where they increase the intensity of the fire; one is dazzled by the radiance from her body, and that of a wizard would not have been so glorious. 9. Even then, owing to the influence (sarfnisno) of the demons, and the Kavig and Karap? of the * Reading darih, but it may be garih for karih, producing.' ? The Karaps were apparently idolatrous priests, especially those before the conversion of Vistasp by Zaratust; one being called a wizard' in Chap. III, 5, 42-44, another 'unsanctified' in IV, 24, C 2 Digitized by Google

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20 DINKARD, BOOK VII. district, they did not become satisfied; so the father ordered the girl to go to Padiragtaraspo ", the father of a family in the country (mata) of the Spitamas, in the district (radastak) of Alak; and the girl obeyed the command of her father. 10. That disturbance which the demons caused, with evil intention, for the expatriation of that girl, the sacred beings assiduously made the reason for the coming of the girl for marriage to Pordshaspo, the father of Zaratust, through her father sending the girl to the dwelling of Padiragtaraspo, the father of Porushaspo. * 11. One marvel? is this which is declared, that when that girl, in going to that family, stood on the loftiest place in the country of the Spitamas, and it is surveyed by her, a great wonder is manifested to the girl, just as revelation mentions: 'It is their 3 a third is deadly' in IV, 67, and a demon himself is a Karap in IV, 61, and has Karaps under his control in II, 45. The following Karaps are named in the time of Zaratust :-Darasrobo mentioned in Chap. III, 4-41; Bradrok-resh in III, 20-34, who is called a Turanian in III, 28; Vaedvoist in IV, 21-24; and Zak in IV, 67. Some others are named by other writers. The Kavigs, Kais, or Kigs are mentioned with the Karaps in Chaps. II, 9; III, 50; IV, 2. 6. 14, 64, 67; VIII, 26, 40, as equally objectionable, but their avocation as officials is not defined. Both classes seem to have held official rank, but whether their titles were tribal or official is uncertain. The Avesta calls them Karapan and Kavi; the latter word being also the royal title of the Kayan dynasty, of which Vistasp was a member. Compare Zs. XV, 1-4; XXIII, 8. So also in $$ 13, 70. In Bd. XXXII, 1, 2, the two old MSS. of the Iranian Bundahis have Padtarasp thrice and Pirtarasp once; K 20 has Spitarsp and Paitiresp; K 20 b has Padirtaraspo and Paitirispo; and M6 has Padirtarasp and Paitiresp. Zs. XIII, 6, has Purtaraspo. One of the marvellous manifestations mentioned in $ 1. . Probably we should read : It is the voice of those sacred beings' who are mentioned in SS 10. As the word yasdan,sacred beings,' is exactly similar, in Pahlavi, to shan (in valdshan, 'their' Digiized by Google

Page #1959
CHAPTER II, 10-15. 21 voice is carried away to her from them; "do thou proceed to that village which is theirs; it is very depressed in height and very wide in breadth, in which he who is living and the cattle mostly walk together ; besides, for thy assistance that village is divinely fashioned and compassionate." 12. Thereupon that damsel stopped, and also fully observed that their recital seems to be for the conveyance of this statement, that my action should be such as was ordered me by my father also. 13. Then that damsel thoroughly washed her hands, and proceeded from them to that village which was Padiragtaraspo's, and the glory came to Porushaspo, the son of Padiragtaraspo. 14. One marvel is this which is declared, that the creator Allharmazd passed on the guardian spirit (frava har) of Zaratast, to the parents of Zaratust, through (le-kadon) Hom", by a marvel produced by cultivation. 15. Again, too, revelation says that, when the separation (burino) of the third millennium occurred, at the end of the 3,000 years of spiritual existence without a destroyer, (after the creatures were in spiritual existence, and before the arrival of the fiend); then the archangels framed Zaratust together, and they seated the guardian spirit within, having a mouth, having a tongue, and the proclaimer of the celestial mansions. or 'those'), a copyist would be liable to the blunder of leaving out the final word in writing valdshan yazdan. Or the original writer himself may not have quoted enough of the text he was reading, to make his meaning clear. A sacred and mythical tree, described in Bd. XVIII, 1-3, and often personified as a sacred being. It is now represented, in Parsi ceremonies, by twigs of a particular plant brought from Persia. Digitized by Google

Page #1960
22 DINKARD, BOOK VII. 16. Then the three millenniums of Zaratust ? were the number manifest to them through observation by the eye, and it seemed that he became just like an archangel through bodily contact with (hamkerpih) 2 the archangels. 17. And when the separation of the third millennium occurred, after the framing of Zaratust together, and before the conveying of Zaratust down to the worldly state, at the end of the 3,000 years of worldly existence with a destroyer, then Adharmazd argued with Vohamano and Ashavahisto 3 thus : 'Is his mother beheld by you, so that we may produce Zaratust ?' 18. And Ashavahisto spoke in reply thus: Thou art aware even of that, o propitious one! about the Zaratust we shall produce, and thou and we have produced, thou knowest, O Adharmazd! and to us who are the other archangels do thou announce the place, because its appearance thou knowest, thou propitious spirit Adharmazd!' 19. Then Adharmazd argued with Vohumano and the reminding by Ardavahisto 4, Shatraver, Spendarmad, Khurdad, and Amurdad, saying : Meaning the period of Zaratust's existence merely as a guardian spirit, the first period of the destroyer ( 17) who then remained powerless in confusion (see Bd. I, 22). ? Or sheltering with ' (ham-karikih). * The personifications of the Avesta phrases for good thought' and perfect rectitude,' who are two of the seven that hold a superior position among sacred beings, somewhat similar to that. of archangels. When a Parsi speaks of Adharmazd as the first of the Ameshaspends, or archangels, he does not put him on an equality with the rest, any more than we put a commander-in-chief on an. equality with his troops when we call him a good soldier. * Another pronunciation of Ashavahisto. These last four archangels are personifications of the Avesta Digitized by Google

Page #1961
CHAPTER 11, 16-24. 23 The conveying of Zaratust down does not seem to be for me, because, having a mouth and having a tongue, he will be a proclaimer to the world of embodied beings. 20. If we convey Zaratust down on to the world of embodied beings, having a mouth and having a tongue, as a proclaimer of the celestial mansion, this is evident: they will say, concerning the origin of him who is my righteous man, that we frame him together with the water, with the land, with the plants, and with the animals?. 21. Therefore we will carry off there, to the village of Porushaspo, him whom they will call Zaratust of good lineage of both natures, both of Neryosang ? who is of the archangels, and of Yim who is of mankind.' 22. Then the archangels framed together a stem of Hom the height of a man, excellent in colour, and juicy where fresh ; also to carry off the guardian spirit of Zaratust to that stem of theirs, the archangels made it go forth thither from that endless light, and gave it up there also to the instinctive intellect (asno vir). 23. Likewise their carrying off was manifest around, and a wall was openly displayed round them, but a restless one; the Hom was constantly provided with a mouth, where it was suitable, and sap constantly oozed from the Hom where it was moist. 24. And when thirty 3 years of the 3,000 years of phrases for desirable dominion, bountiful devotion, completeness or health, and immortality.' 1 That is, as an inferior and irresponsible being. ? Here spelt Nerosang ; see Chaps. I, 29; II, 70; and Zs. XIII, 6, for this angel's influence on the royal race. The MS. has 330 years, but the time intended is evidently that shortly before the birth of Zaratust, and this third 3,000 years Digitized by Google

Page #1962
24 DINKARD, BOOK VII. well-disturbed 1 worldly existence remained, Vohdmano and Ashavahisto then associated their preeminence together, and turned off into the embodied existence ; there they came up to where two birds had settled in quest of progeny, and seven years before the serpents devoured the inexperienced progeny. 25. For their own designs, Vohumano and Ashavahisto went on, and those birds consulted them thus: We have to offer homage, and our want is that Hom.' 26. The circumstances of those associated together in pre-eminence and the request of these for that Hom were a double marvel ; Vohumano seized one of those birds by both legs, and the other by one; he also brought them that Hom, and gave it up to them there, on that tree within their nest. 27. And they uncovered above the serpents, that have gone up to the progeny of the birds; then that guardian spirit of Zaratust started up, and the serpents on the tree rushed also from them away towards the demons; but that guardian spirit of Zaratust smote them on the jaws, and the serpents fell down and expired, which events have also occurred among them till now, having been requisite as regards a depriver of life (gan-gir) and any one of that species. 28. And that Hom was connected with that tree; and on the summit of that tree, there ended either when Vistaspo accepted the religion, in Zaratust's forty-second year, or when Zaratust received the religion in his thirtieth year, but this earlier date is the more likely. This word, hu-aibigadig, is written in Pahlavi precisely like an-aibigadig, without a destroyer,' though its meaning is the reverse, which is an unexpected cause of perplexity to a cursory reader. Digitized by Google

Page #1963
CHAPTER II, 25-33. 25 where the nest of the birds was, it grew constantly fresh and golden-coloured'. 29. After the coming of her who bore Zaratust, to Porushaspo for marriage, Vohamano and Ardavahisto, thus associated together in their preeminence, came up there to Porushaspo in the cattle-pasture of the Spitamas, and their thoughts were confined to that Hom brought by them. 30. Then Porushaspo walked forth, with spiritual desire, up to the water of the Dait ?, because the requirement of the spirits is the spiritual knowledge 3 that spirits are ever-beneficial; and that Hom was also seen by him, when it had grown on that tree, on the inside of the nest. 31, Then Porushaspo thought thus : 'It is for me, really (madam-ik-am) to proceed and, even as there is no reaching by me up to that Hom, that tree must be cut down, for apart from that, O Hom of Allharmazd! thou seemest fresh, so that the benefit of something from thee will be advantageous.' 32. Then Porushaspo walked on and washed their clothes acquiescently (patasig), and here a great wonder was manifest to Porushaspo. 33. About this it says that, all the while that Porushaspo washed their clothes, Vohumano then proceeded from the uppermost third of the tree unto the middle of it, whereon it was the desire of Pord Or it may be 'verdant.' Av. Daitya, a mythic river in Afran-veg (Bd. XX, 13); a favourite place for religious rites, see Yt. V, 17, 104, 112; IX, 25, 29; XVII, 45, 49, 61. Or it may be merely maya-i shed, brilliant water.' s Reading mainog-danisnih, but the MS. has mainog den o-danih which might be translated spiritual knowledge of religion, though the latter Pahlavi word is unusual. Digitized by Google

Page #1964
26 DINKARD, BOOK VII. shaspo to be conveyed. 34. Then Porushaspo, having washed the clothes, walked up to it and, thereupon gathering up the whole of that Hom, all of it was then also appropriated by him through assistance like that of that archangel, just as what thou offerest for the food-sustenance of a friend's son of two years or three years of age ; and it seemed to him that archangel's joyful payment. 35. Carrying off their Hom, Porushaspo spoke of it to his noble (mas) wife thus : 'So thou, O Dakdaub ! shouldst keep their Hom in custody, all the while that their Hom fulfils duty and routine. 36. One marvel is this which is declared, that the coming of the nature (gohar) of the body of Zaratust, through water and vegetation, to the bodies of his parents, is manifested as a great wonder of the creator to the multitude. 37. As revelation mentions it thus: Thereupon, when Adharmazd had produced the material (dahisno) of Zaratust!, the nature of his body then, in the presence of Adharmazd, fled on towards the material of Zaratust.' 38. About Khurdad and Mardad 2 bringing the cloud-water down in a compassionate manner ever anew, drop by drop, and completely warm, for the delight of sheep and men, and--with as much seed as the roving of two rampant bulls would thereby cast upon the plants which have grown, all of every species--they are casting it upon those other plants at that time, even upon the dry ones; and the i Compare $ 3. ? These two archangels have special charge of water and vegetation (see Sls. XV, 25-29), and here they are represented as acting in a manner usually ascribed to Tistar, the Dog-star. Digitized by Google

Page #1965
CHAPTER II, 34-43. 27 nature of Zaratust came from that water to those plants. 39. One marvel is this which is declared, that, in order that the nature of Zaratust shall come unto his parents, after the mounting of the archangels Porushaspo drives six white cows, with yellow ears, up to those plants. 40. And here is manifested a great wonder, such as revelation mentions thus : Two ? of those cows, unimpregnated, had become full of milk, and the nature of Zaratust came from the plants to those cows, and is mingled with the cows' milk; it is owing thereto that Porushaspo drove those cows back. 41. And Porushaspo spoke to Dakdaub thus : 'O Dukdaub! in two of those cows, which are unimpregnated and have not calved, milk has appeared; do thou milk those cows, which are the splendour and glory of the cows and of any embodied existence whatever.' 42. And Dakdaub arose and, taking that pail of hers which had a fourfold capacity, she also milked from them the milk which was in them, and a great part of what they gave up to her she had to throw away; and the nature of Zaratust was in that milk. 43. One marvel is this which is manifested in the struggle of the adversary for concealing and spoiling that milk, just as revelation mentions thus : Thereupon, at that time, the demons formed themselves into an assembly, and the demon of demons growled thus : You demons become quite unobservant : that food is really supplied fresh, so that the formation is settled which will extend as far as to that * Reading akhar instead of aden, then.' ? In some places the singular number is used, in others the plural, Digitized by Google

Page #1966
28 DINKARD, BOOK VII. man who will be the righteous Zaratust; which of you will undertake his destruction, all the while that he exists for mankind, so as to make him more contemptibly impotent?' 44. Keshmak', astute in evil, growled thus : 'I will undertake his destruction.' 45. Astute in evil, he rushed away with thrice fifty of the demons who are Karaps of Keshmak; and that village was partly uprooted and partly destroyed 2 by him, fellow-workers were ruined, and the number of fellow-eaters of broken victuals, attending the great, was not broken up, among whom was he that had repelled his authority. 46. It is declared that, afterwards, Porushaspo asked again for that Hom from Dakdaub, and he pounded it, and with that cows' milk 3, into which the nature of the body of Zaratast had come, he here mingled the guardian spirit of Zaratust, and the nature of the body came at once into union with it. 47. One marvel is this which is declared, that Porushaspo and Dukdaub drank up that Hom and milk, when they were mingled together and announced to Allharmazd; and here occurred a combination of the glory, guardian spirit, and bodily nature of Zaratust into a manchild. 48. And a great wonder is manifested to both of them, through that which revelation mentions thus: Thereupon, both have embraced the first time + with desire The whirlwind demon; see Bd. XXVIII, 24. Compare Chap. IV, 61. 2 The usual effects of a hurricane. 9 The mingling of milk with pounded Hom still constitutes part of the Parsi ceremonial ; see Haug's Essays, 3rd ed., p. 405. * Pahl. kola 2 lala fratum vapdido havand.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER II, 44-53. 29 for a son, and the demons shouted out unto them, in the villainous speech of sinfulness, thus: "Why shouldst thou act like this, vile? Porushaspo ?' whereupon they started up like people who are ashamed. 49. A second time they have embraced, and the demons shouted out unto them, in villainous speech; whereupon they started up like people who are ashamed. 50. A third time they have embraced thus, with desire for a son; and the demons shouted out unto them, in villainous speech; whereupon they started up like people who are ashamed. 51. And they spoke with one another about it, and continued at this duty, and accomplished it?, saying: 'We will not so stop without accomplishing something, not even though both Rak and Nodar should arrive here together 3.' 52. Then that manchild who was the righteous Zaratust became complete, and here below there came together the nature of the body, the guardian spirit, and the glory of Zaratust in the womb of his mother. 53. One marvel is this which is declared, that, after the combination of Zaratust in the womb of his mother, the demons strove anew wonderfully 1 Reading anag, but it may be intended for hana=ae, O.' * Pahl. 'afshan madam har sufto, aeghshano pavan akosh fraz vabidunto.' Evidently an old proverb, implying a fixed determination whatever catastrophe may happen, even if one's ancestors of the eleventh or twelfth generation shall appear. Nodar (Av. Naotara) was a son of King Manuskihar (Bd. XXXI, 13, 23), and Rak was a nephew of Nodar (Bd. XXXI, 31), doubtless the same as Ragan (Bd. XXXII, 1; XXXIII, 3) which seems to be a Pazand misreading of Afriko, or Eriko, see Zs. XVI, 11-13, and compare the genealogies in Chap. II, 70 and Zs. XIII, 6. The proverb is used again in Chap. III, 19, and the names are mentioned in III, 39. Digitized by Google

Page #1968
30 DINKARD, BOOK VII. to cause the death of Zaratust in his mother's womb, and she who bore him was rendered sickly by them through the sharpest of sharp and afflictive pain, until she wished to ask the wizard physicians for a desirable remedy. 54. And here is manifested a great wonder, just as revelation says: 'It is then a voice of theirs is carried away there to her from the higher region, from Adharmazd and from the archangels, thus : "Thou damsel who goest! do not proceed thither, because anything of theirs is destruction through wizard medical treatment; for healthfulness wash thy hands thoroughly, and those hands shall take firewood, and upon it thou shalt offer meat for the sake of the infant, thou shalt offer up cows' butter to the fire for his sake; thou shalt likewise heat it at the fire for his sake, and shalt quaff (paimes) it off at the proper time for his sake, and thou wilt become well."' 55. Then at once that damsel washed her hands thoroughly, and she did just as she had heard, and became well ?. 56. One marvel is this which is manifested to the multitude when three days remained to his coming ? forth; in the manner of the sun, at the approach of its uprising, when its first advancing twilight is diffused, his body is then announced as revelation says: 'It is then when in those last three nights during which Zaratust was in the womb, where he still subsisted three days till afterwards born, that the village of Porushaspo became all luminous. 57. Then spoke the horse-owners and cattle-owners of the Spitamas, in running away, thus: "It is requisite to be forgiven 3; the village of Porushaspo, on which Compare Zs. XIV, 2-5. Literally going. . Apparently an appeal for mercy. Digitized by Google

Page #1969
CHAPTER II, 54-62. 31 that fire 1 is in every crevice, is disturbed by confusion ?." 58. Then, on running together again, they said: "It is not fully forgiven for the village of Porushaspo ; fire is on it in every crevice and it is disturbed by confusion; unto him is born, at his house, a brilliant manchild."' 59. This, too, is one of the wonder's, when the report of the marvellousness of the birth of that manchild and of his great glory, is due to statements of Yim and also others, brilliant in carrying on the destiny which had entered them from the sacred beings. 60. Wherein Yim spoke to the demons thus : 'Here below the pure and righteous Zaratust will be born, who will produce for you who are demons that absence of intercession which is prepared for you (that is, he will produce for you a thoroughly-harassed actual inactivity, an absence of intercession so that you are not able to pray on your own account, and no one prays for you).' 61. It is declared that the report about the birth of Zaratust, and concerning his prophesying, is explained (avazandi-hasto) only by the illustrious, such as Yim and Fredun and many learned people ; but the sacred beings are also heard through the tongues of the animals scattered in the world, in order that even that witness shall arise as regards his prophesying. 62. Just like that which is declared, that in the reign of Kal-Us there was an ox, and a splendour had come to his body from the sacred beings; and whenever a dispute as to the frontier arose between Iran and Turan, that ox was brought, and the boundary between Iran and Turan Assuming that niram stands for nira, a variant of nura. ? Or terrified with fear.' Digitized by Google

Page #1970
32 DINKARD, BOOK VII. was truly shown by him. 63. And because, when an Iranian had to seek a decision as to a Turanian in a dispute and lies occurred, the Turanians were constantly convicted through the showing of the boundary by the ox, and happened to be defeated by the Iranians-and, besides that, their envy also arose as to Kat-Us, even of his ownership--therefore, on account of his possession of that wonder, the Turanians proceeded about the smiting and destruction of that ox, and through their sorcery and witchcraft the mind of Kal-Us was disturbed about that ox, and he went to a warrior, whose name was Srito 1, and ordered him to kill that ox; so that man came to smite the ox. 64. And here is manifested a wonder of importance by that ox, such as revelation mentions thus: 'To him spoke the ox, in grave words, thus : "Thou shouldst not murder me, O Srito! thou seventh ? of those of this race; you will atone for this malice when Zaratust, the most desirous of righteousness among the existences, arrives and proclaims thy bad action in revelation; and the distress in thy soul becomes such as is declared by that passage where it says: 'As death occurs to him, that of Vadaks and the like occurs.'" 65. It is declared that that man, when this wonder was thus seen by him proceeding from the ox, did not kill it, but went back to Kal-Us and told him what he had seen. 66. Kat-Us then still, on account of the amazing deceitfulness of the demons and wizards, ordered the same man to smite that ox ; * This legend is also told, with further details, in Zs. XII, 7-25. * Compare Zs. XII, 10. The mother of Dahak, who first committed adultery in an aggravated form (see Dd. LXXII, 5; LXXVIII, 2). Digitized by Google

Page #1971
CHAPTER II, 63-68. 33 and that man proceeded also again to the ox, and though it was carrying on still much of that talk, he did not lend an ear to it, but killed it. 67. Regarding the sole-created ox?, too, it is declared that, on meeting its destruction by the evil spirit, it bellowed thus: "Though thou thinkest it as to us, O evil spirit, astute in evil! that thou art in every way a winner by destruction, it is not to our destruction thou art even then an attainer in every way (that is, it is not possible for thee so to annihilate that we shall not arise again); even now I proclaim that that man, Zaratust of the Spitamas, will arrive in that last revolution, who will produce distress for the demons, the assistants of the demon, and also the wicked who are bipeds.' 68. Likewise the marvellousness of Zaratust's defeat of the demons, owing to his glory and by means of his sagacity, even before he had come into the world by birth; when Frasiyav 2 the wizard is amazingly distressed through seeking that glory of his by desire of the demons, just as revelation 3 mentions thus : 'Thereupon Frasiyav, the very powerful Turanian, rushed away, O Zaratust of the Spitamas! to the wide-formed ocean a first, a second, and a third time; and he wished to obtain that glory which is specially for those of the countries of Iran, for the born and the unborn, and which is for the righteous one; but he did not attain to that glory.' 1 Pahl. tora-i aevak-da do, the primeval ox, from whom the animals and plants have all descended (see Bd. III, 14, 17, 18; IV, 1-5; X, 1; XIV, 1-3; XXVII, 2). * The same person as Frangrasiyak of Chaps. I, 31, 39; II, 69; XI, 3. s In Yt. XIX, 56-62; V, 42. [47] Digitized by Google

Page #1972
DINKARD, BOOK VII. 69. And this, too, is mentioned, that to all the seven regions the villain Frangrasiyak rushed away, and the glory of Zaratust was sought by him . 70. Here is an enumeration of the worthy lineage of Zaratust 2 :-Zaratust was son of Porushaspo, son of Padiragtaraspo, of Urugadhasp*, of Haekadaspo*, of Kikhshnus*, of Paetrasp*, of Aregadharsn*, of Hardhar*, of Spitam, of Vaedist*, of Nayazem* 3, of Afriks, of Durasrobo, of Manuskihar monarch of Iran, of Manas-khurnar, of Manus-khurnak whom Neroksang implanted in + Vizak*, daughter of Airyak*, son of Thritak*, of Bitak*, of Frazusak*, of Zasak*, of Fraguzak* 6, of Guzak* , daughter of Airik, son of Fredun monarch of Khvaniras, son of Pur-tora the Aspigan, of Nevak-tora the Aspigan, of Sog-tora the Aspigan, of Bor-tora the Aspigan, of Kardar-tora ? the Aspigan, of Siyah-tora the Aspigan, of Speto-tora the Aspigan, of Gefar-tora the Aspigan, of Ramak-tora the Aspigan, of Vanofravisn the Aspigan, of Yim monarch of the seven See Yt. XIX, 82. ? Compare the genealogy in Zs. XIII, 6; Bd. XXXII, 1, and that quoted there from the Vigirkard-i Denig. The names marked here with an asterisk are written in Pazand, or partly so. 9 Ayazem, of Ragan, in Bd. The latter name is Ragisn in Vig., but Eriko in Zs. XVI, 13. This wants confirmation, but varzid ben can hardly be a name as assumed in Vig., where it is altered to Varzid-den. 6 The g is of the old form like s. 6 The G is omitted, but see Bd. XXXI, 14. ? Or Katal-tora; this generation is omitted both in the Vigirkard and Bundahis. 8 This generation is interlined in the MS. of the Dinkard. The Bundahis, XXXI, 7, also omits Nevak-tora; and the Vigirkard omits Bor-tora, Siyah-tora, Speto-tora, and Ramak-tora. The termination tora is merely the Zvaris equivalent of gau. In Iranian MSS. the Pahlavi i and u are practically written alike in most cases. Digitized by Google

Page #1973
CHAPTER II, 69-111, 4. 35 regions, son of Vivangha, of Ayang, had*, of Anang,had*, son of Hoshang the Pesdadian monarch of the seven regions, son of Fravak, of Siyamak, of Masya, of Gayomard the first man. Chapter III. 1. About the marvellousness which is manifested after the birth of that most auspicious of offsprings from his mother, till his coming to a conference with Adharmazdi. 2. One marvel is this which is declared, that on being born he laughed outright; the seven midwives (dayah) ?, who sat around him, were quite frightened thereby; and those terrified ones spoke thus: 'What was this, on account of grandeur or contempt? when, like the worthy man whose pleasure is due to activity, the man's child so laughs at the birth owing to him.' 3. Porushaspo also spoke thus : 'Bring out this manchild to the sheepskin clothing which is soft; the affair was owing to thee, owing to the virtue of thee who art Dukdaub, that the advent of glory and coming of radiance to this manchild was openly seen when he laughed outright at his birth.' 4. One marvel is this which is declared, that Porushaspo afterwards went to a Karap, Darasrobo by name, who was the most renowned for witchcraft in that district, and informed him of the birth of Zaratust and the wonders which were manifested 1 The contents of this chapter refer chiefly to the rearing of Zaratust.' For the other matters mentioned in Dk. VIII, xiv, 2, see Zs. XIV, 6-12. * Sls. X, 15 prescribes ten women.' Zs. XIV, 13 mentions seven wizards (yatuko).' D 2 Digitized by Google

Page #1974
36 . DINKARD, BOOK VII. therein; he also brought him to the house for the purpose of seeing Zaratust. 5. That wizard, owing to the coming on of vexation at that glory in Zaratast, desired with evil intention a really mischievous deceit (shedo), to compress with his paws (gov) the tender head of that full-glorious child, to cause his death. 6. And here is manifested a great wonder to the multitude, just as revelation mentions it thus: Thereupon the paws of that deadly one (mar) are driven back to behind him (that is, reversed (all skan) backwards); nor ever after did that deadly one become again a devourer of meat with his jaws by means of those paws.' 7. That Karap also, besides that, examined the marks and evil specks on Zaratust 1; and Porushaspo, in awful alarm as to the dispersion of the emanation of splendour (ap-dihih) from Zaratust, hastened (sarinid) to make Zaratust invisible. 8. One marvel is this which is declared, that the Karap Durasrobo, through witchcraft, cast such fear of Zaratust into the mind of Porushaspo, and so injured the mind of Porushaspo, that, owing only to that very fear as regards himself, he asked the Karap for the death of Zaratust. 9. Also about 2 the mode of putting to death for which Porushaspo, owing to the distraction (vish opisno) by which he becomes helpless, asks Durasrobo; and that Karap is bringing much firewood together, and to shelter (nipayidano) Zaratust amid that firewood, to stir up a fire, and to make it blaze with the wood were the remedy he arranged (virasto); and Porushaspo acted accord Compare Zs. XVI, 1-3. 2 Pahl. madam-ma, where ma=ki, 'what? whatever,' is used for -ik, also,' as often happens. Digitized by Google

Page #1975
CHAPTER III, 5-12. 37 ingly. 10. And here is manifested a great wonder to the multitude, just as revelation mentions it thus : * Neither was fire among the vegetation on a tree (that is, it does not come on), nor has fire seized upon plants; but on rushed, at dawn', that son-loving mother, and she came forth to him intelligently (hushllmond), and seizing him, thereby removed him with her right hand aloft as he sat?' 11. One marvel is this which is declared, that after Porushaspo spoke to the Karap Durasrobo about the fire not burning the child, he asked anew about putting Zaratust to death; then to ensconce (nipayidano) Zaratust in a narrow path, and despatch many oxen on that path, so that he may be trampled on by the feet of the oxen at night, were the remedy that Karap proposed (gira yido) to Porushaspo; and Porushaspo acted accordingly. 12. Here also is manifested a wonder of grandeur to the multitude, just as revelation mentions: 'It was that ox walked on which had become sorrowful (that is, its sorrow was great owing to another ox) and it was aged and walked before that one (before the leading ox), it also hastened before that other (that is, it stood up before Zaratust), and he was greatly pitied by it for the whole day, so that it kept away the oxen from him, being the first that walked thither and the last that walked away; on rushed at dawn that son-loving mother, forth to him she came intelli 1 Reading pavan allsh, but it might be pavan hush, with sense,' here and in $ 14, where there is nothing to indicate that the child was out all night, but in $$ 12, 18 he is evidently rescued the next morning. Pahl. "madam pavan allstako. Compare Zs. XVI, 7. Digitized by Google

Page #1976
38 DINKARD, BOOK VII. gently, and seizing him, thereby removed him with her right hand aloft as he sat 1.' 13. One marvel is this which is declared, that Porashaspo came a second time (idano) to that Karap also about the oxen not trampling on Zaratust, and asked anew about the mode of putting Zaratust to death; then to ensconce Zaratust near a drinking-pool (avkhur) in the domain (gehan), and to drive many horses to that drinking-pool, so that he may be trampled on by the hoofs of the horses, were the substituted" remedy that Karap proposed; and Porushaspo acted accordingly. 14. And here is manifested a great wonder to the multitude, just as revelation mentions thus: 'That horse walked on which had become fully-hoofed (that is, its hoofs were very thick); it is yellow-eared and it walks before that one (before the leading horse), and it hastens before that other (that is, it stood up before Zaratust), and was the first that walked on thither, and the last that walked away; on rushed at dawn that son-loving mother, forth to him she came intelligently, and seizing him, thereby removed him with her right hand aloft as he sat ?.' 15. One marvel is this which is declared, that Porushaspo came again to that Karap, spoke also about the horses, too, not trampling on Zaratust, and asked anew as to what may be the mode of putting * Compare Zs. XVI, 5. * Possibly 'supplementary' or 'gratuitous. The word is nirmato which, as a noun, means the gratuity or honorarium paid to a priest for acting as a substitute for another. Its etymology is obscure, unless it be an abbreviation of nirumandi, strength,' used in the legal sense of refresher.' * Compare Zs. XVI, 6. Digilized by Google

Page #1977
CHAPTER III, 13-19. 39 Zaratust to death ; then to have Zaratust carried off into the den (surak) where a wolf's cubs (h u nuskan) are slaughtered, so that when the wolf arrives and sees the slaughtered cubs, she will wrathfully growl and mangle Zaratust in revenge for those cubs, was the remedy that Karap proposed; and Porushaspo acted accordingly. 16. And here is manifested a great wonder to the multitude, just as revelation mentions: 'It is when that wolf came on, several Yugyasts", towards Zaratust, the wolf was struck dumb by the assistance of the sacred beings, so that its mouth was down at the cubs, one with the other.' 17. One marvel is this which is declared, that Srosh o the righteous and Vohumano proceeded to him, and a woolly (kur u sak) sheep was brought by them unto him; the nurses (dayagan)s also were terrified, apart from him, the whole night. 18. Then on rushed at dawn that son-loving mother, forwards from the position of that woolly sheep she walked, and she, the mistress of the domain (zan-i gehan), spoke thus: "Thou runnest on violently (utayuto) in excess ;' for she considered in this way, that 'the wolf is so much better to that son than thou art 4 good to me, when I shall show his bone or blood in thy sight 6.' 19. Forwards to him has she come 1 The Yugyast is a distance of sixteen Roman miles of a thousand paces each (see Dk. VIII, xx, 19, note). But the writer of the scripture here quoted could have had no idea of the distance he was mentioning. ? A sacred being who personifies'obedience,' and is a special protector of man, particularly at night. 8 It may also be read dehigan, the country-folk.' 4 Or she would be.' Or they show my.' & This seems to be a bitter reproach addressed to her husband; but the ambiguity of the Pahlavi makes its exact meaning rather uncertain. Digitized by Google

Page #1978
40 DINKARD, BOOK VII. intelligently and, seizing him, she thereby removed him, through the grace (dahisno) of the sacred beings, aloft as he sat; and she, the mistress of the domain, spoke thus: 'I shall not give thee up again, my son, not even though both Rak and Nodar should arrive here together 1.' 20. And it is declared that, afterwards, the Karap Durasrobo, with a malicious disciple, came to the same district and noticed about the advancement of Zaratust; and they saw no means for injuring or putting him to death, but his condition (mindavam) was a marvel as full of vigour as this which is declared, that Bradrok-resh, the Karap, growled thus: -21. "Then I, who am the most far-seeing of the people in that district of ours as to witchcraft, see upon their district that well-directing (that is, he understands good commands) produce of development (that is, the increase which continually becomes more, which has come and which will arrive), with good flocks (that is, he understands to keep good sheep), with good herds (that is, he understands to keep a herd which is better than another's), the well-exerting (that is, he understands to do work which is better than another's), well-fighting (that is, he understands to do battle well), and perfectly liberal (that is, he understands to exercise beneficial liberality) bantling (hun u sko) of Porushaspo 2, in the three nights while he was begotten out of 1 See Chap. II, 51. Compare Dk. V, ii, 4; Zs. XVI, 8-13. 2 The Pahlavi version of an Avesta text, here translated, is a fair specimen of the complication produced by appending a gloss to every epithet. It is useful as a combination of translation and lexicon, but it is apt to be perplexing, unless all the glosses are carefully omitted by the reader who can dispense with a lexicon. Digilized by Google

Page #1979
CHAPTER III, 2d 26. 41 his parents. 22. Unto him will Vohumano come in the embodied world (that is, Vohumano will come unto Zaratust), and conducting him unto a conference, his good religion will extend into the seven regions of the earth; and so I shall not even let him produce in his mind (that is, he will not know) where and how I shall murder him; and a token of this matter, that one speaks truly, is this, that I state it beforehand, promptly after the full hearing of the statement of the matter, when you heard this statement.' 23. Porushaspo advanced, conveyed in a four-inhand chariot '; then, on hearing that statement, and when they had heard that statement, Porushaspo started forth, conveyed in that four-in-hand chariot. 24. And Porushaspo spoke to Bradrok-resh, the Karap, thus : 'Bradrok-resh, thou Karap! whatever men they shall behold, cry out when at birth ; even the offspring of that secluded person they behold in death, cry out when at birth 2; but what was that which they beheld at the birth of my son ? 25. When at birth he laughed outright; was that also beheld in thy son, when at birth did he laugh outright? 26. When Vohumano comes unto him, into this embodied existence, it is also said by him on his return: "O Porushaspo! where is thy servant 3 ?" So, O Karap! concerning him who is my son, it is beheld that he was seen sagaciously by thee.' For restoring the original Avesta, the Pahlavi translation, without the glosses, is usually the best guide. 1 Pahl. 4-a yugisno rae (Av. kathruyukhta and ratha). This seems to be the meaning of Pahl. zag-ek tano armestodahisnih pavan fraz khaditund margih, amat pavan zerkhunisno, bara bekhund.' * Pahl. "Pordshaspo! aeghat bandako ?' Digilized by Google

Page #1980
42 DINKARD, BOOK VII. 27. And when Porushaspo enquired of him thus : What was the matter with thee when, through bringing thee unto that son of mine, he was thereby offered ; and thou lookedst long up away from him in height, and thou lookedst long down away from him in depth, and thou lookedst long out away from him in different directions ?' 28. The Taranian, Bradrok-resh the Karap, spoke in reply thus: When through bringing me unto that son was thy offering of him, and I a looked long up away from him in height, then the radiance and glory out of him kept together up to the sun, and through him 3 I have accompanied them on the boundary of its radiance and glory; so that I saw this, that mankind through speaking to the soul may attain to the firmament of the sun; but this, namely, how the routine (da distano) is in the supreme heaven, was not seen by me. 29. When through bringing me unto that son of thine was thy offering of him, and I looked long down in depth away from thy offering of him, then the radiance and glory out of him kept together unto the sky which is below this earth, and through him to the boundary of its radiance and glory; but this, namely, how the routine is in that sky, was not seen by me. 30. And when through bringing me unto that son of thine was thy offering of him, and I looked long out away from him in different directions, then the radiance and glory from him kept together for adorning this earth, and 1 The first five words of $ 28 are here inserted in the MS., so as to combine the two sentences in a perplexing manner. 2 The MS. has afat for afam by mistake. Or that.' * The differences of form in $$ 28-30 are probably due to errors of copyists. Digitized by Google

Page #1981
CHAPTER III, 27-35. 43 through him I have accompanied them on the boundary of its radiance and glory; so that I saw this, that only from the action of this one the future existence will arise; but the routine of the future existence was not seen by me. 31. This son of thine thinks thus: "I will make a grander material existence than that of any other ; " so he will also make thy spiritual one, where thou goest; and this son of thine will remain in the great protection of Vistasp, not in thine. 32. One marvel is this which is declared, that when Zaratust was seven years old, that Durasrobo being joined by Bradrok-resh the Karap at the village of Porushaspo, on account of the little previous seeing of Zaratust by the latter, they saw Zaratust in that neighbourhood when a hut (kadako) was constructed by him with the children ; and they sat with evil intention to injure the mind of Zaratust through witchcraft, and for that reason fear and terror were cast by them upon the children. 33. Here a great wonder became manifest to them, owing to the powerful intellect, cautiousness, and practice of Zaratust, just as revelation mentions thus : 'When the other children were excessively terrified at their own silliness of speech, Zaratust did not quite close the eye in his mind as regards them.' 34. One marvel is this which is declared, that when these two Karaps came to the dwelling of Porushaspo, he ordered the preparation of food for their eating; and his prepared food is chewed up (fraz khayai-ait), with a gobletful (pur dolako) of mare's milk. 35. He also spoke to Durasrobo thus : 'Thou art the most spirit-worshipping of mankind Literally demon-worshipping;' it is not clear that idolatry is Digitized by Google

Page #1982
44 DINKARD, BOOK VII. in our district; do thou worship this of mine.' 36. A great marvel, owing to the sagacity of Zaratust at a childish age, is just as revelation mentions that Zaratust spoke thus : 'I worship this, O father! it is not that which it is necessary for me to worship that he should worship.' 37. And Porushaspo spoke thus: 'It is not that of mine thou worshippest, and it is that of mine he should worship. 38. As many as three times those persons (gabraan) carried on those assertions; when up stood Zaratust and spoke concerning them, and he broke forth with that eternal statement', namely: 'The righteous I reverence, men or women; the poor I reverence, men or women; not the wicked, men or women; when any one whatever shall join Porushaspo, where he shall be celebrating worship, the worship shall then be suitable to the worshippers, that is, he shall worship that which it is necessary to worship.' 39. One marvel is this which is declared, that afterwards Durasrobo the Karap shouted to Zaratust thus : 'Evil was thy reckoning 2 which, owing to the conduct of fate (bahar), I, the foremost of the existences embodied in Rak and Nodar $, bring to thee; I am made further worthy where thy fate is carried away from me; now is the joy (parkan) which I convey to him through bringing it on, and this intended, but rather some form of worship antecedent to Zoroastrian Mazda-worship which latter had not yet been established. The author of this legend must have supposed that it differed very little from the religion of Porushaspo. 1 Reading sakhun-i le y almin which is written in Pahlavi exactly like dashino rigeld, 'the right foot.' * Pahl. marako, possibly for marg, death.'' * See Chap. II, 51, note. * Probably referring to his companion Bradrok-resh who, accord Digitized by Google

Page #1983
CHAPTER III, 36-44. will occur, so that I may observe he will kill thee with the evil eye in the house.' 40. And here is a great wonder which became manifest about Zaratust, in the sagacity of his reply to that deadly one at that childish age, which was just like this which revelation mentions, that Zaratust spoke thus : 'Without the joy of a murderer I observe, with propitiousness and complete mindfulness, that it is thee I notice in that house which is thine 1.' 41. One marvel is that which, after this reply of Zaratust to Durasrobo, became manifest in that Karap, just as revelation mentions thus: "The deadly one became disabled and stupefied as long as the milking of ten mares in milk whose milker is only one.' 42. One marvel is this which is declared, that when that wizard emerged from that stupefaction, he then shouted again to Zaratust in the same manner, Zaratust uttered that same reply, and the deadly one became anew disabled and stupefied as long as the milking of twenty mares full of milk whose milker is only one. 43. One marvel is this which is declared, that again when that wizard emerged from that stupefaction, he then shouted to Zaratust in the same manner, Zaratust uttered that same reply, and the deadly one becomes anew disabled and stupefied as long as the milking of thirty mares full of milk whose milker is only one. 44. One marvel is this which is declared, that when that wizard emerged from that stupefaction, he ing to most accounts, was the murderer of Zaratust in his old age. This tradition is mentioned in Dk. VII only here and in SS 22. * Alluding to Darasrobo's own fate, see $ 45. Digitized by Google

Page #1984
$6 DINKARD, BOOK VII. then grumbled thus : Do ye have the horse driven for us, and turn round the chariot wherein you harness it; for really this smiting one (ganak) will destroy me through the arrival of the sacred text and through his possession of authority.' So they had the horse driven, and it was harnessed to the chariot by them. 45. And here is manifested a great wonder to the multitude, just as revelation mentions thus : 'When he had proceeded several Yugyasts in driving, he stopped in his distress through being terrified, and this occurred which I mention for a warning ?, his semen was expelled, so that it arose in his skin and burst it, and his loin thereby broke from his thigh; he then died outright, then his progeny, and then the offspring of his progeny.' 46. One marvel is this which is declared that, even before the coming of Zaratust to a conference 4, there is manifested in him a mind which is more capacious than the whole world, and more exalted than every worldly possession, with an understanding whose strength is perfectly selected, an intellect of allacquiring power, and a sagacity of all-deciding ability; also with the much heedfulness of the kingly glory, and the full desire for righteousness, the efficacious diligence and authority, and even the superiority in mightiness and grandeur of the priestly glory. 47. Also the handsomeness of body and completeness of strength which are in the character of these four classes of his, which are priesthood, 1 See $ 16 n. ? Pahl. 'avo pes yemalelunam.' & Or in his back and broke it,' if we suppose that post, 'skin,' stands for post, 'back.' Compare the same legend in Zs. XIX, 1-8. 4 With the sacred beings. Digitized by Google

Page #1985
CHAPTER III, 45-51. 47 warriorship, husbandry, and artisanship; besides a perfect friendship for the sacred beings and the good, and an awful enmity for the demons and the vile. 48. That is the nature by which the habits (da doih) of mankind and bipeds, the perfection and completeness of the sacred beings through the creativeness of Adharmazd, and its own commemoration of them are provided. 49. So that the sacred beings shall bring a report, as to his superiority, from every one of those who are and were and will be, and of his coming for reminding us of Allharmazd and of the lord-and-mastership (a hu-va-radih) of the world, also of the preservation of the creations therein (ayipo-dahisnan), from the destroyer, by the tongue of the many-mannered (kabed-saradako) sage, the fully-virtuous one of the age producing no harm (avazand-dahig) in the world. 50. And the demons on this account, that this is he whom many Kigs 1 and Karaps have to influence the good to confound and destroy, then also kept their promise and practised friendship. 51. And on the completion of thirty years beyond his birth ?, the archangel Vohumano came on in commemoration of Adharmazd, when he was bringing his Hom-water (maya-i Homigan) from the * See Chap. II, 9 n. * The remaining contents of this and the following chapter are thus summarized in Dk. VIII, xiv, 3, 4:- His attainment on maturity, at thirty years of age, to a conference with Adharmagd; and the occurrence of seven conferences in ten years. Many marvels, owing to him are published therein, just as there are some which, collected and selected, are noticed by the Dinkard manuscript,' that is, in this seventh book, in which, however, the details of the seven conferences do not occur; but some are mentioned in Zs. XXI, 8-XXII, 13. See Visp. XI, 2. Digitized by Google

Page #1986
48 DINKARD, BOOK VII. river Aevatak 1, just as this which revelation mentions thus : 'When Zaratust came forth to the third effluent (bara-tagisnih), that of the good Daiti, he further proceeded through that; and when he marched onwards from that, a man was seen by him, who marched from the southern quarter. 52. That was Vohumano, and it seemed to him that Vohumano was of early form (so that he is more discerning as to a person) and foreseeing (that is, he was beforehand in everything); it seemed to him that Vohumano was as much in height as three men's spears; and it seemed to him, as to Vohumano that a glossy twig (arus tak) was brought by him in his hand, through carrying off which branch the plant was not injured by him; that became the spiritual twig of the religion, and this was indicated by it, that it is necessary to proceed as uninjuriously by the religion. 53. There is some one who says that it became a reminder of the spiritual existence, and this was indicated by it, that it is necessary to proceed as uninjuriously in the world, so that peace may exist with every one. 54. When he came onward to the fourth effluent, as far as the Ashan-rud of the good Daiti (which was the name of it) and he was in it, Zaratust was bringing the Hom-water from the middle of it ; and on the ascent Zaratust, bringing his right foot out of the Adshan-rud, covered himself with his clothes, and upon that Vohumano, advancing, joined him in front. 1 Literally "single-flowing. In Bd. XXIX, 4, 5, it is Naivtak which has been translated as 'navigable' in Bd. XX, 34, and as 'flowing in a channel'in Dk. VIII, xxxvii, 38, 42; IX, xvi, 16.From $ 54 it appears to have been a channel of the good Daiti river which flows from Airan-veg (see Bd. XX, 13). Digitized by Google

Page #1987
CHAPTER III, 52-60. 49 55. And that man enquired of him thus : Who art thou; from whom of them art thou ? ?' He replied: 'I am Zaratust ? of the Spitamas. 56. The words of Vohumano were: 'O Zaratust of the Spitamas! about what is thy foremost distress (that is, for what is thy need when thou becomest quite distressed); about what is thy foremost endeavour; and for what is the tendency of thy desire (lak kamako-dahisnih)?' 57. The reply of Zaratust was thus : 'About righteousness, I consider my foremost distress ; about righteousness my foremost endeavour; and for righteousness the tendency of my desire (that is, my need is for that thing, and I am a distressed seeker of righteousness).' 58. The words of Vohumano were: 'O Zaratust of the Spitamas ! that which is righteousness is existing (that is, a real thing is, as it were, that which is righteousness), so that whatever is that which is righteousness is thus what is one's own. 59. And Zaratust spoke thus: "That which is righteousness exists, and concerning that I am completely clear and aware; but where and how is that radiance which is that whose arrival is through Vohumano.' 60. And Vohumano spoke to him thus : 'O Zaratust of the Spitamas! deposit this one garment which thou carriest, so that we may confer with him by i See Pahl. Yas. XLII, 7 c (Sp.). According to the numbering of the folios in the old Bombay MS., written in 1659, nine folios were here separated from it last century. They contained the text as far as the end of Chap. IV, and the first eight of them were found at Naosari about twenty years ago and copied. But all Indian copies, written before that time, omit this mislaid text. See S. B. E., vol. xxxvii, pp. xxxvi, xxxvii. [47] Digitized by Google

Page #1988
50 DINKARD, BOOK VII. whom thou art produced and by whom I am produced, who is the most propitious of spirits, who is the most beneficent of existences, and who is he that I, who am Vohamano, am testifying (that is, I am a reminder of him).' 61. Thereupon, Zaratust thought thus : 'Good is he who is the creator, who is better than this reminder.' 62. Then they proceeded in company, Vohumano and Zaratust; Vohumano first and Zaratust after. CHAPTER IV. 1. About the marvellousness which is manifested from the first conference onwards till the end of the seventh conference which occurred within the duration of ten years, also his pre-eminence in prophecy in the world, and the acceptance of the religion by the exalted Kai-Vistasp, as happened after the ten years of conference. 2. In the first two years, one marvel is this which is declared, that when he was back from the first conference, he then, by the first command of the lord and creator Adharmazd, recited the unique formula (ayino) in an assemblage (ram) of Kigs and Karaps, the prophecy of his Mazda-worshipping religion and commemoration of Adharmazd, as he chanted with a loud voice, and invited mankind to the religion of A dharmazd. 3. Just as this passage of revelation mentions thus: 'Thereupon, the thorough inspection for this material existence of those with a sacred girdle, provided with dwellings and provided with cattle, was altogether arranged by Zaratust. 4. And when their announcement (nivedisno) for Digitized by Google

Page #1989
CHAPTER III, 61-IV, 7. 57 speaking to be heard was issued ', then Zaratust, on becoming exalted, called out unto the embodied world of righteousness to extol righteousness and to scorn the demons 2. 5. "The homage of the Mazdaworship of Zaratust, and the ceremonial and obeisance for the archangels are the best for you I assert; and of deprecation (a yazisnih) for the demons nextof-kin marriage is really the best intimation, so that, from the information which is given as to the trustworthiness of a good work, the greatest are the most intimate of them, those of father and daughter, son and she who bore him, and brother and sister.' 6. It is declared that, upon those words, innumerable demon-worshipping Kigs and Karaps have rushed upon Zaratust and strove for his death, just like this which revelation states :-- It is then a number (mar) have run away who have sat in the vicinity of Tar's progeny (h u nusko) , the arbitrator ; and the shame of the brother of Tar arose, like that of a person whose shame was that they spoke of his next-of-kin marriage so that he might contract it.' 7. This Tur was Aurvasta-dang 4 the Tur, the scanty giver, who was like a great sovereign of that From this point $$ 4-8 and 11 have been already translated in S. B. E., vol. xviii, pp. 412, 413, in illustration of the meaning of Khvetuk-das in Sasanian times and later. ? Av. staomi ashem; naismi daevo (Yas. XI, 19; XII, I). 3 An opprobrious term for the progeny of evil beings and animals, also used by a Karap when speaking of Zaratust in Chap. III, 21. * As this name has not been found in the extant Avesta, its correct reading is uncertain. In Zs. XX, 8, it can be read Aurvasto-dih, in which dih is the Pahl. translation of Av. dang,hu, of which dang is a Pahl. transliteration; and the whole name may mean friendly to the province,' which seems suitable to this particular ruler. The MS. appears to have deng. E 2 Digitized by Google

Page #1990
52 DINKARD, BOOK VII. quarter; many troops and much power were also maintained by him, and the multitude (mar) told him they would seize the great one from him who is little. 8. But the progeny of Adrvasta-dang the Tur, the * scanty giver, spoke thus : 'Should we for that speech destroy him, this great one who mingles together those propitious words for us--where we are thus without doubt as to one thing therein, such as nextof-kin marriage, that it is not necessary to contract it-it would make us ever doubtful whether it might be necessary to contract it.' 9. And Adrvasta-dang the Tur, the scanty giver, spoke thus : 'Thou shalt not destroy that man whom mine eyes have seen as the most loving-eyed of the whole embodied existence; he will attain strength, for it has not seemed to me, when thou destroyest him on this account, that wisdom has arisen for a long time; so that no rule (ahanko) of wisdom will arise, in this earth, which is so counselling (hangamanig) as this one is (that is, when they destroy a man who is counselling, wisdom will not arise for a long while).' 10. Aurvasta-dang the Tur, the scanty giver to his own people, also spoke thus: 'For me thou art a pure man who is counselling.' 11. And Zaratust spoke thus: 'I shall not always be that quiet speaker, byl whom that I have mentioned is the most propitious thing to be obtained ; and of interfering a speaking and managing the temper there is a next-of-kin marriage, and the high i Or.from.' * It may be 'parenthetical or ambiguous.' Digitized by Google

Page #1991
CHAPTER IV, 8-15. 53 priest who has contracted' it is to perform the ceremonial.' 12. And here the good spiritual lordshipand mightiness of glory of Zaratust, those which are provided for commemoration of the supreme lord and creator Adharmazd, are manifested as a great wonder to the multitude, and there is rendered visible the great pre-eminence which is in him as a prophet of the creatures, which for the baseness (nankih) of the deceitful Agash", the secret-moving and deceivingnatured, is the concealed control of a good disposition. 53. Then idleness, like even the habit of fear and nature of apostasy, is an attractor of every one of the multitude, when it extends to much length ; little by little, too, that guide and combatant becomes a petitioner for greatness, and it is manifest through that compassion (tang-libbemaih) and superior mindfulness of his, and through the glory of that stout champion, there are much fame and treasure. 14. The nobles of Aurvaita-dang the Tur, the ruler of the land, were angry and clamourers for Zaratust's death ; but he invited the Kigs and Karaps to the religion of Allharmazd, just as this passage of revelation states that Zaratust also spoke thus : Worldly righteousness, O Aurvaita-dang, thou Tur and scanty giver! is the whole of the worship of the demons and the termination of the Mazda-worship of Zaratust. 15. And A drvaita-dang the Tur, the scanty giver, spoke thus : 0 Zaratust of the Spitamas ! thou shalt not attract me to this evil in which thou really art.' 1 Or, perhaps, 'celebrated.' The demon of the evil eye (see Bd. XXVIII, 33); Av. Aghashi, Vd. XX, 3, 7, 9. Digitized by Google

Page #1992
54 DINKARD, BOOK VII. 16. Zaratust also spoke thus : 'Adharmazd enquired of me thus: "O Zaratust! when thou hast come away to us, among the spiritual lords, who of the people in thy material existence was the protector of the powerful men who are warriors, that was most seeking benefit, most seeking cattle, most extensively associating, most fully-supplying (that is, he gives out most things), and most hospitable (that is, one saw the door of a prince's (khidivo) treasury)?" I replied to him thus : "Aurvasta-dang the Tar, the scanty giver." 17. 'And he spoke in reply to me thus : "Him, O Zaratust! thou shalt attract, first of the men who are warriors, to thinking about, speaking about, and acting about this religion which is Adharmazd's and Zaratust's. 18. If you attract him, O Zaratust ! and he believes in it and also gives currency to this religion of thine, and sits before thee in discipleship, this that one calls discipleship of thine he shall undertake, and the religion he hears fully he shall propagate (rubak vabidunyen); he is also ever after, O Zaratust ! the first of the men who are warriors, the one most seeking benefit, most seeking cattle, most extensively associating, and most hospitable of those who have yet been born and who will henceforth be born. 19. And if you do not attract him, O Zaratust ! and he does not believe in it, nor gives currency to this religion of thine, nor hears it, nor even sits before thee, nor would sit before thee, so that it is obvious to me that he is not attracted, thou shalt speak unto him thus, o Zaratust : 'Thou art a stricken supplicant for righteousness, and a producer of lamentation for the souls of Tanapuhar sinners Literally most many-doored.' Digitized by Google

Page #1993
CHAPTER IV, 16-23. 55 worthy of death ;' for even so it is, and for this reason he becomes worthy of death, because the existence of the religion is known to him." 20. What I tell thee, O Adrvasta-dang, thou Tur and scanty giver! is that thou art a stricken supplicant for righteousness, a producer of lamentation for the souls of Tanapuhar sinners worthy of death.' 21. One prodigy of the demons is specified, who was the enemy of whatever sacred beings there are, a Karap, Vaedvoist' by name, of those unsanctified (ayastan) by Adharmazd?. 22. And Allharmazd spoke thus: 'I so befriend that man, O Zaratust ! who is put forward by me over the creatures, whom thou shalt invite (kh vanes), I who am Adharmazd, because I am through righteousness opposed to harm (that is, through virtue I keep harm away from the creatures), and the archangels are opposed to harm. 23. Therefore do thou proceed, 0 Zaratust ! and thou shalt demand from him for me (that is, keep as my property) a hundred youths of vigour (tosh tal) 3, girls, and teams of four horses ; so do thou speak to him thus: "O Vedvoist! Adharmazd demands from thee a hundred youths of vigour, girls, and teams of four horses; if thou givest them Here written in Pazand, but the Pahlavi form, Vedvoist, occurs in SSSS 23, 24. ? Or of the non-worshippers of Allharmazd.' & For an instance of gifts of slaves see the Pahlavi inscription on an engraved stone from Baghdad, in Indian Antiquary, vol. xi, p. 224, 11. 2, 3 of inscription : kevan bidan va-kanigako ... lakhvar . . . shedrunam ... va-zak shiba rido va-shiba kanigakoan shedrunt:'-- Now ... I send back a slave-boy and slavegirl ... and those seven slave-boys and seven slave-girls are sent.' This inscription was probably engraved in the seventh century, judging from the forms of the letters. Digitized by Google

Page #1994
56 DINKARD, BOOK VII. to him, splendour and glory are thine through that giving; and if thou dost not give to him, evil destiny is thine through that not-giving." 24. Then Zaratust walked on to that Vedvoist of those unsanctified, and spoke to him thus: 'O Vedvoist of the unsanctified ! that which Adharmazd demands from thee is a hundred youths of vigour, girls, and teams of four horses; if thou givest them to him, splendour and glory are thine through that giving; and if thou dost not give to him, evil destiny is thine through that not-giving. 25. And that Karap shouted in reply to Zaratust thus : 'For me there is no more from thee (that is, there is no opulence for me from thy action), nor from Adharmazd; I am more of a divinity (bagtar) and am more forward in opulence than even Allharmazd; many droves of a thousand swine are also acquired by me.' 26. On went Zaratust, up to Adharmazd and up to the archangels, and Zaratust spoke thus : '0 Adharmazd, propitious spirit, creator of the world of embodied beings, thou righteous one! thus spoke he in reply to me: "For me there is no more from thee, nor from Adharmazd; I am more of a divinity than thee or even Allharmazd, and many droves of a thousand swine are acquired by me." 27. And Adharmazd spoke thus: 'Owing to the splendour and glory of those which are ours, O Zaratast! that man has acquired arrogance (that is, the cattle we produced are the many cattle of his arrogance). 28. This will be his retribution for it then, however, when he does not reach further alive at the end of the third night'; in that third night Apparently the third night after death, on the passing away of Digitized by Google

Page #1995
CHAPTER IV, 24-32. 57 they will have stood aloof from alongside his life (that is, they will have stood away from assisting it); those seven of them who are radiant and brighteyed (spedo doisar) make him rush up on high, and up there on high he shall be fed upon mouldy bread (parnan).' 29. One marvel is the great healthfulness owing to the Hom-water and the bringing of this by Zaratust from the river Daitt, which is manifested when Vohumano was conveying him to the conference. 30. Just as is declared in the words of Allharmazd to Zaratust thus : 'For them is the Hom-water which thou bringest, O Zaratust! not for those demon-worshipping people who worship the demons, or for a satisfier of courtezans (geh-vigar); they shall sprinkle it on to that bull thou shalt bring forward, who is a four-year-old of exhausted vigour, black-haired and useful; on drinking up the water, that bull will become quite sound from that infirmity.' 31. Thereupon, Zaratust went on first into the embodied existence, on which dwelt, at the end of Sagastan", that same Parshad whose title was Tora (the Bull). 32. Parshad-tora ? also spoke to him which the soul is supposed to have its destination determined, until the resurrection (see Hadokht Nask, II, 18; III, 17). If the seven sacred beings who stand aloof from him be the archangels, they treat Vedvoist very leniently; but this legend treats of a period which it assumes to be earlier than the laws of Zaratust. 1 The modern Sistan, bordering upon Afghanistan and Bulukistan. : Av. Parshad-gau, mentioned twice in Yt. XIII, 96, 127, but it is not certain that both allusions refer to the same individual. The name also occurs in Bd. XXIX, 5, but only in one old MS.; in all others another name is given, though the locality appears to be Digitized by Google

Page #1996
- DINKARD, BOOK VII. thus : 'O Zaratust of the Spitamas! give me this Hom-water which thou bringest.' 33. And Zaratust spoke thus : 'Do thou praise righteousness, O Parshad-tora ! and scorn the demons; also utter the profession of the Mazda-worship of Zaratust among the iniquitous.' 34. It was praised by Parshad-tora, and the demons were scorned by him; yet he did not speak among the iniquitous as to his accepting the Mazda-worship of Zaratust. 35. Forward to him came Zaratust at that praise of righteousness, for him was that Hom-water which Zaratust brought; not for those demon-worshipping people who have worshipped the demons, but for that bull of his which Zaratust brought forward, a four-year-old of exhausted vigour, black-haired and useful; owing to that bringing forward of the water, the bull became quite sound from that infirmity. 36. One marvel is that which is declared regarding the rushing of the evil spirit for the slaughter of Zaratust, just as revelation 2 mentions thus: From the northern quarter forth rushed the deadly evil spirit, and thus shouted he, astute in evil, the deadly evil spirit: "Rush on, Ofiend! and destroy the righteous Zaratust." 37. On to him they rushed, the fiend, the demon Bud, and secret-moving Pestilence, the deceiver. 38. Zaratust chanted aloud the Ahunavair; the fiend was confounded at that, and away they rushed, the demon Bud and secretmoving Pestilence, the deceiver. 39. And the fiends shouted thus: " Thou art scornfully observing, O evil spirit! (that is, anything to the purpose thou nearly the same. In SS 31 the first part of the name is here written Parshed. 1 The Fravarane, Yas. XI, 16. Pahl. Vd. XIX, 1-4. Digitized by Google

Page #1997
CHAPTER IV, 33-44. 59 dost not thoroughly observe, and what thou orderest us to do is not possible); the death of him who is Zaratast of the Spitamas is not contemplated by us." 40. Owing to the full glory of the righteous Zaratust, he perceived in his mind thus : " The wicked demons, astute in evil, consult together about my death ;" and up stood Zaratust, forth went Zaratust.' 41. Here is manifested a great wonder to the multitude, in that which is mentioned thus : 'And a stone was put forth by the righteous Zaratust, that was held in his hand, and the size of a hut, and which was obtained by him from the creator Adharmazd, the spiritual Yatha-ahu-vairyo 1.' 42. And one marvel is this which is manifested not only in the country of Iran to Iranians, but in every land and to every race: the shattering of the demons' bodies through the chanting of the Ahunavair aloud by Zaratust. 43. Just as that which a passage? mentions thus: 'I worship the resources of the Kayan glory, with which the righteous Zaratust was associated in thinking about, speaking about, and acting about the religion which was, of all embodied existences, the most righteous in righteousness, the most lordly in sovereignty, the most radiant in radiance, and the most glorious in glory. 44. At his appearance 3 the demons have fallen before him, at his appearance their semen (mayagan) also drops, at his appearance the courtezan is also withdrawn by them from mankind; The first three words of the Ahunavair formula. ? See Yt. XIX, 78-81. s Reading ven dv dahakih, but the first letter is omitted in all three occurrences of the word. Digitized by Google

Page #1998
60 DINKARD, BOOK VII. on hearing 1 him they lamented, very violently is it lamented by the demons. 45. By the Ahunavair, which the righteous Zaratust chanted aloud to them, all the demons are seized and buried in the earth, where the complete shattering of their bodies is manifest.' 46. So that, after the shattering of their bodies, it became evident to those in the world that they were not able to do mischief in the bodily form of a demon, and they have been declared of the nature of sacred beings to mankind, but mankind fully understood that they are not sacred beings, but demons. 47. Zaratust revealed (gush &fto) to mankind by the word of Adharmazd, how in this religion the latter tells in words to Zaratust where and how, in the embodied existence, mankind consider a demon as exalted or as a high-priest, because they are where they say that they must consider some one as high-priest. 48. So Allharmazd spoke to Zaratust thus: 'How do they who are good people, O Zaratust! consider a demon as exalted ? and how are they that even tell a demon thus: "We should accept you," because the demons speak thus : " It will happen to you"?' 49. And Zaratust spoke thus: Only for the reason, O Adharmazd! that people hasten on to that which is a jungly plain without dwellings, where no one resides from the departure of light until sun If the word be Pahlavi, it is probably intended for snayan, hearing'; but it may be merely an approximate transcript of Av. sna odhentis, which word, if this be the case, must have puzzled Sasanian scholars as much as it does those of the present time. As a transcript, the word might be read snodiyan, and we might guess the meaning of the phrase to be thereupon weeping they lamented.' Digitized by Google

Page #1999
CHAPTER IV, 45-53. 61 rise arrives, when it is two Hasars? of night, and again silently (agop) from sunset until their returning together when the two Hasars of night are gone, they hear that no work, no men, and no voices of dogs are there. 50. Then they say as to that, on arriving back, thus : "We have consulted with the demons there; when we request (zaem) monarchy (sastarth) and leadership from them, they give them to us; when we request the possession of flocks and opulence from them, they give them to us."' 51. Then Allharmazd spoke thus : 'How can they do such a thing for them, o Zaratust! (that is, how does it happen that it is continually given by them for those that speak thus: "It happened to us ") ?' 52. And Zaratust spoke thus: 'They speak variously, O Atharmazd! as to that generosity; there is one who speaks thus: "I have ever after been possessing more flocks, so long as I am in consultation with the demons;" and there is another who speaks thus: "I have ever after been worse and more ill-fated, so long as we are in consultation with those demons ;" according as they possess a full subsistence for themselves from the demons (that is, when they diversely subsist fully on whatever they bespeak from the demons).' 53. Zaratust also spoke thus : 'So they speak about it, O Adharmazd! thus: "Observe further, where any one of us returns he is either shrunk together (that is, he holds his head down to his chest), or shrunk away (that is, he looks quite aside), or is only pleasantly Av. hathra, which, as a measure of time, varies from one to two hours (see Farh. Oim, p. 43, Il. 1-3). Digitized by Google

Page #2000
62 DINKARD, BOOK VII. cast down and, owing to acquiescence in him, the demons tempt (nes, hund) him away out of mankind.", 54. And Allharmazd spoke thus: 'According to thy wish, do thou, O Zaratust ! fully observe thy existence, upwards from the head, downwards from the sole of the foot, and afar on various sides; and thou shouldst beseech before and behind and in every direction, for we are not as to thee as the demons are as to mankind, we give away everything only in invisibility ; but the demons, through close connection, when they rush out, tempt only with pleasantness. 55. Even unto thee, O Zaratust ! a fiend will rush, a female, golden-bodied and fullbosomed (so that she wears a bodice), and she rushes to request companionship from thee; a female, golden-bodied and full-bosomed, to request conversation from thee, to request co-operation from thee. 56. But thou shouldst not grant her companionship, nor conversation, nor shalt thou prescribe any conduct for her; afterwards, to revert her downwards, thou shalt utter aloud that triumphant saying the Yatha-ahu-vairyo.' 57. Zaratust proceeded to the habitable and friendly world, for the purpose of fully observing that beaten track (khapisno) of the embodied existence; then that fiend came forward when he sat in the vicinity of a garment--that garment 2 which, when Vohamano was conveying him to the conference, was deposited by him--a female, goldenbodied and full-bosomed, and companionship, con Assuming that lelya stands for zerih; the only difference, in Pahlavi writing, being in the first letter. 2 See Chap. III, 6o. Digitized by Google

Page #2001
CHAPTER IV, 54-62. 63 versation, and co-operation were requested by her from him ; she also whined (dandido): 'I am Spendarmad 1.' 58. And Zaratust spoke thus : 'She who is Spendarmad was fully observed by me in the light of a cloudless day, and that Spendarmad appeared to me fine behind and fine before and fine all round (that is, in all positions she was handsome); do thou turn thy back, and I shall know if thou art Spendarmad: 59. And the fiend spoke to him thus: 'O Zaratust of the Spitamas ! where we are, those who are females are handsome in front, but frightfully hideous behind; so do not make a demand for my back.' 60. After she had protested a third time, the fiend turned her back, and she was seen by Zaratust behind in the groin; and when matter was exuded, it was full of serpents, toads, lizards, centipedes, and frogs. 61. And that triumphant saying, the Yatha-ahuvairyo, was uttered aloud by Zaratust; then that fiend was annihilated, and Keshmakthe Karap rushed forth. 62. And he grumbled in leaving, thus : The misery which is here below is such as I have obtained, because, owing to thee, I thought that thy sacred beings were more joyful than any heroes who through defeat go to hell; I proceed more joyfully than the sacred beings, as regards the life in the body, so that I fully deceive the life in thy body, and thou art fully deceived by me as regards thine.' 1 The female archangel Bountiful Devotion, in whose special charge are the earth and virtuous women; see Sls. XV, 5, 20-24. ? See Chap. II, 44, 45. Digitized by Google

Page #2002
hD DINKARD, BOOK VII. 63. Zaratust also revealed (gushafto) this secret to mankind, and their knowledge how to test a demon is manifested therein, even by a great wonder of the same nature to mankind : the visible rushing of the demons into the world before Zaratust, and their bodies being afterwards shattered by the loud chanting of revelation by Zaratust from the Avesta announced, which was the acceptance of its truth by the ruler Vistasp and the people of that time; and if this had not been so, and Vistasp and those of his time were not accepting the Avesta which was announced by Zaratust in this fashion, through their considering it false, it would not have reached unto us. 64. One marvel is this, with which, too, he who was Zaratust became aware from revelation, about the vileness and perverted religion of Zak of the deadly Karaps of Vistasp and many other Kals and Karaps who were at the residence of Vistasp, their combination for the death of Zaratust, the preparation for severe abuse of him to Vistasp, and influencing Vistasp for his death by command of Vistasp, which extends to awful imprisonment and punishment. 65. Afterwards, too, his knowledge about his preservation therefrom, the manifestation of his wondrousness, and the evidence concerning his attainment unto prophesying; also after the continuance of the last questioning of the ten years of conference, his departure alone, by the advice and command of Adharmazd, to the residence of Vistasp and the precinct (var) of that terrible conflict. 66. His uttering, on the horse-course (aspanvar) of Vistasp, a reminder of the power and triumph of Adharmazd over himself, as he invited Vistasp to Digitized by Google

Page #2003
CHAPTER IV, 63-69. 65 the religion of Adharmazd; and with great wisdom Vistasp heard the words of Zaratust, on account of his own complete mindfulness and spiritual knowledge of ritual, and would have asked for an outpouring of prophecy. 67. But thereupon, too-before the words of Zaratust were fully heard by him, and he could have understood the character of Zaratust-owing to the demonizing of the deadly Zak and the rest of those Kigs and Karaps, spoken out with slanderous knowledge and perverse actions to Vistasp about Zaratust, there then occurred his consignment of Zaratust to that confinement and punishment as stated in the words of Zaratust thus: 'I have spoken about their three enquiries, and I am bound by thirty of them, I with thirty-three fetters of murderers, wicked ones, and demon-worshippers ?. 68. But the hunger of manhood's inclination? violently affected the strength of my legs, but the hunger of manhood's inclination violently affected the force of my arms, but the hunger of manhood's inclination violently affected the hearing of my ears, but the hunger of manhood's inclination violently affected the sight of my eyes, and it would force away my bosom up to my back (so that its would stay behind at my back) through the continuance of that deadly hunger of manhood's inclination.' 69. And here, through the mightiness of Zaratust --who proceeded alone to the terrible combat with 1 Compare Zs. XXIII, 6. . Reading gusn-giraih; but it might be das-viraih, bad provision. He was left to starve to death in prison. The bosom. The idea of the writer appears to have been that in case of utter starvation the chest would totally collapse, so that the breast bone would touch the spine. [47] Digitized by Google

Page #2004
66 DINKARD, BOOK VII. evil, where there became manifest, in the mode which is written, the descent of his life into so much punishment, due to hunger and thirst, heavy fetters, and other misery unto which the strength of human nature is attaining, but unto which it is not destined -is manifested a great wonder to king Vistasp and his officials, when his full-glorious person was found by them alive in awfulness, imprisonment, and those other transformations (padgastakih) of long-continued starvation. 70. One marvel is this, that the sacred beings contrived, for the sake of (val vahan-1) his preservation from that awfulness, a body possessing life, and on his account it became lifeless and imperceptible ; afterwards, in the great session of Vistasp and the assembly of the world, Zaratust, through the strength and blessedness of the true word, restored the same body anew, like that which is issuing in the statement of the wonder about the splendid horse of Vistasp'. 71. One marvel is his telling and disclosing the thoughts of king Vistasp and of those of the realm, and many other concealed matters, through spiritual perception. 72. One marvel is several matters of evil deceit (vad gamas) which Dahak had done in Bapel 2 1 This very slight allusion to the cure of Vistasp's horse by Zaratust is sufficient to show that this legend existed in the ninth century; but the writer of the Dinkard seems inclined to trace it back to a tale that he vaguely relates in the earlier part of this section, and which he evidently found in older writings; this tale, however, does not mention a horse, but only an animated body. The Persian Zaratust-nama developes the legend of the sick horse, whose legs are drawn up to its belly, into 160 couplets. ? Babylon; see Yt. V, 29-31; XV, 19-21. Digitized by Google

Page #2005
CHAPTER IV, 70-75. 67 through witchcraft, and mankind had come to idolworship through that seduction, and its increase was the destruction of the world; but through the triumphant words of the religion, which Zaratust proclaimed opposing it, that witchcraft is all dissipated and disabled. 73. One marvel is this which is manifested, with wonders owing to Zaratust, in controversy about the religion with the famous learned of the realm, among whom, known for learning in the world, are the investigators (girayagano) of the words of speech ; and among those things which are more surprisingly controversial are those later (sibastar) words which are to save their creatures by a later religion. 74. Also to proclaim its truth intelligibly, and to make king Vistasp and those previously learned men without doubt as to the truth of the religion, the creator Allharmazd sends some spirits, Vohumano, Ashavahisto, and the propitious fire', as a reminder to Vistasp about the true prophesying of Zaratast, and the desire of Allharmazd for the acceptance of the religion of Mazda-worship by Vistasp and for its propagation in the world. 75. The wondrousness which is manifested to Vistasp and those of the realm--both through the travelling (vazidano) of those archangels down from the sky to the earth, and in their travelling to the abode of Vistasp--was like this which revelation mentions thus : 'Then he who is the creator Allharmazd spoke to them, to Vohumano, Ashavahisto, and also the fire of Allharmazd, the propitious, thus: "Proceed! you who are archangels, unto the * Compare Zs. XXIII, 7. F 2 Digitized by Google

Page #2006
68 DINKARD, BOOK VII. abode of Vistasp, whose resources (afzar) are cattle and who is far and widely famed, with a view to his reliance upon this religion (that is, till he shall stand up for this religion); and, as regards the answering words of the righteous Zaratust of the Spitamas, to approve the nature (zag san) of those words." 76. The archangels proceeded unto the abode of Vistasp, whose resources are cattle and who is far and widely famed; their radiance, in that lofty residence, seemed to him, that Vistasp, a heaven of complete light, owing to their great power and triumph ; this was so that, when he thus looked upon it, the exalted Kai-Vistasp trembled, all his courtiers (pesako) trembled, all his chieftains (pado) were confused, and he of the superior class was like the driver of a chariot-horse. 77. 'And the fire of Allharmazd spoke, in the words of heroes, thus : "Fear not, for there is no fearing for thee, thou exalted Kai-Vistasp! they have not come for alarming thy abode, as a reminder of the deputed envoys of Argasp?; there have not come, for alarming thy abode, the two Khyons of Av. Aregad-aspa, king of the Huyaonas (Pahl. Khyons), mentioned in Yt. V, 109, 113, 116; XVII, 50; XIX, 87. His war with Vistasp, for the purpose of compelling the latter to abjure his new religion, is described in the Yadkar-i Zariran (see Geiger in Sitzungsberichten der p-p. und h. Classe der k. bayer. Akad. der Wiss. 1890, Bd. II, pp. 43-84). Argasp sends two envoys, Vidrafs the wizard and Namkhvast of the Hazars, to demand Vistasp's submission; this is refused defiantly by advice of Zarir, the king's brother; and both nations prepare for war. When the Iranians meet the Khyons, Vistasp consults his vazir Gamasp, who prognosticates prodigious slaughter. And, after losing most of their chieftains (including twenty-three brothers and sons of Vistasp), the Iranians utterly annihilate the Khyon army. This war is called the 'war of the religion' in Bd. XII, 33 ; Byt. III, 9. Digilized by Google

Page #2007
CHAPTER IV, 76-81. 69 Argasp who demand tribute and revenue (sak vabazo); and there has not come, for alarming thy abode, the all-overpowering thief who is an injurer, or the dog who is a highwayman. 78. We are three who have come over (taristo) to thy abode, Vohdmano, Ashavahisto, and also the fire of the propitious lord; of these thy knowledge is most wisely most just. 79. If thou helpest vision, so that it becomes wisdom for thee, the worldly existence requires the good religion of the Mazda-worshippers, which proceeds purely through the recitation which Zaratust of the Spitamas teaches. 80. Do thou chant the Ahunavair, do thou praise perfect righteousness , and utter no worship for the demons! because the desire of Allharmazd, as regards thee, is for thy reliance upon this religion; it is also the desire of the archangels, and the desire, as regards thee, of the other sacred beings who are beneficent (sapirdahako) and righteous. 81."" And as the recompense in this life, if you praise the good and pure religion of the righteous Zaratust of the Spitamas, we will give unto thee a long reign and sovereignty, and the long lifetime of a life of 150 years; we will give unto thee Good Integrity and Rectitude 3 which is long-continued in desire for constantly assisting, good for assistance 1 That is, recite the Yatha-ahd-vairyo and the Ashem-vohu formulas. Pahl. a-a izisnih, literally, a non-worship,' which may mean something worse than no worship;' but 'execration or malediction' is usually expressed by gazisn, cursing, which is written exactly like yazisn, worship. 8 Pahl. A harisvang and Rae-a stisnih, the equivalents of Av. Ashis-vanguhi and Rasa stat who are spiritual personifications of the qualities mentioned in the text. Digitized by Google

Page #2008
DINKARD, BOOK VII. through constantly assisting, and not passing away; and we will give unto thee a son, Peshyotan 1 is his name, he is immortal, and so is undecaying, hungerless, and thirstless, living and predominant in both existences, those of the embodied beings and of the spirits. 82. But, as the recompense in this life, if you do not praise the good and pure religion of the righteous Zaratust of the Spitamas, we will not convey thee up on high, and we will order thine end; the vultures which are mindful of decay will see and eat up those and these of thine, thy blood will reach the ground, and the waters will not reach thy body." 83. One marvel is that connected with the confidence (vavari-hastano) of Vistasp in the religion, even through that occurrence of the speech of the archangels; and, afterwards, the obedience (patyasai?) of his thoughts in the case of the delays through the bloodshed owing to Argaspthe Khyon and his attendant heroes (pas-gurda no) throughout the same Khyons, because of the acceptance of the religion. 84. Also, for the sake of daily and visibly showing to Vistasp the certified victory over Argasp and the Khyons, and his own superior position, unceasing rule, splendour, and glory, the creator Adharmazd sends, at the same time, the angel Neryosang 3 to the abode of Vistasp, as a reminder for the archangel Ashavahisto to give to Vistasp to drink of that fountain of life, for looking 1 Written Peshyaotano, both here and in Chap. V, 12. He is the iminortal priestly ruler of Kangdez, who was expected to come to restore the religion in Iran in the time of Allshedar, see Bd. XXIX, 5; Byt. III, 25-32, 36-42, 51, 52. 2 Here written Arga da spo; see $ 77. 3 Written Neroksa ng here and in SS 85. Digilized by Google

Page #2009
CHAPTER IV, 82-86. 71 into the existence of the spirits, the enlightening food by means of which great glory and beauty are seen by Vistasp. 85. Just as this passage of revelation mentions thus: 'And he who is the creator Adharmazd spoke to the angel Neryosang thus : " Proceed and travel, O Neryosang the assembler'! unto the abode of Vistasp, whose resources are cattle and who is far and widely famed, and thou shalt say this to Ashavahisto, thus : 0 Ashavahisto! do thou authoritatively take this fine saucer (ta sto), which is fully finer than the other saucers that are made (that is, the cup (gam) is as fine as is possible to make for royalty), and carry up to Vistasp the Hom and Vars ? (mui) which are for us; and do thou give it 3 unto the ruler Vistasp to drink up, by whose word it is accepted.'" 86. Ashavahisto authoritatively taking the fine saucer from him, also, thereupon, gave it unto the exalted ruler Kai-Vistasp to drink from 4; and the ruler of the country (dih), the exalted KaiVistasp, lay down when divested of his robes, and he spoke to Hutos * thus : " You, O Hutos ! are she Compare Vd. XXII, 7. 2 A lock of three, five, or seven hairs from the tail of a white bull, that is tied to a metal thumb-ring which is put into the Hom-strainer when the Hom-juice is about to be poured through it. See Haug's Essays, 3rd ed., pp. 397-403. This ring and lock of hair may be the relic of a hair-sieve that may have been used for straining the Hom-juice in former times. * The saucer, or cup, of strained Hom-juice. * The foregoing twenty-six words, excepting two, have been here repeated by the writer of the old Bombay MS., after turning over a folio. 5 Av. Hutaosa, wife of Vistasp and descendant of Nodar (Av. Naotara); see Yt. XV, 35, 36. According to the later authority of the Yadkar-i Zariran, $ 48she was also a sister of Vistas. Digitized by Google

Page #2010
72 DINKARD, BOOK VII. whom the prompt ability (tezo hunar) of Zaratust of the Spitamas should reach ; and through the diligence of the prompt ability of Zaratust of the Spitamas, you would expound the religion of Adharmazd and Zaratust."! 87. One marvel is this which is declared; that when Vistasp, accepting the religion, praises righteousness, the demons in hell are disabled, and the demon Aeshm 2 rushes to the country of the Khyons and to Argasp, the deadly one of the Khyons, because he was the mightiest of the tyrants at that time; and the most hideous of all, of so many of them in the country of the Khyons, are poured out by him for war. 88. And here, too, is manifested a great wonder also to the host (ram) of Iran who have been coming there, unto the residence of Argasp the Khyon, like this which revelation mentions thus: 'Then, just at the time his legion is separately displayed, Aeshm the unredeemable (ta napuharak) adheres (gerevedo) to him, as being himself without escort (aguroh), and quite opposes (bara sperezedo) him, because : "You, who are a Khyon, have become unlucky through want of success after you engage in conflict."' 89. Henceforth, it is not that the victory of Iran has come over foreigners and Khyons--through companionship at the abode of that man who is mightier by the birth of Zaratust The similarity of her name to that of Atossa, the wife and sister of Cambyses, whom Darius afterwards married, is striking. 1 As the verbal forms of the present third person singular and second person plural are alike in Pahlavi, it is doubtful which personal pronoun to use. . The demon of Wrath; see Bd. XXVIII, 15-17. Digilized by Google

Page #2011
CHAPTER IV, 87-V, 1. 73 of the Spitamas--when that hideous sovereignty of Argasp, the deadly Khyon, is swallowed up by him (Vistasp), for the confusion of the deadly species (that is, they are further smitten by him, one through the other; and are swallowed together by him, mutually struggling and through mutually devour. ing). 90. And apart from him, that bitter and wellhardened Khyon that is quite disabled by him the good Vistasp, that deadly fiend is disturbed about him of eloquent abilities (Zaratust); and so he grumbled at the hideous sovereignty thus : Prompt ability comes into existence and the Khyon came; thereupon prompt ability comes into existence and the Iranian has come?' CHAPTER V. 1. About the marvellousness which is manifested from the acceptance of the religion by Vistasp onwards till the departure (vikhezo) of Zaratust, whose guardian spirit is reverenced, to the best existence, when seventy-seven years ? had elapsed onwards from his birth, forty-seven onwards from 1 According to the numbering of the folios of the old MS. of 1659 (brought from Persia to India in 1783) one folio, numbered 313 in Persian words, is here missing. It has not yet been found in India, and, owing to folio 312 apparently completing a sentence, and folio 314 evidently beginning a new chapter, the loss of text is hardly perceptible. It would have filled the next two pages. 2 The MS. has 57 years,' through Jo50' being written instead of_ 9 70'; but see Chap. III, 51 which states the interval of thirty years between his birth and conference. Digitized by Google

Page #2012
74 DINKARD, BOOK VII. his conference, and thirty-five years onwards from the acceptance of the religion by Vistasp?. 2. One marvel is this which is declared that, when Zaratust chanted revelation in the abode of Vistasp, it was manifest to the eye that it is danced to with joyfulness, both by the cattle and beasts of burden, and by the spirit of the fires which are in the abode. 3. By which, too, a great wonder is proclaimed, like this which revelation mentions thus: 'There seemed a righteous joyfulness of all the cattle, beasts of burden, and fires of the place, and there seemed a powerfulness of every kind of well-prepared spirits and of those quitting the abode (man-hishano), "that will make us 2 henceforth powerful through religion," when they fully heard those words which were spoken by the righteous Zaratust of the Spitamas.' 4. And one marvel is the provision, by Zaratust, of the achievement of ordeal, that indicator of the acquitted and incriminated for sentence by the judge, in obscure legal proceedings; of which it is said in revelation there are about (kigun) thirty-three kinds. 5. These, too, the disciples of Zaratust kept in use, after that time, until the collapse of the monarchy of Iran; and the custom of one of them is that of pouring melted metal on the breast, as in the achievement of the saintly (hu-fravardo) Aturpad son of Maraspend, through whose preservation a know 1 The contents of this chapter and the next, as far as VI, 11, may be connected with the following summary in Dk. VIII, xiv, 9:--Information also as to many other things which are marvellous, and as to a summary of the statements of these seven enquiries, which is derived from knowledge of every kind.' For the seven enquiries, see Zs. XXII. ? Or, perhaps, make the abode.' Digitized by Google

Page #2013
CHAPTER V, 2-8. 75 ledge about the religion was diffused in the world; and of the manifestation, too, through that great wonder, this is also said, on the same subject, in the good religion, that of those many, when they behold that rite of ordeal, it convinces the wicked ones! 6. One marvel is that which is afterwards manifested, after the former captivity of Zaratust 2 and his speaking about the religion to Vistasp and those of the realm ?, such as the acceptance of the religion by Vistasp and that which Zaratust said to him at his original arrival, as regards the declaration of a ruler's religion, thus: 'Thine is this disposition, and this religion which is calling (khrosako) is a property of that description which thou puttest together, O Kai-Vistasp! so that if thou wilt accept this disposition of thine, thou wilt possess this religion which exists (that is, the learning of learnings), and be the ruler that shall cause its progress; thou wilt possess in this disposition of thine, as it were, a new support (stunako), and any one will uphold thee by upholding it, as thou art the possessor of the support of this religion.' 7. Also the victory of Vistasp over Argasp the Khyon and other foreigners in that awful battle +, just as Zaratust explained unto Vistasp in revelation ; and much which is declared by revelation. 8. One marvel is the disclosure by Zaratust, in complete beneficence, medical knowledge, acquaintance with character, and other professional retentiveness (pishako-girukih), secretly and completely, of what is necessary for legal knowledge and spiritual 1$$ 4, 5 are already translated in AV. p. 145. ? See Chap. IV, 67-69. See Chap. IV, 73. * See Chap. IV, 88-90. Digitized by Google

Page #2014
76 DINKARD, BOOK VII. perception ; also the indication, by revelation, of the rites for driving out pestilence (sego), overpowering the demon and witch, and disabling sorcery and witchcraft. 9. The curing of disease, the counteraction of wolves and noxious creatures, the liberating of rain, and the confining of hail, spiders, locusts, and other terrors of corn and plants and adversaries of animals, by the marvellous rites which are also relating to the worship of Khurdad and Amurdad", and many other rites which were kept in use until the collapse of the monarchy of Iran ; and there are some which have remained even till now?, and are manifested with a trifle of marvellousness by the sacred fires. 10. And the disclosure to mankind of many running waters from marvellous streams (ardaya), and remedies for sickness which are mixed (fargardako) by well-considering physicians; many are spiritual and celestial, gaseous (vayig) and earthy; and the worldly advantage of others, too, is the praise (la fo) which ought to come to one for angelic 3 wisdom. 11. One is the marvel of the Avesta itself, which, according to all the best reports of the world, is a compendium of all the supremest statements of wisdom. 12. One marvel is the coming of this also to These two archangels personify health and immortality, respectively (see Chap. II, 19), and are supposed to have special charge of water and plants. ? The ninth century, unless this phrase be copied from one of the sources of the Dinkard. The MS. has yazdano-khiradoih which has the meaning given in the text; but this word can also be read gehanokhiradoih, .worldly wisdom,' though gehano is the more usual orthography. Digitized by Google

Page #2015
CHAPTER V, 9-VI, 2. 77 Vistasp, which the archangels announced as a recompense for accepting the religion', as he saw Peshyotan the happy ruler, that immortal and undecaying son, not wanting food, large-bodied, completely strong, fully glorious, mighty, victorious, and resembling the sacred beings; the unique splendour of Peshyotan for the sovereignty of Kangdez in yonder world, as allotted to him by the creator Adharmazd, is manifested even through that great wonder to the multitude ?. CHAPTER VI. 1. About the marvellousness which is manifested after the departure (vikhezo) of Zaratust, whose guardian spirit is reverenced, to the best existence, and in the lifetime of Vistasp. 2. One marvel is this which is declared by revelation, about the provision of a chariot : by Srito - of the Visraps 6; this is through a famous wonder and 1 See Chap. IV, 81. It is singular that nothing is stated here about the death of departure of Zaratust, which event, according to SS 1, ought to have concluded this chapter. But in Chap. III, 39, Durasrob evidently foretells that Zaratust will be killed by the evil eye of Bradrok-resh. In Dk. V, iii, 2, the killing of Zaratust by Bradro-resh the Tur is merely mentioned. In Zs. XXIII, 9, it is stated that Zaratust passes away (vidire do) forty-seven years after his conference and preaching to Vistasp. While the modern Persian Zaratust-nama does not mention his death, though it speaks of Bartarush as his chief enemy in his younger days. But compare Chap. III, 22. . Pahl. rdt which is written exactly like the Pahlavi ciphers for twenty-two and, no doubt, stands for Av. ratha. * So spelt ten times in $8 2-11, but here Srato. It is also Srito in Dk. V, iii, 2. * Pahl. Visrapan in $$ 9, 11 and Dk. V, iii, 2; but here it is Digitized by Google

Page #2016
78 DINKARD, BOOK VII. the coming of a report about the marvellousness of that chariot to Vistasp, Vistasp's begging that chariot from Srito, and Srito saying in reply to Vistasp: 'That chariot is for a righteous man, in which the soul of Srito in the lifetime of Srito's body!, and that of that man in the lifetime of his body, come visibly together once in the worldly existence. 3. And the soul of Srito, through the generosity of that Srito, presents that chariot to the eyesight of that man of righteousness; thereby it becomes evident he had seen it, and is told not to act in another manner. 4. The exalted Kai-Vistasp, as becoming from revelation more particularly aware of this marvel about the future at that time, and for the sake of this marvel being published to the worldly existence (gehanigih), and of his becoming Visrapan, and in $ 7 the first letter is omitted, leaving only israpan. In Pahl. Vd. XX, 11 (Sp.) we have Srit-i ye. (in L4), which latter name may also be israpano, though more likely to be read Ser zano when considered by itself. It is almost certain that the person mentioned in Pahl. Vd. XX, 11 is intended to be the same as that named here in the text. But it is doubtful if this person be the Av. Thrita son of Sayuzdri (or Saizdri) of Yt. V,72; XIII, 113. As the legend in the text appears to refer to the soul of Srito, or Thrita, revisiting the world to meet Vistasp, this Srito may have been the warrior Srito, the seventh brother, employed by Kai-Us, about 350 years earlier, to kill the frontier-settling ox of that time, but there seem to be no means of so identifying him with absolute certainty. 1 This is the literal meaning of the Pahl. mun raban-i Srito pavan zindagih-i Srito tano,' but it is not quite consistent with Srito's return to the earth as a spirit. The Indian copyists seem to have observed this, as they have omitted several words, so as to alter the meaning to the following :-'That chariot is for a man of the righteous, with whom Srito in the lifetime of that man's body comes visibly together, &c.' But the sentence is not quite grammatical. Digitized by Google

Page #2017
CHAPTER VI, 3-9. 79 more invoking for the supremacy of the Mazdaworshipping religion, became discernible by those of the realm, is sought for, and is most attended. . 5. A great wonder became manifest to Vistasp and those of the world, just as revelation mentions thus: "Thereupon the archangels are letting forth the soul of that Srito from the light of the supreme heaven, from the light on to the earth created by Adharmazd; and the soul of Vistasp proceeded from him into the light to meet it. 6. Vistasp proceeded on to the propitious south (rapitvino); he was producing more gain than the gainers, and he was more inquisitive than the inquisitive; to all whom he saw he spoke, and unto such as spoke he listened; when he gazed at them looking simultaneously they stood up, and obeisance was offered by them unto the soul and person of Vistasp.' 7. Immediately upon that no delay occurred until there came on at a run-besides the soul of Srito of the Visraps, the most horrid (agrandtum) of demons, from the horrid northern quarter of the horrid destroyer (za dar), that was himself black, and his deeds, too, were very black. 8. And as he comes himself, so also he grumbles to the soul of Srito thus : 'Give a maintenance (kh varag) to Vistasp who is thy driver, for the sake of good fellowship and service, and for that, righteousness is suitable unto a pure one; do not give it as a thing which is protective (that is, do not give it for the sake of worldly gratuity), but for love of the righteousness which is owing to the perfect existences.' 9. When those words were fully heard by Srito of 1 This speech seems intended as veiled irony. Digitized by Google

Page #2018
80 DINKARD, BOOK VII. the Visraps, the early bestower (levino-vakhsh), he stood still and so he spoke in words thus : 'For righteousness I give thee, O mighty Kai-Vistasp! this chariot which is without a driver, only for love of the righteousness which is owing to the perfect existences. 10. As much for righteousness as is best for righteousness, and as much for the soul as is best for the soul, the gift of the whole was secured (that is, its acceptance was announced as often as three times) II. Then that chariot became two chariots, one spiritual and the other worldly; in the worldly one the exalted Kai-Vistasp travelled forth unto the village of the Nodars 1 in the joyfulness of good thoughts, and in the spiritual one the soul of Srito of the Visraps travelled forth unto the best existence. 12. One marvel is this which is declared that in fifty-seven years onwards from the acceptance of the religion by Zaratust ?, the arrival of the religion is published in the seven regions 3; and within the lifetime of Vistasp, the circumstance (aedunoih) is manifested by the coming of some from other regions to Frashostar of the Hvobas - for enquiry about the 1 Nodar (Av. Naotara) was a son of king Manuskihar (Bd. XXXI, 13) and an ancestor of king Vistasp. Vistasp being a descendant of Kai-Kavad (Bd. XXXI, 28, 29) who was the adopted son of Auzobo (Bd. XXXI, 24) a son of Zagh, son of Masvak, son of Nodar (Bd. XXXI, 23 corrected from XXXIII, 5). Hutos, the wife of Vistasp, was also of the village of the Nodars (Yt. XV, 35). ? That is fifty-seven years after the conference of Zaratust (see Chap. V, 1). See the summary in Dk. VIII, xiv, 10:-- Likewise, about the communication of Zaratust's knowledge of the Mazda-worshipping religion to the world, his attracting mankind to the religion, and the ages, after Zaratust, until the renovation of the universe.' + Av. Ferashaotro Hyogvo (Yas. LI, 17); he was a brother Digitized by Google

Page #2019
CHAPTER VI, 10-14. 81 religion, even as revelation mentions thus: Two whose names are thus, Spitofs' and Arezraspo?, who have hastened unto Frashostar of the Hvobas in search of wisdom. 13. Thus much splendour and wonder of Vistasp and those of the realm regarding Zaratusts, and thus much due to the coming of the archangels from the sky to the earth before Vistasp, as evidence about the true prophesying of Zaratust * ; and that, too, about Peshyotan", the chariot of Srito , and other subjects seen written above, are declared by the Avesta, which is the same that they accepted from Zaratust, as the culmination ? (avariganih) of Adharmazd's words. 14. And if this splendour, glory, and wonder that are written above as regards what those learned men of the realm saw--which are in the statement revealed by the Avesta-had not occurred, king Vistasp and those learned men of the realm would not have seen what this Avesta had revealed to them--which was thus much splendour and wonder reported by it to them-and not one word about leaving its preservation to us would be annexed. of Gamasp (Dk. V, ii, 12 ; iii, 4; Zs. XXIII, 10), and the father of Zaratust's wife Hvovi. The Hvovas (Pahl. Hvobas) were a numerous family. 1 Av. gen. Spitois (Yt. XIII, 121). He was high-priest of Fradadafsh, the south-east region. Av. Erezraspa (ibid.) He was high-priest of Vidadafsh, the south-west region (see Bd. XXIX, 1). These foreign envoys were brothers, each being a son of Uspasnu. * See Chap. IV, 73. * See Chap. IV, 74-82. * See Chap. V, 12. & See $$ 2-11. See Chap. V, 11. [47] Digilized by Google

Page #2020
DINKARD, BOOK VII. CHAPTER VII. 1. About the marvellousness which is manifested after the time of Vistasp until the collapse (hangaftano) of the sovereignty of Iran. 2. There is marvellousness which is manifested after Vistasp until the collapse of the sovereignty of Iran, apart from the blessedness of ordeal, the accomplishment of other Avestic rites, the great power over the sacred fires, and many other religious observances which were connected with the disciples of Zaratust. 3. Even after the devastation which happened owing to Alexander, those who were rulers after him brought back much to the collection from a scattered statel; and there are some who have ordered the keeping of it in the treasury of Shapan". 4. Likewise there is to be brought forward what there is concerning the names of rulers and highpriests, such as arrive for it at times and periods, which are each consecutive, as organizers of the religion and the world; also of the tyrant or apostate, who is manifest at various periods, for the disturbance of the religion and monarchy and the penance of the world, with the coming of the penitential one. 1 Referring to king Valkhas the Askanian (probably Vologeses I, see S. B. E., vol. xxxvii, p. 413); possibly also to Ardashir Papakan. ? So here, but usually written Shapigan, and sometimes Shaspigan. It was no doubt a royal treasury, and Dk. V, iii, 4, calls it so, but uses the words gango-i khudayan, in which Gamasp is said to have deposited the Avesta and Zand written in gold upon ox-hides. If Shapigan be a corruption of sha ya gan, royal,' it is singular that some copyist has not corrected the spelling. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VII, 1-8. 83 5. Such as Vohumano, son of Spend-dad", of the rulers, about whom it says even this in the Avesta, that he is Vohumano, the just, who is the most efficient of the assembly of Mazda-worshippers. 6. And Senov ? of the high-priests, as about him it says even this: *The religion becomes a hundred years old when Senov is born, and two hundred years when he passes away; he was also the first Mazda-worshipper with a life of a hundred years, and who walks forth upon this earth with a hundred disciples.' 7. Also Alexander of the devastators, as it says even this of him in revelation 3, that in those three winters, which are of like purpose (ham-ayazako), that Aeshme would set up a deadly king in the impenitent world, who is the evil-destined Alexander. 8. And of the high-priests are Arezvak, the interpretation of whose name is 'the pure word;' Srutvok-spadak (c), the interpretation of whose name is 'the propitious recitation ;' Zrayang,hau (r), the interpretation of whose name is 'the ocean existence ;' and Spento-khratvau (r), the interpretation of 1 Av. Spento-data of Yt. XIII, 103, a son of Vistasp, with whom Avesta dynastic history ends. He was the Persian Isfendiyar, and his son Vohumano is unknown to the Avesta. The Kitradad Nask (Dk. VIII, xiii, 18) mentions a 'Namun, son of Spend-shed,' which probably stands for Vohumano, son of Spend-dad,' but this appears to have been in a Pahlavi supplement compiled in Sasanian times. He is also mentioned in Bd. XXXIV, 8, a chapter about the computation of years by the Arabs,' according to the Iranian Bundahis. ? Av. Saena of Yt. XIII, 97, where the last clause of the passage here translated from the Avesta occurs. Compare Zs. XXIII, 11. 8 Not in the extant Avesta. . The demon of Wrath. 6 Av. gen. Erezvau and Sruto-spadau in Yt. XIII, 115. These two names are written in their Av. gen. forms, as they occur in Yt. XIII, 115. G2 Digitized by Google

Page #2022
84 DINKARD, BOOK VII. whose name is 'the propitious wisdom.' 9. Because it says even this about them, namely: 'I mention thy manifestation, and also the tokens of its publicity when this religion of thy Mazda-worshippers becomes four hundred years old1; in this law benightedness (lelyaih) arises, and the embodied existences see the manifestation through calculation of the planets and also the stars; and whoever, too, are mine are so for a century, through the average opinion of thirty medium winters for a man ?; and the righteous Arezvak and those three others are they of the most righteous existences, over whom they are the most masterly and most authoritative in that time.' 10. And this, too, that they who glorify the religion of the Mazda-worshippers in the fifth and sixth centuries are they ; and no persons save their souls, except those who remain for the arrival of the four 3 interpretations that arise through the authority of these four individuals, Arezvak, Sruto-spadhau 4, Zrayang, hau, and Spento-khratvau who, all four of them, seek their thoughts, words, and deeds in the sacred text (mansar). 11. Also Rashn-resh 5 is the apostate of that 1 If the chronology in Bd. XXXIV, 7, 8 were correct, the interval between the first revelation of the religion and the death of Alexander would be 272 years, and this would make the 4ooth year of the religion coincide with B. C. 195. ? That is, for a generation. The meaning appears to be, that these four successive high-priests insure the continuance of orthodox religion for more than a century, or well into the sixth century of the religion, as mentioned in g 10. 3 The MS. has the cipher for three,' by mistake. + Here written in Avesta characters. * In Dk. III, cxcviii, 2, this apostate is said to have been an Digitized by Google

Page #2023
CHAPTER VII, 9-14. time, as some one says unto Rashn, one of the sacred beings, and about many besides this one, thus: All who are creatures of the beneficent spirit are distressed by their persecution, but put trust in those men, Arezvak and those three others.' 12. And of the organizers of the period is Artakhshatar", son of Papak, as it says even this about him, namely: Which is that ruler who is powerful, more striving than the Kayans, and mighty, an embodiment of the sacred commandments and awfully armed 3; in whose abode Aharisvang 4, the virtuous and radiant, walks forth in maiden form, beneficent and very strong, well-formed, highgirded, and truthful, of illustrious race and noble ? 13. Whoever it is that, on the occurrence of strife, seeks prosperity for himself with his own arm; whoever it is that, on the occurrence of strife, encounters the enemies with his own arm.' 14. Tanvasar 5 is also for his assistance, as it says associate (ham-paigar) of the Christian ecclesiastic Akvan, and yells out ten admonitions contradicting those of the righteous Senov who is mentioned in $ 6 (see Peshotan's edition, vol. v, pp. 239, 311). It does not follow that he was a contemporary of Senov, and here he seems to be placed fully two centuries later. 1 Probably Adharmazd. 2 The founder of the Sasanian dynasty, who reigned as king of the kings of Persia, A.D. 226-241. 8 Most of these qualities are applied to the angel Srosh, the personification of obedience (see Yas. LVII, 1); also to Kavi Vistaspa and Karsna, son of Zbaurvant, in Yt. XIII, 99, 106. * Av. Ashis vanguhi, good rectitude,' personified as a female angel; her description is given in Yt. XIII, 107, and is similar to that of Anahita in Yt. V, 64. o So spelt here and in $$ 17, 18, thrice in all; it is also thrice spelt Tansar, in Dk. III, last chapter, 7; IV, 25, 25, and this mis-spelling has led to the mis-pronunciation Tosar. It appears, however, that Tanvasar is a transposition of Tanvars, hairy Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK VII. this, too, about them: 'Zaratust asked again thus : "Who is he who is the most salutary for a country, which the demons have exhausted of everything virtuous, over which his authority is brought and which is wicked and teaching falsehood ?" 15. Auharmazd spoke thus: "An autocrat (sastar), to cure a country, who has not gone mad (that is, he does not annoy the good) and is well-directing (that is, he gives virtuous commands), who is also of noble race, and likewise a priest who is acquainted with war, of a famous province, and righteous, are most salutary for that country. 16. And I tell thee this, that the apostasy of destruction is just like the four-legged wolf which the world gives up to running astray (vardak-takhshisnih) (that is, owing to its action they are leading it off as astray; which is so that even he who is not opulent is rendered sickly, that they (the apostates) may take away his things by the hand of the assassin (khunyan); and they shall lead the world, the dwelling for his residence, into wandering. 17. But that wicked (avaruno) strife descended upon that country, besides that wicked demon-worship, besides that wicked slander; and not even that wicked strife, nor that wicked demonworship, nor that wicked slander, is dissipated from bodied,' because we are told that Tansar, or Tanvasar, was so called on account of all his limbs being covered with hair (vars). This statement occurs in the introduction to Tanvasar's letter to Gushnaspshah (Ar. Gasnasf-sha h), king of Padashkhvargar (Ar. Farshvadgar) and Tabaristan; and is made on the authority of an old Pahlavi copyist, Bahram Khurzad, whose Pahlavi was translated into Arabic by Ibn al-Muqaffa in the middle of the eighth century, and that into Persian early in the thirteenth century (see Darmesteter's edition in Journal Asiatique for 1894, pp. 185-250, 502-555). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VII, 15-20. 87 that country until the time when they attach the grant of approval to him, the spiritual leader, the eloquent (par-guftar), truthful-speaking, and righteous Tanvasar. 18. And it is when they grant approval to the spiritual leader, the truthful speaker of eloquence, the righteous Tanvasar, that those of the country obtain redress (beshazaganih) when they seek it, and no deviation (anaydinakoih) from the religion of Zarata st." 19. As to the nature of the questions and statements of the organizer of the religion, Aturpad 1 son of Maraspend, about the connection of the glory with the race, it also says this, that 'though righteousness may arise from the statements and prosperity of the Turanians when extracted by questions, it is said that its acceptance occurs there through complete mindfulness ? ; they benefit the embodied world of righteousness, and produce distress for the fiend; in like manner, they rely upon Vohumano, and Zaratust is their delight through the report of the birth of Zaratust from us who are archangels. 20. This liberality for thee is from us who are archangels, and Atur pad, the very best well-destined man arose ; and this, too, do thou say about him, that it is the steel age in which that man, the organizer of development and organizer of righteousness, Atur pad son of Maraspend, of the convocation, begets Avarethrabau?.' ? A high-priest who was prime minister of king Shahpahar II (A.D. 309-379). He is often mentioned in Pahlavi writings, but in the Avesta he is only alluded to, apparently, by the title Rastarevaghent in Yt. XIII, 106. ? A translation of Av. spenta -armaiti, the archangel Spendarmad. So written, all three times in Pazand. He is the Avarethra Digitized by Google

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88 DINKARD, BOOK VII. 21. This Avarethrabau, too, is an organizer whose righteous guardian spirit we reverence, and in memory of Manuskihar, the well-destined, and a progenitor of Aturpad!, it says that 'only from him comes Avarethrabau;' and then also arises this one of the adversaries of the religion, the apostate of apostates, whom they have even called the Mazdaglike (Mazdagig-ik) ? 22. As it says this, too, about them, namely: "This religion of mine thou dost survey with thoughts of spiritual life, thou dost very thoroughly inspect it, O Zaratust! when many, aware of apostates, call the performance of righteousness and even the priesthood innocence, and few are frank and practising it. 23. In the revelation of the Mazda-worshippers is this, namely: 'Thoroughly look into revelation, and seek a remedy for them and any whatever of them who have become disturbing in the embodied existence, and uncaptivated by the orthodox (ayin-a u mond) righteousness which is owing to the perfect existences; and so they divide the religion of the Mazda-worshippers through division of race, they speak regarding the action of their own followers, and give the endowment to their own. 24. They grant supplies of food, so that they may say the food is proportional to the hunger; they speak of procreation, and say that they say lineage is through the mothers; and they approve of wolfishness, so that they would act something like bangh, son of Rastare-vaghent of Yt. XIII, 106, better known as Zaratust, son of Aturpad in his old age, for whom the Andar'z-i Atarpad-i Maraspendan was written. 1 Whose pedigree is traced back to Manuskihar in Bd. XXXIII, 3. ? Probably some disciple of Manih, the heretic who had been put to death A.D. 276-7. Mazdag was put to death A.D. 528. See S.B.E., vol. xxxvii, pp. 257 n, 278 n. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VII, 21-27. wolves in the performance of gratifying their desires, like that of the wolf's progeny behind the mother. 25. Moreover, they form their lineage through the mothers; buying their women as sheep, they shall carry off for profit even that son or brother who is the progeny, those that we have produced for your companionship; you are not predominant, but have remained in companionship; you do not even believe them, but you do not establish an ordeal, although it is evident that you will be acquitted ; they lie even to their children, so that the advance of the promise-breaker is through them, and even in their own persons ?' 26. Here it speaks about the organization of the religion by the glorified ? Khusroi, son of Kavad, thus : 'Upon their lingering behind, a man is produced who is righteous, the Glorified one ?, an approver (khenidar) of speech who is wise, whom the convocation, on hearing the words that he utters, speaks of as a high-priest; that is when he gives out penance (sroshigih), so that he may effect the punishment of sinners. 27. The constant outpouring of perplexity (pek sharidan) by the perverters is the fear of that hero, as regards that 1 This quotation, from a Pahlavi version of an Avesta text, would probably be very applicable to the state of the Persian people at many periods in the fourth and fifth centuries, when heresy was prevalent and orthodox Zoroastrianism was by no means universal. Some of the evils mentioned are inseparable from slavery at all times. ? Literally "immortal-soulled,' Anoshak-ru ban, the usual title of king Khusrd I, who reigned A. D. 531-578. Before he became king, A. D. 528 or 529, he had summoned an assembly of priests to condemn the heretic Mazdag, when the last important revision of the Pahlavi versions of the Avesta probably took place (see Byt. 1, 6-8, and Noldeke's Gesch. der Sas. pp. 463-466). Digitized by Google

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90 DINKARD, BOOK VII. convocation, when he casts them forth by expulsion from the vicinity, so that he may make them extinguished very quickly; owing to that, they, whose producer is even he who is a person destroying the righteous man, become gloomy on account of the Glorified one, through his smiting the spiritual life of apostasy; just as now, when he who is gloomy, and of scattered intellect, is gloomy owing to you of the Spitamas.' 28. This, too, it states, namely : * In every way, I tell thee, O Zaratust of the Spitamas! that their time is mistrustful (avavar) as to him who is an open friend, and most deceitful both to the wicked and the righteous; the Glorified one is a controller (ayukhtar) exalting the creatures, and whoever is possessing the creatures of the righteous ones , so that he remains again at work in the doings of the Glorified one, is he who is a combiner of the actions and an utterer of the true replies of that Glorified one.' 29. And about the occurrence of a symptom of the devastators of the sovereignty and religion of the country of Iran one wonder, which is associated with the religion, is even this which it mentions thus : 'Thereupon, when the first symptom of a ravager of the country occurs, O righteous Zaratust ! then the more aggressive and more unmerciful in malice becomes the tyrant of the country, and through him, too, they ravage (reshend) the house, through him the village, through him the community, through him the province, and through him even the whole of that manifestation in the country of any teaching whatever that occurs through the ravager of the country; and so the country should i Of the good spirits. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VII, 28-32. 91 keep a man who is observant and learned on the watch, because information is in his mind. 30. Thereupon, when the second symptom of a ravager of the country occurs, &c.'. . . . . . . . . . 31. Thereupon, when the third symptom of a ravager of the country occurs, the priestly people are disturbing the tradition, so that they speak nothing wisely; it is even on this account they do not accept them, and it is not when one speaks truly that the ravager of the country believes them, and through him, too, they ravage the house, through him the village, through him the community, through him the province, and through him even the whole of that manifestation in the country of any teaching whatever that occurs through the ravager of the country; and so, too, the country should keep a man who is observant and learned on the watch, because information is in his mind. 32. Thereupon, when the fourth symptom of a ravager of the country occurs, it upsets the replenishment of the fires, and upsets those men of the righteous, so that they shall not undertake the care of them; and thus they shall not convey the holy-water to him who is a priestly authority, so that they may not produce the seizing upon the stipend of the priestly authorities by him who is the ravager of the country; through him, too, they ravage the house, through him the village, through him the community, through him the province, and through him even the whole of that 1 The whole of this section is omitted in the old MS., evidently by mistake. Perhaps the second symptom of devastation was connected with the evil deeds of the warrior class, but this is very uncertain. Passages of four or five words are also omitted by the MS. in $$ 31, 32. Digitized by Google

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92 DINKARD, BOOK VII. manifestation in the country of any teaching whatever that occurs through the ravager of the country; and so, too, the country should keep a man who is observant and learned on the watch, because information is in his mind.' 33. About the collapse of the sovereignty of Iran, it also states this, namely: 'That very villain (mar), O Zaratust! brings those provinces on to running astray, so that he may make those quite dissevered which constitute the existence of that powerful sovereignty; and then he is a thorough assailant of the righteous, then he is an assailant of the righteous with eagerness. 34. That same deadly one (mar), O Zaratust ! does not continue living long afterwards; moreover his offspring disappear (that is, they perish utterly); but his soul falls to the bottom of the gloomy existence which is horrible hell, and upon their bodies every kind of unseemly unhappiness comes from themselves, owing to their own actions when they give approval to the imprisonment of a guardian of spiritual affairs who is eloquent, true-speaking, and righteous. 35. Against that deadly one he contends, O Zaratust! for the spiritual lordship and priestly authority that I approve as good for the whole embodied existence; also against the preparation of a decree to produce evil decisions, and against the dismissal of litigants, whether heterodox or orthodox, who are of a family of serfs of a far-situated village and are making petitions. 36. 'And as to the land, too, over which he wanders, the evil spirit utterly devastates their country through pestilence and other misery; and, moreover, strife which is tormenting falls upon that Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VII, 33-39. 93 country, besides demon-worship which is iniquitous, and besides slander which is iniquitous. 37. And the strife which is iniquitous is not to be dissipated (apasi-aitano) from that country, nor the demonworshippers who are iniquitous, nor the slander which is iniquitous, before the time when they give approval to him, to the priest who is a guardian of spiritual affairs, who is eloquent, true-speaking, and righteous; and it is when they give him approval, that they obtain healthfulness for their country when they pray for it, and not irregularly from him, O Zaratust!' 38. And this which is recounted is a statement that is execrated (nafrig-aito) by many, details from the Avesta as to occurrences that will arise after Vistasp until the dispersion (angavisno) of the sovereignty of Iran from the country of Iran; it is also declared that this which is written happened to the knowledge of those of the world. 39. This, too, is about the evidence of the above :- And if this which is declared from the Avesta, as to what happens after Kai-Vistasp until the end of the sovereignty of Iran, should not have happened, and it being the pre-eminence of the Avesta which really became this present treasure, it thereby ensues, owing to its position in that former', and the manifest absence of the destruction of those rulers and high-priests from Vistasp onwards in this latter ?, that it could not be connected with us?' 1 The above declaration from the Avesta. * The present Avesta itself. * Meaning perhaps that, for some good reason, it could not be communicated to us in the extant Avesta. If $ 39 be not a later addition to this chapter, it implies that the prophetical quotations from the Avesta, regarding the history of the religion after the time Digitized by Google

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94 DINKARD, BOOK VII. CHAPTER VIII. 1. About the marvellousness which is manifested and is openly specified after the collapsing of the sovereignty of Iran and the country of Iran; also the end of the millennium of Zaratust and the arrival of Aushedar the descendant of Zaratust!. 2. There is this marvellousness, really overthrowing the blessedness of the knowledge of former government, revealed by the Avesta about the ninth and tenth centuries, that which is an indicator of circumstances (aedu noih) now visible, such as the dispersion of the sovereignty of Iran from the country of Iran, the disturbance of just law and custom, the predominance of those with dishevelled hair ?, and the haughty profession of ecclesiastics 3. 3. Also the collection and even connection of all their four systems of belief (vavari-hastano) 4 to of Vistasp, were no more extant in the Avesta, when the Dinkard was compiled, than they are now. 1 The contents of Chaps. VII-XI have some connection with the following summary in Dk. VIII, xiv, II, 12: And about the nature of the advancement of the people of the period, the separation of centuries and millenniums, and the signs, wonders, and perplexity which are manifested in the world at the end of each millennium in the world. Also as to the birth and arrival of Allshedar, son of Zaratust, at the end of the first millennium, and a report of him and his time, and of the many destroyers of the organizers of the period between Zaratust's millennium and the coming of Allshedar.' 3 This meaning for vigardo-vars is chiefly based upon the use of vigard in AV. XXXIV, 5, for a woman's hair being 'combed.' These invaders of Iran from the east, at the end of the first millennium of the religion, are mentioned in Byt. II, 22, 24, 28; III, 1, 6, 13. They are called 'Turkish demons' in $ 47. s The Byzantine Christians. * Zoroastrianism, Muhammadanism, Christianity, and either Judaism or Idolatry. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VIII, 1-7. 95 gether for the upper rank; the coming of one working with the sacred beings to the inferior, the transient, and the captive of the period; and the dispersion and downfall of dependent and public men in their time. 4. The disappearance of a disposition for wisdom from the foreigners in the countries of Iran, which is an indication of shame at the truth of the religion, and at the praise, peace, liberality, and other goodness whose provision has lodgement in a disposition for wisdom. 5. Also the abundance of the decisions of apostasy, the falsehood, deceit, slander, quarre! someness, fraudulence, ingratitude, discord, stinginess, and other vileness whose real connection is a disposition to devour, neglecting heedfulness for the archangels of fire, water, and worldly existence', 6. The oppressiveness of infidelity and idol-worship, the scarcity of freedom, the extreme predominance of avarice in the individuals (tano) of mankind, the plenitude of different opinions about witchcraft, and the much inclination of many for paralyzing the religion of the sacred beings. 7. The annihilation of the sovereignty of mankind one over the other, the desolation of localities and settlements by severe actual distress, and the evil foreign potentates who are, one after the other, scattering the valiant; the destruction among cattle and the defilement of the spirit of enjoyment, owing to the lodgement of lamentation and weeping in the countries of Iran, the clamour of the demon-worshipper in the country, and the unobtainable stature, non-existent strength, blighted destiny, and short 1 Ashavahisto, Khurdad, and Spendarmad. Digitized by Google

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DINKARD, BOOK VII. life of mankind. 8. Also the abundance of ordinances (ayino) - of various descriptions, the approval of the apostate among tyrants and the non-approval of the Zoti? who is well-disposed and wise, the coming of the Zoti to want, and all the other adversity, disruption, and running astray which are overpowering even in districts and localities of the countries of Iran. 9. The maintenance of no ritual (apandih) of the religion of the sacred beings; the weakness, suffering, and evil habits of those of the good religion; the lamentation and recantation (khustakih) of the upholders of the religion; and the wickedness and extermination of good works in most of the countries of Iran. 10. Also much other misery in these two centuries is recounted in the Avesta, which passed away with them and is also now so visible therein, and manifestly occurs in them. 11. This, too, is a statement (nisang-I) as to them, which revelation mentions thus : "That is the age mingled with iron (that is, from every side they perceive it is of iron) in which they bring forth into life him who is a sturdy praying apostate. 12. This is their sturdiness, that their approval is unobservant of both doctrines (ainako); and this is their praying, that whenever it is possible for them they shall cause misery to others; also when an old man publicly advances into a crowd (galako) of youths, owing to the evil times in which that man who is learned is born, they are unfriendly to him (that is, they are no friends of the high-priests of the priestly assembly). 13. They are freely speaking (that is, 1 Or it may be heno, 'squadrons.' 2 The chief officiating priest in religious ceremonies. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VIII, 8-16. 97 they utter phrases smoothly), they are wicked and are fully maliciously talking, so that they shall make the statements of priests and high-priests useless ; they also tear asunder the spiritual lordship and priestly authority, and shall bring the ruler and priestly authority into evil behaviour as vicious, but they bring together those who are singular. 14. Anything they say is always mischief (agih), and that district which had a judge they cast into the smiting precinct, into hell ; it is misery without any intermission they shall inflict therein, till they attain unto damnation (darvandih) through the recitation they persevere in, both he who is the evil progeny disseminated by the apostate and he who is the villainous wolf full of disaster and full of depravity.' 15. "Here below they fight, the friend with him who is a friend, they also defraud (zivend) him of his own work (that is, whenever it is possible for them, they shall seize upon his property), and they give it to him from whom they obtain prosperity in return; if not, they seek him who is acting as a confederate (nishin-gun), and they make that other one defraud the poor man (so that they shall seize upon his property); they also cheat him when he shall make complaint. 16. I shall not again produce such for thee, no friend here for him who is a friend, no brother for him who is a brother, no son for him who is a father, nor yet a father for him who is a son; admonished, but not convinced, they become the abode of the will of the place, so that they subsist in every single place where it is necessary for them to be, in each that is necessary for them they march on together, and on the way they reflect upon the path of blessedness and the [47] H Digitized by Google

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98 DINKARD, BOOK VII. manifold learning they utter owing to knowledge of me?' 17. These three, our increase, learning, and reward, we fully understand through the ascendancy of him who is ignoble, and through the downfall of him who is noble and superior to him of little thorough instruction who, in every thing, will be at the foot of the tyrant. 18. Thinking of a priest one becomes spiritual, thinking of a tyrant one becomes a Kaviga; a demon in disposition is an incipient demon, a Kavig in disposition is himself attracted towards a youth.' 19. Then, when character and wisdom recede from the countries of Iran (that is, they depart), so that destitution and also winter, produced by demons who are worshipping the demon, rush together from the vicinity of disaster (voighn) on to the countries of Iran, where even rain becomes scanty and pestilence is secretly advancing and deceiving, so that deaths become numerous; thus even he of perverted wisdom, who is wicked, and the apostate also, who is unrighteous, rush together in companionship. 20. As what one says they all exclaim thus : Consume and destroy, O ruler! for it is to be consumed and destroyed by thee; destroy even the fire, consume even as food those who are the protection of the association enforcing religious obedience, and those leading on the poor man of the righteous dispensation by their guidance.' 21. So that they shall make him thoroughly detached and smite him; So far, this statement ($$ 11-16) seems to be ascribed to Allharmazd; but what follows ($$ 17, 18, 20) appears to represent the sentiments of some Iranians of those later times. ? See Chap. II, 9 n. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VIII, 17-26. 99 likewise wisdom is the wealth they bring him, and it is when property is being carried off by them, that the wisdom conveyed by them arises. 22. 'And in that age, Orighteous one of the Spitamas! the coming of my desire is not purely for thee, nor is a thorough belief of the departure of life, so that the bringing and conducting of a speaker of promises (mitragov) is not necessary; those of the perfect apostate injure this discourse of thine, the Avesta and Zand, so that they shall make it thoroughly weak; and those of the perfect apostate harass their own souls, for love of the wealth which he produced 23. And about the ninth and tenth centuries this also it says, that, as that age proceeds, this is what occurs, O Zaratust of the Spitamas! when many apostates utter the righteousness of priestly instruction and authority, which is wickedness towards me, they cause begging for water, they wither vegetation, and they put down all excellence which is due to the manifestation of righteousness.' 24. Again Zaratust enquired of him thus : 'What do they so produce by that, O Adharmazd! when they cause begging for water, they wither vegetation, and they put down all excellence due to the manifestation of righteousness ?' 25. And Adharmazd spoke thus: "They so produce those things among them, o Zaratust ! when they mention a greater reward for bantlings and relations than that of their own souls (that is, they talk more concerning their allowance, where it is that for their own). 26. Moreover, they give to the Kigs and Karaps, for some repute with the shepherd people of the husbandman, and with the swift-horsed people of the warrior, as H 2 Digitized by Google

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100 DINKARD, BOOK VII. though they would provide us: here below with a large share of meat, that they would make our privilege, just as we here supply him with meat whom we render greatly precious. 27. The property of even a wicked man here below, O Zaratust! in the average opinion among the disorganized (anarastano) is a dignified provision (that is, we form a strong opinion, the approval of which is more to be asserted as being the opinion of a poor righteous man, about a worthy righteous man whose manifest righteousness is a homage (franamisno) to duty and good works).' 28. Again he enquired of him thus : 'Is there so perfect a manifestation here below, in the age of the worldly existence of the religion of the Mazda-worshippers (that is, is there a lodgement of the religion of the Mazda-worshippers in any one) ? 29. And Adharmazd spoke thus: 'It is so, among those men of mine?, O Zaratust! for here below there are priests who are eloquent, and they, too, are men voluble and requisite in the embodied existence, all-beneficent and producing the destruction of harm and the wizard ; the people of the wicked tyrant say also regarding them, that, excepting thee, O Zaratust ! they rightly practise righteousness more largely, more powerfully, and more volubly. 30. Blind are those of the fiend, who are consulting with thee and are unaware of the tyrant; and observant are also those of the fiend who consult with them and think of their intelligence, and oppose the imbecile (anakasih-allmond) apostate who is near them, so that * The archangels. * Reading minam, instead of madam which is unintelligible here. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VIII, 27-34. 101 they say this, namely: "As to this which thou tellest us, it is evidently not so as thou sayest," of which they speak thus: "This duty of thy man is not mine (that is, it is not necessary for me to perform) nor thine (that is, it is not necessary even for thee to perform), because it is not this which is righteousness (that is, not a good work)." 31. For this one is produced for these words and thoughts of thine, of whom thou, too, art aware, he who is whatever is here below of Adshedarof thoughtful controversy, O Zaratust of the Spitamas! for he brings into notice, through the intermingling of his own soul, him who is righteous, or has not become so.' 32. This, too, he says, namely: Of those, o Zaratust of the Spitamas! who come in the ninth and tenth centuries, I tell thee that they are of the fiend of Greed (Azi); it is in her womb that they are to be fashioned, they who assist those who would be vicious, through pre-eminence in leadership, or through excellence in subserviency.' 33. And this, too, it says about them: "Those men are much to be destroyed ;' so it is said by Allharmazd that 'these who are righteous, who carry away a corpse in this world, distress their fire, according to every high-priest 3, and even longflowing water ; their bodies, which are really cesspools * of a terrible character, become very assisting for the tormentors whose corpses are grievously wicked. 34. Concerning them I tell thee, O Zara 1 To the apostate. 2 See $$ 55-60 and Chap. I, 42 n. Here spelt Aakhshedar. 3 Reading dastur, instead of vastur. * Pahl. maya-vakhdan = Pers. ab-gir. Digilized by Google

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102 DINKARD, BOOK VII. tust of the Spitamas ! that, in the ninth and tenth centuries, there come those who are the brood of the fiend and the wound-producer (reshgar) 1 of the evil spirit; even one of them is more to be destroyed than ten demon-worshippers ? ; 'they also produce extermination for these who are mine, for these of my religion, whom they call a provision for destruction (that is, when it is possible to live in our way, and ours are wicked, they diminish in superiority). 35. Even the iniquity that they shall commit in leadership and subserviency, the sin which is smiting thee, they call a trifle (khalako), O pure one of the Spitamas! and the smiter, they say, is he whom these of thy religion of Mazda-worshippers smite. 36. Besides thee, O Zaratust! they distress those duties, too, which are to be acquired by thy people (lagano); they think scornfully of this ceremonial of thine, scornfully of thy worship, O Zaratust ! and they think scornfully of both the two blessed utterances, the Avesta and Zand, which were proclaimed to thee by me who am the most propitious of spirits. 37. They foster villainous outrage, and they say the best work for mankind is immoderate fighting whose joyfulness is due to actions that are villainous; those, too, that they exterminate are the existences due to the spirits, they exterminate their own souls, they exterminate the embodied existences of the world ; and they produce lamentation for the soul, and even the religion, as regards what is the mode of controlling orthodox people together with the iniquitous of the same period.' 38. And this, too, it says, that Zaratust enquired 2 Or idolators' ? Or it may be riyagar, 'hypocrite.' : Pahl. vafriganih = Av. urvata. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VIII, 35-44. 103 of Adharmazd thus : 'So what shall we prescribe for those who are not capable, through being poor (that is, they have no means), nor have they troops, nor a protector over them, and they have many persecutors ?' 39. And Adharmazd spoke thus: "The strong-minded ? man, through understanding, is a token of the development of those who, not being in the army, are capable; their persecutors also are many, and the passing over of authority is owing to the iniquitous of the same period.' 40. This, too, it says, that Zaratust enquired thus: 'Is he, 0 Adharmazd! who is a Kai or a Karap, or he who is a most evil ruler in authority, mingled again with the good ?' 41. And Adharmazd spoke thus : 'Even he ?.' 42. Zaratust also enquired thus: 'Is he, too, O Adharmazd! who is one of those of the good sovereignty, mingled again with the good; or these, such as the Kaisar and Khakan3?' 43. And Adharmazd spoke thus : 'Even that former, O Zaratust!' 44. About the same iniquitous4 this, too, he says, namely: When they are aware and understand about the sayings (galimako) due to righteousness, they are pleased, so that a bribe seems better to them than duty and good works; they love the darkness rather than light, the existence they love Assuming that toshto-minisno is a miswriting of toshinominisno. ? That is, after expiating his misdeeds by his allotted punishment. The last thirteen Pahlavi words of $$ 42, 43 are also added here by mistake in the MS. 3 The Byzantine emperor and the sovereign Khan of the invaders from the east. * Mentioned in $$ 37, 39. Digitized by Google

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104 DINKARD, BOOK VII. is the worst existence rather than the best existence, and they promote difficulty. 45. Concerning them, too, I tell thee that they are more to be destroyed than the leaping (shaspo) serpent which is like a wolf or a lion, and they ever advance in malice and persecution from that time till when that man arrives who is Kitro-mehonoi the righteous, with the victorious club. 46. He has marched with fifty triplets of men ? who are disciples, powerful and tall, looking after duties and ordinances, wideshouldered, stout-armed, and very hairy (kabedmilih), so that their appearance is rough and of a black colour, wherefore the demon and the iniquity proceeding from him fear them. 47. He also smites the evil spirit, together with his creatures; and those three manifest branches, that worship the fiend with simultaneous worship, are really these who march for eminent service on horses, even the Turkish demons with dishevelled hair, the Arab, and also Shedaspo 4 the ecclesiastical Aruman. So spelt here, but in Dk. IX, xli, 6, it is Kitrag-mehono, and other slight variations occur in the best MSS. of Bd. XX, 7, 31; XXIX, 5; Byt. III, 25, 26; Dd. XC, 3; but they can all be traced to an original Kitro-mehan = Av. Kithro-maethanem, of the racial home,' a title applied both to the river and the immortal sacerdotal ruler of Kangdez. The latter is supposed to be Peshyotano, a son of king Vistasp, who is expected to restore religious rites in Iran and throughout the world. ? With 150 disciples, as stated in Byt. III, 27, 29, 42. Here it is written levata 50 3-gabraan. 3 Byt. III, 27, 29, 42, states that they wear black marten fur. * In Byt. III, 3, 5, 8, 21, this name is written Shedaspth which can also be read Shedasfas, and is probably a corrupt pronunciation of the name of some Byzantine emperor or general (such as Theodosius) who had signally defeated the Persians some time in the fifth to seventh century, in which period Zaratust's millennium probably ended. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VIII, 45-55. 105 48. 'And he has then to attract men, contented and discontented, mostly through the incentive of duty; he who is not contented (that is, not agreeing with what he says) contentedly pays respect to him, O Zaratust! (so that he brings him into the religion). 49. Likewise, through that club, he makes one press in the same manner; so that one is distressed by his hand to hold others in contempt, through the valiant arm and through the youthful bodily organs. 50. And he attaches power and triumph to his religion of Adharmazd, and through that power and triumph they become ever respected thenceforth, when those arrive who are the sons of Zaratust, who shall produce the renovation in an existence undecaying and immortal, hungerless and thirstless, the long-continued perpetuity including all.' 51. And about the separation fburinako) of the ten centuries in the one millennium of Zaratust, and the tidings of Allshedar, son of Zaratust, it says also this, namely: When that century fully elapses which is the first of the religion of the Mazdaworshippers, from the time when Zaratust came forward to his conference, what is the separation of this first century ?' 52. And Adharmazd spoke thus : 'The sun conceals itself. 53. What is the separation after the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth century?' 54. And Allharmazd spoke thus : 'The sun conceals itself. 55. Then, when thirty winters of the tenth century are unelapsed (that is, thirty winters are remaining) a maiden, who is Shemig-abu ?, walks up See Chap. I, 42. 3.Having a renowned father,' the Zvaris of Av. Srutad-fedhri, Yt. XIII, 141. Digitized by Google

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106 DINKARD, BOOK VII. to the water ; she that is the mother of that famous Adshedar, and her former lineage is from Vohuroko-i Frahanyan? in the family of Isadvastar, the son of Zaratust that is brought forth by Arang. 56. Then she sits in that water and drinks it, and she kindles in a high degree those germs which were the third of the last that the righteous Zaratust was dropping forth originally, and they introduce that son whose name is the Developer of Righteousness 2. 57. Though she is fifteen years old, the girl (kanig) has not before that associated with men 3 ; nor afterwards, when she becomes pregnant, has she done so before the time when she gives birth. 58. When that man becomes thirty years old, the sun stands still in the zenith (balisto) of the sky for the duration of ten days and ten nights, and it arrives again at that place where it was first appointed by allotment, where it occupies one finger-breadth out of the four finger-breadths, and it shines over all the regions which are seven. 59. So, too, O Zaratust ! of them themselves, their declaration is thus, that they know that the separation of the millennium, which this religion has heard about by listening, is thus; and of those who do not even then know, that it is something which is different. 60. Then, when that man becomes thirty years old, he confers with the archangels, the good rulers and good providers; on the morrow, in the daylight of the day, it is moreover manifest, when the embodied existence is thus undistressed -- without 1 See Yt. XIII, 97. 9 The Pahlavi interpretation of Allshedar which is an imperfect transcript of the Av. Ukhsh yad-ereta of Yt. XIII, 128. 8 Pahl. levata gabraano bara vepayido.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER VIII, 56-ix, 2. 107 a Kai and without a Karap (that is, not deaf and blind to the affairs of the sacred beings), and is to be appropriated (that is, has not made its own self apart from the affairs of the sacred beings), and is produced full of life--that it has become extending (valan), and remains again great in various places in Afran-veg where the good Daiti' is. 61. These are the characteristics as regards the two centuries which are the ninth and tenth; the accuracy of what was to come has continued and this has happened, and both are declared as regards the accuracy which is stated on evidence as to what will happen. CHAPTER IX. 1. About the marvellousness which is after the end of the millennium of Zaratust and the arrival of Aashedar, until the end of the millennium of Aushedar and the arrival of Adshedar-mah; and as to tidings of the same period. 2. The marvellousness of Adshedar as to birth ?, glory of person, sayings and actions; the standing of the sun ten days amid the sky 3; the perishing of the fiend of the four-legged race; the production of a three-spring cloudless influence * for vegetation; the weakening of superfluity and destitution; the extreme strengthening of alliance; the gratification due to the good friendship of foreigners; the great increase of the wisdom of religion ; and the praise See Chap. III, 51, 54; Bd. XX, 13. It is the name of a river. ? See Chap. VIII, 55-57. 8 See Chap. VIII, 58. * Pahl. 3-zaremde an-avargarih.' Digitized by Google

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108 DINKARD, BOOK VII. of Aushedar's smiting with a serpent-scourge of several kinds in the religion of the Mazda-worshippers. 3. The mightiness of the resources in the fifth century of the same millennium; the manifestation of the wizard Mahrkus ? for seven years, in the year which is reported in all the regions which are seven; the coming on and arrival of the winter of Mahrkus, the perishing of most of mankind and animals within three winters and in the fourth, through the awfulness of those winters and the witchcraft of Mahrkus ; and the dying away of Mahrkus of scanty progeny (gasako-zahisno), during the fourth winter, through the Dahman Afrin 2. 4. The opening of the enclosure made by Yim, the coming of mankind and animals therefrom, and the complete progress of mankind and animals again, arising specially from them. 5. After those winters, the abundant and great increase in the milk of cattle, and the abundant nourishment of mankind by milk; the less distress of body in cattle, the fullness and prosperity of the world, the celebrity of assembled mankind, and the great increase of liberality. 6. Also the feebleness Av. Mahrkusha of Westergaard's Fragment VIII, 2, who is evidently a wizard or fiend; according to Pahl. Vd. II, 49 (Sp.) the evil winter which was foretold to Yim is called the winter of Markus. In later times this name has been understood as Heb. Malkos, autumnal rain;' so the idea of the fatal freezing winter of Mahrkus, the intender of death, was abandoned for that of the deluging rain of Malkos, as in Mkh. XXVII, 28. In Dd. XXXVII, 94, both snow and rain are mentioned as produced by Mahrkas or Markas (as it is always written in Pahlavi), and in Sd. IX, 5 only his name is stated. The most complete account of him is given in our text. 2 The Afrin of the Ameshaspends. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER IX, 3-10. 109 of poverty among mankind, just like what revelation mentions thus: 'Even so he, O Zaratust! though he be more unfortunate than he who is accepting from him, is like the creator whose bounty of permanent liberality does thus, in the embodied existence, remain in his dwelling. 7. And this, too, it says, namely: When that winter passes away, of which it is said that it is boisterous and destructive, then a wild beast, black and wide-travelling, walks up to the Mazda-worshippers, and thus it thinks, that they who worship Mazda will therefore not finally hate us more than him who is their own progeny, the son whom they thus bring up as a Mazda-worshipper here below, in fondness and freedom from malice towards well. yielding cattle. 8. 'Then Ashavahisto calls out to the Mazdaworshippers from the upper region, and thus he speaks : "You are for the worship of Mazda; let no one of you become such a slaughterer of cattle as the slaughterers you have been before. 9. Recommend increase in gifts, recommend neighbourliness in person; are you worshipping Mazda ? do you slaughter cattle ? do you slaughter those of them which give you assistance, which speak to you thus : On account of your helpfulness one tells you that you are worshipping Mazda and you may eat?' I am in neighbourliness before that, until the time when you exclaim : Mine are the serpent and toad.' 10.""And you recommend increase, you recommend neighbourliness, and the Mazda-worshippers slaughter cattle, even those of them who give them 1 The Pahlavi version of Av. stakhrahe mereto zaya' in Westerg. Frag. VIII, 2, Digitized by Google

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I1O DINKARD, BOOK VII. assistance, so that you are worshipping Mazda ani you eat; I am in neighbourliness before that, until the time when you exclaim : 'Mine are the serpent and toad.' 11.""Contentedly the Mazda-worshippers slaughter cattle, contentedly the cattle of the Mazda-worshippers let them butcher', and contented are the cattle when they do not butcher them; contentedly the Mazda-worshippers eat cattle, and contented are the cattle when they eat them. 12. And then, when there are spirits, the slaughterers and whatever they slaughter, the butchers and whatever they butcher, and the eaters and whatever they eat are alike watched by them." 13. And this, too, it says, namely: "When that century fully elapses, which is the fifth in the second millennium as regards the religion of the Mazdaworshippers, then of all those who are upon the earth, the existences which are both wicked and righteous, two-thirds in the land of Iran are righteous and one-third wicked; and so likewise the Turanians and those who are around Iran remain non-Iranian around Iran; the chief increase in dwellings here below, of those in the embodied existence, remains just as now.' 14. And this, too, it says, namely: 'When that millennium has fully elapsed, which is the first of the religion of the Mazda-worshippers, what is the separation after the first century?' 15. And Adharmazd spoke thus : The sun conceals itself. 16. "And what is the separation after the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth 1 Assuming that bar'zavand stands for burinend which occurs in $ 12. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER IX, 11-22. III century ?' 17. And Adharmazd spoke thus : 'The sun conceals itself.' 18. Then, when thirty winters of the tenth century are unelapsed (aranako), a maiden, who is Shapirabu !, walks up to the water; she that is the mother of that good Adshedar-mah, and her former lineage is from Vohu-roko-1 Frahanyan 8 in the family of Isadvastar, the son of Zaratust that is brought forth by Arang. 19. Then she sits in that water and drinks it, and she kindles in a high degree those germs which were the second of the last that the righteous Zaratust was dropping forth originally, and they introduce that son whose name is the Developer of Worship + (that is, he augments liberality). 20. Though fifteen years old, the damsel (zihanako) has not before that associated with men ; nor yet afterwards, when she becomes pregnant, has she done so before the time when she gives birth. 21. When that man becomes thirty years old, the sun stands still in the zenith of the sky for the duration of twenty days and nights (r), and it shines over all the regions which are seven. 22. So, too, the declaration of them themselves is that they know 1. Having a good father,' the Zvaris of Av. Vanghu-fedhri, Yt. XIII, 142. ? See Chap. I, 42. See Chap. VIII, 55-57. * The Pahlavi interpretation of Allshedar-mah which is an imperfect transcript of the Av. Ukhshyad-nemangh of Yt. XIII, 128. Compare the summary in Dk. VIII, xiv, 13, as follows: The arrival of Adshedar-mah, son of Zaratust, at the end of the second millennium ; information about him and his time, and the destroyers of the organizers who were within the millennium of Allshedar. * The MS. omits a clause here, which occurs in Chap. VIII, 58, possibly by mistake, as part of it is given in Chap. X, 19. Digitized by Google

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II2 DINKARD, BOOK VII. that the separation of the millennium, which this religion has heard about by listening, is even thus ; and of those who do not even then know, that it is something which is different. 23. When that man becomes thirty years old, he confers with the archangels, the good rulers and good providers; on the morrow, in the daylight of the day, it is moreover manifest, when the embodied existence is thus undistressed-without a Kai and without a Karap (that is, not blind and not deaf to the affairs of the sacred beings), and is to be appropriated (that is, has not made its own self apart from the affairs of the sacred beings), and is produced full of life-that it has become extending, and is again great in various places in Afran-veg where the good Daiti is. CHAPTER X. 1. About the marvellousness which is after the end of the millennium of Allshedar and the arrival of Allshedar-mah, until the end of the millennium of Allshedar-mah and the arrival of Soshans; and as to tidings of the same period. 2. The marvellousness of Allshedar-mah as to birth ?, glory of person, sayings, and actions; the standing of the sun amid the sky twenty days long ?; and the increase of the milk of cattle arrives at a maximum (avartum), just as what it says, that one milks only one mature cow (tora az) for a thousand men, and that he brings as much milk as a thousand men require; also the feebleness of * See Chap. IX, 18-20. * See Chap. IX, 21. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER IX, 23-x, 6. 13 hunger and thirst is just as it says, that by only a single ration one becomes satisfied for three nights, and whoever eats a leg of mutton has plenty for himself for three days and nights. 3. The diminution of decay and extension (veshih) of life, the increase of humility and peace, and the perfection of liberality and enjoyment in the world. 4. Like this which revelation states, that, when the first ten winters in the last millennium pass away, the Mazda-worshippers then make enquiry together thus : 'Are we really more hairy-headed (sar-varsik-tar) than occurred before, owing to the wellyielding cattle, so that food and clothing are less necessary for us? Has affection come to us more completely, owing to those cattle, than it was ours before? Have we grown up less deteriorated in the hair, by old age, than those grown up before? Are the thoughts, words, and deeds of our women and children more instructed than they were before ? 5. And has this thing occurred, that he is classed as disqualified who in training a child has become quite retrogressive (pas-Uruzd), and is his penalty arranged? Does the fiend think of the Karap class, and are they utterly destroyed by her through those whose thoughts are most evil, devoid of righteousness, and devoid of a liking for righteousness? 6. Near here, in the disturbance of the existences, does that happen as heard by us from the ancients, when listening to the true proclaimers of the Mazdaworshippers ? And now, even when our numbers are so greatly maintaining this dispensation, do we sanctify (aharayinem) righteousness (that is, do we perform duty and good works) more vociferously and more strenuously?' [47] Digitized by Google

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114 DINKARD, BOOK VII. 7. This, too, it says, even that no one passes away in the last millennium, other than those whom they smite with a scaffold weapon", and those who pass away from old age. 8. When fifty-three years of that millennium of his have remained, the sweetness and oiliness in milk and vegetables are so completed that, on account of the freedom of mankind from wanting meat, they shall leave off the eating of meat, and their food becomes milk and vegetables. 9. When three years have remained, they shall leave off even the drinking of milk, and their food and drink become water and vegetables. 10. And in his millennium are the breaking (lanako) of the fetters of Dahak , the rousing of Keresaspo 3 for the smiting of Dahak, the arrival of Kai-Khusro 4 and his companions for the assistance of Soshans in the production of the renovation of the universe, and the provision of most of mankind with the Gathic disposition and law; also the occurrence of many other wonders and marvels is manifest in that millennium of his. u. And this, too, it says, namely: 'When that millennium has fully elapsed, which is the second of the religion of the Mazda-worshippers, what is the separation after the first century ?' 12. And Allharmazd spoke thus : 'The sun conceals itself.' 13. 'And what is the separation after the second, 1 Reading pavan dar snesh, as in some modern copies; but the old MS. of 1659 has run the last two words together, so as to produce pavan dareg ush, as destitute,' which must be wrong. For details see Byt. III, 55-57; Bd. XXIX, 9; Dd. XXXVII,97; Dk. IX, Xv, 2. It may be noticed that this release of the demoniacal tyrant is expected to follow the triumph of strict vegetarianism. 8 See further Byt. III, 59-61; Bd. XXIX, 7, 8. 4 See Mkh. XXVII, 59-63; LVII, 7; Dd. XXXVI, 3. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER X, 7-18. 115 third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth century ?' 14. And Adharmazd spoke thus : * The sun conceals itself.' 15. And when thirty winters of the tenth century are unelapsed, that maiden, who is Gobak-abu 1, walks up to the water ; she that is the mother of that testifying Soshans who is the guide to conveying away the opposition of the destroyer, and her former lineage is from Vohu-roko-i Frahanyana in the family of Isadvastar, the son of Zaratust that is brought forth by Arang. 16. 'That maiden whose title is All-overpowerer is thus all-overpowering, because through giving birth she brings forth him who overpowers all, both the affliction owing to demons, and also that owing to mankind 3. 17. Then she sits in that water, when she is fifteen years old, and it introduces into the girl him 'whose name is the Triumphant Benefiter, and his title is the Bodymaker; such a benefiter as benefits (savinedo) the whole embodied existence, and such a body-maker, alike possessing body and possessing life, as petitions about the disturbance of the embodied existences and mankind 4' 18. Not before that has she associated with men; nor yet afterwards, when she becomes pregnant, has she done so before the time when she gives birth 6. 1 Having a testifying father,' the Pahlavi of Av. Eredad-fedhri, Yt. XIII, 142. ? See Chap. VIII, 55-57. 3 The Pahlavi version of Yt. XIII, 142, latter clause. * From the Pahlavi version of Yt. XIII, 129. 6 Compare the summary in Dk. VIII, xiv, 14, 15, as follows: "The coming and arrival of Soshans, son of Zaratust, at the end of the third millennium, the destroyers of the organizers who were within the millennium of Allshedar-mah, the arrival of Soshans, I 2 Digitized by Google

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116 DINKARD, BOOK VII. 19. When that man becomes thirty years old, the sun stands still in the zenith of the sky for the duration of thirty days and nights, and it arrives again at that place where it was appointed by allotment. CHAPTER XI. 1. About the marvellousness which is after the end of the millennium of Aushedar-mah and the arrival of the Triumphant Benefiter, until the end of the fifty-seventh year of Soshans and the production of the renovation among the existences. 2. Concerning the marvellousness of Soshans as to splendour and glory of person, it says that when the coming of the last rotation of those rotations of the seasons of Allshedar-mah occurs, the man Soshans is born whose food is spiritual and body sunny (that is, his body is as radiant as the sun);' also this, that he looks on all sides with six-eyed power (6-doisarih), and sees the remedy for persecution by the fiend.' 3. This, too, that with him is the triumphant Kayan glory which the mighty Fredun 2 bore when Az-i Dahak 3 was smitten by him; also Kal-Khusroio was bearing it when the Tur Frangrasiyak was smitten by him; also Frangrasiyak bore it when the Drve Zenigak 6 was smitten by him; and Kal and information about Soshans and his time. Also, as to the renovation of the universe and the future existence, it is declared that they arise in his time.' 1 The date here indicated seems to be about twenty-eight years later than that intended in Chap. X, 15-19. 2 See Chap. I, 25. See Chap. I, 26. * See Chap. I, 39. 5 See Chap. I, 31, 39. * Av. Drvau Zainigaus, an Arab chieftain who invaded Iran Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER X, 19-XI, 7. 117 Vistasp1 shall bear it when you fully attract him to righteousness, and through it he shall carry off the fiend from the concerns of the world of righteousness?' 4. And this, too, that in fifty-seven of his years there occur the annihilation of the fiendishness of the two-legged race and others, and the subjugation of disease and decrepitude, of death and persecution, and of the original evil of tyranny, apostasy, and depravity; there arise a perpetual verdant growth of vegetation and the primitive gift of joyfulness; and there are seventeen years of vegetable-eating, thirty years of water-drinking, and ten years of spiritual food. 5. And all the splendour, glory, and power, which have arisen in all those possessing splendour, glory, and power, are in him on whom they arrive together and for those who are his, when many inferior human beings are aroused splendid and powerful ; and through their power and glory all the troops of the fiend are smitten. 6. And all mankind remain of one accord in the religion of Allharmazd, owing to the will of the creator, the command of that apostle, and the resources of his companions. 7. At the end of the fifty-seven years the fiend and Aharman are annihilated, the renovation for the future existence occurs, and the whole of the good creation is provided with purity and perfect in early times and killed many with his evil eye, till the Iranians invited Frangrasiyak to destroy him (see Darmesteter's French translation of part of Chap. XLI of Iranian Bundahis in Annales du Musee Guimet, vol. xxii, p. 401). See Chap. I, 41. 9 From a Pahlavi version of Yt. XIX, 92, 93, with the second and third clauses transposed. Digitized by Google

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118 DINKARD, BOOK VII. splendour. 8. Just as revelation states thus : When that millennium has fully elapsed, which is the third of the religion of the Mazda-worshippers, that Mazda-worshipper whose name is so Triumphant1 then marches forward from the water Kanyisa with a thousand companions and also maidens of restrained disposition and blindlystriving behaviour 3; and he smites the wicked people who are tyrannical, and annihilates them.' 9. Then those Mazda-worshippers smite, and none are smiting them. 10. Then those Mazdaworshippers produce a longing for a renovation among the existences, one ever-living, ever-beneficial, and ever desiring a Lord. II. 'Then I, who am Allharmazd, produce the renovation according to the longing among the existences, one ever-living, ever-beneficial, and ever desiring a Lord.' i See Chap. X, 17. 2 Reading the name as Pazand; if it were Pahlavi it would have to be read Kanmasai, because Iranian Paz. yi is very like Pahl. ma. It is Kyansih in Bd. XIII, 16; XX, 34; XXI, 6, 7, and represents Av. Kasava, the brackish lake or sea of Sagastan. Reading 'va-bigar-ik-i vand khim va-kur-kakho ras,' and assuming that bigar is Ar. bikr, as an Arabic word is occasionally used in the Dinkard (see Chap. II, 2 n though very rarely. Bd. XXX, 17, mentions ' fifteen men and fifteen damsels' as assisting Soshans at the time of the renovation of the universe. Digilized by Google

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DINKARD.-BOOK V. CHAPTER I. 1. The triumph of the creator Adharmazd, and glory of complete wisdom, is the divine (ahaig) religion of Mazda-worship. 2. The fifth book is about the sayings of the saintly Atur-farnbag !, son of Farukhzad, who was the leader of the orthodox, even as to the manuscript which is called Gyemara ?. 3. The collected replies of Atur 1 He was the leader of the orthodox about A.D. 815-835, and held a religious disputation with the heretic Abalis in the presence of the Khalifah Al-Mamun (A.D. 813-833), as detailed in the Madigan-i Gugastak Abalis. He was also the first compiler of the Dinkard, probably of its first two Books, which are not yet discovered, as well as of some of the materials for the other Books. (See S.B.E., vol. xxxvii, p. 411, n. 1.) The name of this MS. can be only guessed. It occurs three times in each of the two MS. authorities, B and K43, and the simplest reading of five of these six occurrences would be Simra, so that the remaining one (Sarma) may be neglected as a corruption. A final a in Pahlavi is a very certain indication of a Semitic word, for if a final of similar form occurs in an Iranian word, it represents either h or kh; so if the name were Iranian, its most probable reading would be Simurkh. But, in $ 3, it is intimated that the MS. belonged to an ancient tribe, or congregation (ram); it also seems, from Chap. IV, 8, 9, that the religion of this tribe was not so inconsistent with Zoroastrianism as to prevent its members being taught that orthodox faith; and $$ 4, 5 of the present chapter appear to quote from that MS, some Digitized by Google

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120 DINKARD, BOOK V. farnbag, son of Farukhzad, the leader of the orthodox, about several significant questions that are the wonder of the moderns, which are like the friendly words, spoken by him as to those of the ancient tribe? (kad mon-raman) who call it really their Gyemara, which are obtaining a like wonder for them openly accessible to him 3. 4. About the unswerving and co-operating chieftainship of those forefathers who went in mutuallyfriendly command of troops, and the complete enclosure of that tribe within the military control of Bukht-Narsih ' 5. About the disabling of vicious habits and evil deeds, which are entirely connected, and of the heinous demon-worship and mischief which particulars regarding the siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar. From these circumstances we may suspect that Atur-farnbag, while collecting materials for his Dinkard, had asked some Jewish friends what information their MSS. contained regarding the old Persians, as the two peoples had been in contact, more or less, ever since the time of the Achaemenian dynasty. If he did so enquire, the Jews would naturally search in the Talmud, in which references to the Persians still survive, though the text is no longer complete. The question is, therefore, whether the MS., whose name has been provisionally read Simra, can have had any connection with the Talmud. It will be at once evident to any Pahlavi student that Pahl. si may be read gye equally well, and that we have no better reason for reading Simra than for the Gyemara, which has been put into the text, as a suggestion that Atur-farnbag was really referring to the Gemara of the Jews, the supplement to their commentary upon Scripture. Whether this can be clearly proved remains to be seen, and positive evidence seems scanty. 1 Or congregation.' ? Or 'including (vandig).' * Pahl. mun sand ham-shkup-vindig fras aubas yehamtunisnig.' From which it appears as if there had been a mutual interchange of information between him and his Jewish friends. * The Pahlavi form of Bu'ht-i-nazar, or Nebuchadnezzar. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER I, 4-9. I21 are owing to them, through the ruler Kat-Loharasp? being sent, with Bakht-Narsih, from the country of Iran to Beta-Makdis 2 of Arum, and their remaining in that quarter. 6. And the orthodox belief in the rude particulars of religious custom in the mutual deliberation of those of the tribe, the acquaintance with religion of a boor (durustako-1), the difficult arrangements, and the enquirer doubtful of the religion after the many controversial, deliberative, and cause-investigating questions and answers adapted to the importunities of that wordy disciple 3. 7. About how the accepting of this religion by the prophets before Zaratust occurred 4, how the pure and saintly Zaratust of the Spitamas came 5, and who will afterwards come as bringers of the same pure and good religion hereafter. 8. That is, of the prophets, apostles, and accepters of the religion, there were they who accepted it concisely and completely such as Gayomard was, from whom came irregularly (durustako) such as Masye and Siyamak, Haoshang, Takhmyrup, Yim, Fredan, Manuskthar, the Saman, the Kayan, and also many other leaders in those times ?. 9. And their acceptance expressly at various times is produced for action, and thereby the adversity of the creatures is removed, benefit 1 The father of Kai-Vistasp (see Bd. XXXI, 28, 29; XXXIV, 7). His expedition to Jerusalem is mentioned in Pahl. Mkh. XXVII, 67, and by some Arab writers. 2 The holy place,' a title of Jerusalem. 8 Not identified. From this point to Chap. IV, 7, Alur-farnbag must have used the same authorities as the writer of Dk. VII; but he returns to the Gyemara in Chap. IV, 8. * Dk. VII, i, 7-40. o Ibid. 41. * Ibid. 42. ? See the details in Dk. VII, i, 7-40. $$ 1-8 have been already translated in Grundriss der iranischen Philologie, ii, 93-94. Digitized by Google

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I 22 DINKARD, BOOK V. and prosperity are sought, the world is controlled, and the creator and good creations are propitiated. CHAPTER II. 1. In the pure light and equal to the archangelscollected together and reckoned together, since the original creation, and completely unmixed-Zaratust was spiritually fashioned and provided undefectively for the acceptance and propagation of the religion in the world 1. 2. And when he is sent for the manifestation of restrained saintliness (mokih) and bodily substance, great glory and radiance become as much discernible in him as the same had come into the posterity of Yim who are Porushaspo?, his father, and Dakdaub 3 who is his mother; and also while he is being born and for the duration of life, he produced a radiance, glow, and brilliance from the place of his own abode, that issued intensely and strongly, like the splendour of fire, to distant lands 4. 3. Also about the wizards and witches, tyrants, Kigs, and Karaps, and other miscreants who have produced outrage for him during his birth and childhood, with desire for his destruction; who have manifestly come about his death or disablement, and even so far as those who have come into the visible assembly about the destruction of his glory and other causes of helplessness 6. 4. And also including the wolves and other wild beasts, to whom he was * Dk. VII, ii, 1, 2, 14-21, 36-42, 46, 47; Zs. XIII, 4. * Ibid. 13. Ibid. 3-8; Zs. XIII, 1-3. * Ibid. 56-58; Zs. XIV, 7. * Dk. VII, iii, 5-14; Zs. XVI, 1-7. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER II, 1-8. 123 cast forth by those of Porushaspo's kinsmen who were wizards, and the kindred of those frequenting demon-worship, but only as a test? 5. In like manner it is declared that, on account of Vohamand being welcome to him, he laughed outright at birth? 6. His coming for conference with Allharmazd3, and owing to his accepting the religion, Aharman and many demons and fiends have come to him with exhibition of fear, offering of service, and the argument and entreaty of supplicants; and all these have returned from him disapprovingly, defeatedly, and confusedly, through the pure proclamation of his Avesta, the unique perfection of Adharmazd's will", and the indication of a prepared armament (virasto-zenih), a declared reward, a powerful sovereignty, and a way of injury to the destroyer. 7. Also the triumph of the sacred beings in the end, and the peculiarity of the joint control of the demons; how, before that, they rushed openly into the world and have dwindled, their bodily forms are shattered", and they are so converted into secret decay, that their supplicants, deceived and deceivers, became awful disputants through confession of it. 8. And when, through completely accepting the religion from Adharmazd, he came to the obedient king Kai-Vistasp to attract those of the world, he exhibited glorious actions of many kinds and the 1 Dk. VII, iii, 15-19; Zs. XVI, 8-11. 3 Ibid. 2; Zs. XIV, 12, 13 * Ibid. 60-iv, 1; Zs. XXI, 11-XXII, 13. * Dk. VII, iv, 36-41, 61, 62. 5 Ibid. 42, 44-46, 63. Digitized by Google

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124 DINKARD, BOOK V. smiting of demons and fiends; and he openly spoke the thoughts of king Vistasp and many of the multitude about hidden matters?, thus : 'A person is possessing life only by destiny, and without his body, but with a like destiny, the person possessing life is restored;' he was also opposing many wizards, demon-worshippers, demon-consulters, and those seduced by 2 deceivers who are awful disputants. 9. And this was the utterance of those twelve stars whose names are those of the twelve zodiacal constellations, and the primitive learned of Bapel 3, that have come to these, who are asking questions of the chief rulers of Khvaniras, have to justify it, in the controversy, with the spiritual and material customs and rude observances which are diversely m thifested, onwards from the time of Yim the splendid and the evidence of it, discernible with him, was that of Vohumano, Ashavahisto, the fire, and some other good spirits 4 10. Afterwards, too, the estimating and weighing of the whole utterance of the religion of Adharmazd were held out by him to Vistasp and those of the world, as very accountably a wonder; and further, too, he remained as it were more conflicting with fellow-disputants than his own words opposing the fellow-disputants. 11. Also when, through the effect of glory and the struggle for being saved, every class of apostles and prophets and manifestation of tokens and suchlike were, with certain and striking evidence, casting down blessings, even thereupon the obedient king i Dk. VII, iv, 65, 71. 2 B has' and demon-separatists (va-she da-gvidakan).' 3 Dk. VII, iv, 72. * Ibid. 74, 85; Zs. XXIII, 7. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER II, 9-15. 125 Kaf-Vistasp's fear of the adversary of religion, and also other causes, arose, on account of which he was then accepting the propagation of the religion, when its great glory and beauty ? were seen by him. 12. At first, Zarirs, Spend-dad", Frashostar, and Gamaspo, several of the realm who were noble, conspicuous, and well-acting, the good and princes of mankind, beheld visibly the will and desirableness of Adharmazd and the archangels, and the progressive religion of the creatures, fit for those completely victorious (hukiraga nig). 13. Lastly, the seizure and capturing (girinisno) by the demons are beheld and watched; and they have remained opposing, owing to the number of idolators competing wranglingly. 14. And much conflict and slaughter occurred, which arose purely, so that the mingling of the religion in the world proceeded 6. 15. There are also his pure new bringers and complete controllers of the same religion, Allshedar?, Allshedar-mahs, and Soshans '; and through the complete progress of this religion of Allharmazd, all the good creatures become without disturbance and all-radiant 10. i Dk. VII, iv, 87. : K43 has varazo; but B, omitting the first letter, has 1&fo, praise.' 8 A brother and commander-in-chief of Vistasp, killed in the battle with Argasp, see Bd. XXXI, 29; YZ. 54-56. * A son of Vistas; see Dk. VII, vii, 5; YZ. 82-85. 5 Two brothers, see Chap. III, 4; Dk. VII, vi, 12; Zs. XXIII, 10. 6 See Chap. III, 1. ? Dk. VII, viii, 55-ix, 13. & Dk. VII, ix, 18-X, Io. * Dk. VII, X, 15-xi, 5. 10 Dk. VII, xi, 6-11. Digitized by Google

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126 DINKARD, BOOK V. CHAPTER III. 1. About that which is manifested as regards the propitiousness, forward intellect, and complete virtue of Zaratust, it is openly declared that, according to his explaining statements, there occurred such events as the victory of Kai-Vistasp and the Iranians over Argasp' and an army of Khyons and other foreigners of innumerable kinds, and details on that subject; also other assistance of Vistasp and those of the realm in other necessities. 2. The killing of Zaratust himself by Bradro-resh 2 the Tur; the provision of a chariot by Srito 3 of the Visraps; and whatever is on those subjects. 3. Also, specially, matters in the times to come, each consecutively, when therein arrive devastators such as Alexander 4, and the killer of Akre-khirado 5, Mahrkus 6, Dahak 7, and other devastators; extenders of belief (viravisn-valan) such as the Messiah (Mashikh), Manih (r), and others; periods such as the steel age, that mingled with iron, and others; and organizers, restorers, and introducers of religion, such 1 Dk. VII, iv, 77, 83, 84, 87-90; v, 7; this victory occurred in the thirtieth year of the religion, see Zs. XXIII, 8. Dk. VII, v, 12 n. Dk. VII, vi, 2-II. - Dk. VII, vii, 7. 5 Or Aghrerad (Av. Aghraeratha), killed by his brother Frasiyav or Frangrasiyak of Tur, see Bd. XXIX, 5; XXXI, 15, 20-22. Dk. VII, i, 24; ix, 3. Ibid. i, 26. 8 A heretic who flourished A.D. 216-242; see Dk. IX, xxxix, 13 n. . According to Byt. II, 21, 22, the steel age was the time of Khusro Anoshervan, and that mingled with iron at the end of Zaratust's millennium. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER III, 1-IV, 1. 127 as Artakhshatar", Atarpad ?, Khusrdi 3, Peshyotan", Allshedar, Aushedar-mah, Soshans, and others. 4. The formation of custom, and the indications which have come to manifestation and will arrive at various periods; and the proclamation of these, too, by Gamaspo, from the teaching of Zaratust, is what he wrote, together with the Avesta and Zand, upon oxhides, and it was written with gold, and kept in the royal treasury? 5. And it was from it the highpriests of the rulers made many copies; and afterwards, too, it is from it that it happened, both to the less intelligent and the corrupters, that they were introducing different opinions and different views. Chapter IV. 1. About the selectness and perfection of the race of Iran, that is, how the destroyer and the mingling of defects came into the creation, first into the distribution of the race [of mankind) 8 from the children of Siyamak", and good intellect, good disposition, 1 Ardashir Papakan (A.D. 226-241), the founder of the Sasanian dynasty. * Son of Maraspend, and prime minister of Shahpuhar II (A.D. 309-379). 3 Anoshervan (A.D. 531-578): * A son of Vistasp and immortal ruler of Kangdes, see Dk. VII, iv, 81. * See Chap. II, 15. . See Chap. II, 12. ? This was the original Avesta prepared by order of Vistasp, as stated in the last chapter of Dk. III, SS 3 (see S. B. E., vol. xxxvii, p. xxxi). & B omits the words in brackets. * Son of Masye, called Samak in Dk. VII, i, 15. Digitized by Google

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128 DINKARD, BOOK V. proper affection, proper praise, proper modesty, observance of hope, liberality, truth, generosity, good friendship, and other capability, glory, and proper duty are more particularly included for Fravak !, and again altered for frontier peoples. 2. Such-like goodness and glory, again, through selection from a promiscuous origin-even till the coming on of various new contaminations, from the demons, among the children of Fravak--were for Haoshang and Vaegered?, as Haoshang through superior glory was ruler of the world, and Vaegered through provincial government (da hyukanih) became the cultivator and cherisher of the world ; and their well-destined descendants 3 aggrandized the race of the monarchs among the well-born provincial governors (da hyukan). 3. In union, such-like glory and goodness proceeded, mutually connected, in various ages as settled by the annals (madigan), and the frontiers of Atur are penetrated; also in various annals there were in succession such men as Takhmorup, Yim, Fredun the Aspigan, and Airik of Iran, the progenitor of Manus, Manus-khvarnar, and Manuskihar 6. 4. And, besides including this one, who was a monarch of superior glory, and other monarchs such as are also in the same race (r), the Kayans? were 1 Son of Siyamak; he was progenitor of the fifteen undeformed races of mankind (see Bd. XV, 25, 30, 31). ? Dk. VII, i, 16-18. SK43 has children.' 4 Probably Assyria; but it is possible to read atval as Ar. aival, and to translate 'ancient frontiers.' For the foregoing names see Dk. VII, i, 19-30; ii, 70. 6 Such as Auzobo in Dk. VII, i, 31. ? From Kai-Kobad to Kaf-Khosro, as stated in Dk. VII, i, 33-40. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER IV, 2-9. 129 chosen. 5. Even thus, as regards the Kayans, the annals have always to consider him who is monarch as the right one, who is a fellow-descendant of the lineage, and in whom the glory is residing. 6. The creator Adharmazd has informed Neryosang?, his own reminder, that a similar instance is the supreme Zaratustship, and the glory of the religion due to the same; also many other reasons, which are recountable, are declared in the Avesta, indications known only to an Iranian person of the best lineage. 7. And this, too, he has said, namely: Great glory and goodness of this description are appropriatable by the same race, and are even now? visibly manifest.' 8. About what are the requirements of the tribe of those who call this really their Gyemara and how they are effected by our acquaintance with revelation, that is, by much recitation of it; only, several occasions (yavar 1-kand) are necessary in these times. 9. Also action and precaution are possible for them, and among the actions and precautions one is to assume more especially law and custom, and whatever was perverted by us and again made true; and, as to those taught, several persons who are intellectual, seeking means, and friends of the soul, have come to teach complete delusions to them; also for the same tribe and whomever it is proper to teach, when it is necessary for them, even a worldly 1 The usual messenger of Adharmazd, see Dk. VII, iv, 84, 85. B has even anew,' by writing kevan backwards, which converts the word into navak. From Chap. I, 7 to this point, the compiler could have found very little of his materials in a Jewish MS., excepting such as had been recently obtained from Persian sources. [47] Digitized by Google

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130 DINKARD, BOOK v. priestly authority is guiding for that same tribe, because he has come ?. 1 It would seem that the tribe professed a different religion, but one that bore some resemblance to the Parsi faith in certain essential particulars. The remaining five-sixths of Dk. V are devoted to a miscellaneous collection of religious subjects, resembling a Rivayat. Digitized by Google

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SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. K 2 Digitized by Google

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SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM !. CHAPTER XII. 1. About the coming of the religion at a given time being a resemblance such-like as the birth of a child through two united powers, which are the reception of semen by females in procreation, and delivering it back to the fathers, and a period of struggling and intermingling, especially by two means: a monarchy with a religion of the same tenets (ham-vak-denoih), and the existence of similar tenets to those of the monarchy in the custom of the religion. 2. The religion of the Mazda-worshippers, when the period of material 1 Zad-sparam was Dastur of Sirkan, about thirty parasangs south of Kirman, in A. D. 881. At a later date, probably about A. D. 900, he compiled three series of Selections, from religious texts then extant, and these have been preserved by the Parsis in the same MSS. as contain the Dadistan-i Dinik (see the Introduction). The first eleven chapters of this first series of Selections have been already translated in S. B. E., vol. v, pp. 155-186, as they refer to some of the subjects detailed in the Bundahis. The remaining chapters are here translated, except the last which refers to the Nasks and Gathas, and will be found in S. B. E., vol. xxxvii, pp. 401-405. The MS. authorities for the text are K35 and T (see p. 2 and Introduction). 9 T has devoid of.' Digitized by Google

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134 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. organization is being converted again into a spiritual nature, became manifest on the earth, first through Spendarmad 1 and afterwards through Allharmazd, like the reception of a child by mothers and delivering it back to the fathers. 3. The manifestation of the religion through Spendarmad was at that time when Frasiyav 2 kept back the water from the country of Iran, and brought the water again; in damsel form she was a speaker for its manifestation, in reply to foreigners, at the house of Manuskihars, the monarch of the country of Iran. 4. She was also dressed, and wore radiant clothing which shone out on all sides for the length of a Hasar", which is a distance, like a Parasang; and, tied on her waist, she wore a golden sacred girdle which was the religion of the Mazdaworshippers itself. 5. As to the belt of the religion, it is that to which are connected the thirty-three fetters upon the thirtythree sins 6, according to which all sin is divided; so that (ka) the damsels, by whom the tied sacred girdle of Spendarmad was seen, have become impetuous (taftigo) after that for a tied girdle, on account of its seeming beautiful. 6. And this was the motherhood which is supplied through Spendarmad, as a gift, in the year 528 1 The female archangel who has special charge of the earth and virtuous women (see Dk. VII, ii, 19 n). 2 See Dk. VII, i, 31; and regarding his irrigation canals, see Bd. XX, 17, 34; XXI, 6. 3 See Dk. VII, i, 29. * A thousand steps of the two feet, or Roman mile; see Bd. XXVI, 1. 0 Thirty sins are detailed in Mkh. XXXVI, and thirty-three good works in XXXVII (see S. B. E., vol. xxiv, pp. 71-75). Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XII, 3-10. 135 before Zaratust came out to his conference!, which is one of their statements from the annals of the religion in a manuscript of the ancients. 7. The name of Zaratust is also cited on the earth at 300 years before his conference 2. 8. For Iran, at the supplication even of the priests in the land, and for the sake of the pacification of a dispute arisen, Allharmazd produced a great ox, by whom the boundary of Iran next to TQran was intimated by pawing with his hoofs, and he was kept in a jungle. 9. Whenever contention arose, the boundary was fully made known by that ox, until it was the wish of Kat-Us to take, fully covetously, a portion of the land of Toran back into Iran, and he saw that the ox is about to act very ill-naturedly, because it was not besought with forms which were prescribed for it, where a boundary was intimated by it . 10. There were seven brothers, and he who was * If this coming to conference with the spirits be the coming of the religion,' in the thirtieth year of Vistasp's reign, then, according to Bundahis chronology, these 528 years will carry us back to twenty-eight years before the accession of Manuskihar. As any alteration in the date of Manuskihar's accession would disturb the millennial arrangement of Bd. XXXIV, it is probable that some copyist has miswritten the ciphers, and we ought to read 428. This legend appears not to occur elsewhere. According to Bd. XXXIV, 7, Kaf-Us reigned from 360 to 210 years before the coming of the religion. At this point a dislocation of the text occurs in all existing MSS., owing to the misplacement of a loose folio in some unknown copy written before 1530; the contents of this folio, $8 8-16, are found in the existing MSS. three folios further on (after Chap. XIV, 14), and are here restored to their original position, as determined by the meaning of the text. * T has by that ox. This legend is also told in Dk. VII, ii, 62-66. Digitized by Google

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136 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. the seventh was called Sritoi the Seventh, the largest in body and chief in strength, belonging to those instructed in many subjects for Kai-Us, and he was among his princes. 11. Kai-Us summoned him into his presence and ordered him thus : 'Go and kill that ox in the jungle !' 12. Srito went, and the ox whom he wished to kill expostulated with him, in human words, thus : 'Do not kill me! for though thou canst kill me, he whose guardian spirit is in the Hom, the deathdispeller, will also become manifest on the earth, he whose name is Zaratast of the Spitamas ?, and will proclaim thy bad action in the world. 13. And the distress in thy soul becomes such as is declared in revelation thus: "As it occurs to him, so it does to Vadak 3, when they mention his iniquity," and thy death becomes the like and, owing to death, it is mixed up with hers (that is, owing even to hers is the death of Srito).' 14. When those words were heard by him, Srito turned back, and went again to Kai-Us; also by his manner, and even apart from this, he stated * what the ox had spoken with awfulness, and also thus : Srilo, the seventh son compare Dk. VII, ii, 64), is not easy to identify. He could not have been Thrita the father of Keresaspa, because this Thrita the Saman is said to have been a third son in Pahl. Yas. IX, 30 (Sp.). He may have been Srito of the Visraps, whose soul visited Vistasp in the latter part of his reign, about 350 years later, regarding which a legend is related in Dk. VII, vi, 2-11, and again mentioned in Dk. V, iii, 2; but there is a want of corresponding details for identification. 2 This is the citation of his name mentioned in 8 7. 8 The mother of Dahak, whose iniquity is considered as equal to that of the evil spirit, see Dd. LXXII, 5; Dk. IX, X, 3. T has also by his manner he intimated and separately stated.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XII, 11-20. 137 'I am more desirous than any one who is in the earth created by righteousness, that you should now order destruction for the ox.' 15. And Kal-Us uttered his will, with the conviction of superior wisdom, thus : 'It is not certain whether he whose guardian spirit is in the Hom, the death-dispeller, is himself, or not; and if he be, and be born ?, whether he will become manifest, or not;' and he commanded with severity, thus : 'Go and kill it!' 16. And Srito spoke thus: 'It is not that I am without strength to kill, because its reprieval by me was owing to its remonstrance, mentioned to me, that a high-priest is to arise ?! 17. So it is declared thus, in another revelation (deno zagai) 3, when the Turanians were backward in heart, Kai-Us spoke thus : 'Go out to a certain jungle, in which dwell many chiefs of the witches, and they will cut thee up without any striving of heart.' 18. And Srito went up to the jungle, where many witches saw him, who kept their jaws open, and they spoke about the handsome man thus : 'Slay and do not spare !' 19. And compassion having gone out of his heart, he went back to the other jungle and, with his fist, he broke the back of the ox in three places; and the ox, awfully convulsed (skifto barhamako), kept up an outcry. 20. After the slaughter of the ox, owing to its convulsed state which was heard by him, the 1 T omits and be born. The misplaced folio, which begins with $ 8, ends here, but it is not quite certain that a few lines of text are not still missing. 8 T has at another time (ben zagai).' Digitized by Google

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138 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. remembrance of it then became grievous to Srito; and he went back to Kal-Us, and informed him how it was, and begged him that he should finish off by slaying him?, because his life was not desirable. 21. Kai-Us spoke thus : 'Shall I slay thee, for it was not designed by thee?' 22. And Srito spoke thus: 'If thou wilt not slay me, then I shall slay thee.' 23. Again Kal-Us spoke thus : 'Do not thou slay me, for I am the monarch of the world.' 24. Srito continued his discontent, until Kal-Us ordered him thus : 'Go out to a certain jungle, because a witch in the shape of a dog is in it, and she will slay thee.' 25. Then Srito went out to that jungle, and that witch in the shape of a dog was seen by him; after he smote the witch, she became two; and he constantly smote them till they became a thousand, and the host (girdo) of them slew Srito on the spot. CHAPTER XIII. 1. About the glory of Zaratust becoming manifest even before his birth, it is thus declared, that fortyfive years before the time when Zaratust came out to his conference ?, when Frend gave birth to the mother of Zaratust 3, whom they called Dakdak, it 1 T has that he should command the slaying of him. * That is, forty-five years before he was thirty years old (see Chap. XXI, 1-14). * It is necessary to translate in this manner, to agree with Dk. VII, ii, 3, but the text, which is ambiguous, runs as follows:amat Frenog (Freno-i?) Zaratust am, zyasan Dakdakog karitunto, Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XII, 21-XIII, 6. 139 came down from the endless light, in the manner of fire, and mingled with the fire which was before her ; and from the fire it mingled with the mother of Zaratust 1. 2. For three nights it was manifest, to all passersby, as a species of fire in the direction of the house, and passers on the road always saw great radiance. 3. Also when she became fifteen years old, the radiance of that glory which was in her, was even such that, on the path she was walking along, its brightness was then shed by her 2. 4. About the combination of Zaratust, whose guardian spirit is reverenced; that is, his guardian spirit, in the Hom, and his glory are given the cow's milk, by his father and mother drinking it up, and his spiritual life (ahvo) came into the combination, as was proclaimed by his statements in the manuscript about the Guidance of the Ceremonial 4 : 5. About the backward connection of Zaratust with Adharmazd, through the two who are Yim, the best of the worldly existences, and Nerydsang of the spirits. 6. The enumeration of the lineage of Zaratust is Zaratust, son of Porushaspo (r), of Purtaraspo, zerkhunto;' which might also be translated thus : when Freno, the mother of Zaratust, whom they called Dukdak, was born.' This Frene, whether mother or daughter, does not seem to correspond with any Freni mentioned in the Avesta. 1 See Dk. VII, ii, 2, 3. Ibid. 7, 8. . Ibid. 46, 47. * Not identified, but probably like the Nirangistan. 5 This genealogy was, no doubt, derived originally from the same source as that in Dk. VII, ii, 70, but there are several variations, especially in orthography, which are here preserved, unless clearly copyist's blunders. The names marked with an asterisk are written in Pazand. Digitized by Google

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140 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. of Ahurvadaspo, of Haekadaspo, of Kikhshnus, of Pastiraspo, of Aregadarsi*, of Kharedhar*, of Spitaman, of Vaedisto, of Ayazem, of Fris, of Arigt, of Durasrobo, of Manuskihar, of Manus-khurnar, of Manus-kharnak, whom Neryosang the messenger of Adharmazd brought, and whose mother was Vizag, daughter of Aryag, of Sritak, of Bitak, of Frazusak, of Zusak, of Fraguzag, of Guzag, daughter of Airik, son of Fredun of the Aspigans to the total of ten Aspigans, of Yim, of the Vivang,has, of the Ayang, has, of the Anang,has, of Hoshang, of Fravak, of Siyamak, of Masiya, of Gayomard. CHAPTER XIV. 1. About the wonderful striving of the fiend for the destruction of Zaratust. 2. When it became near to his birth, the Fever demon, the Pain demon, and the Wind demon of Aharman, each one with 150 demons, have come out to kill Zaratust, and from his spirit they have gone forth to his mother. 3. And she is hurried from there by Fever, Pain, and Wind ; and at the distance of one league (parasang) there was a wizard, Impudent (Storko) by name, who was the most medical of wizards; in hope of practice he stood up from his seat, as she stopped in her progress. 4. A messenger of Adharmazd uttered a cry thus : 'Do not go to a wizard ! for they are not healing (beshazinidar) for thee; but go back to the house, wash thy hands on the morrow with cow's butter held over the fire, also burn (tapo) 1 firewood 1 T has .consume (viddzo).' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIV, 1-8. 141 and incense for thy own self and thy progeny which is in thy womb. 5. And she acted accordingly and became well ?; and the co-operators of the demon, and those of equal power, who had not obtained their remedy from her body, are again exposed ?, and spoke thus : On account of the existence of fire from all sides we have not succeeded; it is a help for every one who is her friend more than opponent; therefore it was not for us, because of the power within her.' 6. The same night as she gave birth, Aharman selected commanders and arrayed his champions (gard); there are some who are with one thousand demons, and there are some who are with two thousand demons; pursuing and attacking they have contended. 7. The opposing stand of the sacred beings 3, especially of the glory itself at the family 4 fire, was manifest at that birth ; and for its splendour and brightness (padroko), settled opposite a distant place, they have then found no remedy. 8. At last, Aharman sends Akomano 6 on, and spoke to him thus : 'Thou canst be very spiritual, who canst be most intimate; thou canst go with deceit into the mind of Zaratust, and make him turn i Compare Dk. VII, ii, 53-55. 2 T has 'and all the co-operators who had entered her body, and those of equal power who had reached them, returned helpless from them.' Thus summarized in Dk. VIII, xiv, 2:- Also about the arrival of both spirits, the good one for developing, and the evil one for destroying; the victory of the good spirit, and the rearing of Zaratust.' The rearing' is continued in Chaps. XV-XX. * Assuming that are stands for any dadak. * The archdemon of evil thought' (Bd. XXVIII, 7) and special opponent of Vohumano, the archangel of good thought.' Digitized by Google

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142 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. his mind to us who are demons. 9. And Adharmazd sends Vohumano on against him; Akomano advanced to the front, and had come forward to the door, and wished to go inside. 10. Vohamano schemingly (karakogartha) turnedi back, and exclaimed to Akomano thus : 'Go inside!' 11. Akomano imagined thus: "There is nothing to be accomplished by me of what was mentioned to me, for Vohumano has gone back.' 12. And Vohumano went inside, and mingled with the reason (varom) of Zaratust, and Zaratust laughed outright?, for Vohumano is a gratifying spirit. 13. Also seven wizards : were seated before him, and owing to the light in the dwelling, his having laughed at birth was conveniently seen, which is opposed to the habit of the rest of mankind who cry out at birth and are quite terrified. 14. Also, at the same time of birth, he authoritatively accepted the religion from Allharmazd, as it is stated in revelation, that he spoke at birth thus: *As is the will of the spiritual lord (ahvo) mayst thou be who art the officiating priest (zoto) (that is, mayst thou be the leader of the creatures) 15. As Zaratust, on account of his worldly body, spoke with a worldly voice, Adharmazd spoke in reply to him, on account of the spirits, thus : 'So Assuming that sto stands for vasto. * Compare Dk. VII, iii, 2; V, ii, 5. This laughing is not mentioned in Dk. IX, xxiv. 8 "Seven midwives' are mentioned in Dk. VII, iii, 2. * This is one form of the Pahlavi Ahunavair (see Dk. IX, xxiv, 4). At this point the text in the MSS. is interrupted by the erroneous insertion of Chap. XII, 8-16, the contents of a loose folio in some former copy, which have been restored to their original position in this translation. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIV, 9-xv, 4. 143 mayst thou be the priestly authority (rad shae), and so mayst thou be virtuous, owing to whatsoever righteousness occurs; and I confidently proclaim thee righteous (that is, I am thy controller) 16. Another day, Porushaspo went and enquired of the wizards who kept in front at the place, thus : What is the cause when infants cry out at birth, beyond that which occurs when they laugh outright??' 17. And they replied thus : 'Because those who are made to cry have seen mortality as their end, and those having laughed have seen their own righteousness.' CHAPTER XV. 1. About the brothers who were a band of opponents of Zaratust. 2. The Karaps and Ausikhshes 3 were brothers' sons, and have become the devastation (gastaragih) of the Iranians; the devastators of the Iranians (Eranan) were from Kokhared", and Kokhared was born from Aeshm and Manusak, the sister of Manuskihar. 3. At the place where Zaratust was born, five brothers have been, whose names were Brad-rukhsh, Brad-royisn, Brad-resh the Tar, Hazan, and Vadast. 4. Their 1 Compare Dk. IX, xxiv, 4. ? Compare Dk. VII, iii, 24, 25. & Av. Karapa Usikhsh-ka' of Yas. XLIV, 20 c; the Kava, a third class of pre-Zoroastrian priests, is also mentioned ibid. 20 d. Compare Dk. VII, ii, 9 n. - Av. Kahvaredha, Yas. LX, 6, 7 (Sp.) where it is translated by kastar, diminisher, devastator,' of whom it is here said to be the father ; see also Yt. III, 9, 12, 16. o Compare the legend of the descent of the ape and bear from a demon and Yimak, sister of Yim, in Bd. XXIII, 1. . As these names do not occur in the Avesta, their pronunciation Digitized by Google

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144 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. brotherhood of five-of which the middle one was Brad-resh the Tur, who became more of an adversary of Zaratust--was a semblance of the brotherhood of five who were sons of Porushaspo, of whom the middle one was Zaratust. 5. Of the four brothers of Zaratust, the names of the two before Zaratust were Ratustar and Rangustar, and of the two after him Nodariga and Nivedis ?. 6. The middle position of Zaratust is for the reason that he is so produced at that time, as an intermedium of the early narrators and the later narrators, that three millenniums came before him and three after. 7. So that he has prescribed to the creatures in what manner he would teach the ancients as to what had occurred, and in what manner it is also to be done as regards what will occur; as is stated in the Gathas 2 thus : 'Both those I ask of thee, O Adharmazd! even whatever has happened till now, and whatever shall happen henceforth ?' CHAPTER XVI. 1. About the trials (a u zmayisno) which occurred has to be guessed so as to give a probable meaning to the Pahlavi spelling. The writing of the last name is complicated; it is written 10and in the two MS. authorities, which forms can be most obviously read Vasam and Saman, but Saman can also be read as the Zvaris yadd=dast, a hand;' this leads to the conclusion that the original name underlies the form Vadast, and this is confirmed by the name of the Karap Vaedvoist written at full length in Dk. VII, iv, 21-24. See ibid. ii, 9 n. 1 These brothers seem unmentioned elsewhere, and the existence of the elder two would imply another mother. The pronunciation of the names is guessed. 2 Pahl. Yas. XXXI, 14 a. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XV, 5-XVI, 6. 145 to him whose practice was lawful, and the signs of prophecy that are seen therein, it is thus declared, namely; ' Another day, when the child had been born, Porushaspo called one of those five brothers of the race of Karaps, and spoke thus : "Fully observe the marks and specks of my son Zaratust." 2. The Karap went and sat down before Zaratast, and the head of Zaratust was thereupon severely twisted by him, in order that he should be killed ; but he, being fearless, watched the wizards whose terror was distressing? 3. As it was in those ten nights for hospitality, Adharmazd sent Spendarmad, Aredvisur, and Ardai-fravard? down to the earth, by way of female care; thereupon no variation occurred to the child, and, further, the hand of that Karap was withered, and that wizard demanded the life of Zaratast from Porushaspo for the harm from him, which sprang upon himself from his own action. 4. At the same time Porushaspo took Zaratust, and gave him to the Karap, that he might do with him according to his own will. 5. He seized him and threw him out, at the feet of the oxen who were going on a path to the water; the leader of that drove of oxen stood still in his vicinity, and 150 oxen, which walked behind it, were kept away from him thereby; and PorushaspO took him, and carried him back to the house 6. 6. Also the second day, the Karap threw him out Assuming that vo shig stands for ves hig=beshig. 2 The three female spirits that represent the earth, pure water, and guardian spirits, respectively. Compare Dk. VII, iii, 4-7. * Assuming that the MS. den o stands for gan. * Compare Dk. VII, iii, 11, 12. [47] Digitized by Google

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146 SELECTIONS OP ZAD-SPARAM. at the feet of the horses; and the leader of the horses stood still in the vicinity of Zaratust, and 150 horses, which walked behind it, were kept away from him thereby; and PorushaspO took him, and carried him back to the house, 7. Also the third day, firewood is gathered together by the Karap, and Zaratast is deposited on it by him, the fire is stirred up by him, yet with the same result (ham-bun-ik), the child is not burnt by it, and those marks, which existed and were made upon him, were a preservation from it ? 8. And the fourth day, he is thrown by the Karap into the lair (ashyanako) of a wolf; the wolf was not in the lair, and when it wished to go back to the den (surako), it stopped when it came in front of some radiance, in the manner of a mother, at the place where its cub was. 9. In the night, Vohumano and Srosh the righteous brought a woolly (kurusako) sheep with udder full of milk into the den, and it gave milk to Zaratust, in digestible draughts (guvarako guvarako), until daylight 3. 10. In the dawn, the mother of Zaratast went to that place, in the expectation that it would be necessary to bring a skeleton out of the den, and the woolly sheep came out and ran away; his mother supposed that it was the wolf, and she spoke thus: * Thou hast devoured to repletion; mayst thou endure for ever without it!' 11. She went farther, and when she saw Zaratust quite safe, she then took him up and spoke thus: 'I will not give thee to any one during life, not though both the provinces of Ragh and Nodar should arrive here together.' Compare Dk. VII, iii, 13, 14. * Ibid. 9, 10, * Ibid. 15-17; V, ii, 4. * Ibid. 18, 19. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVI, 7-XVII, 3. 147 12. Because these princes were among the spiritual from two provinces which are in Atur-padakan, such as are at sixty leagues (parasang) from Kist; Zaratust arose from Ragh, and Vistasp from Nodar. 13. And of these two provinces, Ragh was according to the name of Eriko, son of Duresrobo, son of Manuskihar", from whom arose the race of Zaratust ; and Nodar was according to the name of Nodar, son of Manuskihar, from whom arose the race of Vistasp. CHAPTER XVII. 1. These were his tokens at birth :-One day, one of those five brothers of the Karaps saw Zaratast, and he looked a long while upwards, downwards, and on all sides around 2. 2. Porushaspo enquired thus : What was there when thou lookedst upwards, what when thou lookedst downwards, and what when thou lookedst on all sides ?? 3. And he replied thus, namely: 'When I looked upwards, it was for this reason, when I saw that our souls 3 that go up to the sky, will go up to the best Compare Chap. XIII, 6 ; Dk. VII, ii, 70. 3 Compare Dk. VII, iii, 27-30. . Assuming that the MS. gadd, glory, or destiny,' has lost an initial n, with which it was originally nismd=Chald. spring the soul;' as the copyists have not been aware of the existence of this Zvaris equivalent for ruban, the soul,' for some centuries, it has been altered into gadd, by the omission of its first letter, in nearly all but the very oldest existing MSS., such as K20 and M6 in Bd, XV, 3-5, and even there the medial m is really missing, though apparently existing in the final d; the irregularity of using s for sh is common in Pahlavi. L 2 Digitized by Google

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148 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. existence!, owing to the words of this soul of mankind. 4. When I looked downwards, I saw that, owing to the action of this one, the demon and fiend, the wizard and witch become buried below the earth, and fall paralyzed back to hell. 5. And when I looked on all sides, I saw that the words of this one will extend through the whole earth; and when they have become as the law of the seven regions, each person is kept clothed with a robe (ka pah) of seven skins, in which the glory of the seven archangels has arisen. 6. And Brad-rakhsh the Tar went forth; when he went to the right side (arako), Zaratast hastened away to the left, and when he went to the left side, Zaratust hastened to the right, and he is thereby concealed from Brad-rukhsh the Tur, who has not met with him. CHAPTER XVIII. 1. About his diverse want of participation (gvid akh vesih) with his parents this also is declared, that the demons, at an assembly of wizards, produced an outcry for a conference (ham-vako layisno) thus : 'That son of Porushaspo is senseless and foolish and secretly corrupted; no one, man or woman, will consider or accept him as . exalted.' 2. The tidings came to Porushaspo, and Porushaspo spoke unto Zaratust thus : 'I thought that I had begotten a son who would become a priest, a warrior, and a husbandman, and now thou 1 The ordinary heaven, see Dd. XX, 3. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XVII, 4-XIX, 1. 149 wouldst be foolish and secretly corrupted; thou shouldst proceed to the Karaps, so that they may cure thee.' 3. Zaratust gave answer thus: 'I am he that is thy son, a priest, warrior, and husbandman.' 4. And, by command of Porushaspo he harnessed two horses to a chariot (vardino), and he went with Porushaspo. 5. When they came to the place according to the decision of Porushaspo, into the presence of one Karap of those said five brethren, that wizard took a cup and made water, and spoke thus : 'This he should drink who is a son of thine, so that he may become well ;' and he acted with this conviction, that so he would change to the same nature as theirs. 6. Zaratust spoke to Porushaspo thus : "Thou mayst give it back to him who is thy protector and high-priest ;' and he arose (akhegid) and went back to their place. 7. On the way, Zaratust gave their two horses water, on account of their thirst; and he thought thus : 'Unprofitable was my going to the residence of the Karaps, except in this manner, when, through giving water to the horses, my soul was then expanded.' CHAPTER XIX. 1. About his interfering talk (andarg-gobisnoih) with the iniquitous, this also is declared, that one *T has 'he saluted (niyayid). found elsewhere. This legend has not yet been Digitized by Google

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150 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. day Duresroboi the Karap, as it were from the same five brethren, came out to the house of Pordshaspo; and Porushaspo placed a bowl (gamako) of mare's milk before him, and spoke to him thus : Consecrate it. 2. Zaratust expostulated with Porushaspo thus : "I will consecrate it.' 3. Porushaspo spoke thus : 'He should consecrate, and the grace is to be offered up by you? ;' and as many as three times they mutually disputed. 4. Then up stood Zaratust, and his right foot struck at the bowl and emptied it, and he spoke thus : 'I reverence righteousness, I reverence the righteous and the poor, men and women; do thou, O Porushaspo! prepare a portion for him in whom there is worthiness.' 5. And Duresrobo spoke unto Zaratust thus : 'As some of my portion of daily food was first thrown away by thee, it is I who will bring it on both thy lives, and will utterly destroy thee.' 6. Zaratust spoke interruptingly 8 thus : With complete mindfulness I will look upon thee with both eyes, and will utterly destroy thee.' 7. And, for a long time, they constantly looked, one at the other, with unshrinking gaze; but the divine nature of Zaratust is victorious over the witchcraft of that wizard, and Daresrobo is further disturbed; he also asked for his horse and spoke thus : 'On account of this boy, it is impossible for me to stay.' 1 So spelt in Zs., but Durasrobo in Dk.; also the former has always Porushaspo, but the latter Porushaspo. Compare the same legend in Dk. VII, iii, 34-45. ? Pahl. vald ae yazedo, afed vag dahisno. Or 'inwardly.' Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XIX, 2-XX, 4. 151 8. He sat upon the horse, and when he had gone a little way, he fell off from the horse, through severe distress, and died; and the children of his children's children have died upon the same spot! Chapter XX. 1. About the righteousness of his desires it is thus declared, that when he became fifteen years old, the sons of Porushaspo demanded a portion from their father, and their portions are allotted out by him. 2. Among the clothes there was a girdle, the width of which was four finger-breadths; and of the four 2 portions around and the girdle, which it was possible to bring forth, Zaratust selected the latter and tied it on himself. 3. This was owing to the precepts (parvanakan) of Vohumano who came into his reason at birth ; as to whatever is not the custom his mind was now quite closed, and in that which is the custom it was impetuously exercised by him. 4. About his compassionate disposition and the streams of the Arag province 3, this also is declared, * Probably meaning that he died childless. * The MSS. have three,' but there were five sons (Chap. XV, 5), and the numbers are written in ciphers which are very easily corrupted. * Pahl. Aragistan odhavo (T dha)'='odha-Arangistano' of P. Vd. I, 77 (Sp.); compare Av. 'upa aodhaeshu Rang, hayau,' of Vd. I, 19; Yt. XII, 18. In the Iranian Bd. XX, 8 we are told that 'the Arang river is that of which it is said that it comes out from Albarz in the land of Surak, which they call also Sham (Sham); and it passes on through the land of Egiptos, which they call also Misr, and there they call it the swift river Egipitois.' It is Digitized by Google

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152 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. that there was a river, and from them the body of a naked woman floated, for the reason that, on account of the strength and swiftness of the river, a woman, except when she was quite naked while she was in it, was not able to pass; and an old person, such as he who is of seventy years and is called in revelation a Hano 1, for want of power (a padiyavandih rai), was not able to go back through it by his own strength. 5. Zaratust came on to the bank of the water, and of women and old people seven persons had come, and are passed on by him, in the manner of a bridge ?; it was an emblem of the spiritual performers 8 of bridging work, that is, of those providing a passage to heaven. 6. About his liberal disposition it is declared, that the fodder of Porushaspo, which was stored for the beasts of burden, was not only for the beasts of Porushaspo in a scarcity, but also for distribution among the beasts of others, which, owing to their hunger on account of the scarcity, then constantly ate off the tails of each other; and it was given to them plentifully. 7. About his abandoning worldly desire, and his laying hold of righteousness of way, this, too, is declared, that when he became twenty years old, without the consent (ben akamakih) of his father and mother, he wandered forth and departed from one of the two mythical rivers which were supposed to bound the Iranian world, and seems to represent the Aras as a northern and the Nile as a western boundary. Arang often becomes Arag in Pahlavi, just as sang becomes sag. 1 Av. hano in Vd. III, 19, 20; &c. ? Probably holding each other's hands. & The sacred beings who assist the righteous souls to pass over the Kinvad bridge. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XX, 5-13. 153 their house, and openly enquired thus: "Who is most desirous of righteousness and most nourishing the poor?' 8. And they spoke thus: 'He who is the youngest (ke histo) son of Adrvaito-dih 1 the Tur, who every day gives an iron caldron (gamak), which is the height of a horse, full of bread and milk and other food, unto the poor. 9. Zaratust went on to that place, and with his co-operation, for the nourishment of the poor, some of the chief men performed duty by carrying forth food for the poor. 10. About his compassion, not only upon mankind, but also his other creatures, this, too, is declared, that a bitch was seen by him, which had given birth to five 2 puppies, and it was three days then that she had not obtained food . 11. Whomever she saw, she then advanced her mouth towards him, and became as it were prostrated; Zaratust provided a remedy, by swiftly bringing up bread for her, but when he was bringing it she had expired. 12. About his own desire for the good quality of a wife, on account also of the will of his parents, and his not mingling his own seed before a suitable obtainment, this, too, is declared, that when his father sought a wife for him, Zaratust argued with the bride (nesha) thus : 'Show me thy face, so that I may find out (barkham) its kind of appearance, and this, too, whether its appearance be undesirable, or shall not be gratifying ;' and the bride turned away her face from him. 13. And Zaratust spoke thus : i See Dk. VII, iv, 7 n. 2 T has 'seven,' but this difference may have arisen from an erroneous mode of writing the ciphers in T. * T has a bone for food.' * T has 'good child-bearing.' Digitized by Google

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154 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. * Whoever takes away a sight from me, does not practise respect for me.' 14. About his having accepted progress even from the iniquitous, that listened sinfully desirous, who accepted so much advantageousness as was manifest, this, too, is declared, that he came into an assembly who were well known in the place for much knowledge, and he enquired of them thus : What is most favourable for the soul?' 15. And they spoke thus : 'To nourish the poor, to give fodder to cattle, to bring firewood to the fire, to pour Hom-juice into water, and to worship many demons with words, with the words which are called revelation (deno). 16. Then Zaratust nourished the poor, foddered the cattle, brought firewood to the fire, and squeezed Hom into water, but never are any demons whatever worshipped with words by Zaratust. CHAPTER XXI. 1. About his coming to thirty years of age it is thus declared, that on the lapse of thirty years onwards from his appearance, on the day Aneran of the month Spendarmad", he had proceeded in that direction in which there occurred the so-called festival of spring (gasno-i vahar) 3, forty-five days beyond IT inserts not' here, which is clearly wrong, and must have been introduced by some copyist who did not observe that the assembly, though learned, was sinful; and that the object of the anecdote is to exhibit Zaratust's ability to distinguish between good works and sin, when still untaught by the sacred beings. ? On the last day of the twelfth Parsi month. 3 The Maidhyozaremaya season-festival, held on the fifteenth day of the second Parsi month. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XX, 14-XXI, 6. 155 new-year's day, at a place become specially noted, where people went, from many quarters, out to the place of festival (gasno kar). 2. When Zaratust, for the sake of going off to the festival place, halted on the way in walking, he chanced upon a solitary (aevatak) plain, and he saw, in a vision, that mankind and a much-adorned worldly existence were kept away to the north, so that all the people in the earth have become fully manifest in the north. 3. And he at the head (pavan tekh) of them was Medyomah, son of Arastai, even as Arastat was brother of Porushaspo 2; Medyomah was the leader of all mankind who have gone out to the presence of Zaratust, and he became their guide, so that first Medyomah and afterwards the whole material existence are attracted. 4. And about his coming out to the conference, on the lapse of those forty-five days, at the place of festival at dawn on the day Dadvo 3-pavan-Mitro of the month Ardavahisto. 5. And Zaratust, for the purpose of squeezing the Hom, went forth to the bank of the water of the Daitih, because it is the river of the conference for the supremacy (patih) of Zaratust, and is the water of Avan * which has consisted of four channels (beta). 6. Zaratust also 1 See Yt. XIII, 95. * So Medyomah was first cousin of Zaratust, and became his first convert; see also Chap. XXIII, 1. 3 The Pahlavi letters represent Av. dadhvau, 'creator'; compare the Khvarizmian name ass of the fifteenth day of the month in Sachau's Albiruni, p. 57, l. 35. The date here given is the fifteenth of the second month, as in $ 1. * Assuming that rud stands for rud. * Probably Anahita, the female spirit of pure water, mentioned by her title Aredvisur in Chap. XVI, 3. Digitized by Google

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156 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. passed on through it; and its first channel was up to the ankle 1, the second up to the knee, the third up to the parting of the two thighs, and the fourth up to the neck. 7. This was an indicator that his religion comes four times to supremacy; the manifestations of which are through Zaratust, Aashedar, AQshedar-mah, and Soshans 2 8. When he came up from the water, and put on his clothes, he then saw the archangel Vohumano 3 in the form (ayuinako) of a man, handsome, brilliant, and elegant, who wore his hair curve-tailed ", because the curved tail is an indication of duality; who had put on and wore a dress like silk, than which there was no making anything superior, for it was light itself; and his height was nine times as much as that of Zaratust. 9. He also enquired of Zaratu st 5 thus : Who mayst thou be, and from whom of them mayst thou be ? also what is mostly thy desire, and the endeavour in thy existence ?' 10. And he replied thus : 'I am Zaratust of the Spitamas; among the existences righteousness is more my desire, and my wish is that I may become aware of the will of the sacred beings, and may practise so much righteousness as they exhibit to me in the pure existence.' 11. And Vohumano directed Zaratust thus : 'Do Literally up to the leg (zang).' The past and future apostles of Zoroastrianism. For the last three, see Dk. VII, ix-xi. 3 Compare Dk. VII, iii, 51-54. * Assuming that vagdumak is a variant of the usual gagdumak. The scorpion (vag dum) would be a sign of duality, as, being a noxious creature, it was produced by the evil spirit Aharman. o Compare Dk. VII, iii, 55-59. * Compare ibid. iii, 60-62. Digitized by Google

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* CHAPTER XXI, 7-19. 157 thou proceed to an assembly of the spirits !' 12. As much as Vohumano walked on in nine steps, Zaratust did in ninety steps, and when he had gone ninety steps farther than him, he saw the assembly of the seven archangels. 13. When he came within twenty-four feet of the archangels, he then did not see his own shadow on the ground, on account of the great brilliancy of the archangels; the position of the assembly was in Iran, and in the direction of the districts on the bank of the water of the Daitth. 14. Zaratust offered homage, and spoke thus : Homage to Adharmazd, and homage to the archangels !' and he went forward and sat down in the seat of the enquirers. 15. As to the asking of questions by Zaratust, he enquired of Adharmazd thus: 'In the embodied world which is the first of the perfect ones, which the second, and which the third ?' 16. And Adharmazd replied thus: The first perfection is good thoughts, the second good words, and the third good deeds.' 17. Zaratust also enquired thus: Which thing is good, which is better 1, and which is the best of all habits ?' 18. And Adharmazd replied thus : "The title of the archangels is good, the sight of them is better, and carrying out their commands is the best of all habits.' 19. Afterwards he demonstrated the duality of the original evolutions (bun ga stano) 3, and the divergence in each control, and spoke thus: Of those spirits, he who was wicked preferred the Both MSS. have 'worse' here. . This title, ameshaspenta, is immortal benefactor.' The two prime movers in creation. Digiized by Google

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158 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. practice which is iniquitous (Aharman's desire was for the practice which is iniquitous), and the spirit of righteousness, the propitious (Adharmazd) prefers righteousness?' 20. Specially he demonstrated the divergence in each control of the exhibitors of light, and he spoke thus: 'Neither our thoughts ?, nor desires, nor words, nor deeds, nor religion, nor spiritual faculties agree 3; he who is loving light, his place is with the luminaries; and he who is loving darkness is with the dark ones ' 21. On the same day also, his omniscient wisdom appeared three times: as regards the same first questions, it pointed out the sky in great light and splendour, and in its exhibition of the prevention of darkness, at the sight of which it becomes an opposing existence as regards that darkness. 22. And it exhibited its own appearance proportionally to the sky, when it kept its head at the summit of the sky, its feet at the bottom of the sky, and its hands reached to both sides of the sky; the sky also kept it covered, in the manner of a garment. 23. The six archangels 6 were manifest by their similar stature (ham-basnih), in such manner that it is obvious each one successively is apparently one finger's breadth shorter than the other. 24. The archangels exhibited three kinds of achievement Quoted from Pahl. Yas. XXX, 5 ab. The words in parentheses are glosses inserted by the Pahlavi translator. * Both MSS. have 'spirits' by inserting a stroke in the middle of the Pahlavi word. An imperfect quotation, omitting glosses, from Pahl. Yas, XLIV, 2 cde (Sp.). * A similar idea is expressed in Vd. XIX, 30, but the Pahlavi version of half of it is lost, * Apart from Allharmazd, their president. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXI, 20-XXII, 2. 159 (pasakhtan)' for the religion ; first, by means of fires, and Zaratust walked three steps on them, with the words, 'good thoughts, good words, and good deeds,' and was not burnt; and secondly, hot metal is poured on to his chest, cooled thereby, and, grasping it with his hand, he held it for the archangels. 25. Adharmazd spoke thus: 'After the establishment of the pure religion, when a dispute occurs in the religion, those who are thy disciples will pour it on to a spiritual lord, they will take it up with the hand, and will thoroughly believe in him who is over the whole embodied existence. 26. The third was cutting with a knife, and the vital parts (a hvon) becoming visible, which are inside the abdomen, with a flowing forth of blood; and, after the hands are rubbed over it, it became healed. 27. And this is pointed out, namely: 'Thy and thy correligionists' accepting of the pure religion is, as to the steadfast in other religions, such that, through such-like burning of fire, pouring of hot metal, and through an operation with a sharp instrument, there is no perversion from the good religion.' CHAPTER XXII. 1. About the seven questionings (7-frasnoih), with reference to religion, of the seven archangels, which occurred in seven places 2. 2. For the occurrence of the first questioning 3, that of Allharmazd, the person of Zaratust, who was " By way of ordeal, a relic of the old faith in incantation. ? Compare Dk. VIII, xiv, 5, 6, 9. * This has been narrated in the preceding chapter. Digiized by Google

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160 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. the upholder of Adharmazd, came out to a conference on the bank of the water of Daitih ?. 3. For the occurrence of the second, which is Vohumano's, five animals out of the five species 2 which are the worldly tokens of Vohumano, have come with Zaratust to a conference on Hagar and Ausind 8 ; and on that day also, before their coming out to the conference, their tongues are fully liberated and spoke with human words. 4. And among the rest * is a fish of one species, Arzuva " by name; of those in burrows (khanoigano) are the white ermine and white marten ; of the flying creatures (vayandagan) is the Karsipto, a bird like a species of waterfowl; of the wide-travellers (farakhvo-raftarano) is the hare which is showing wild beasts the way to the water; and of those suitable for grazing (karakoarganigan) is the white ass-goat; with human words they also accepted the religion from Allharmazd. 5. With the chieftainship of the five species they are intrusted, so that the like animals also, with their own voices, and as much as their knowledge is capable, shall recount the powerfulness of the religion. i See Dk. VII, iii, 51, 54. . These species, which are named in $ 4, are those mentioned in the Avesta, Visp. I, 1. 8 Av. Hukairya of Yt. XII, 24, and Us-hindu of Yt. VIII, 32, described in Bd. XII, 5, 6, as two neighbouring mountains, for the pure water of Aredvisur falls from the summit of Hugar to Ausind which stands in the circumambient ocean. * The remainder of K 35, the MS. brought by Westergaard from Kirman, is lost; but an old copy of it (BK, see the Introduction) exists in Bombay, which supplies the missing text, as an authority independent of T. * See Bd. XIV, 26; apparently the same as the Aris, or Kar, the chief of fish, ibid. XVIII, 3, 5; XXIV, 13. * See Bd. XIV, 23; XIX, 16; XXIV, II. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXII, 3-10. 161 6. And freedom from assault, exemption from persecution, and proper maintenance of the five species of animals, were prescribed by him to Zaratust with seemingly very awful admonition. 7. For the occurrence of the third questioning, which is Ardavahisto's, the spirits of the fires have come out with Zaratust to a conference at the Togan water 2 ; and, in that questioning, care for the proper maintenance of the Varahran fires, and the propitiation of all fires, is explained to him. 8. For the occurrence of the fourth questioning, which is Shatver's, the spirits of the metals have come with Zaratust to a conference at Sarat", a settlement on the Mivan*; and he was fully admonished about various proper preservations of the metals, and as to not producing warlike accoutrements of gold. 9. For the occurrence of the fifth questioning, which is Spendarmad's, the spirits of the regions, frontiers, stations (a ustaman), settlements (rudastakan), and districts, as many as were desirable, have come out with Zaratust to a conference where there is a spring (khanigo-ae) which comes out from the Asnavad mountain", and goes into the Daitih, like those of Sataves who is blowing the Pairigs &. 10. And Zaratust was also thus ad * By Vohumano, as the protector of useful animals. Possibly the Tegend river, the Zend or Zondak of Bd. XX, 7, 15. * The Bahram, or sacred fire at places of worship. * Names not clearly identified, and readings uncertain. 6 In Atur-patakan, and the Gasnasp, fire was established upon it (see Bd. XII, 2, 26; XVII, 7). 6 Pahl. 'Sataves-i Pairig damano ano kigun.' Referring probably to Yt. VIII, 8, 9. Sataves is the southern chieftain of the stars, as correctly stated in the Iranian Bundahis (compare Bd. II, 7; XIII, 12); and the Pairigs are meteors. [47] M Digitized by Google

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162 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. monished by her, about the care and propitiation of the earth : that each district is to be intrusted to a faithful testifier (gokas-i vavar), each settlement to a judge acquainted with the law, each station to an officiating priest (magopato) of just intentions, and each frontier to a pure priestly authority (rado); over all is proclaimed the councillor of the spirits, the supreme priest (magopatano magopa to), and through him the sovereignty of Adharmazd is provided. 11. For the occurrence of the sixth questioning, which is Khurdad's, the spirits of seas and rivers have come with Zaratust to a conference at the Asnavad mountain ?, and he was told about the care and propitiation of water. 12. For the occurrence of the seventh questioning, which is Amurdad's, the spirits of plants have come out with Zaratust to a conference on the precipitous bank of the Darega", on the bank (bar) of the water of Daitih, and different places; and he was informed about the care and propitiation of plants. 13. The seven questionings are explained within the length of these winters, which are of five months, and within ten years 3. 1 See $ 9. 2 Pahl. pavan Daregin zbar'= Av. Dregya paiti zbarahi' of Vd. XIX, 4; a mythical river in Afran-veg, where Porushaspo resided (Bd. XX, 32). : The Pahlavi is rather vague, but it is clear that Zaratust starts for his conference at thirty years of age (Chap. XXI, I), returns from it ten years later (Chap. XXIII, 1), and the conversion of Vistasp occupies two years longer (Chap. XXIII, 5), occurring when Zaratust was forty-two years old and thirty-five years before his passing away at the age of seventy-seven (Chap. XXIII, 9). At this point another dislocation of text occurs in all existing Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXII, II-XXIII, 5. 163 CHAPTER XXIII. 1. On the completion of revelation, that is, at the end of the ten years, Medyomah, son of Arastai, became faithful to Zaratust. 2. Afterwards, on having obtained his requests , he came back to the conference of Allharmazd, and he spoke thus: 'In ten years only one man has been attracted by me.' 3. And Allharmazd spoke thus : 'There will be days when so few are not attracted by you, who are themselves the occasion of the resurrection of the world; when, apart from Dahak?, the beneficence of the formation of the renovation of the universe attracts every one besides, and the impenitence of Dahak is destroyed.' 4. When he came out from the presence of Adharmazd, with the same paradox, he thereby indicated his religion as complete to Spendarmad through his intelligence. 5. In the two years after that , the Kavigs and MSS., owing to the accidental interpolation of three loose folios of another text, between this chapter and the next, in some unknown copy written before 1530. In the MSS. the text is written continuously, without division into chapters. But the connection of this chapter with the next one, which is here restored to its proper position, is clearly shown by the reference to the 'ten years' of conference, with which this chapter ends, and the next one begins. The accidentally interpolated text is here classified as Chaps. XXIV and XXV, but its real connections have not yet been traced. 1 That is, the replies of the archangels to his enquiries. ? See Dk. VII, i, 26. He was chained by Fredun in Mount Dimavand, to escape in the latter days, to be slain by Keresasp, and to be specially punished at the resurrection (Bd. XII, 31; XXX, 16; Byt. III, 55-61). s See Dk. VII, iv, 2. M2 Digitized by Google

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164 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. Karaps of Vistasp, in the manner of opponents (hamestaranih), propounded thirty-three enquiries (khvastako)1 to him, so that by command of Vistasp he became the explainer of those thirtythree enquiries. 6. Of the thirty-three habits ? of iniquity, come for opposition to the religion of the sacred beings; of the declaration, by revelation, of those thirty-three indications of fetters 3; and of the restraint of the thirty-three iniquitous practices by the thirty-three best good works, there are statements in revelation. 7. Including the acceptance of the religion by Vistasp from Zaratust, after the redemonstration of its judicially multiform prophecy and spiritual character, which are looked into through the evidence of three speakers about them, the archangels who, with worldly manifestation, have become apparent unto Vistasp and his councillors and mighty ones; they are Vohamano, Ardavahisto, and the Barzin-Mitro fire 4. 8. About the reward which existed before the beneficence of Zaratust, and its being seen how, through guidance by Allharmazd, it is demonstrated by him to those of the world, so that Medyomah is attracted in the tenth year in the forest of reedy hollows (kanyastano o vesako) which is the haunt of swine of the wild-boar species (kha zura-i varazo gas); in the twentieth year the Kavig who is son * See Dk. VII, iv, 67. * Reading son = Pers. san; but the MSS. have den o, religions. The thirty sins and thirty-three good works, detailed in Mkh. XXXVI, XXXVII, are certainly referred to at the end of this section. 3 Compare Chap. XII, 5, and Dk. VII, iv, 67. * See Dk. VII, iv, 74. 6 Hybrid Zvaris of Pers. nayistan. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXIII, 6-10. 165 of Kundah" is attracted; in the thirtieth year the Khyons a arrive, who make an incursion (vardako) into the countries of Iran, owing to the Kavigs, those who are more of their own race; and in the fortieth year Vohunem, son of Avarostar 3, is born. 9. In the forty-seventh year Zaratust passes away, who attains seventy-seven years and forty days in the month Ardavahisto, on the day Khur 4 ; and for eight rectified (vehikako) months, till the month Dadvo and day Khur, he should be brought forward as to be reverenced. 10. In the same month Ardavahisto, in the sixtythird 6 year, Frashostar passed away, and in the sixty-fourth year Gamasp?, the same as became the priest of priests after Zaratust; in the seventy-third year Hangaurush, son of Gamasp 8 ; in the eightieth year Asmok-khanvato , and also in the eightieth i Or Kanih which is the name of a demon (see Sg. XVI, 13, 16, 18, 19); but such an identification is uncertain. ? Av. Huyaona of Yt. IX, 30, 31; XVII, 50, 51. Compare Dk. VII, iv, 77, 83, 84, 87-90; V, 7. o Av. gen. 'Vohu-nemang, ho Avaraostrois' of Yt. XIII, 104. * The eleventh day of the second month. BT has 4 3d, and the date is lost in the other MS. authority. But 43d is highly improbable for two reasons: first, it would make this date the only one out of chronological order in the series here given ; secondly, it would render it inconsistent with the statement, in Dk. VII, vi, 12, that two priests came, from other regions, to ask Frashostar about the religion, fifty-seven years after it had been accepted by Zaratust. By substituting 63d (the Pahlavi cipher most likely to be corrupted into 430) both these inconsistencies are removed. * See Dk. VII, vi, 12; V, ii, 12. ? See Dk. V, ii, 12; iii, 4. * Av. gen. Hang, haurusho Gamaspanahe' of Yt. XIII, 104. * Av. gen. Asmo-hvanvato' of Yt. XIII, 96, and Westergaard's Yt. XXII, 37. Digitized by Google

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166 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. year Kabed-as-spae 1, who is called also Akht the wizard, is killed. 11. Of the six great upholders of the religion there are the two daughters of Zaratust, whose names are Freno and Srito?, with Aharubo-stoto, son of Medyomah", and another three, who are renowned for their religion for a hundred years, who are Vohunem * that is born in the fortieth year of the religion, Seno o is afterwards born and passes away in the two-hundredth year, and as to his hundred-discipledom (r), it exists day and night till the three-hundredth year. 12. Afterwards the religion is disturbed and the monarchy is contested (gangiaito). 13. About the three customs (da do) which Zaratust prescribed as the best : The first of them is this: 'Do not go without others, except with magisterial authority (a patkar radiha);' the second is: Though they shall proceed unlawfully as to you, consider your actions lawfully beforehand ;' and the third is : 'Next-of-kin marriage, for the 1 As kabed is Zvaris for many,' we may assume that kabed-lls =Av. nom. pourus which usually becomes pouru in compounds; so that the compound name, or title, in the text, probably represents Av. Pouruspadha (Yt. X, 109, 111), having many troops,' a suitable title for Akht the wizard (Av. Akhtya of Yt. V, 82) who is said, in Gf. I, 2, to have invaded a district with an army of seven myriads. He was killed, in Zoroastrian fashion, by the recital of a religious formula. * There was a third daughter, Porukist (see Bd. XXXII, 5), but she may not have survived her father. Av. gen. 'Ashastvo Maidhyoi-maung, hois' of Yt. XIII, 106. 4 See $ 8. * He was born in the 100th year; see Dk. VII, vii, 6. 6 This seems to be the sixth upholder of the religion, the third of those lasting about a century. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXIII, 11-XXIV, 3. 167 sake of the pure progress of your race, is the best of the actions of the living, which are provided for the proper begetting of children?' CHAPTER XXIV. 1. About the five dispositions of priests, and the ten admonitions with which all instruction as to religion is connected ?. 2. Of those five dispositions the first is innocence. 3. The second is discrimination among thoughts, words, and deeds ; [to fully distinguish the particulars of destruction from indestructiveness, such as This chapter ends the first series of Selections of Zad-sparam, and is immediately followed in the MSS. by a second series. It is evident from the extent of this chapter, as compared with the amount of text contained in the three misplaced folios (see p. 162, n. 3), that this chapter could have occupied only about one folio and a half in the dislocated MS., so that the second series must have commenced on the same folio as contained the end of this chapter, and that Chaps. XXIV, XXV cannot have belonged to this series. The three misplaced folios contain two distinct texts; the first (Chap. XXIV) is an Iranian version of the Five Dispositions of priests and the Ten Admonitions, and is here translated; the second (Chap. XXV) contains some details about the Nasks and Gathas, and has been already translated in S.B.E., vol. xxxvii, pp. 401-405. This Iranian version of the Dispositions and Admonitions is more complete than the Indian version, which, like the Bundahis, was broughi from Iran five or six centuries ago, and is found in two MSS. (Pt. and J) written in India about 500 years ago, and now in the libraries of Dasturs Dr. Peshotan and Dr. Jamasp), respectively. Passages which occur only in the Iranian version are here enclosed in brackets, and other differences between the two versions are mentioned in the notes. 3 The Indian version has of. Digitized by Google

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168 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SPARAM. noxious creatures from cattle ; and of production from unproductiveness, such as the righteous and worthy from the wicked and unworthy]. 4. The third is authoritativeness, because that priestly master is always wiser and speaking more correctly who is taught wisely and teaches with more correct words. 5. The fourth is to 1 [understand and consider the ceremonial as the ceremonial of Adharmazd, and the essentials with all goodness, beneficence, and authority; to be steadfast in his religion, and to consider the indications of protection (sayag) 2 which are established for his religion. 6. To maintain the reverence of the luminaries prayerfully, also the reverence of the emanations 3 from the six 4 archangels, be they fire, be they earth, or be they of bodily form, and of the creatures which are formed by them ; also the pure cleansing from dead matter, menstruation, bodily refuse, and other hurtfulness ; this is in order that they may be characterised, and thereby constituted, as better-principled, more sensible", and purer, and they may become less faulty. 7. The reverence of mankind is to consider authoritatively about knowledge and property; the reverence of cattle is about fodder, little hardship, and moderate maintenance; the reverence of plants is about sowing and ripening for the food of the worthy. 8. The ceremonial which is glorifying all 1 Ind. vers. has only: 'to celebrate the ceremonial of the sacred beings with the correct words, inward prayers, and complete mastery of the text (narm-nasgiha) in the ritual.' It omits $$ 6-8 altogether. 2 T has 'limit (kustak).' 3 T has issue.' T has seven.' * Or more fragrant;' hu-bodtar has both meanings. Digitized by Google

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CHAPTER XXIV, 4-14. 169 the sacred beings, praises the luminaries and worldly creations improperly, and is antagonistic to them, because complete glorification is proper through complete recitation of the ritual; and the ceremonial of any one whatever is his own proper duty professionally, so long as it is possible to keep proceeding with very little sinfulness). 9. The fifth is to struggle prayerfully', day and night, with your own fiend ?, and all life long not to depart from steadfastness, nor allow your proper duty: to go out of your hands. 10. And the first of those ten admonitions is to proceed with good repute, for the sake of occasioning approving remarks as to 4 the good repute of your own guardian and teacher, high-priest and master 6. 11. The second is to become awfully refraining from evil repute, for the sake of evil repute not occurring to relations and guardians. 12. The third is not to beat your own teacher with a snatched-up stick, and not to bring scandal upon his name, for the sake of annoying him, by uttering that which was not heard from your own teacher. 13. The fourth is that whatever is taught liberally by your own teacher, you have to deliver back to the worthy, for the sake of not extorting a declaration of renown from the righteous 6. 14. The fifth is that the reward of doers of good * Ind. vers. has : 'to remain in diligence intelligently.' 2 Ind. vers. has: opponent.' 8 Ind. vers. has: steadfastness in religion, and to be diligent in your proper duty.' But it omits the rest of the sentence. 4 Ind. vers. has: "for the sake of the appropriateness of. 5 Or father.' 6 T has : not extracting the purity of the righteous.' Digitized by Google

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170 SELECTIONS OF ZAD-SIARAM. works and the punishment of criminals have to be established by law, for the sake of progress 1. 15. The sixth is to keep the way of the good open to your house, for the sake of making? righteousness welcome in your own abode. 16. The seventh is that, for the sake of not developing the fiend insensibly in your reason, you are not to keep it with the religion of the good ", nor to remain in impenitence of sin. 17. The eighth 4 is that, for the sake of severing the fiend from the reason, you have to force malice away from your thoughts, and to become quickly repentant of sin. 18. The ninth is to fully understand the forward movement of the religion, also to keep the advancing of the religion further forwards, and to seek your share of duty therein; and on a backward movement, when adversity happens to the religion, to have the religion back again, and to keep your body in the continence (makavadih) of religion. 19. The tenth is that there is to be a period of obedience (Sroshdarih) towards the ruler and priestly authority, the high-priesthood of the religious. * Ind. vers. adds: 'of religion.' ? Ind. vers. inserts : 'a token of;' and T has: 'making the righteousness of the sacred beings in writing welcome.' 3 Ind. vers. has : 'not to maintain malice with the good,' which is more probable, and keno, malice,' is easily corrupted into deno, religion,' in Pahlavi writing. * This eighth admonition is omitted in the Iranian MSS. $ Ind. vers. adds : 'and backward movement.' 8 Chapter XXV, about the three divisions of revelation, is translated in S. B. E., vol. xxxvii, pp. 401-405. Digitized by Google

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INDEX. Digitized by Google

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OBSERVATIONS. 1. The references, in this index, are to books, chapters, and sections ; the chapters being denoted by the larger ciphers. 2. Though different forms of the same name may occur in the text, only one form is usually given in the index, to which the references to all forms are attached; except when the forms differ so much as to be widely separated in the index. 3. Pazand forms are printed in italics, as their orthography is usually corrupt. In all such italicised names any letters which would elsewhere be italic are printed in roman type. 4. Abbreviations used are:-Av. for Avesta, Dk. for Dinkard, Int. for Introduction, m. for mountain, meas. for measure, MS. for manuscript, n. for footnote, Pahl, for Pahlavi, patron. for patronymic, r. for river, Zs. for Selections of Zad-sparam. Digitized by Google

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INDEX. 80. Abalis, heretic, Dk. V, 1, 2 n. Aban, month, Int. 87. Aeshm, demon, Dk. VII, 1, 18; 4, 87, 88; 7, 7. Aevatak, r., Dk. VII, 3, 51. Agash, demon, Dk. VII, 4, 12. Aharisvang, angel, Dk. VII, 7, 12. Aharman, demon, Int. 13, 29; Dk. VII, 11, 7; V, 2, 6; Zs. 14, 6, 8; 21, 8 n, 19. Aharubo-stoto, man, Zs. 23, 11. Ahunavair, Int. 16, 30, 48, 49; Dk. VII, 1, 12, 13; 4, 38, 42, 45, Ahurvadaspo, man, Zs. 13, 6. Airan-veg, land, Dk. VII, 2, 30 n; . 8,60; 9, 23. Airik, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70; Zs. 13, 6;-prince, Dk. vii, 1, 28-30; 2, 70; V, 4, 3; Zs. 13, 6. Airyak, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70; Zs. 13, 6. Airyefshnig, man, Dk. VII, 1, 34 n. Airyefshva, man, Dk. VII, 1, 34. Akhre-khirado, prince, Dk. V, 3, 3. Akht, wizard, Int. 55; Zs. 23, 10. Akomano, demon, Zs. 14, 8-11. Akvan, Christian priest, Dk. VII, 7, II n. Alak or Arak, district, Dk. VII, 2, 9. Albiruni, Int. 74, 86-88. Alburz, m., Zs. 20, 4 n. Ameshaspentas, Int. 89. Amurdad, angel, Dk. VII, 2, 19; 5, 9; Zs. 22, 12. Anahita, angel, Zs. 21, 5 n. Anang, bad, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70; Zs. 13, 6. Aneran, day, Zs. 21, 1. Adshnar, priest, Int. 3 ; Dk. VII, 1, - 36. Arabs, Int. 10; Dk. VII, 1, 34; 8, 47. Arab victories, Int. 61. Arag, land, Zs. 20, 4. Arang, r., Zs. 20, 4 n. Arang, woman, Dk. VII, 8, 55; 9, 18; 10, 15. Arastai, man, Zs. 21, 3 ; 23, 1. Archangels, Int. 4, 10, 11, 15, 18, 19, 29, 35, 48, 49, 55, 61; Dk. VII, 1, 4, 7, 12, 13, 34 ; 2, 16, 18, 21, 22, 34, 39, 54; 3, 51; 4, 5, 22, 26, 75, 76, 80, 83 ; 5, 12; 6, 5, 13; 7, 19, 20; 8, 5, 26 n, 60; 9, 23; V, 2, 1, 12; Zs. 17, 5; 21, 8, 12-14, 18, 23, 24 ; 22, 1; 23, 2 n, 7. Archdemons, Int. 4, 29. Ardai-fravard, angel, Zs. 16, 3. Ardashir the Sasanian, Int. 43, 57, 58, 62, 88. Ardavahisto, angel, Int. 41; Dk. VII, 2, 19, 29; Zs. 22, 7; 23, 7; month, Zs. 21, 4; 23,9,10. Aredvisur, angel, Zs. 16, 3 ; 21,5 n. Aregad-aspa, king, Int. 30. Aregadbarsn, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70; Zs. 13, 6. Aresh, demon, Int. 29. Arezraspo, priest, Dk. VII, 6, 12. Arezvak, priest, Dk. VII, 7, 8-11. Argasp, king, Int. 7, 29, 55; Dk. VII, 4, 77, 83, 84, 87-89; 5,7; V, 2, 12 n; 3, 1. Aristotle, Int. 71. Ariyaramna, ruler, Int. 70. Ariz, fish, Zs. 22, 4 n. Armenian revolt, Int. 61. Arshama, ruler, Int. 70. Artakhshatar, king, Int. 9; Dk. VII, 7, 12; V, 3, 3. Arum - Asia Minor, Dk. V, 1, 5. Aruman, nation, Dk. VII, 8, 47. Arzuva, fish, Zs. 22, 4. Ashavahisto, angel, Int. 11, 48, 55; Dk. VII, 1, 34; 2, 17, 18, 24, 25; 4, 74, 75, 78, 84-86 ; 8, 5 n; 9,8; V, 2, 9. Ashem-vohu, Int. 49; Dk. VII, 4, 80 n. Digitized by Google

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174 PAHLAVI TEXTS. Avesta, Int. 7, 30, 36, 37, 42, 49, 55, 64, 70, 78, 90; Dk. VII, 1, 44 ; 4, 63; 5, 11; 6, 13, 14; 7, 5, 38, 39; 8, 2, 10, 22, 36; V, 2, 6; 4, 6. Avesta scholars, Int. 78, 79, 90. Avestic rites, Dk. VII, 7, 2, Avirafshaneg, man, Dk. VII, 1, 34 n. Agang, bad, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70; Zs. 13, 6. Ayazem, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70 n; Zs. 13, 6. Az-i Dahak, king, Dk. VII, 11, 3. Ashis-vanguhi, angel, Dk. VII, 4, 81 n. Askanian, dynasty, Int. 43, 57. Asnavad, m., Zs. 22, 9, 11. Aspigan, patron., Dk. VII, 1, 25; 2, 70; V, 4, 3; Zs. 13, 6. Assyria, land, Dk. V, 4, 3 n. Atossa, queen, Dk. VII, 4, 86 n. Atur, land, Dk. V, 4, 3. Atur-farnbag, priest, Int, 14; Dk. V, 1, 2, 3. Aturpad, priest, Int. 9, 64-67, 70, 88; Dk. VII, 5, 5; 7, 19-21; V, 3, 3. Aturpadakan, land, Zs. 16, 12; 22, 9 n. Allharmazd, Int. 4-6, 18, 29, 30, 47, 48; Dk. VII, 1, 1, 3, 4, 5, 9-13, 17, 20-22, 38, 41, 42, 44, 46 ; 2, 2, 3, 14, 17-19, 31, 37, 47, 54; 3, 1, 48, 49, 51 ; 4, 2, 12, 14, 16, 17, 21-27, 30, 41, 47-49, 51-54, 65, 66, 74, 75, 77, 80, 84-86; 5, 12; 6, 5, 13; 7, 15; 8, 16 n, 24, 25, 29, 33, 38-43, 50, 52, 54; 9, 15, 17; 10, 12, 14; 11, 6, 11; V, 1, 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15; 4,6; Zs. 12, 2, 8; 13, 5, 6; 14, 4, 9, 14, 15; 15, 7; 16,3; 21, 14-16, 18, 19, 23 n, 25; 22, 2, 4, 10; 23, 2-4, 8; 24, 5. -- king, Int. 64. Auramazda, Int. 84. Aurvadaspa, king, Int. 70. Aurvaita-dang, king, Int. 6, 47, 49, 55; Dk. VII, 4, 7-10, 14-16, 20. Aurvaito-dih, king, Zs. 20, 8. Allshan-rud, r., Dk. VII, 3, 54. Allshedar, apostle, Int. 10, 11, 55, 61, 63, 66-68 ; Dk. VII, 1, 42, 51, 52; 4, 81 n; 8, I, 31, 51, 55; 9, 1, 2; 10, 1; V, 2, 15; 3, 3; Zs. 21, 7. Allshedar-mah, apostle, Int. 11, 12, 55; Dk. VII, 1, 42, 52, 53; 9, 1, 18; 10, 1, 2; 11, 1, 2; V, 2, 15; 3, 3; Zs. 21, 7. Ausikhsh, int. 16; Zs. 15, 2. Ausind, m., Zs. 22, 3. Auzobo, king, Int. 55; Dk. VII, 1, 31; 6,11 n; V, 4, 4 n. A van, angel, Zs. 21, 5. Avarethrabau, priest, Int. 9, 64, 70; Dk. VII, 7, 20, 21. Avarostar, man, Zs. 23, 8.. Babylon, Dk. VII, 4, 72, n. Bactria, Int. 74. Bahman, angel, Int. 41, 43. Bahman Yast, MS., Int. 44. Bahram Gor, king, Int. 43. Bahram-i Hamavand, king, Int. 43. Bahram Khurzad, copyist, Dk. VII, 7, 14 n. Bakyir, m., Dk. VII, 1, 39 n. Bapel, city, Int. 50; Dk. VII,4,72; V, 2, 9. Bartarush, karap, Int. 34, 35; Dk. VII, 5, 12 n. Barzinkarus, man, Int. 34. Barzu Kamdin, dastur, Int. 32. Behistun inscription, Int. 70, 84. Beta-Makdis= Jerusalem, Dk. V, 1, 5. Bitak, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70; Zs. 13, 6. Bor-tora, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70. Brad-resh=Bradrok-resh, Int. 29; Zs. 15, 3. Bradrok-resh, karap, Int. 49 ; Dk. VII, 2, 9n; 3, 20, 24, 28, 32, 39 n; 5,12 n; V, 3, 2. Brad-royisn, karap, Zs. 15, 3. Brad-rukhsh, karap, Zs. 15, 3; 17, 6. Bud, demon, Dk. VII, 4, 37, 38. Buddha, Int. 78. Bakht-Narsih=Nebuchadnezzar Int. 14; Dk. V, 1, 4, 5. Bundahis, MS., Int. 15, 53-59, 61, 62, 68, 69. Burzin-Mitro, fire, Zs. 23, 7. Cambyses, king, Dk. VII, 4, 86 n. Ch in Oriental words is printed K. Christian persecution, Int. 63, 65. Chronology, Int. 51-89. Creator, Dk. VII, 1, 4-6, 8, 10, 11, 15, 19, 21, 24, 25, 28, 41; 2, 2; Digitized by Google

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INDEX. 175 3, 61; 4, 2, 12, 41, 74, 75, 84, 85; 5, 13; 9, 6; 11, 6; V, 1,9; 2, 1; 4, 6. Eastwick's translation of the Zartust namah, Int. 31, 32. Egiptos, land, Zs. 20, 4 n. Enclosure made by Yirn, Dk. VII, 1, 34. Epistle of Manliskihar, Int. 25. Eriko, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70 n; Zs. 16, 13. Eudoxus, Int. 71. Evil spirit, Int. 55; Dk. VII, 1, 19; 2,67; 4, 36, 39; 8, 47. Exposition of the good religion, MS., Int. 2; Dk. VII, 1, 2, 4. Dadistan-i Dinik, MS., Int. 24; Zs. 12, on. Dadvo, month, Zs. 23, 9. Dadvo-pavan-Mitro, day, Zs. 21, 4. Dahak, king, Int. 12, 50, 55; Dk. VII, 1, 36, 34 n; 4,72; 10,10; V, 3, 3; Zs. 12, 13 n; 23, 3. Dahman Afrin, ritual, Int. 11; Dk. VII, 9, 3. Dait, r., Dk. VII, 2, 30. Daiti, r., Int. 5, 18; Dk. VII, 3, 51, 54; 4, 29; 8, 60; 9, 23; Zs. 21, 5, 13; 22, 2, 9, 12. Darai, king, Int. 54, 55. Darega, r., Int. 29; Zs. 22, 12. Darius Hystaspes, Int. 70, 79, 84, 88, 89; Dk. VII, 4, 86 n. Darmesteter's hypothesis, Int. 89, 90. Darun, rite, Int. 42. Davans, man, Int. 29. Demons, Int. 30, 36, 48, 49; Dk. VII, 1, 9, 12, 13, 18, 19, 34 ; 2, 6, 9, 10, 43, 45, 48-50, 53, 60, 66-68; 3, 47, 50; 4, 4, 5, 14, 33-35, 40, 42, 44-48,.50, 52-54, 63, 80, 87; 5, 8; 6, 7; 7, 14; 8, 46; V, 2, 6, 8, 13; Zs. 14, 2, 5, 6; 17, 4; 18, 1. Demon-worship, Int. 50 ; Dk. Vii, 4, 30, 35, 67; 7, 17, 36; V, 1, 5; 2, 4. Demon-worshipper, Dk. VII, 1, 36; 7, 37; 8, 7, 34; V, 2, 8. Destroyer, Dk. VII, 1, 5, 6; V, 2, 6. Dhu Qar, defeat at, Int. 61. Dimavand, m., Zs. 23, 3 n. Dinkard, MS., Int. 1, 2, 21-23; Dk. : Dk V, 1, a n. Diogenes Laertius, Int. 71, 76. Dk. V, i-iv, contents, Int. 14. Dk. VII, Int. 2; contents, Int. 3-13. Dukdaub, woman, Int. 55; Dk. VII, 2, 35, 41, 42, 46, 47, 3, 3; V, 2, 2; Zs. 13, 1. Duransarun, karap, Int. 34, 35. Durasrobo, karap, Int. 49, 55; Dk. VII, 2, 9 n; 3, 4, 8, 9, 11, 20, 32, 35, 39, 41; 5, 12 n; Zs. 19, 1, 5, 7. -- prince, Dk.VII, 2,70; Zs. 13,6; 16, 13. Drve Zenigak, chief, Dk. VII, 11, 3. Farukhzad, priest, Dk. V, 1, 2, 3. Fiend, Int. 13; Dk. VII, 1, 6, 12, 13, 26, 32; 4, 36-39, 55, 57, 59-61; 8, 30, 32; 0,2; 10,5; ii, 7; V, 2, 6, 8; Zs. 17, 4. Five dispositions of priests, MS., Zs. 24, 1-9. Fradadafsh, region, Dk. VII, 6, 12 n. Fraguzak, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70; Zs. 13, 6. Frahanyan, patron., Dk. VII, 8, 55; 9, 18; 10, 15. Frahimrvana, man, Dk. VII, 2, 3. Frakih, heretic, Dk. VII, 1, 36. Frangrasiyak, king, Dk. VII, 1, 31, 39; 2, 69; 11, 3. Frashostar, priest, Int. 29, 30, 55 ; Dk. VII, 6, 12; V, 2, 12; Zs. 23, 1o. Frasiyav=Frangrasiyak, Int. 55; Dk. VII, 1, 39 n ; 2, 68; V, 3, 3n; Zs. 12, 3. Fravak, 'man, Dk. VII, 2, 70; V, 4, 1, 2; Zs. 13, 6. Fravashis, spirits, Int. 30, 55, 72, 75, 77. Frazusak, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70; Zs. 19, 6. Fredun, king, Int. 33, 55 ; Dk. VII, 1, 25, 26, 28, 29, 34 n; 2, 61, 70 ; 11, 3; V, 1, 8; 4, 3; Zs. 13, 6; 23, 3 n. Freno, woman, Zs. 13, 1; another, 23, II. Fris, man, Zs. 13, 6. Gandarepo, monster, Dk. VII, 1, 32. Gathas quoted, Zs. 15, 7. Gaugamela, battle, Int. 54. Gayomard, man, Int. 3, 55, 77; Dk. VII, 1, 4, 6-9; 2,70; V, 1, 8; Zs. 13, 6. Digitized by Google

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176 PAHLAVI TEXTS. Gefar-tora, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70. Gobak-abu, woman, Dk. VII, 10, 15. Good works, Dk. VII, 1, 6. . Gosurvan, Int. 29. Gushnaspshah, king, Dk. VII, 7,14 n. Gusnasp fire, Int. 41; Zs. 23, 9 n. Gustasp, king, Int. 34, 36, 41-43. Guzak, princess, Dk. VII, 2,70; Zs. 13, 6. Gyemara, Int. 14; Dk. V, 1, 2, 3; 4, 8. Gamasp, priest, Int. 29, 30, 42, 55; Dk. VII, 4, 77 n; 6, 12 n; 7, 3 n; V, 3, 12; 3, 4; Zs. 23, 10. Hvovi, woman, Dk. VII, 6, 12 n. Hvyaonas, nation, Dk. VII, 4, 77 n. Hystaspes, king, Int. 70. Idolators, Dk. VII, 1, 18 n. Idolatry, Int. 50 ; Dk. VII, 1, 19; 4, 72. Idol-temple, Int. 50 ; Dk. VII, 1, 39. India, Int. 43. Iran, land, Int. 9, 43, 54; Dk. VII, 1, 30, 31, 33, 38, 50 ; 2, 62, 68; 4, 42, 81 n, 88, 89; 5, 5, 9; 7, 1, 2, 29, 33, 38, 39; 8, 1, 2, 4, 7-9, 19; 9, 13; V, 1, 5; 4, 1, 3; Zs. 12, 3, 8,9; 21, 13; 23, 8. Iranian, Int. 14; Dk. VII, 2, 63, 70 n; 4, 90; V, 4, 6. Iranian Bundahis, Dk. VII, 1, 34 n; | 3, 9 n; 7, 5 n; Zs, 32, 9 n. - country, Dk. VII, 1, 37. - monarchy, Int. 43 Iranians, Int. 11, 14; Dk. VII, 2, 63; 4, 42, 77 n; 8, 16 n; 11, 3n; V, 3, 1; Zs. 15, 2. Isadvastar, man, Dk. VII, 8, 55; 9, 18; 10, 15. Isfendyar, prince, Int. 39, 42; Dk. VII, 7, 5 n. J in Oriental words is printed G. Jerusalem, Int. 14; Dk. V, 1, 2 n. Jews, Int. 14; Dk. V, 1, 2 n. Hadish, angel, Int. 3, 48; Dk. VII, 1, 12, 13. Haekadaspas, family, Int. 30. Haekadaspo, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70; Zs. 13, 6. Hakhamanis, ruler, Int. 70. Hangaurush, priest, Int. 55; Zs. 23, 10. Hano, septuagenarian, Zs. 20, 4. Haoma, angel, Int. 30. Haoshyangha, king, Int. 30. Hardbar, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70; Zs. 13, 6. Hasar of length, Zs. 12, 4. - time, Dk. VII, 4, 49. Hazan, karap, Zs. 15, 3. Hazarahs, Int. 43. Heaven (best existence), Dk. VII, 6, I, II. - (supreme), Dk. VII, 1, 7, 24. Hercules, Dk. VII, 1, 32 n. Hermippus, Int. 71. Hom-juice, Dk. VII, 4, 85 ; Zs. 20, 15. Hom plant, Int. 49, 55 ; DR. VII, 2, 14, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28-31, 34, 35, 46; 4, 85; Zs. 12, 12, 15; 13, 4; 20, 16; 21, 5. Hom-strainer, Dk. VII, 4, 85. Hom-water, Int. 5, 6, 47, Dk. VII, 3, 51, 54 ; 4, 29, 30, 32, 35. Hoshang, king, Int. 3, 48, 55 ; Dk. VII, 1, 16, 18; 2,70; v, 1 8; 4,2; Zs. 13, 6. Hugar, m., Zs. 22, 3. Humai, queen, Int. 54, 55, 57. Hundred-discipledom, Int. 54, 55. Hutos, queen, Int. 29, 30; Dk. VII, 4, 86; 6,11 n. Hvobas, tribe, Int. 29; Dk. VII, 6, 12. Kabed-us-spae, wizard, Zs. 23, 10. Kai=Kavig, Dk. VII, 4, 64; 8, 40, 60; 9, 23. Kai-Arsh, prince, Dk. VII, 1, 35. Kai-Kaus, priest, Int. 32. Kai-Khusroi, king, Int. 12, 50, 55 ; Dk. VII, 1, 39; 10, 10; 11, 3; V, 4, 4 n. Kai-Kobad, king, Int. 55; Dk. VII, 1, 33; 6, 11 n; V, 4, 4 n. Kai-Loharasp, king, Int. 14, 55; Dk. V, 1, 5. Kaisar, Int. 27; Dk, VII, 8, 42, Kai-Siyavakhsh, prince, Dk. VII, 1, 38. Kai-Us, king, Int. 3, 15, 55; Dk. VII, 1, 35, 37; 2, 62, 63, 65, 66; 6, 2n; Zs. 12, 9-11, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24. Kai-Vistasp, king, Int. 3, 29, 55, Dk. VII, 1, 41, 47, 49; 4, 1, 76, 77, 86 ; 5, 6; 6, 4, 9, 11; 7, 39; 11, 3; V, 1, 5 n;2, 8, 11; 3, 1. Kangdez, fortress, Int. 7, 10, 43 ; Digitized by Google

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INDEX. 177 Dk. VII, 1, 38; 4, 81 n; 5,12; Kekast, lake, Int. 50; Dk. VII, 1, 39. V, 3, 3 n. Keshmak, demon, Dk. VII, 2, 44, Kanyisa, lake, Dk. VII, 11, 8. 45; 4,61. Kar, fish, Zs. 22, 4 n. Kikbsbnus, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70; Karap, Int. 4-6, 16, 17, 47, 49, 55; Zs. 13, 6. Dk. VII, 2, 9, 45; 3, 4, 7-9, Kinvad bridge, Zs. 20, 5 n. 11, 13, 15, 20, 24, 26, 28, 32, Kist, Zs. 18, 12. 34, 39, 41, 50; 4, 3, 6, 14, 21, Kitradad nask, Int. 3, 14, 20; Dk. 25, 61, 64, 67; 8, 36, 40, 60; VII, 1, 34 n; 7, 5 n. 9, 23; 10,5; 1, 2, 3 ; Zs. 16, Kitro-mehono, prince, Int. 10; Dk. 2; 16, 1-4, 6-8; 17, 1; 18, 2, 5, VII, 8, 45. 7; 19, 1; 23, 5. Karapans, Int. 30. Macedon, Int. 55 n. Kardar-tara, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70. Mada, land, Dk. VII, 1, 26. Karsipt, bird, Zs. 22, 4. Madigan-i Gugastak Abalis, MS., Karsna, man, Dk. VII, 7, 12 n. Dk. V, 1, 2 n. Kavad, king, Int. 58; Dk. VII, 7, 26. Mahrkus, wizard, Int. 11, 55; Dk. Kava Husrava, king, Int. 30, 70. VII, 1, 24; 9, 3; V, 3, 3. - Kavata, king, Int. 70. Maidhyozaremaya, festival, Int. 18; - Usa, king, Int. 70. Zs. 21, 1 n. Kavig, Int. 4, 55; Dk. VII, 2, 9; Manih, heretic, Dk. VII,7,219; V, 8, 18; Zs. 23, 5, 8. 3, 3. Kavis, Int. 30. Manusak, princess, Zs. 15, 2. Kavi Vistaspa, king, Int. 30,70; Dk. Manasir, for Manuskibar, Dk. VII, VII, 7, 12 n. 1, 29 n. Kayan glory, Dk. VII, 4, 43; 11, 3. Manus-kharnak, man, Dk. VII, 2, Kayans, Int. 3; Dk. VII, 1, 33; 3, 70 ; V, 4, 3; Zs. 13, 6. 9n; 7, 12; V, 1, 8; 4, 4, 5. Manus-khurnar, man, Dk. VII, 2, Keresaspo, hero, Int. 12, 29; Dk. 70; V, 4, 3; Zs. 13, 6. VII, 1, 32; 10, 10; Zs. 23, 3 n. Manuskihar, king, Int. 15, 16, 55; Kersevazd, prince, Dk. VII, 1, 39. Dk. VII, 1, 29-31; 2, 51 n, 70; Khakan, Int. 27; Dk. VII, 8, 42. 6,11 n; 7, 21; V, 1, 8; 4, 3; Khalifah, Al-Mamun, Dk. v, 1, 2 n. Zs. 12, 3; 13, 6; 15, 2; 16, 13. Khur, day, Zs. 23, 9.. Maraspend, priest, Int. 64, 88; Dk. Khurdad, angel, Dk. VII, 2, 19, 38; VII, 5, 5; 7, 19, 20. 5, 9, 8,5 in; Zs. 22. 11. Marvels of Zoroastrianism, Int. 1. Khurdad fire, Int. 41. Masvak, man, Dk. VII, 6, 11 n. Khusro I, king, Int. 9, 26, 27, 58, Masyaoi, woman, Int. 48, 55; Dk. 68; Dk. VII, 7, 26; V, 3, 3. 'VII, 1, 9. 12-14. - II, king, Int. 58, 61. Masye, man, Int. 48, 55; Dk. VII, Khvaniras, region, Dk. VII, 1, 26; 1, 9, 11-14; 2, 70; V, 1, 8; 4, 2, 70; V, 2, 9. in; Zs. 13, 6. Khvetukdas, Int. 6, 47, 49; Dk. VII, Mazandar, land, Dk. VII, 1, 26. 4, 4 n. Mazandaran, land, Dk. VII, 1, 18 n. Khyons, nation, Int. 7, 55 ; Dk. VII, Mazano, demons of, Dk. VII, 1, 18. 4, 77, 83, 84, 87-90; 5, 7; V, Mazda, Dk. VII, 9, 7-10. 3,1; Zs. 23, 8. Mazdag, heretic, Int. 26, 43; Dk. Kig, Int. 6, 47, 49; Dk. VII, 2,9 n; VII, 7, 21, 26 n. 3, 50; 4, 2, 6, 14, 67; 8, 26; Mazdakites, sect, Int. 58. V, 2, 3. Mazda-worship, Int. 15, 49; Dk. Kirman, town, Zs. 12, o n. VII, 1, 1, 2, 4, 41, 43, 44; 3, Kobad, king, Dk. VII, 1, 35. 35 n; 4, 2, 5, 14, 33, 34, 74, 79; Kokhared, Zs. 15, 2. 6, 4, 12 n; V, 1, 1. Kundah, Int. 55; Zs. 23, 8. Mazda-worshippers, Dk. VII, 7, 5, Kutal-tora, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70 n. 6, 9, 10, 23; 8, 28, 35, 51; 9, 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14; 10, 4, 6, Kaispis, ruler, Int. 70. II; 11, 8-10; Zs. 12, 2, 4. [47] Digitized by Google

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178 PAHLAVI TEXTS. Parsi calendar, Int. 79-89; how rectified, Int. 85. Patakhsrobo, king, Int. 3, 48; Dk. VII, 1, 34. Persia, Int. 55 n, 63, 79. Pesdadian, Int. 3 ; DE. VII, 2, 70. Peshyotan, prince, Int. 7, 10, 42, 43; Dk. VII, 4, 81; 5, 12; 6, 13; V, 3, 3.. Pestilence, demon, Dk. VII, 4, 37, 38. Medyomah, man, Int. 18, 19, 29, 30, 55; Zs. 21, 3; 23, 1, 8, 11. Messiah, Dk. V, 3, 3. Millennial apostles, Int. 3. Misr, land, Zs. 20, 4 n. Mivan, river (?), Zs. 22, 8. Murdad, angel, Dk. VII, 2, 38. Namkhvast of the Hazars, Dk. VII, 4,77 n. Nasks, Int. 64. Nayazem, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70. Nebuchadnezzar, king, Int. 14; Dk. V, 1, 2 n. Neresang, for Neryosang, Dk. VII, 1, 29 n. Ner@ksang, for Neryosang, Dk. VII, 2, 21 n, 70; 4, 84 n. Neryosang, angel, Dk. VII, 1, 29; 2, 21; 4, 84, 85; V, 4, 6; Zs. 13, 5, 6. Nevak-tora, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70. Next-of-kin marriage, Dk. VII, 1, 10; 4, 5, 6, 8, 11; Zs. 23, 13. Ninus, king, Int. 71, 74. Nirangistan, MS., Zs. 13, 4 n. Nivedis, man, Zs. 15, 5. Nodar, man, Int. 17; Dk. VII, 2, 51; 3, 19, 39; 4, 86 n; 6,11 n; Zs. 16, 11-13. Nodariga, man, Zs. 16, 5. Nodars, tribe, Dk. VII, 6, 11. Non-Iranian, Dk. VII, 9, 13. Noshervan, king, Int. 43. Numudarih-i Yaxisno, MS., Zs. 13, Plato, Int. 71, 77. Pliny the Elder, Int. 71, 73, 75, 76. Poru kast, woman, Int. 29, 30. Porushaspo, man, Int. 4, 30, 49; Dk. VII, 2, 10, 13, 21, 29-35, 3941, 46-48, 56-58, 70; 3, 3, 4, 7-11, 13, 15, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 32, 34, 37, 38; V, 2, 2, 4; Zs. 13, 6; 14, 16; 15, 4; 16, 1, 3-6; 17, 2; 18, 1, 2, 4-6 ; 19, 1-4; 20, 1,6; 21, 3. Pouruspadha, wizard, Zs. 23, 10 n. Proconnesian Zoroaster, Int. 73. Purtaraspo, man, Zs. 13, 6. Pur-tora, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70. 4. Oldest dates explained, Int. 72. Ordeal, Int. 7, 18, 64, 65; Dk. VII, 5, 4, 5; 7, 2; Zs. 21, 24-37. Osthanes, Int. 73. Ox, frontier-settling, Dk. VII, 2, 62-66; Zs. 12, 8-25. - sole-created, Int. 55, 77; Dk. VII, 2, 67. Oxyartes, king, Int. 74. Padashkhvargar, land, Dk. VII, 7, 14 n. Padiragtaraspo, man, Dk. VII, 2, 9, 10, 13, 70. Patrasp=Paitiraspo, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70; Zs. 13, 6. Pairigs, meteors, Zs. 22, 9. Papak, prince, Dk. VII, 7, 12. Parshad-tora, man, Int. 6, 47; Dk. VII, 4, 31-34. Ragan, man, Dk. VII, 2, 51 n, 70 n. Ragisn, man, Dk. VII, 2,70 n. Rai, city, Int. 32. Rak, man, Dk. VII, 2, 51; 3, 19, 39; or Ragh, Int. 17; Zs. 16, II-13. Ramak-tora, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70. Rangustar, man, Zs. 15, 5. Rasastat, angel, Dk. VII, 4, 81 n. Rashn, angel, Dk. VII, 7, 11. Rashn-resh, apostate, Int. 9; Dk. VII, 7, 11. Rastare-vaghent, priest, Int. 64, 70; Dk. VII, 7, 19 n. Ratustar, man, Zs. 15, 5. Renovation of the universe, Int. 13, 55, 77; Dk. VII, 1, 41, 42, 54; 10, 10, 11, 10, 11 ; Zs. 23, 3. Romans, Int. 63, 65. Sacred beings, Int. 6, 15, 19, 48, 52, 55; Dk. VII, 1, 4, 12, 14, 41; 2, 10, 61, 62; 3, 47-49; 4, 21, 46, 62, 70, 80; 5, 12 ; 8, 6, 60; V, 2, 7; Zs. 14, 7; 21, 10. Sacred fires, Dk. vii, 7, 2. Sagastan, land, Int. 6, 47; Dk. VII, 4, 31. Salm, prince, Dk. VII, 1, 30. Samak, man, Dk. VII, 1, 15. Digitized by Google

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INDEX. 179 Sritd, woman, Zs. 23, 11. Srobovar, snake, Dk. VII, 1, 32. Srosb, angel, Dk. VII, 3, 17; Zs. 16, 9. Saman, patron., Dk. VII, 1, 3a; V, 1, 8. Sanskrit, Int. 78. Saoshyant, apostle, Int. 30. Sarai, town, Zs. 82, 8. Sasanian, Int. 9, 31, 50, 57, 68, 69. Sataves, star, Zs. 22, 9. Selections of Zad-sparam, Int. 1,15, 24. Semiramis, queen, Int. 71, 74. Shahpuhar 11, king, Int. 26, 58, 61, 63, 64,88; Dk. VII, 7, 19 n. - III, king, Int. 64, 87. Sham=Sham, land, Zs. 20, 4 n. Shapan, Dk. VII, 7, 3. Shapigan or Shaspigan, Dk. VII, 7, . 3 n. Shapir-abu, woman, Dk. VII, 9, 18. Shatraver, angel, Dk. VII, 2, 19. Shatver, angel, Zs. 22, 8. Shedasfas (Theodosius ?), Int. 10, 27; Dk. VII, 8, 47 n. Shedaspo, DL. VII, 8, 47. Shemig-abu, woman, DE. VII, 8, 55. Sirkan, town, Zs. 12, o n. Siyah-tora, man, Dk. VII, 2,70 Siyamak, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70; V, 1, 8; 4,1; Zs. 13, 6. Siyavakhsh, prince, Dk. VII, 1, 39 Sog-tora, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70. Soshans, apostle, Int. 12, 13, 55; Dk. vii, 1, 42, 53 ; 10, 10, 15; 11, 1, 2; V, 2, 15; 3, 3; Zs. Spendarmad, angel, Int. 6, 15, 55; Dk. VII, 2, 19; 4, 57, 58; 8, 5n; Zs. 12, 2, 3, 5, 6; 18, 3; 22, 9; 23, 4. - month, Zs. 21, 1. . Spend-dad, prince, Int. 39, 55; Dk. VII, 7,5; V, 2, 12 Spend nask, Int. 1, 2, 14, 20, 27, 46 ; Dk. VII, 2, 1 n. Spento-khratvau, priest, Dk. VII, 7, 8, 10. Speto-tora, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70. Spitam, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70; Zs. 13, 6. Spitamas, tribe, Int. 30; Dk. VII, 2, 9, 11, 29, 57; 7, 27; 8, 22, 35. Spitois, priest, Dk. VII, 6, 13. Sritak=Thritak, man, Zs. 13, 6. Srito, hero, Int, 8, 15, 55 ; Dk. VII, 2, 63, 64; 6, 2, 3, 5, 7-9, 11, 13; Zs, 12, 10, 12-14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25. N Srutvok-spadak, priest, Dk. VII, 7, 8, 10. Sadkar nask, Int. 44. Surak, land, Zs. 20, 4 n. Senov, priest, Int. 9, 54, 55; Dk. VII, 7, 6; Zs. 23, 11. Tabaristan, land, Dk. VII, 7, 14 n. Takhmorup, king, Int. 48, 55; Dk. VII, 1, 19; V, 1, 8; 4, 3. Talmud, MS., Dk. V, 1, a n. Tanapuhar, sin, Dk. VII, 4, 19, 20. Tanvasar, priest, Int. 9, 62; Dk. VII, 7, 14, 17, 18. Taz, man, Dk. VII, 1, 34. Tegend, r., Zs. 22, 7 n. Ten admonitions, MS., Zs. 24, 10 19. Tbritak, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70. Tistar, star, Dk. VII, 4, 38 n. Togan, r., Zs 32, 7. Trojan war, Int. 71. Tag, prince, Dk. VII, 1, 30. Tumasp, prince, Dk. VII, 1, 31. Tur, land, Dk. VII, 1, 31, 39. - =Turanian, Int. 6, 47; Dk. VII, 4, 6-10, 14-16, 20; 5, 12 n; 11, 3; V, 3, 2; Zs. 16, 3, 4; 17, 6; 20, 8. Turan, land, Dk. VII, 2, 62 ; Zs. 12, 8, 9. Turanian, Dk. VII, 2, 9 n, 63, 68; 3, 28; 7, 19; 9,13; Zs. 12, 17. Turkish demons, Dk. VII, 8, 47. Urugadhasp, man, Dk. VII, 2,70. Usikhsh, Int. 30. Uspasnu, man, Dk. VII, 6, 12 n. Vadak, woman, Dk. VII, 2, 64; Zs. Vadast=Vaedvoist, Zs. 15, 3. Valdist, man, Dk. vii, 2, 70; Zs. 13, 6. Vaedvoist, karap, Int. 6, 47; Dk. VII, 2, 9n; 4, 21, 23, 24. Vaegered, prince, Int. 3; Dk. VII, 1, 16; V, 4, 2. Vakgir, land, Dk. VII, 1, 39. Vanofravisn, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70. Varahran fire, Zs. 22, 7. Vars, hair, Dk. VII, 4, 85. 2 21,7. 12, 13 Digitized by Google

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180 PAHLAVI TEXTS. Varstmansar nask, Int. 10. Yazdakard I, king, Int. 64, 66, 87, Verethraghna, angel, Int. 30. 88 n. Vidadafsh, region, Dk. VII, 6, 12 n. - II and III, kings, Int. 58, 61. Vidrafs, wizard, Dk. VII, 4, 77 n. Yim, king, Int. 55; Dk. VII, 1, 30Vigirkard-i Denig, MS., Dk. VII, 2, 22, 24, 25, 26 n, 32, 36 ; 2, 21, 70 n. 59-61, 70; 9, 4; V, 1, 8; 2, 2, Virafsang, man, Dk. VII, 1, 34 n. 9; 4, 3; Zs. 13, 5, 6; 15, 2 n. Visperad, MS., Int. 3. Yimak, princess, Zs. 15, 3 n. Visraps, tribe, Dk. VII, 6, 2, 7, 9, Yim's enclosure, Int. ii, 11; Zs. 12, 10 D. Yogyast, meas., Dk. VII, 8, 16, 45. Vistasp, king, Int. 6-10, 14, 19, 29, 47, 49, 52, 55, 70; Dk. VII, 1, 2; 2, 9 n; 3, 31; 4, 63-67, Zad-sparam, priest, Int. 15, 25; Zs. 69-71, 74-76, 83-85, 89, 90; 12, on. 5, 1, 2, 6, 7, 12; 6, 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, Zagh, man, Dk. VII, 6, 11 n. un, 12-14; 7, 1, 2, 5n, 38, 39; Zainigav, prince, Dk. VII, 1, 34 n. V, , 8, 10; 3, i; Zs. 10, 12, Zak, karap, Dk. VII, 2, 9n; 4, 64, 13; 29, 5, 7. 67. Vivang, ha, man, Dk. VII, 1, 20; 2, Zand, Int. 37 ; Dk. VII, 8, 12, 36; 70; Zs. 13, 6. V, 3, 4. Dizak, woman, Dk. VII, 2, 70; Zs. Zarathustra, apostle, Int. 30; Dk. 13, 6. VII, 1, 34 n. Vohumano, angel, Int. 5, 16, 55; Zaratust, apostle, Int. 1-4, 6-8, 10, Dk. VII, 1, 4; 2, 17, 19, 34-26, 15-17, 19, 20, 29, 32-43, 46-50, 29, 33; 3, 17, 22, 26, 51, 52, 54, 52, 55, 61, 70-75, 77, 78; Dk. 56, 58-60, 62 ; 4, 29, 57, 74, 75, VII, 1, 3, 34, 43, 51; 2, 2, 3, 78; 7, 19; V, 2, 5, 9; Zs. 14, 9 n, 10, 14, 15-22, 24 n, 27, 29, 9-12; 16, 9; 20, 3; 21, 8, 11, 36-40, 42, 43, 46, 47, 52, 53, 56, 12; 22, 3, 6 n. 60, 61, 64, 68-70; 3, i n, 4, - king, Int. 9, 55; Dk. VII, 7, 5. 5, 7-9, 11-16, 20, 22, 32, 33, 36, Vohanem, man, Int. 55; Zs. 23, 8, 38-43, 46, 51, 54, 57, 59, 61, II. 62; 4, 3-6, 11, 12, 14, 16-19, Vohd-roko, man, Dk. VII, 8, 55; 9, 22-27, 29-31, 33-36, 38, 40-43, 18; 10, 15. 45, 47-49, 51-55, 57, 58, 60, 61, Vologeses I, king, Int. 88, 89. 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 73-74, 86, - III, king, Int. 61, 88. 90; 5, 1, 2, 4-8; 6, 1, 12, 13; 7, 2, 14, 18, 19, 22, 29, 33-35, Wilson's Parsi Religion, Int. 31. 37; 8, 1, 24, 25, 27, 29, 36, 38, Witch, Dk. VII, 1, 19; 5, 8; V, 2, 40, 42, 43, 48, 50, 51, 55, 56, 59; 3; Zs. 17, 4. 9, 1, 6, 18, 19; 10, 15; V, 1, Witchcraft, DL. VII, 2, 6, 7,63; 3, 7; 2, 1; 3, 1, 2, 4; Zs. 12, 6, 4, 8; 4,72; 5,8; 8, 6. 7; 13, 1, 4-6; 14, 1, 2, 8, 12, Wizard, Dk. VII, 1, 19, 31, 39 ; 2, 15; 15, 1, 3, 4-6; 18, 1-4, 6, 8, 53, 54, 66; 3, 5, 43-44 ; 8, 7, 9-13; 17, 1, 6; 18, 2, 3, 6, 29; V, 2, 3, 4, 8; Zs. 14, 3, 13, 7; 19, 2, 4-7; 20, 2, 5, 9, 1116; 16, 2, 3; 17, 4; 18, 1, 5. 13, 16; 21, 2, 3, 5-9, 11, 12, 14, Wrath, demon, Int. 16. 15, 17, 24; 22, 2, 3, 6-12, 13 n; 23, I, 7-11, 13. Zaratust of the Spitamas, Dk. VII, Xanthus of Lydia, Int. 71. 1, 2, 8, 41, 43, 44; 2, 67, 68; 3, Xerxes, king, Int. 71, 73. 55, 56, 58, 60; 4, 15, 32, 39, 59, 75, 79, 81, 82, 86, 89; 5, 3; 7, 28; 8, 23, 31, 32, 34; V, 1, Yadkar-i Zariran, MS., Dk. VII, 4, 7; Zs. 12, 12; 21, 10. 77 n, 86 n. Zaratust, priest, Int. 64, 66, 70, 88. Yatha-ahu-vairyo, Dk. VII, 1, 4 n, Zaratust-namak of Zs., contents, 13 n; 4, 41, 56, 61. Int. 15-19; MSS., Int. 24. Digitized by Google

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INDEX. 181 Zaratustship, Dk. V, 4, 6. Zarir, prince, Dk. VII, 4, 77 n; V, 2, 12. Zartust Bahram Pazdd, writer, Int. 32, 43, 46. Zartust-namah, Persian, Int. 31, 45, 46; Dk. VII, 4, 70n; 5, 12 n; contents, Int. 33-4 Zbaurvant, man, Dk. VII, 7, 13 n. Zend, r., Zs. 22,7 n. Zois, man, Dk. VII, 2, 3, 4. Zondak, r., Zs. 22, 7 n. Zoroaster, Int. 74, 75. Zoroastrian epoch, Int. 52. - legends, Int. 14, 36, 37, 51, 59; scattered in other Pahl, texts, Int. 39; in Av., Int. 30, 31. Zoti, priest, Dk. VII, 8, 8. Zrayang, hau, priest, DK. VII, 7, 8, Zusak, man, Dk. VII, 2, 70; Zs. 13, 6. 10. N 3 Digitized by Google

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ERRATUM. P. 20, 1. 4. The name of the district of Alak should probably be read Arak, as the province is called Ragh in Zs. XVI, 13. Digitized by Google

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TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS ADOPTED FOR THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. MISSIONARY ALPHABET. CONSONANTS Sanskrit. Zend. Pehlerl Persian Arabic Hebrow. Chlnera I Class. II Class II Class. Gutturales. 1 Tenuis .......... 2 , aspirata .. 3 Media ...... 4 , aspirata ....... 5 Gutturo-labialis .. Bew: m (3 (ng) 6 Nasalis ....... :::::::::::. Het persilo w ::::: Ra(w)} TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS. ei (Luhu) . :: . 0:: ng oor :::::::: Dibing : -- www: www: Anamn: Empat : .- www: :: ww: : : : : : :: 7 Spiritus asper ....... 8 lenis ...... >> esper faucalis ... lenis faucalis ... , asper fricatus ... 12 , lenis fricatus ... 10 >> . . . * Digitized by Google Gutturales modificatae (palatales, &c.) 13 Tenuis ........... 14 , aspirata ...... 15 Media ........... 16 aspirata ....... 17 >> Nasalis .... : :: *

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MISSIONARY ALPHABET. CONSONANTS (continued). Sanskrit. Zend. Pehlevi, Persian Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese I Class II Class. III Class. 184 18 Semivocalis ... y : init. SS : 4: ob: 93 88 19 Spiritus asper ........ 20 >> lenis ........ 21 asper assibilatus .. 22 ,, lenis assibilatus .. Dentales. 23 Tenuis ............ 24 , aspirata ........ 25 , assibilata .. 26 Media ........ 27 , aspirata... 28 , assibilata .. 29 Nasalis ....... 30 Semivocalis ..... 31 mollis 1.. 32 , mollis 2.. 33 Spiritus asper 1 ... asper 2... lenis asperrimus 1... asperrimus 2 ... TH :::::::: ::3 1:1 ::3cm :3:03:12:33 ::17:: 3:23: TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS DH :::81 31 2:42 Digitized by Google 34 >> :::::: z (3) z (3)

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:3:: Dentales modificatae (lingualos, &c.) 38 Tenuis ....... 39 ,, aspirata ....... 40 Media .......... 41 , aspirata ...... 42 Nasalis .......... 43 Semivocalis ......... 44 ,, fricata .... 45 , diacritica .. 46 Spiritus asper ....... 47 >> lenis ....... ts:3:-:::: 9:::::: R . . . Labiales. 48 Tenuis...... 49 ,, aspirata .. 50 Media .......... 51 aspirata .... 52 Tenuissima......... 53 Nasalis ........... 54 Semivocalis ........ 55 ,, aspirata ..... 56 Spiritus asper...... 57 , lenis ..... 58 Anusvara ........... | 59 Visarga ....... ::se::Lie : C::6 FOR THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. ::::::99 :: mannia:::-: : * Digitized by Google 185 .. ... ... ... ...

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MISSIONARY ALPHABET. Sanskrit VOWELS. Zend. Pehlevi. Persian Arabic. Hebrew. Chinese. I Class. II Class III Class. 186 44.34 Roll em 4 $ : : U OF THE TY 1::::::16: : :22: :::: 3: 1 Neutralis ........... 2 Laryngo-palatalis ...... 3 , labialis .... 4 Gutturalis brevis ....... 5 , longa ....... 6 Palatalis brevis . ....... 7 , longa ........ 8 Dentalis brevis ........ 9 , longa ........ 10 Lingualis brevis ....... 11 , longa ....... 12 Labialis brevis ........ 13 ,, longa ........ 14 Gutturo-palatalis brevis ... 15 >> longa ... e (ai) (e) 16 Diphthongus gutturo-palatalis di (ai) 17 >> Joi (ou). 19 Gutturo-labialis brevis .... 0 20 longa .... 0(au) (.) 21 Diphthongus gutturo-labialis | au 1 (au) eu (eu) . 23 ou(ou) 24 Gutturalis fracta ...... 25 Palatalis fracta ....... 26 Labialis fracta ........ 27 Gutturo-labialis fracta .... :::Yule b; : : : : :::Yule 1 : : : : :In Lory : : : : : : : :35: : : : : : :lololo :::::::::::: : : : : : : : : : TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS. ei (ei) .. 18 >> Digitized by Google :::: 14: : : mm w (au) 22 .... : o: S: -:

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OXFORD PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART, M.A. PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY Digilized by Google

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A CATALOGUE OP Clarendon Press Publications. Contents. . . . . . . PAGE 1-54 1-5 I. Literature and Philology . $1. Dictionaries, Grammars, &c. . . . 2. Anglo-Saxon and English. . . 68. European Languages, Mediaeval and Modern 1. French, Italian, &c. . . 2. German, &c. . . 3. Scandinavian $ 4. Classical Languages. 1. Latin . . . 3. Greek . . . . 66. Oriental Languages . . $ 6. Anecdota Oxoniensia Series 55-67 55 . . 60 . 62 . . II. Theology . . . . . . . A. The Holy Scriptures, &c. . B. Fathers of the Church, &c. . C. Ecclesiastical History, &c. . D. Liturgiology . . E. English Theology III. History, Biography, &o. IV. Law. . . . . . . . . V. Philosophy, Logic, &o. . . . VI. Physical Science and Mathematics, &o.. VII. Art and Archaeology . . . . . VIII. Palaeography . . . . . . . : 65 * 68-77 * 78 80 . . . . . 92 Digitized by Google

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1/6/01 Clarendon Press, Oxford. amiiiti DOM MINA E INVS TIO TLLV MEAS I. LITERATURE AND PHILOLOGY. SECTION I. DICTIONARIES, GRAMMARS, &c. ANGLO-SAXON. An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, based on the MS. Collections of the late JOSEPH BOSWORTH, D.D. Edited and enlarged by Prof. T. N. TOLLER, M.A. Parts I-III. A-SAR. 4to, stiff covers, 158.oach. Part IV. Sect. I. SAR-SWIDRIAN. 88.6d. , Sect. II. swfP-SNEL-YTMEST. 188.6d. ** A Supplement, which will complete the Work, is in active preparation - The Student's Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon. By H. SWEET, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D. Small 4to, 88. 6d. net. ARABIC. A Practical Arabic Grammar. Compiled by A. O. GREEN, Lieut.-Colonel, R.E. Part I. Third Edition. Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 78. 6d. Part II. Third Edition. Rovisod and Enlarged. 108.6d. BENGALI. A Grammar of the Bengali Language; Literary and Colloquial. By John Beaves. Crown 8vo, cloth, 78.6d.; cat flush, 66. BOHEMIAN. A Grammar of the Bohemian guage. By W. R. MOBFILL, M.A. Crown 8vo, 68. Oxford: Clarendon Press. London: HEYRT HROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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I. Literature and Philology. BURMESE. A Burmese Reader. By R. F. ST. ANDREW St. John, Hon. M.A. Crown 8vo, 108.6d. OELTIO. Ancient Cornish Drama. Edited and translated by E. NORBIS, with a Sketch of Cornish Grammar, an Ancient Corniob Vocabulary, &c. 3 vols. 8vo, 218. The Sketch of Cornish Grammar separately, stitched, 28. 6d. CHINESE. A Handbook of the Chinese Language. By JAMES SUMMERS. 8vo, half-bound, 288. ENGLISH. A NEW ENGLISH DICTIONARY, on Historical Principles : founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society. Imperial 4to. Edited by J. A. H. Murray, LL.D., &c. SOA Vol. 1. By Dr. Murray. ...... Half-morocco 3 12 6 Vol. II. O By Dr. Murray. ...... Half-morocco 3 13 6 Vol. III. D By Dr. Murray / By Mr. Bradley ...... Half-morocco 3 13 6 ..... Vol. IV. & By Mr. Bradley . ...... Half-morocco 2 11 6 Vol. V. HK. By Dr. Murray. In the Press. For details see page 6. Vol. VI. L-N. By Mr. Bradley. In the Press. FINNISH. A Finnish Grammar. By C. N. E. ELIOT, M.A. Crown 8vo, roan, 108. 6d. GOTHIC. A Primer of the Gothic Language Containing the Gospel of St. Mark, Selections from the other Gospels, and the Second Epistle to Timothy. With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary. By JOSEPH WRIGHT, M.A., Ph.D. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, cloth, 48. 60. GREEK. A Greek-English Lexicon, by H.G. LIDDELL, D.D., and ROBERT SOOTT, D.D. Eighth Edition, Revised. 4to, il. 168. An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, founded upon the Quarto Edition. Small 4to, 138.60. A Greek-English Lexicon, abridged from the Quarto Edition, chiefly for the use of Schools. Square ramo, 78.6d. A Concordance to the Septuagint and the other Greek Versions of the Old Testament (including the Apocryphal Books). By the late EDWIN HATCH, M.A., and H. A. REDPATH, M.A. In six Parts. Imperial 4to, 118. each. Supplement, Fasc. I. Containing a Concordance to the Proper Names occurring in the Septuagint. By H. A. REDPATH, M.A. Imperial 4to, 168. Oxford: Clarendon Preas, Digitized by Google

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Dictionaries, Grammars, &c. GREEK (continued). A copious Greek-English Vocabulary, compiled from the best authorities. 24mo, 3e. - Etymologicon Magnum. Ad Codd. mss. recensuit et notis variorum instruxit T. GAISFORD, S.T.P. fol, il. 198. - Suidae Lexicon. Ad Codd. mss. recensuit T. GAIBFORD, S.T.P. Tomi III. fol. al. 28. HEBREW. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, with an Appendix containing the Biblical Aramaic, based on the Thesaurus and Lexicon of GESENIUS, by FRANCIS BROWN, D.D., S. R. DRIVER, D.D., and C. A. BRIGGS, D.D. Small 4to, 38, 6d. cack, Parts I-IX. mgry-A Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, as Edited and Enlarged by E. KAUTZSCH, Translated from the Twenty-fifth German Edition by the late Rev. G. W. COLLINS, M.A. The Translation revised and adjusted to the Twenty-sixth Edition by A, E. COWLEY, M.A. 8vo, 218. - The Book of Hebrew Roots, by ABU 'I-WALID MARWAN IBN Janar, otherwise called RABBI YONAR. Now first edited, with an Appendix, by AD. NEUBAUER, M.A. 4to, al. 78. 6d. A Treatise on the use of the Tenses in Hebrew. By 8. R. DRIVER, D.D. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 78.60. HINDUSTANI. A Hindustani Grammar. By A. O. GREEN, Lieut.-Colonel, R.E. Crown 8vo, cloth. Part I. 88. 6d. Part II. 78.6d. ICELANDIC. An Icelandic-English Dictionary, based on the MS. collections of the late RICHARD CLEASBY. Enlarged and completed by G. VIGFUSSON, M.A. 4to, 31. 78. - A List of English Words the Etymology of which is illustrated by comparison with Icelandic. Prepared in the form of an Appendix to the above. By W. W. SKEAT, Litt.D. Stitched, 18. An Icelandic Primer, with Grammar, Notes, and Glossary. By HENRY SWEET, M.A.,Ph.D. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 60. -An Icelandic Prose Reader, with Notes, Grammar, and Glossary, by Dr. GUDBRAND VIGFUSSON and F. YORK POWELL, M.A. Extra foap. 8vo, 103. 6d. LATIN. A Latin Dictionary, founded on Andrews'edition of Freund's Latin Dictionary, revised,enlarged, and in great part re-written, by CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D., and CHABLES SHORT, LL.D. 4to, il. 58. London: HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, EO. v 2 Digitized by Google

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1. Literature and Philology. Latin (continued). A School Latin Dictionary. By CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D. Small 4to, 188. - An Elementary Latin Dictionary. By CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D. Square 8vo, 78. 6d. Scheller's Dictionary of the Latin Language, revised and translated into English by J. E. RIDDLE, M.A. fol. 218. - Contributions to Latin Lexicography. By HENRY NETTLESHIP, M.A. 8vo, 218. MELANESIAN. The Melanesian Languages. By ROBERT H. CODRINGTON, D.D. 8vo, 188. RUSSIAN. A Grammar of the Russian Language. By W.R. MORFILL, M.A. Crown 8vo, 68. SANSKRIT. A Practical Grammar of the Sanskrit Language, arranged with reference to the Classical Languages of Europe, for the use of English Students, by Sir M. MONIER-WILLIAMS, D.C.L. Fourth Edition. 8vo, 158. - A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically arranged, with special reference to cognate Indo-European Languages. By Sir MONIER MONIER-WILLIAMS, M.A., K.C.I.E., with the collaboration of Prof. E. LEUMANN, Ph.D., and Prof. E. CAPPELLER, Ph.D., and other Scholars. New Edition, greatly Enlarged and Improved. 4to, cloth, bevelled edges, 31. 138. 6d.; Half-morocco, 41. 48. - Nalopakhyanam. Story of Nala, an Episode of the Maha-Bharata : the Sanskrit text, with a copious Vocabulary, and an improved version of Dean MILMAN'S Translation, by Sir M. MONIERWILLIAMS, D.C.L. Second Edition, Revised and Improved. 8vo, 156. - Sakuntala. A Sanskrit Drama, in Seven Acts. Edited by Sir M. MONIER-WILLIAMS, D.C.L. Second Edition. 8vo, a 18. SWAHILI. English-Swahili Dictionary. By A. C. MADAN, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 78. 6d. net. SYRIAC. Thesaurus Syriacus : collegerunt Quatremere, Bernstein, Lorsbach, Arnoldi, Agrell, Field, Roediger: edidit R. PAYNE SMITH, S.T.P. Vol. I, containing Fasciculi I-V, sm. fol., 57. 58. Vol. II, completing the work, containing Fasciculi VI-X, 87. 88. *** The Fasciculi may also be had separately. Fasc. I-VI, 11. 18. each; VII, 11. 118.6d.; VIII, 11. 168.; IX, 11. 56. Fasc, X, Pars I, il. 168.; Pars II, 158. Compendious Syriac Dictionary. Founded upon the above, and edited by Mrs. MARGOLIOUTH. In Four Parts. Parts I-III, 88. 6d. net each. (Part IV, in the Press.) Oxford: Clarendon Press, Digitized by Google

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Dictionaries, Grammars, &c. SYRIAC. Dictionary of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, North-West Persia, and the Plain of Mopul. By A.J. MACLEAN, M.A., F.R.G.S. Small 4to, il. 58. TAMIL. First Lessons in Tamil. By G. U. POPE, D.D. Pifth Edition. Crown 8vo, 78. 6d. - The First Catechism of Tamil Grammar. By G. U. POPE, D.D., with an English Translation by D. 8. HERRIOK, B.A. Crown 8vo, 36. - The Naladiyar, or Four Hundred Quatrains in Tamil. Edited by G. U. POPE, D.D. 8vo, 188. Large Paper, half Roxburgh. al. Also in paper covers--Part I, Quatrains 1-130, 38. 6d. Part II, Quatrains 131-320, 46. 6d. Lexicon only, 68. - The Tiruvacagam, or Sacred Utterances' of the Tamil Poet, Saint, and Sage, Manikka-vacagar. The Tamil Text of the Fiftyone Poems, with English Translation, Introductions, Notes, and Tanil Lexicon. By the same. Royal 8vo, 21. net. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL WORKS. Cotton's Typographical Gazetteer. First Series. 8vo, 128.6d. - Typographical Gazetteer. Second Series. 8vo, 128. 6d. ** Copies of the Seoond Sorias cannot be supplied separately. Dowling (J. G.). Notitia Scriptorum SS. Patrum aliorumqne vet. Eccles. Mon. quae in Collectionibus Anecdotorum post annum Christi MDCo. in lucem editis continentur. 8vo, 48. 60. Ebert's Bibliographical Dictionary, translated from German. 4 vols. 8vo, il. 108. the The Early Oxford Press. A Bibliography of Printing and Publishing at Oxford, '1468'-1640. With Notes, Appendices, and Illustrations. By FALCONER MADAN, M.A. Domy 8vo, cloth, 188. London: HENRY PROWDE, Amon Corner, E.O. Digitized by Google

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I. Literature and Philology. SECTION II. ANGLO-SAXON AND ENGLISH. HELPS TO THE STUDY OF THE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. A NEW ENGLISH DICTIONARY on Historical Prin oiples, founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society. Imperial 4to. Edited by J. A. H. Murray, LL.D., &c. PRESENT STATE OF THE WORK. Vol. I. (A,B) By Dr. Murray ...... Half-morocco 3 12 6 Vol. II. Oj By Dr. Murray...... Half-morocco 3 13 6 Vol. III. (D, E) By Dr. Murray and Mr. Bradley . Half-morocco 2 12 6 Vol. IV. (F, G) By Mr. Bradley ...... Half-morocco 2 12 6 F-Field . . . . . . . . . 70 Field-Frankish . . . . . . o 130 Vol. IV. Separately. Franklaw-Glass-cloth. ... Gla88-00sch-Graded. ... Gradely-Greement ... Green-Gys........ H-Hod. . . . . . . . Hod-Hywe. . . . . . . I-In . . . . . . . . . . In-Infer. . . . . . . . . O Vol.V. H-K. By Dr. Murray. Inferable-Inpushing .. Input-Invalid. . . . . . . 5 0 Inv-Jew. . . . . . . . . 5 Jow-Kairine . . . . . . . Vol. VI. L-N. By Mr. Bradley L-Lap..... 26 * One Section at least, consisting of Sixty-four Pages, is now published Quarterly at Half-a-Crown. Also, commencing with the letter A, monthly numbers of 88 pages, 38.6d. cach. The Diolionary is also, as heretofore, issued in the original Parts:Series I. Parts I-IX. A-Distrustful ...... . each o II 6 Part X. Distrustfully-Daiggetai .....76 Series II. Parts I-IV. E-Glass-cloth ....... each o 136 Part V. Glasscoach-Gyssarn ....... 13 6 Series III. Part I. H-Hod ........... 012 6 Part II. Hod-Hywe . . . . . . . . . . 76 Part III. I-Inpushing .........0126 Part IV. Input-Kairine . . . . . . . . . . 12 6 : 5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOO wenen wennen wens ao onoo aao no anaaaaa. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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Anglo-Saxon and English. Bosworth and Toller. An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, based on the M8. collections of the late JOSEPH BOSWORTH, D.D. Edited and enlarged by Prof. T. N. TOLLER, M.A. Parts I-III. A-8AR. 4to, stiff covers, 158. each. Part IV. Seot. I. SAR-SWIDRIAN. 88. 6d. Part IV. Sect. II. swp-SNEL-YTMEST. 188. 6d. Bright. The Gospel of St. Luke in Anglo-Saxon. Edited from the MSS. With Introduction, Notes, and Glossary. By JAMES W. BRIGHT, Ph.D., Professor of English Philology at the Johns Hopkins Univ., (Baltimore). Extra fcap. 8vo, 58. Earle. A Book for the Beginner in Anglo-Saxon. By JOHN EARLE, M.A. Third Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 60. - The Philology of the English Tongue. Fifth Edition, Newly Rovised. Extra foap. 8vo, 88. 6d. Mayhew. Synopsis of Old English Phonology. By A. L. MAYHXW, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, bevelled boards, 88. 6d. Mayhew and Skeat. A Concise Dictionary of Middle English, from A.D. 1150 to 1580. By A. L. MAYHEW, M.A., and W. W. SKEAT, Litt.D. Crown 8vo, half-roan, 78. 6d. Murray. The Evolutiou of English Lexicography. By JAMES A. H. MURRAY, LL.D., &c. (Romanes Lecture, 1900). 8vo, 28. Skeat. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, arranged on an Historical Basis. By w, W. SKEAT, Litt.D. Third Edition. 4to, al. 48. A Supplement to the First Edition of the above. 4to, 18. 6d. - A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. New Edition. Re-written and re-arranged. Crown 8vo, 58.6d. - Principles of English Etymology: First Series. The Native Element. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 106. 6d. Second Series. The Foreign Element. Crown 8vo, 104.6d. A Primer of English Etymology. Third and Revised Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, stiff covers, 18. 6d. - Notes on English Etymology; chiefly reprinted from the Transactions of the Philological Society. Crown 8vo, 88. 6d. net. - A Student's Pastime: being a Select Series of Articles reprinted from 'Notes and Queries. Crown 8vo, 78. 6d. net. - Twelve Facsimiles of Old English Manuscripts, with Transcriptions and an Introduction. 4to, paper covers, 78. 6d. Stratmann. A Middle English Dictionary, containing Words used by English Writers from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Century. By FRANCIS HENRY STRATMANN. A Nor Edition, Re-arranged, Revised, and Enlarged by HENRY BRADLEY, M.A. Small 4to, half-morocco, il. 118.60. London: Hany BROWDE. Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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I. Literature and Philology. 8woot. A New English Grammar, Logical and Historical. Part 1. Introduction, Phonology, and Acoidence. By HENRY SWEET, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D. Crown 8vo, 106. 6d. - - Part II. Syntax. Crown 8vo, 38. 6d. - A Short Historical English Grammar. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48. 6d. - A Primer of Historical English Grammar. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. - History of English Sounds from the Earliest Period. With full Word-Lists. 8vo, 148. - The Student's Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon. Small 4to, 88. 6d. net. - First Steps in Anglo-Saxon. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 6d. - An Anglo-Saxon Primer, with Grammar, Notes, and Glossary. Eighth Edition. Extra foap. 8vo, 2.. 60. - An Anglo-Saxon Reader. In Prose and Verse. With Grammatical Introduction, Notes, and Glossary. Seventh Edition, Rovised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo. 98. 6d. - A Second Anglo-Saxon Reader. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48.6d. - Old English Reading Primers : I. Selected Homilies of AElfrio. Second Edition, as. II. Extracts from Alfred's Orosius. Sooond Edition, as. First Middle English Primer, with Grammar and Glossary. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 6d. Second Middle English Primer. Extracts from Chaucer, with Grammar and Glossary. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 6d. - Elementarbuch des Gesprochenen Englisch. Grammatik, Texte und Glossar. Third Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, stiff covers, 28. 6d. - A Primer of Spoken English. Second Edition, Revised. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. - An Icelandic Primer, with Grammar, Notes and Glos sary. Second Edition. Extra foap. 8vo, 38. 6d. - A Primer of Phonetics. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. - A Manual of Current Shorthand, Orthographic and Phonetic, Crown 8vo, 48. 6. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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Anglo-Saxon and English. Tancook. An Elementary English Grammar and Exercise Book. By 0.W.TANOOCK, M.A. Third Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18.6d. - An English Grammar and Reading Book, for Lower Forms in Classical Schools. Fourth Edition. Extra foap. 8vo, 38.60. Saxon Chronicles. Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel ; with Supplementary Extracts from the others. A Revised Text. Edited, with Introduction, Notes, Appendices, and Glossary, by C. PLUMMER, M.A., and J. EARLE, M.A. "Two Volumes. Crown 8vo, half-roan. Vol. I. Text, Appendices, and Glossary. 108. 60. Vol. II. Introduction, Notes, and Index. 128. 6d. - (787-1001 A.D.) Crown 8vo, stiff covers, 36. Specimens of Early English. A New and Revised Edition. With Introduction, Notes, and Glossarial Index. Part I. From Old English Homilies to King Horn (A.D. 1150 to A.D. 1300). By R. MORRIS, LL.D. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 98. Part II. From Robert of Gloucester to Gower (A.D. 1298 to A.D. 1393). By R. MORRIS, LL.D., and W.W. SKEAT, Litt.D. Fourth Edition, Revised. Extra foap. 8vo, 78. 6d. Specimens of English Literature, from the Ploughman's Crede' to the Shepheardes Calender' (A.D. 1394 to A.D. 1579). With Introduction, Notes, and Glossarial Index. By W. W. SKEAT, Litt.D. Sixth Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 78. 6d. Typical Selections from the best English Writers, with Introductory Notices. In a vols. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. each. Vol. I. Latimer to Berkeley. Vol. II. Pope to Macaulay. An English Miscellany. Presented to Dr. Furnivall in honour of his Seventy-fifth Birthday. With Portrait and Illustrations. 8vo, cloth extra. il. 18. A SERIES OF ENGLISH CLASSICS. The Deeds of Beowulf. An English Epic of the Eighth Century done into Modern Prose. With an Introduction and Notes, by JOAN EARLE, M.A. Crown 8vo, 88, 6d. Alfred. King Alfred's Old English Version of Boethius, De Consolatione Philosophiae. Edited from the MSS., with Introduction, Critical Notes, and Glossary. By WALTER JOAN SEDGEFIELD, M.A. Melb., B.A. Cantab. Crown 8vo, 108. 6d. - King Alfred's Version of the Consolations of Boethius. Done into Modern English, with an Introduction. By the same. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48. 6d. London : HENRY Frows, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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IO 1. Literature and Philology. The Ormulum, with the Notes and Glossary of Dr. R. M. WHITE. Edited by R. HOLT, M.A. 2 vols. Extra fcap. 8vo, 1l. 18. CEAUCER. The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Edited, from numerous Manuscripts, by W. W. SKEAT, Litt.D. In Six Volumes, demy 8vo, with Portrait and Facsimiles. 41. 168., or 168. each volume. Chaucerian and other Pieces, being a Supplementary Volume to the above. Edited, from numerous Manuscripts, by W. W.SKEAT, Litt.D. 8vo, 188. The Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. (School E. Edited by W.W.SKBAT, Litt.D. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18. The Prologue, the Knightes Tale, The Nonne Prestes Tale; from the Canterbury Tales. Edited by R. MOBBIS, LL.D. A New Edition, with Collations and Additional Notes by W.W.SKEAT, Litt.D. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18.6d. The Prioresses Tale; Sir Thopas; The Monkes Tale; The Clerkes Tale; The Squieres Tale, &c. Edited by W. W. SKEAT, Litt.D. Seventh Edition, Revised. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48.6d. The Tale of the Man of Lawe; The Pardoneres Tale ; The Second Nonnes Tale; The Chanouns Yemannes Tale. By W. W. SKRAT, Litt.D. Noto Edition, Revised. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48. 6d. Minor Poems. Edited by W.W. SKEAT, Litt.D. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 108. 6d. The Hous of Fame. Edited by W. W. Skeat, Litt.D. Crown 8vo, paper boards, 28. The Legend of Good Women. Edited by W.W. SKEAT, Litt.D. Crown 8vo, 68. The Student's Chaucer. Being a complete Edition of the Works, edited from numerous MSS., with Introduction and Glossary, by W. W. SKRAT, Litt.D. In one vol., crown 8vo, cloth, 78. 60. ** Glossarial Index to the above, Crown 8vo, limp cloth, 18. 6d. The Oxford Chaucer. On Oxford India Paper, cloth extra, 98.6d. The Chaucer Canon. With a discussion of the Works associated with the name of Geoffrey Chaucer. By the Rev. W. W. SKEAT, Litt.D. Crown 8vo. 38. 6. net. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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A Series of English Classics. LANGLAND (W.). The Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman, in three Parallel Texts; together with Richard the Redeless. By WILLIAM LANGLAND (about 1363-1399 A.D.). Edited from numerous Manuscripts, with Preface, Notes, and a Glossary, by W. W.SKEAT, Litt.D. vols. 8vo, Il. 118. 6d. The Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman, by WILLIAN LANGLAND. Edited, with Notes, by W.W.SKBAT, Litt.D. Sixth Edition. Extra foap. 8vo, 48.6d. GOWER. The Complete Works of John Gower. Edited from the MSS., with Introductions, Notes, and Glossaries, by G. C. MACAULAY, M.A. In Four Volumes, 8vo, buckram. Vol. I. The French Works. With a facsimile, 168. Vols. IL. and III. The English Works. With a facsimile. 168. each. Gamelyn, The Tale of. Edited, with Notes, Glossary, &c., by W. W. SKEAT, Litt.D. Second Edition, Rovised. Extra fcap. 8vo, stiff covers, 18. 6d Wycliffe. The Books of Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon : according to the Wycliffite Version made by NICHOLAS DE HEREFORD, about A.D. 1381, and Revised by JOHN PURVEY, about A.D. 1388. With Introduction and Glossary by W. W. SKEAT, Litt.D. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. The New Testament in English, according to the Version by JOHN WYOLITEE, about A.D. 1380, and Revised by JOHN PUBVEY, about A.D. 1388. With Introduction and Glossary by W.W.SKEAT, Litt.D. Extra fcap. 8vo, 68. Minot (Laurence). Poems. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by JOSEPH HALL, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 43. 6d. Spenser's Faery Queene. Books I and II. Designed chiefly for the use of Schools. Nero Edition. With Introduction and Notes by G. W. KITCHIN, D.D., and Glossary by A. L. MAYHEW, M.A. Extra foap. 8vo, 28. 63. each. Hooker. Ecclesiastical Polity, Book I. Edited by R. W. CHURCH, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. OLD ENGLISH DRAMA. York Plays. The Plays performed by the Crafts or Mysteries of York, on the day of Corpus Christi, in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries; now first printed from the unique manuscript in the library of Lord Ashburnham. Edited, with Introduction and Glossary, by LUCY TOULMIN SMITH. 8vo, 118. London: HEIKT FROWD, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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12 I. Literature and Philology. OLD ENGLISH DRAMA (continued). English Miracle Plays, Moralities, and Interludes. Specimens of the Pre-Elizabethan Drama. Edited, with an Introduction, Notes, and Glossary, by ALFRED W. POLLARD, M.A. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 78. 6d. The Pilgrimage to Parnassus, with the Two Parts of the Return from Parnassus. Three Comedies performed in St. John's College, Cambridge, A.D. MDXOVII-MDOI. Edited from MSS. by W.D. MACRAY, M.A., F.S.A. Medium 8vo, bevelled boards, gilt top, 88. 6d. Marlowe's Edward II. With Introduction, Notes, &c. By O. W. TANCOCK, M.A. Third Edition. Extra foap. 8vo, stiff covers, as.; cloth, 38. Marlowe and Greene. Marlowe's Tragical History of Dr. Faustus, and Greene's Honourable History of Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay. Edited by A. W. WARD, Litt. D. Fourth Edition, Crown 8vo, 68. 6d. Hakluyt. Select Narratives from the Principal Navigations and Discoveries of the English Nation.' Edited by E. J. PAYNE, M.A. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, with Illustrations. First and Second Series, 58. each. SHAKESPEARE. Select Plays. Extra fcap. 8vo, stiff covers. Edited by W.G. CLARK, M.A., and W. ALDIS WRIGHT, D.C.L. Hamlet. 38. Merchant of Venice. 18. Macbeth. 18. 60. Richard the Second. 18. 6d. Edited by W. ALDIS WRIGHT, D.C.L. As You Like It. 18. 6d. King Lear. 18. 6d. Coriolanus. 28. 6d. Midsummer Night's Dream. 18. 60. Henry the Eighth. 28. Much Ado about Nothing. 18. 6d. Henry the Fifth. 38. Richard the Third. 28. 6d. Julius Caesar. 28. Tempest. 18. 6d. King John. 18. 6d. Twelfth Night. 18. 6d. The First Part of Henry the Fourth. 28. Shakespeare as a Dramatic Artist; a popular Illustration of the Principles of Scientific Criticism. By R. G. MOULTON, M.A. Third Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 78.68. Bacon. Advancement of Learning. Edited by W. ALDIS WRIGHT, D.C.L. New Edition. Crown 8vo, 38.6d. - The Essays. Edited, with Introduction and Illustrative Notes, by S. H. REYNOLDS, M.A. 8vo, half-bound, 138.60. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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A Series of English Classics. 13 MILTON. The Poetical Works of John Milton. Edited, after the Original Texts, by the Rev. H.C. BEECHING, M.A. With two collotypes of handwriting, and nine facsimile title-pages. 8vo, 78. 6d. ** Also in Crown 8vo, with Portrait and Facsimile Title-pages. (a) Ordinary paper, cloth, 38. 6d.; (6) India Paper, cloth extra, 8s. and in leather bindings. - Areopagitica. With Introduction and Notes. By John W. HALES, M.A. New Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. - Poems. Edited by R. C. BROWNE, M.A. In Two Volumes. Now Edition, Revised. Extra fcap. 8vo, 6s. 6d. Sold separately, Vol. I, 48.; Vol. II, 36. I* paper covers : Lycidas, 3d. Comus, 6d. Edited with Notes, by 0. Elton, B.A. Lycidas, 6d. L'Allegro, 4d. Il Penseroso, 4d. Comus, 16. Paradise Lost. Book I. Edited by H. C. BEECHING, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, stiff covers, 18. 60.; in Parchinent, 38. 6d. - Paradise Lost. Book II. Edited by E. K. CHAMBERS, B.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18.6d. ** Books I and II combined, 28. 6d. Samson Agonistes. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by J. CHURTON COLLINS, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, stiff covers, 18. Milton's Prosody. By ROBERT BRIDGES. Extra fcap. 8vo, stiff covers, 18. 6d. Bunyan. The Pilgrim's Progress, Grace Abounding, Relation of the Imprisonment of Mr. JOHN BUNYAN. Edited, with Biographical Introduction and Notes, by E. VENABLES, M.A. Second Edition, Revised by MABEL PEACOCK. Crown 8vo, with Portrait, 38. 6d. - The Holy War, and The Heavenly Footman. Edited by MABEL PEACOCK. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. Fuller. Wise Words and Quaint Counsels of Thomas Fuller. Selected by AUGUSTUS JESBOPP, D.D. Crown 8vo, 6s. Clarendon. History of the Rebellion, Book VI. Edited by T. ARNOLD, M.A. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 58. - Characters and Episodes of the Great Rebellion. Selections from Clarendon. Edited by G. BOYLE, M.A., Dean of Salisbury. Crown 8vo, gilt top, 78. 6d. Dryden. Essays of John Dryden. Selected and Edited by W. P. KER, M.A. In Two Volumes, Crown 8vo, 108.6d. kd London: HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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14 I. Literature and Philology. Dryden. Select Poems. (Stanzas on the Death of Oliver Cromwell; Astraea Redux; Annus Mirabilis; Absalom and Achitophel; Religio Laici; The Hind and the Panther.) Edited by W. D. CHBIBTII, M.A. Fifth Edition. Revised by O. H. FIBTH, M.A. Katra foap. 8vo, 38. 6d. - An Essay of Dramatic Poesy. Edited, with Notes, by THOMAB ARNOLD, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. Looke. Conduct of the Understanding. Edited, with Intro daction, Notes, &o., by T. FOWLER, D.D. Third Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 6d. Addison. Selections from Papers in The Spectator. With Notes. By T. ARNOLD, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48.60. Steele. Selections from The Tatler, Spectator and Guardian. Edited by AUSTIN DOBSON. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 78. 6d. Swift. Selections from his Works. Edited, with Life, In troductions, and Notes, by Sir HENRY CBAIK, K.C.B., M.A. Two Vols. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 158. Each volume may be had separately, prioe 78. 6d. Pope. Select Works. With Introduction and Notes. By MARK PATTISON, B.D. Essay on Man. Sixth Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18. 6d. Satires and Epistles. Fourth Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28, Parnell. The Hermit. Paper covers, 2d. Thomson. The Seasons, and The Castle of Indolence. Edited by J. LOGIE ROBERTSON, M.A. Extra foap. 8vo, 48. 60. --- The Castle of Indolence. By the same Editor. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18. 6d. Gray. Selected Poems. Edited by EDMUND GOSSE, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. In Parchment, 38. - The same, together with Supplementary Notes for Schools, by FOSTER WATSON, M.A. Stiff covers, 18. 6d. - Elegy, and Ode on Eton College. Paper covers, ad. Chesterfield. Lord Chesterfield's Worldly Wisdom. Selec tions from his Letters and Characters. Edited by G. BIRKBECK HILL, D.C.L. Crown 8vo, 68. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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A Series of English Classics. 15 Goldsmith. Selected Poems. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by AUSTIN DOBBox, Extra fcap. 8vo, 38.60. The Traveller. Edited by G. BIRKBECK HILL, D.C.L. Stiff covers, 18. The Deserted Village. Paper covers, 2d. JOHNSON Letters of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. Collected and Edited by G.BIBKBEOK HILL, D.C.L. a vols. Medium 8vo, half-roan, 288. Wit and Wisdom of Samuel Johnson. Edited by G. BIRKBEOK HILL, D.C.L. Crown 8vo, 70. 6d. Rasselas. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, G. BIBKBBOK HILL, D.C.L. Extra fcap. 8vo, cloth flush, 28.; in Parchment, 48. 6d. Rasselas; and Lives of Dryden and Pope. Edited by ALFRED MILNES, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48. 6d. ** Lives of Dryden and Pope only, stiff covers, 38. 60. Life of Milton. Edited by C. H. FIRTH, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, cloth, 28. 6d.; stiff covers, 18. 60. Vanity of Human Wishes. With Notes, by E. J. PAYNE, M.A. Paper covers, 4d. Boswell's Life of Johnson. With the Journal of * Tour to the Hebrides. Edited by G. BIRKBECK HILL, D.C.L. 6 vols. Medium 8vo, half-bound, 31. 38. Cowper. Edited, with Life, Introductions, and Notes, by the late H.T. GBIFFITH, B.A. I. The Didactic Poems of 1782, with Selections from the Minor Pieces, A.D. 1779-1783. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. II. The Task, with Tirocinium, and Selections from the Minor Poems, A.D. 1784-1799. Third Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. Burke. Select Works. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by E. J. PAYNE, M.A. I. Thoughts on the Present Discontents; the two Speeches on America. Second Edition. Extra foap. 8vo, 48.60. II. Reflections on the French Revolution. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 58. III. Four Letters on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 58. London: Hmme FRowDe, Amen Corner, E.O. Digitized by Google

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16 I. Literature and Philology. Burns. Selected Poems. Edited, with Introduction, Notes, and a Glossary, by J. LOGIE ROBERTSON, M.A. Crown 8vo, 6e.. Keats. The Odes of Keats. Edited, with Notes, Analyses, and a Memoir, by ARTHUR C. Downer, M.A. With Four Illustrations. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. net. - Hyperion, Book I. With Notes by W. T. ARNOLD, B.A. Paper covers, 4d. Byron. Childe Harold. With Introduction and Notes, by H. F. TOZER, M.A. Third Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 60. ; in Parch. ment, 58. Scott. Lady of the Lake. Edited, with Preface and Notes, by W. Minto, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38.6d. Lay of the Last Minstrel. By the same Editor. With Map. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18.6d.; in Parchment, 38.6d. Lay of the Last Minstrel. Introduction and Canto I, with Preface and Notes, by the same Editor. 60. - Lord of the Isles. Edited by Thomas BAYNE. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.; cloth, 28. 6. - Marmion. By the same. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. - Ivanhoe, Edited by C. E. THEODOSIUS, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, stiff covers, 28. - The Talisman. Edited by H. B. George, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, stiff covers, 38. Shelley. Adonais. Edited by W. M. ROSSETTI. Crown 8vo, 58. Campbell. Gertrude of Wyoming. Edited by H. MACAULAY FITZGIBBON, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18. Wordsworth. The White Doe of Rylstone, &c. Edited by WILLIAM KNIGHT, LL.D. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6d. Couch. The Oxford Book of English Verse. 1250-1900. Chosen and Edited by A, T. QUILLER-COUch. Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt top, 78. 60.; Fcap. 8vo, on Oxford India Paper, cloth extra, gilt top, 1os. 6d. Palgrave. The Treasury of Sacred Song. With Notes Explanatory and Biographical. By F. T. PALGRAVE, M.A. Seventeenth Thousand. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48.61.; India Paper, 78. 60. - Ode for the Twenty-first of June, 1887. By the same Author. Crown 4to, vellum covers, 28. 6d. Courthope. The Longest Reign: an Ode on the Completion of the Sixtieth Year of the Reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. By W. J. COURTHOPE, C.B., M.A. Crown 4to, vellum covers, 28. 6d. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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French, Italian, &C. 17 SECTION III. EUROPEAN LANGUAGES, MEDIA EVAL AND MODERN. (1) FRENCH, ITALIAN, ETO. studies in European Literature. Being the Taylorian Lec tures, 1889-1899. Crown 8vo. 78. 6d. Brachet's Etymological Dictionary of the French Language. Translated by G. W. KITCHIN, D.D. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 78.68. - Historical Grammar of the French Language. Trans lated by G. W. KITCHIN, D.D. Seventh Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. Brittain. Historical Primer of French Phonetics and In flection. By MARGARET S. BRITTAIN, M.A. With Introductory Note by PAGET TOYNBEE, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6d. Brachet and Toynbee. Historical Grammar of the French Language. From the French of AUGUSTE BRAOHET. Re-written and Enlarged by PAGET TOYNBEE, M.A. Crown 8vo, 78. 6d. Saintsbury. Primer of French Literature. By GEORGE SAINTSBUBY, M.A. Fourth Edition, Revised. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. - Short History of French Literature. Fifth Edition, Revised (with the Section on the Nineteenth Century greatly enlarged). Crown 8vo, 108. 6d. - Specimens of French Literature, from Villon to Hugo. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 98. Wall. A Concise French Grammar, including Phonology, Accidence and Syntax, with Historical Notes for use in Upper and Middle Forms. By ABTHUB H. WALL, M.A. Crown 8vo, 48. 6d. - Cest Daucasin et de Nicolete. Reproduced in Photo facsimile and Type-transliteration from the unique MS. in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris, and edited by F. W. BOORDILLON, M.A. Small quarto, half-vellum, 248. net. Song of Dermot and the Earl. An Old French Poem. Edited, with Translation, Notes, &c., by G. H. ORPEN. Extra fcap. 8vo, 88. 60. Toynbee. Specimens of Old French (IX-XV Centuries). With Introduction, Notes, and Glossary. By Paget TOYNBEE, M.A. Crown 8vo, 168. London : HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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18 1. Literature and Philology. Moliere. Les Euvres completes de Moliere. Crown 8vo, 58. *** Also, an India Paper edition, cloth extra, 98. 6d.; and Miniature edition, 4 vols., 32mo, in case, 148. Beaumarchais' Le Barbier de Seville. Edited, with Intro duction and Notes, by AUSTIN DOBBON. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 60. Corneille's Horace. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by GEORGE SAINTSBURY, M.A. Extra foap. 8vo, 3s. 60. Moliere's Les Precieuses Ridicules. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by ANDREW LANG, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, Is. 6d. Musset's On ne badine pas avec l'Amour, and Fantasio. Edited, with Prolegomena, Notes, &c., by W. H. POLLOCK. Extra fcap. 8vo, as. Raoine's Esther. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by GEORGE SAINTSBURY, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. Voltaire's Merope. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by GEORGE SAINTSBURY, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. ** The above six Playe may be had in ornamental case, and bound in Imitation Parchment, price 138.6d. Moliere. Le Misanthrope. Edited by H. W.G. MARKHEIM, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38.60. MASSON'S FRENCH CLASSICS. Edited by Gustave Masson, B.A. Corneille's Cinna. With Notes, Glossary, &c. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.; stiff covers, 18.6d. Corneille's Cinna. Moliere's Les Femmes Savantes. With Fontenelle's Life of Corneille, and Notes. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6d. Louis XIV and his Contemporaries; as described in Extracts from the best Memoirs of the Seventeenth Century. With English Notes, Genealogical Tables, &c. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 6d.. Maistre, Xavier de, &c. Voyage autour de ma Chambre, by XAVIER DE MAINTRE ; Ourika, by MADAME DE DURAS ; Le Vieux Tailleur, by MM. ERCKMANN-CHATBIAN; La Veillee de Vincennes, by ALFRED DE VIGNY; Les Jumeaux de l'Hotel Corneille, by EDMOND ABOUT; Mesaventures d'un Ecolier, by RODOLPHE TOPFFER. Third Edition, Revised. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 6d. - Voyage autour de ma Chambre. Limp, 18. 6d. Oxford: Clarendon Prese. Digitized by Google

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French, Italian, & C. 19 Moliere's Les Foarberies de Scapin. With Voltaire's Life of Moliere. Extra fcap. 8vo, stiff covers, 18. 6d. - Les Femmes Savantes. With Notes, Glossary, &c. Extra fcap. 8vo, cloth, 38.; stiff covers, 18. 6d. Regnard's Le Joueur, and Brueys and Palaprat's Le Gron. deur. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6. Sevigne, Madame de, and her chief Contemporaries. Selections from their Correspondence. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. Blouet. L'Eloquence de la Chaire Francaise. Edited by Paul Bloukr, B.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 6d. Gautier, Theophile. Scenes of Travel. Selected and Edited by GEORGE SAINTSBOBY, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. Perrault's Popular Tales. Edited from the Original Editions, with Introduction, &o., by A. LANG, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 58. 60. Quinet's Lettres a sa Mere. Selected and Edited by GEORGE SAINTSBURY, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. Sainte-Beuve. Selections from the Causeries du Lundi. Edited by GEORGE SAINTSBUBY, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. A Primor of Italian Literature. By F. J. SNELL, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. Dante. A Dictionary of Proper Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante. By PAGET TOYNBEE, M.A. Small 4to, buckram, 258. net. Tatte Le Opere di Dante Alighieri, nuovamente rivedute nel testo dal Dr. E. MOORE: Con Indice dei Nomi Propri e delle Cose Notabili, compilato da PAGET TOYNBEE, M.A. Crown 8vo, 78. 6d. *** Also, an India Paper edition, cloth extra, 98. 6d.; and Miniature edition, 3 vols., in case, 1os. 6d. - Studies in Dante. By E. MOORE, D.D. 8vo, cloth, 108. 6d. not each. Series I. Scripture and Classical Authors in Dante. II. Miscellaneous Essays, - La Divina Commedia di Dante Alighieri, nuovamente riveduta nel testo dal Dr. E. MOORE: Con Indice dei Nomi Propri, compilato da PAGET TOYNBEE, M.A. Crown 8vo, 68. London: HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C 02 Digitized by Google

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20 1. Literature and Philology. Dante (continued). Selections from the Inferno. With Intro duction and Notes. By H. B. COTTEBILL, B.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48.6d. Tagso. La Gerusalemme Liberata. Cantos i, ii. With In troduction and Notes. By the same Editor. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 6d. Cervantes. The Adventure of the Wooden Horse, and Sancho Panza's Governorship. Edited, with Introduction, Life and Notes, by CLOVIS BEVENOT, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6d. (2) GERMAN AND GOTHIC. Max Muller. The German Classics, from the Fourth to the Nineteenth century. With Biographical Notices, Translations into Modern German, and Notes. By the Right Hon. F. MAX MULLER, M.A. A New Edition, Revised, Enlarged, and Adapted to WILHELM SCHERER'S * History of German Literature,' by F. LICHTENSTEIN. 2 vols. Crown 8vo, 218. *** Or, separately, 108. 6d. each volume. Scherer. A History of German Literature by WILHELM SOHERER. Translated from the Third German Edition by Mrs. F. C. CONYBEARE. Edited by the Right Hon. F. Max MULLER. vols. Svo, 218. *** Or, separately, 108. 6d. each volume. - A History of German Literature, from the Accession of Frederick the Great to the Death of Goethe. By the same. Crown 8v0,58. 'Wright. An Old High German Primer. With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary. By JOSEPH WRIGHT, M.A., Ph.D. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. - A Middle High German Primer. With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary. By the same Author. Second Edition, Extra fcap. 8vo, 38.60. - A Primer of the Gothic Language. Containing the Gospel of St. Mark, Selections from the other Gospels, and the Second Epistle to Tiinothy. With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary. By the same Author. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48. 6d. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Digitized by Google

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German and Gothic. 20 LANGE'S GERMAN COURSE. By HERMANN LANGE,Lecturer on Prench and German at the Manchester Technical School, and Lecturer on German at the Manchester Athenaeum. I. Germans at Home; a Practical Introduction to German Conversation, with an Appendix containing the Essentials of German Grammar. Third Edition. 8vo, 28.6d. II. Grammar of the German Language. 8vo, 38. 6d. III. German Manual; a German Grammar, Reading Book. and a Handbook of German Conversation. Second Edition. 8vo, 78.6d. IV. German Composition; A Theoretical and Practical Guide to the Art of Translating English Prose into German. Third Edition. 8vo, 48.6d. ** A Key to the above, price 58. net. German Spelling; A Synopsis of the Changes which it has undergone through the Government Regulations of 1880. 60. BUCHHEIM'S GERMAN CLASSICS. (Extra fcap. 8vo.) Edited, with Biographical, Historical and Critical Introductions, Arguments (to the Dramas), and Complete Commentaries, by C. A. BUCHHEIM, Phil. Doo., Professor in King's College, London. Becker (the Historian). Friedrich der Grosse. Edited, with Notes, an Historical Introduction, and a Map. Third Edition. 38. 6d. Goethe: Dichtung und Wahrheit. The first four books. 48. 6d. Egmont. A Tragedy. Fourth Edition. 38. Hermann und Dorothea. Immediately. Iphigenie auf Tauris. A Drama. Fourth Edition, Revised. 38. Halm : Griseldis. A Drama. 38. Heine: Harzreise. With Map. Third Edition. 28. 6d. Prosa: being Selections from his Prose Writings. Second Edition. 48. 6d. London: HERY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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22 1. Literature and Philology. BUCHHEIM'S GERMAN CLASSICS (continued). Lessing : Minna von Barnhelm. A Comedy. Eighth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 38.6d. Nathan der Weise. Second Edition. 48.6d. Schiller: Historische Skizzen. With Map. Seventh Edition, Revised. 28. 6d. Jungfrau von Orleans. A Drama. Second Edition. 48.6d. Maria Stuart. A Drama. 38. 60. Wilhelm Tell. A Drama. Large Edition. With Map. Seventh Edition. 38. 6d. Wilhelm Tell. School Edition. With Map. Fourth Edition. 28. Modern German Reader. A Graduated Collection of Ex tracts from Modern German Authors. Edited by C. A. BUCHHEIM, Phil. Doc. Part I. Prose Extracts. With English Notes, a Grammatical Appendix, and a complete Vocabulary. Seventh Edition. 28.60. Part II. Extracts in Prose and Poetry. With English Notes and an Index. Second Edition. 28. 6d. German Poetry for Beginners. Edited, with English Notes and a complete Vocabulary, by EMMA S. BUCHHEIM. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. Elementary German Prose Composition. With Notes, Vocabulary, &c. By the same Editor. Third Edition. Cloth, 38.; stiff covers, 18. 6d. Short German Plays, for Reading and Acting. With Notes and Vocabulary. By the same Editor. Extra fcap. 8vo, cloth, 38. Chamisso. Peter Scblemihl's Wundersame Geschichte. Edited, with Notes and a complete Vocabulary, by the same Editor. Fourth Thousand. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. German Passages for Unprepared Translation. For the use of Candidates for Army, Civil Service, and other Examinations. Selected and arranged by EDUARD EHRKE. Extra foap. 8vo, stiff covers, 38. Hoffmann (Franz). Heute mir Morgen dir. Edited, with Notes, by J. H. MAUDE, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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Scandinavian. 23 Lessing. The Laokoon; with English Notes by A. HAMANN, Phil. Doc., M.A. Second Edition. Revised, with an Introduction, by L.E. UPCOTT, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48. 60. Niebuhr: Griechische Heroen-Geschichten (Tales of Greek Heroes). With English Notes and Vocabulary, by Emma S. BUCHHEIM. Second Revised Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, cloth, 38.; stiff covers, 18. 6d. Edition A. Text in German Type. Edition B. Text in Roman Type. Riehl's Seines Vaters Sohn and Gespensterkampf. Edited, with Notes, by H. T. GEBRAND, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. Schiller's Wilhelm Tell. Translated into English Verse by E. MA882, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18. (8) SCANDINAVIAN. Cleasby and Vigfusson. An Icelandic-English Dictionary, based on the MS. Collections of RICHARD CLEASBY, Enlarged and com pleted by G. Vigrusson, M.A. 4to, 36. 7.. Sargent. Grammar of the Dano-Norwegian Language. By J. Y. SARGENT, M.A. Crown 8vo, 78. 60. Sweet. Icelandic Primer, with Grammar, Notes, and Glossary. By HENRY SWEET, U.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 60. Vigfusson. Sturlunga Saga, including the Islendinga Saga of Lawman STURLA THORDSSON and other works. Edited by GUDBRAND VIGFUBBON, M.A. In a vols. 8vo, ul. 28. Vigfusson and Powell. Icelandic Prose Reader, with Notes, Grammar, and Glossary. By G. VIGFUSSON, M.A., and F. YORK POWELL, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 108.6d. - Corpus Poeticum Boreale. The Poetry of the Old Northern Tongue, from the Earliest Times to the Thirteonth Century. Edited, classified and translated by GUDBRAND VIGFUSSON, M.A., and F. YORK POWELL, M.A. 3 vols. 8vo, al. 28. London: Hunt Powda, Amon Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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24 1. Literature and Philology. SECTION IV. CLASSICAL LANGUAGES. (1) LATIN. STANDARD WORKS AND EDITIONS. Ellis (Robinson). The Fables of Phaedrus. 18. net. - Vellei Paterculi ad M. Vinicium Libri Duo. Ex Amerbachii praecipue Apographo edidit et emendavit R. ELLIS, Litterarum Latinarum Professor publicus apud Oxonienses. Crown 8vo, paper boards, 68. King and Cookson. The Principles of Sound and Inflexion, as illustrated in the Greek and Latin Languages. By J.E. KING, M.A., and CHRISTOPHER COOKBON, M.A. 8vo, 188. Lewis and short. A Latin Dictionary, founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin Dictionary, revised, enlarged, and in great part re-written by CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D., and CHARLES SHORT, LL.D. 4to, il. 58. Lindsay. The Latin Lan uage: An Historical Accountof Latin Sounds, Stems, and Flexions. By W. M. LINDBAY, M.A. Demy 8vo, 218. Merry. Selected Fragments of Roman Poetry. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by W. W. MERRY, D.D. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 68. 6d. Nettleship. Contributions to Latin Lexicography. By HENRY NETTLESHIP, M.A. 8vo, 218. - Lectures and Essays. Second Series. Edited by F. HAVERFIELD, M.A. With Portrait and Memoir. Crown 8vo, 78.6d. ** First Series. Out of Print. The Roman Satura. 8vo, sewed, 18. Ancient Lives of Vergil. 8vo, sewed, 28. Papillon. Manual of Comparative Philology. By T. L. PAPILLON, M.A. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 68. Pinder. Selections from the less known Latin Poets. By NORTH PINDEB, M.A. 8vo, 158. Rushforth. Latin Historical Inscriptions, illustrating the His tory of the Early Empire. By G. M.N. RUSHFORTH, M.A. 8vo, 108. net. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Digitized by Google

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Latin: Standard Works. 25 Sellar. Roman Poets of the Republi Y. SELLAB, M.A. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 108. - Roman Poets of the Augustan Age: -- VIRGIL. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 98. - HORACE and the ELEGIAC POETs. Second Edition. with a Memoir of the Author by ANDREW LANG, M.A. Crown 8vo, 78. 6d. ** A limited number of copies of the First Edition, containing a Portrait of the Author, can still be obtained in Demy 8vo, 148. Wordsworth. Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin, With Introductions and Notes. By J. WORDSWORTH, D.D. 8vo, 18s. Avianus. The Fables. Edited, with Prolegomena, Critical Apparatus, Commentary, &c., by R. ELLIS, M.A., LL.D. 8vo, 88. 6d. Caesar. De Bello Gallico. Books I-VII. According to the Text of EMANUEL HOFFMANN (Vienna, 1890). Edited, with Intro duction and Notes, by ST. GEORGE STOCK. Post Svo, 108. 6d. Catulli Veronensis Liber. Iterum recognovit, apparatum criticum prolegomena appendices addidit, R. ELLIS, A.M. 8vo, 168. Catullus, a Commentary on. By ROBINSON ELLIS, M.A. Second Edition. 8vo, 188. Cicero. De Oratore Libri Tres. With Introduction and Notes. By A.S. WILKINS, Litt.D. 8vo, 188. Also separately, Book I, Third Edition. 78.60. Book II, Second Edition. 58. Book III, 68. - Pro Milone. Edited, with Introduction and Commen tary, by A. C. CLARK, M.A. 8vo, 88. 6d. - Select Letters With English Introductions. Notes, and Appendices. By ALBERT WATSON, M.A. Fourth Edition. 8vo, 188. Horace. With a Commentary. Vol. I. The Odes, Carmen Seculare, and Epodes. By E.C. WICKHAM, D.D. Third Edition. 8v0,138. - Vol. II. The Satires, Epistles, and De Arte Poetica. By the same Editor. 8vo, 128. Juvenalis Ad Satiram Sextam in codice bodl. canon. xli additi versus xxxvi exscripsit E. O. WINSTEDT. Accedit simulacrum photographicum. In Wrapper, Price 18. net. London: Hami FROWDE, Amen Corner, EC Digitized by Google

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26 1. Literature and Philology. Livy, Book I. With Introduction, Historical Examination, and Notes. By Sir J. R. SEELEY, M.A. Third Edition. 8vo, 6. Manilius. Noctes Manilianae; sive Dissertationes in Astro nomica Manilii. Accedvnt Coniectvrae in Germanici Aratea. Scripsit R. ELLIS. Crown 8vo, 68. Nonius Marcellus : De Conpendiosa Doctrina I-III. Edited, with Introduction and Critical Apparatus, by the late J.H. ONIONS, M.A. 8vo, 103. 60. Ovid. P. Ovidii Nasonis Ibis. Ex Novis Codicibus edidit, Scholia Vetera Commentarium com Prolegomenis Appendice Indice addidit, R. ELLIS, A.M. 8vo, 108.6d. - P. Ovidi Nasonis Tristium Libri V. Recensuit S. G. OWEN, A.M. 8vo, 168. - P. Ovidi Nasonis Heroides. With the Greek Translation of Planudes. Edited by the late ABTHUB PALMER, Litt.D. 8vo, cloth, with a Facsimile, 218. Persius. The Satires. With a Translation and Commen tary. By John CONINGTON, M.A. Edited by HENBY NETTLESHIP, M.A. Third Edition. 8vo, 88. 6d. Plautus. Rudens. Edited, with Critical and Explanatory Notes, by E. A. SONNENSCHEIN, M.A. 8vo, 88.6d. - The Codex Turnebi of Plautus. By W. M. LINDSAY, M.A. 8vo, 218. net. Quintilian. Institutionis Oratoriae Liber X. Edited by W. PETERSON, M.A. 8vo, 128.6d. Scriptores Latini rei Metricae. Ed. T. GAISFORD, S.T.P. 8vo, 58. Tacitus. The Annals. Books I-VI. Edited, with Intro duction and Notes, by H. FUBNBAUX, M.A. Second Edition. 8vo, 188. - - Books XI-XVI. By the same Editor. 8vo, 208. - De Germania. With Introduction, Notes, and Map. By the same Editor. 8vo, 66. 6d. - Vita Agricolae. With Introduction, Notes, and Mar. By the same Editor. 8vo, 68. 6d. - Dialogus De Oratoribus. A Revised Text, with Introductory Essays and Critical and Explanatory Notes. By W. PETERSON, M.A., LL.D. 8vo, 108.6d. Oxford: Clarendon Prons. Digitized by Google

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Latin: Educational Works. 27 LATIN EDUCATIONAL WORKS. OXFORD CLASSICAL TExts, Crown 8vo. Caesaris Commentarii. By R. L. A. Du PONTET. De Bello Gallico. Paper covers, 28.; limp cloth, 28. 6d. - De Bello Civili. Paper covers, 28. 60.; loth, 38. : on India Paper (with De Bello Gallico), 78. Ciceronis Orationes. By A. C. CLARK. Paper covers, 28. 6d. ; limp cloth, 33. - Epistulae ad Familiares. By L. C. Purser. Paper covers, 54. ; limp cloth, 68. Horati Opera. By E. C. WICKHAM. Paper covers, 28. 6d.; limp cloth, 38. 60.; on India Paper, 4s. 6d. Lucreti Cari de Rerum Natura. By C. BAILEY. Paper covers, 28. 6d.; limp cloth, 38.; on India Paper, 48. Cornelii Taciti Opera Minora. By H. HURNEAUX. Paper covers, 18. 60.; limp cloth, 38. Vergili Opera. By F. A. HIRTZEL. Paper covers, 38.; limp cloth, 38. 6.; on India Paper, 48. 6d. ** India Paper copies are bound in cloth, gilt edges,' and may also be purchased in smooth persian calf.' GRAMMARS, EXERCISE BOOKS, ETO. * Supplied to Teachers only, on application to the Secretary, Clarendon Press. Allen. Rudimenta Latina. Comprising Accidence, and Exercises of a very Elementary Character, for the use of Beginners. By JOAN BARROW ALLEN, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. - An Elementary Latin Grammar. New and Enlarged Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6d. A First Latin Exercise Book. Eighth Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 6d. A Second Latin Exercise Book. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38.6d. Key to First and Second Latin Exercise Books, in I vol. 58. net. Lives from Cornelius Nepos. Miltiades, Themistocles, Pausanias. With Notes, Maps, Vocabularies, and English Exercises. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18. 6d. Tales. Adapted from the Text of Livy. With Notes, Maps, Vocabularies, and English Exercises. Extra fcap. 8vo, stiff covers, 18. 6d. each. (1) Of Early Rome. (2) Of the Roman Republic, Part I. (3) Of the Roman Republic, Part IL. Anthologia Oxoniensis, Nova. Translations into Greek and Latin Verse. Edited by ROBINSON ELLIS, M.A., and A. D. GODLEY, M.A. Crown 8vo, buckram extra, 68. net.; India Paper, 78. 6d. net. London : HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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28 1. Literature and Philology. An Introduction to Latin Syntax. By W. S. Gibson, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. First Latin Reader. By T. J. Nunns, M.A. Third Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. A Latin Prose Primer. By J. Y. Sargent, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 60. Passages for Translation into Latin. Selected by J. Y. SARGENT, M.A. Eighth Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 6d. -- Key to the above, 58. net. Latin Prose Composition. By G. G. Ramsay, M.A., LL.D. Extra fcap. 8vo. Fourth Edition. Vol. I. Syntax, Exercises with Notes, &c. 48. 6. Or in two Parts, 28. 6d. each, viz. Part I, The Simple Sentence. Part II, The Compound Sentence. - Key to the above, 58. net. Vol. II. Passages of Graduated Difficulty for Translation into Latin, together with an Introduction on Continuous Prose. 48.6d. Latin Prose Versions. Contributed by various Scholars. Edited by GEORGE G. RAMSAY, M.A., LL.D., Litt.D. Extra fcap. 8vo, 58. Demonstrations in Latin Elegiac Verse. By W. H.D. ROUSE, M.A. Crown 8vo, 48. 6d. Hints and Helps for Latin Elegiacs. By H. LEE-WARNER, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. -- Key to the above, 48. 6d. net. Musa Clauda. Translations into Latin Elegiac Verse. By S. G. OWEN, M.A., and J. S. PHILLIMORE, M.A. Crown 8vo, paper boards, 38. 6d. Reddenda Minora ; or, Easy Passages, Latin and Greek, for Unseen Translation. For the use of Lower Formg. Composed and selected by C. S. JERRAM, M.A. Sixth Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18.6d. Anglice Reddenda; or, Extracts, Latin and Greek, for Unseen Translation. By C. S. JERRAM, M.A. Fourth Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6d. - Second Series. By the same Editor. New Edition. 38. Third Series. By the same Editor. 38. Models and Exercises in Unseen Translation. By H. F. Fox, M.A., and T.M. BROMLEY,M.A. Revised Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 58.6d. - A Key to passages quoted in the above, price 6d. net. An Elementary Latin Dictionary. By CHARLTON T. LEWIS, Ph.D. Square 8vo, 78.6d. A School Latin Dictionary. By the same. 4to, 188. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Digitized by Google

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Latin: Educational Works, 29 An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. By J. E. KING, M.A., and C. Cookson, M.A. Cr. 8vo, 58. 6d. A Short Historical Latin Grammar. By W. M. LINDSAY, M.A. Crown 8vo, 58. 6d. LATIN CLASSICS FOR Schools. Caesar. The Commentaries (for Schools). With Notes and Maps. By CHARLES E. MOBERLY, M.A. The Gallic War. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. - Books I and II, 28.; III-V, 28. 6d.; VI-VIII, 38. 6d. -- Books I-III, stiff cover 8, 28. The Civil War. New Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. Catulli Veronensis Carmina Selecta, secundum recognitionem ROBINSON ELLIS, A.M. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. Cicero. Selection of Interesting and Descriptive Passages. With Notes. By HENRY WALFORD, M.A. In three Parts. Third Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48.6d. Each Part separately, 18.6. Part I. Anecdotes from Grecian and Roman History, Part II. Omens and Dreams: Beauties of Nature. Part III. Rome's Rule of her Provinces. De Amicitia. With Introduction and Notes. B ST. GEORGE STOCK, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. - De Senectute. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by L. HUXLEY, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. - pro Cluentio. With Introduction and Notes. By W. RAMSAY, M.A. Edited by G. G. RAMSAY, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. - pro Marcello, pro Ligario, pro Rege Deiotaro. With Introduction and Notes. By W.Y. FAUSSET, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6d. - pro Milone. With Notes, &c. By A. B. POYNTON, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 6d. - pro Roscio. With Notes. By ST. GEORGE STOCK, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38.6d. -Select Orations (for Schools). In Verrem Actio Prima. De Imperio Gn. Pompeii. Pro Archia. Philippica IX. With Introduction and Notes by J.R. KING, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 6. - In Q. Caecilium Divinatio, and In C. Verrem Actio Prima. With Introduction and Notes, by J. R. KING, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, limp, 18.6d. London: Hami PRowDx, Amen Corner, E.O. Digitized by Google

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30 I. Literature and Philology. Cicero (continued). Philippic Orations I, II, III, V, VII. With Introduction and Notes. By J. R. KING, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. - Speeches against Catilina. With Introduction and Notes, by E. A. UPCOTT, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6d. - Selected Letters (for Schools). With Notes. By C. E. PRICHARD, M.A., and E. R. BERNARD, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. - Select Letters. Text. By ALBERT Watson, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48. Horace. With a Commentary. (In a size suitable for the use of Schools.) Vol. I. The Oden, Carmen Seculare, and Epodes. By E. C. WICKHAM, D.D. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 68. - Odes, Book I. By the same Editor. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. Selected Odes. With Notes for the use of a Fifth Form. By the same Editor. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. The Complete Works of Horace. Miniature Oxford Edition. By the same Editor. On Writing Paper, for MS. Notes, 38. 6d.; on Oxford India Paper, roan, 58. Juvenal. Thirteen Satires. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by C. H. PEARSON, M.A., and HERBERT A. STRONG, M.A., LL.D. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 98. Livy. Books V-VII. With Introduction and Notes. By A. R. CLUER, B.A. Second Edition. Revised by P. E. MATHESON, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 58. - Book V. By the same Editors. Extra foap. 8vo, 28.6d. - Book VII. By the same Editors. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. Books XXI-XXIII. With Introduction and Notes. By M.T. TATHAM, M.A. Second Edition, Enlarged. Extra fcap. 8vo, 56. - Book XXI. By the same Editor. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6d. - Book XXII. With Introduction, Notes, and Maps. By the same Editor. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6. - Selections (for Schools). With Notes and Maps. By H. LEE-WARNER, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. In Parts, limp, each 15.6d. Part I. The Caudine Disaster. New Edition. Part II. Hannibal's Campaign in Italy. New Edition. Part III. The Macedonian War. New Edition. - Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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Latin: Educational Works. . 31 Nepos. With Notes. By Oscar BROWNING, M.A. Third Edition. Revised by W. R. INGE, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 36. - Selected Lives : Miltiades, Themistocles, Pausanias. With Notes, Maps, Vocabularies, and English Exercises by J. B. ALLEN, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18. 6d. Ovid. Selections for the use of Schools. With Introduc tions and Notes, and an Appendix on the Roman Calendar. By W. RAMSAY, M.A. Edited by G. G. RAMSAY, M.A. Third Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 58.6d. -Tristia. Book I. The Text revised, with an Introduction and Notes. By S. G. OWEN, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap.8vo, 38.60. Ovid. Tristia. Book III. With Introduction and Notes. By S. G. OWEN, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, as. Plautus. Captivi. Edited by WALLACE M. LINDSAY, M.A. Fourth Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 6d. - Trinummus. With Notes and Introductions. (Intended for the Higher Forms of Public Schools.) By C. E. FREEMAN, M.A., and A. SLOMAN, M.A. Fourth Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. Pliny. Selected Letters (for Schools). With Notes. By C. E. PRICHARD, M.A., and E. R. BebnaBD, M.A. Third Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. Quintilian. Institutionis Oratoriae Liber X. By W. PETER BON, M.A. Extra foap. 8vo, 3. 6d. Sallust. With Introduction and Notes. By W. W. CAPES, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48. 6d. Tacitus. The Annals. Text only. Crown 8vo, 68. - The Annals. Books I-IV. Edited, with Introduction and Notes (for the use of Schools and Junior Students), by H. FUBNEAUX, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 58. The Annals. Book I. With Introduction and Notes, by the same Editor. Extra fcap. 8vo, limp, 28. Terence. Adelpbi. With Notes and Introductions A. SLOMAN, M.A. Second Edition Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. -Andria. With Notes and Introductions. By C. E. FBEEMAN, M.A., and A. SLOMAN, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. - Phormio. With Notes and Introductions. By A. SLOMAN, M.A. Third Edition Extra fcap. 8vo, 31. vu London: Hami Frowds, Amen Corner, E.O. Digitized by Google

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32 1. Literature and Philology. Tibullus and Propertius. Selections. Edited by G. G. RAMBAY, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 68. Virgil. With an Introduction and Notes. By T. L. PAPILLON, M.A., and A. E. HAIGH, M.A. 2 vols. Crown 8vo, cloth, 68. each ; or, stiff covers, 38. 6d. each. - Aeneid. In Four Parts. Books I-III; IV-VI ; VII-IX; X-XII. By the same Editors. Crown 8vo, stiff covers, 28. each Part. - Bucolics and Georgics. By the same Editors. Crown 8vo, stiff covers, 28. 6d. Virgil. The Complete Works of Virgil. Miniature Oxford Edition. Edited by T. L. PAPILLON, M.A., and A. E. HAIGH, M.A. Including the Minor Works, with numerous Emendations by Professor ROBINSON ELLIS. 3amo. On Writing Paper for MS. Notes, 38. 6.; on Oxford India Paper, roan, 58. - Bucolics. Edited by C. S. JERRAM, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38.60. - Georgics, Books I, II. By the same Editor. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6d. - Georgics, Books III, IV. By the same Editor. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 6d. - Aeneid I. With Introduction and Notes. By the same Editor. Extra fcap. 8vo, limp, 18. 60. - Aeneid IX. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by A. E. HAIGH, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, limp, 18.6d. In two Parts, 28. (2) GREEK. STANDARD WORKS AND EDITIONS. Allen. Notes on Abbreviations in Greek Manuscripts. By T. W. ALLEN, M.A. Royal 8vo, 58. Chandler. A Practical Introduction to Greek Accentuation. By H. W. CHANDLER, M.A. Second Edition. Ios. 6d. Farnell. The Cults of the Greek States. By L. R. FARNELL, M.A. 8vo. Vols. I and II, with 61 Plates and over 100 Illustrations, cloth, il. 128. net. Vol. III (completing the work), in preparation. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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Greek: Standard Works. 33 Grenfell. An Alexandrian Erotic Fragment and other Greek Papyri, chiefly Ptolemaic. Edited by B. P.GRENFELL, M.A. Small 4to, 88. 6d. net. Grenfell and Hunt. New Classical Fragments and other Greek and Latin Papyri. Edited by B. P. GBENFELL, M.A., and A. S. Hunt, M.A. With Plates, 138, 6d. net. Grenfell and Mahaffy. Revenue Laws of Ptolemy Phila delphus. 3 vols. Text and Plates. l. 118. 6d. not. Haigh. The Attic Theatre. A Description of the Stage and Theatre of the Athenians, and of the Dramatic Performances at Athens. By A. E. HAIGH, M.A. Second Edition, Rerised, Enlarged, and in part Ro-written, with Facsimiles and Illustrations. 8vo, 138.6d. - The Tragic Drama of the Greeks. With Illustra tions. By A.E. HAIGE, M.A. 8vo, 128. 60. Head. Historia Numorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics. By BARCLAY V. HEAD, D.C.L. Royal 8vo, half-bound, al. 28. Hicks. A Manual of Greek Historical Inscriptions. By E.L. HICKS, M.A. 8vo, 103. 6d. Hill. Sources for Greek History between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars. Collected and arranged by G. F. HULL, M.A. 8vo, Tos. 6d. Kenyon. The Palaeography of Greek Papyri. By F. G. KENYON, M.A. With Twenty Facsimiles and a Table of Alphabets. 8vo, 10%. 6d. King and Cookson. The Principles of Sound and Inflexion, as illustrated in the Greek and Latin Languages. By J. E. KING, M.A., aud CHRISTOPHER COOKBON, M.A. 8vo, 18s. Liddell and Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon, by H. G. LIDDELL, D.D., and ROBERT Scott, D.D. Eighth Edition, Revised. 4to, il. 168. Monro. Modes of Ancient Greek Music. By D. B. MONRO, M.A. 8vo, 88. 6d. net. Papillon Manual of Comparative Philology. By T. L. PAPILLON, M.A. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 68. Paton and Hicks. The Inscriptions of Cos. Bv . R. Paton and E. L. HICKS. Royal 8vo, linen, with Map, 288. Smyth. The Sounds and Inflections of the Greek Dialects (Ionic). By HERBERT W BIR SMITH, Ph.D. 8vo, 248. Thompson. A Glossary of Greek Birds. By D'ARCY W. THOMPSON, C.B., M.A. 8vo, buckram, 106, net. London : ARY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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34 I. Literature and Philology. Veitch. Greek Verbs, Irregular and Defective. By W. VEITCH, LL.D. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, 108, 6d. Aeschinom et Isocratem, Scholia Graeca in. Edidit G. DINDORFIUS. 8vo, 48. Aeschyli quae supersunt in Codice Laurentiano quoad effici potuit et ad cognitionem necesse est visum typis descripta edidit R. MERKEL. Small folio, il. 18. Aeschylus: Tragoediae et Fragmenta, ex recensione Guil. DINDORFII. Second Edition. 8vo, 58.6d. Annotationes GUIL, DINDORFII. Partes II. 8vo, 10S. Anecdota Graeca e Codd. mss. Bibliothecae Regiae Parisiensis. Edidit J. A. CRAMER, S.T.P. Tomi IV. 8vo, 1l. 28. Apsinis et Longini Rhetorica. E Codicibus MSS. recensuit JOR. BAKIUS. 8vo, 38. Aristophanes. A Complete Concordance to the Comedies and Fragments. By HENRY DUNBAR, M.D. 4to, il.18. - J. Caravellae Index in Aristophanem. 8vo, 38. - Comoediae et Fragmenta, ex recensione Guil. DINDORFII. Tomi II. 8vo, 118. - Annotationes Guil. DINDORFII. Partes II. 8vo, 118. - Scholia Graeca ex Codicibus aucta et emendata a Guil. DINDORFIO. Partes III. 8vo,il. ARISTOTLE. - Ex recensione IMMANUELIS BEKKERI. Accedunt Indices Sylburgiani. Tomi XI. 8vo, al. 108. The volumes (except vols. I and IX) may be had separately, price 58.6d. each. - Ethica Nicomachea, recognovit brevique Adnotatione critica instruxit I. BYWATER. Post 8vo, cloth, 68. - The same, on 4to paper, for Marginal Notes, 108.6d. *** Also in Crown 8vo, paper cover, 38. 6d. - Contributions to the Textual Criticism of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. By INGRAM BYWATER. Stiff cover, 28. 6d. Notes on the Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle. By J. A. STEWART, M.A. 3 vols. Post 8vo, 328. - The English Manuscripts of the Nicomachean Ethics, described in relation to Bekker's Manuscripts and other sources. By J. A. STEWART, M.A. (Anecdota Oxon.) Small 4to, 38.60. - De Arte Poetica Liber. Recognovit Brevique Adnotatione Critica Instruxit I. BYWATER, Litterarum Graecarum Professor Regius. Post 8vo, stiff covers, 18. 6d. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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1. Literature and Philology. HOMER. A Complete Concordance to the Odyssey and Hymns of Homer; to which is added a Concordance to the Parallel Passages in the Iliad, Odyssey, and Hymns. By HENRY DUNBAB, M.D. 4to, il. 18. - Seberi Index in Homerum. 8vo, 68. 6d. A Grammar of the Homeric Dialect. By D. B. MONRO, M.A. Scoond Edition. 8vo, 148. Homeri Opera et Reliquiae. Recensuit D. B. MONRO, A.M. Crown 8vo, India Paper Edition, 10%. 6d. net. - Ilias, cum brevi Annotatione C. G. HEYNII. Accedunt Scholia minora. Tomi II. 8vo, 158. - Ilias, ex rec. Guil. DINDORFII. 8vo, 58. 6d. Scholia Graeca in Iliadem, Edited by W. DINDORF, after a new collation of the Venetian m88. by D. B. MONRO, M.A. 4 vols. 8vo, al. 108. Scholia Graeca in Iliadem Townleyana. Recensuit ERNESTUS MAA88. 7 vols. 8vo, il. 168. - Ody8808, ex rec. G. DINDORFII. 8vo, 58. 60. - Scholia Graeca in Odysseam. Edidit Guil. DINDORFIUS. Tomi II. 8vo, 158.6d. - Odyssey. Vol. I. Books I-XII. Edited with English Notes, Appendices, &c. By W. W. MERRY, D.D., and JAMES RIDDELL, M.A. Second Edition. 8vo, 168. - Vol. II. Books XIII-XXIV. By D. B. MONRO, M.A. [In the Pross.] - Hymni Homerici. Codicibus denuo collatis recensuit ALFREDUS GOODWIN. Small folio. With four Plates. 218. net. Menander's rewproc. A Revised Text of the Geneva Frag ment. With a Translation and Notes by B. P. GRENFELL, M.A., and A.S. HUNT, M.A. 8vo, stiff covers, 18. 6d. Oratores Attici, ex recensione BEKKERI: Vol. III. Isaeus, AEschines, Lycurgus, &c. 8vo, 78. *** Vols. I and II are out of print. - Index Andocideus, Lycurgeus, Dinarcheus, confectus a LUDOVICO LEAMING FORMAN, Ph.D. 8vo, 78. 6d. Paroomiographi Graeci, quorum pars nunc primum ex Codd. M88. vulgator. Edidit T. GAISFORD, S.T.P. 8vo, 58.60. - Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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Greek: Standard Works. PLATO - Apology, with a revised Text and English Notes, and a Digest of Platonic Idioms, by JAMES RIDDELL, M.A. 8vo, 88.60. - Philebus, with a revised Text and English Notes, by EDWARD Poste, M.A. 8vo, 78. 6d. - Republic; The Greek Text. Edited, with Notes and Essays, by the late B. JOWETT, M.A., and LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. In Three Volumes. Medium 8vo, cloth, al. 38. - Sophistes and Politicus, with a revised Text and English Notes, by L. CAMPBELL, M.A. 8vo, 108.6d. - Theaetetus, with a revised Text and English Notes, by L. CAMPBELL, M.A. Second Edition. 8vo, 108. 6d. The Dialogues, translated into English, with Analyses and Introductions, by B.Jowett, M.A. Third Edition. 5 vols. medium 8vo, 41. 48. In half-morocco, 51. - The Republic, translated into English, with Analysis and Introduction, by B. JOWETT, M.A. Third Edition. Medium 8vo, 128.62.; half-roan, 148. - A Subject-Index to the Dialogues of Plato. By EVELYN ABBOTT, M.A. 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d. Plotinus. Edidit F. CREUZER. Tomi III. 4to, il. 88. Plutarchi Moralia, id est, Opera, exceptis Vitis, reliqua. Edidit DANIEL WYTTENBACH. Accedit Index Graecitatis. Tomi VIII. Partes XV. 8vo, cloth, 31. 108. Polybius. Selections. Edited by J. L. STRACHAN-DAVIDSON, M.A. With Maps. Medium 8vo, backram, 218. Sophocles. - The Plays and Fragments. With English Notes and Introductions, by LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A. 2 vols. Vol.I. Oedipus Tyrannus. Oedipus Coloneus. Antigone. 8vo, 168. Vol. II. Ajax. Electra. Trachiniae. Philoctetes. Fragments. 8vo, 168. Tragoediae et Fragmenta, ex recensione et cum commentariis GUIL. DINDORFII. Third Edition. vols. Fcap. 8vo, Il.18. Each Play separately, limp, 28. 6d. Tragoediae et Fragmenta cum Annotationibus Guil. DINDOBFII. Tomi II. 8vo, 108. The Text, Vol. I, 58. 6d. The Notes, Vol. II, 48.6d. Stobaei Florilegium. Ad uss. fidem emendavit et sur plevit T. GAISFORD, S.T.P. Tomi IV. 8vo, il. --Eclogarum Physicarum et Ethicarum libri duo. Accedit Hieroclis Commentarius in aurea carmina Pythagoreorum. Ad M88. Codd. recensuit T. GAIBFORD, S.T.P. Tomi II. 8vo, 118. London: HERY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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38 1. Literature and Philology. Strabo, Selections from. With an Introduction on Strabo's Life and Works. By H. F. TOGER, M.A., F.R.G.S. With Maps and Plans. Post 8vo, cloth, 128. Thucydides. Book I. Edited with Introduction, Notes, and Maps, by W. H. FORBES, M.A. Post 8vo, 88. 6d. Thucydides. Translated into English, to which is prefixed an Essay on Inscriptions and a Note on the Geography of Thucydides. By B. JOWETT, M.A. Second Edition, Revised. 2 Vols., 8vo, 158. Vol. L. Essay on Inscriptions, and Books I-III. Vol. II. Books IV-VIII, and Historical Index. Xenophon. Ex rec. et cum annotatt. L. DINDORFII. Historia Graeca. Second Edition. 8vo, 108.6d. Expeditio Cyri. Second Edition. 8vo, 101, 6d. Institutio Cyri. 8vo, 1os. 6d. Memorabilia Socratis. 8vo, 78. 6d. Opuscula Politica Equestria et Venatica cum Arriani Labello de Venatione. 8vo, 103.60. - A Commentary, with Introduction and Appendices, on the Hellenica of Xenophon. By G. E. UNDERAILL, M.A. Crown 8vo. 78.6d. GREEK EDUCATIONAL WORKS. OXFORD CLASSICAL TEXTS, Crown 8vo. Thucydidis Historiae. By H. STUART JONES. Tom. I (Libri I-IV). Paper covers, 38.; limp cloth, 36. 6d. Tom. II (Libri V-VIII). Paper covers, 38.; limp cloth, 38. 6d. Platonis Opera. By J. BURNET. Tom. I (Tetralogine I-II). Paper covers, 58.; limp cloth, 68.; on India Paper, 78. Tom. II (Tetralogiae III, IV). Paper covers, 58. limp cloth, 68.; on India Paper, 78. Aeschyli Tragoediae, cum Fragmentis. By A. SIDGWICK. Paper covers, 38.; limp cloth, 38. 6.; on India Paper, 48. 60. Apollonii Rhodii Argonautica. By R. C. SEATON. Paper covers, 28. 6d.; limp cloth, 36. Aristophanis Comoediae. By F. W. HALL and W. M. GELDABT. Tom. I. Paper covers, 38.; limp cloth, 38.60.; on India Paper, 48.6d. Tom. II. Paper covers, 38.; limp cloth, 38.60.; on India Paper, 48.6d. Complete, on India Paper, 88. 6d. Xenophontis Opera. By E. C. MARCHANT. Tom. I (Historia Graeca). Paper covers, 28. 6d.; limp cloth, 38. Tom. II (Libri Socratici). Paper covers, 38. ; limp cloth, 38. 6d. *** India Paper copies bound in cloth, gilt edger,' or may also be purchased in smooth persian calf' Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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Greek: Educational Works. 39 GRAMMARS, EXERCISE BOOKS, ETC. * Supplied to Teachers only, on application to the Secretary, Clarendon Press. Chandler. The Elements of Greek Accentuation: abridged from his larger work by H. W.CHANDLER, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 23. 6d. King and Cookson. An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. By J. E. KING, M.A., and C. Cookson, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 58.6d. Liddell and Scott. An Intermediate Greek - English Lexicon, founded upon the Quarto Edition of LIDDELL and Soott's Greek Lexicon. Small 4to, 118.6d. Liddell and Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon, abridged from LIDDELL and Scott's Quarto edition. Square 13mo, 78.6d. Miller. A Greek Testament Primer. An Easy Grammar and Reading Book for the use of Students beginning Greek. By the Rev. E. MILLER, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, paper covers, 28.; cloth, 38, 6d. Moulton. The Ancient Classical Drama. A Study in Literary Evolution. Intended for Readers in English and in the Original. By R. G, MOULTON, M.A. Seoond Edition. Crown 8vo, 86.60. Wordsworth. A Greek Primer, for the use of beginners in that Language. By the Right Rev. CHARLES WORDSWOBTE, D.C.L. Eighty-third Thousand. Extura foap. 8vo, 18.68. - Graecae Grammaticae Rudimenta in usum Scholarum. Auctore CAROLO WORDSWOBTA, D.C.L. Nineteenth Edition. ismo, 46. A Primer of Greek Prose Composition. By J. Y. SARGENT, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 60. * Key to the above, 58. net. Passages for Translation into Greek Prose. By J. Young SARGENT, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. Exemplaria Graeca. Being Greek Renderings of Selected Passages for Translation into Greek Prose.' By J. Y. SARGENT, M.A. Extra fcap. 850, 38. Helps, Hints, and Exercises for Greek Verse Composition. Collected and arranged by C. E. LAUBENOE, M.A. Extra foap. 8vo. 38. 6d. - Key to the above, 58. net. London : Home, Prowds, Amen Corner, E.O. Digitized by Google

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40 1. Literature and Philology. Models and Materials for Greek Iambio Verse. By J. Y. SARGENT, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48. 6d. - Key to the above, 58. net. Graece Reddenda. By C. S. JERRAM, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. 6d. Reddenda Minora ; or, Easy Passages, Latin and Greek, for Unseon Translation. By the same Author. Sixth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18.6d. Anglice Reddenda; or, Extracts, Latin and Greek, for Unseen Translation. By the same Author. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. Anglice Reddenda. Second Series. By the same Author. Nor Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. Anglice Reddenda. Third Series. For the use of Middle and Higher Forms. By the same Author. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. Models and Exercises in Unseen Translation. By H. F. Fox, M.A., and T. M. BROMLEY, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 58.6d. - Key to passages quoted in the above, price 6d.net. Golden Treasury of Ancient Greek Poetry. By Sir R. S. WRIGHT, M.A. Second Edition. Revised by EVELYN ABBOTT, M.A.. LL.D. Extra fcap. 8vo, 108.60. Golden Treasury of Greek Prose, being a Collection of the finest passages in the principal Greek Prose Writers, with Introductory Notices and Notes. By Sir R. S. WRIGHT, M.A., and J. E. L. SHADWELL, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48. 6d. Anthologia Oxoniensis, Nova. Translations into Greek and Latin Verse. Edited by ROBINSON ELLIS, M.A., and A. D. GODLEY, M.A. Crown 8vo, buckram Extra, 68. net; on India Paper, 78. 6d. Select Fragments of the Greek Comic Poets. Edited by A. W. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A. Crown 8vo, 59. GREEK READERS. Easy Greek Reader. By EVELYN ABBOTT, M.A. In one or two Parts. Extra foap. 8vo, 38. First Greek Reader. By W. G. RUSHBROOKE, M.L. Third Edition. Extra foap. 8vo, 28. 6d. Oxford: Clarendon Press Digitized by Google

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Greek: Educational Works. 41 Second Greek Reader. By A. M. Bell, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. Specimens of Greek Dialects; being a Fourth Greek Reader. With Introductions, &c. By W.W.MERRY, D.D. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48.6d. Selections from Homer and the Greek Dramatists; being & Fifth Greek Reader. With Explanatory Notes and Introductions to the Study of Greek Epic and Dramatic Poetry. By EVELYN ABBOTT, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48.6d. GREEK CLASSICS FOR SCHOOLS. Aeschylus. In Single Plays. With Introduction and Notes, by ARTHUR SIDGWICK, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. Agamemnon. Fifth Edition, Revised. 38. Choephoroi. Ner Edition, Rerised. 38. Eumenides. New Edition. 38. Prometheus Bound. With Introduction and Notes, by A. O. PRIOKARD, M.A. Third Edition. 38. Aristophanes. In Single Plays. Edited, with English Notes, Introductions, &c., by W. W. MERRY, D.D. Extra fcap. 8vo. The Acharnians. Pourth Edition, 38. The Birds. Third Edition, 38. 6d. The Clouds. Third Edition, 38. The Frogs. Third Edition, 34. The Knights, Second Edition, 36. The Peace. 38. 6d. The Wasps. Second Edition, 38. 6d. Cebes. Tabula. With Introduction and Notes (School Edition). By C. 8. JERRAM, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, stiff covers, 18. 6d.; cloth, 28. 6. Demosthenes. With Introduction and Notes, by EVELYN ABBOTT, M.A., and P.E.MATHEBON, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. Orations against Philip. Vol.I. Philippic I. Olynthiacs I-III. Fourth Edition. 38. Vol. II. De Pace, Philippic II, De Chersoneso, Philip pic III. 48.6d. - Philippics only, reprinted from the above. 28. 6d. Speech on the Crown. 38. 6d. - Speech against Meidias. With Introduction and Notes, by J. R. KING, M.A. Crown 8vo, 38. 6d. London: HUIRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.O Digitized by Google

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42 I. Literature and Philology. Euripides. In Single Plays. Edited with Introduction and Notes. Extra fcap. 8vo. Alcestis. By C. S. JERRAM, M.A. Fifth Edition. 28.6d. Bacchae. By A. H. CRUICKSHANK, M.A. 38. 6d. Cyclops. By W. E. LONG, M.A. 28. 6d. Hecuba. By C. B. HEBERDEN, M.A. 28. 6d. Helena. By C. S. JERRAM, M.A. 38. Heracleidae. By C. S. JERRAM, M.A. 38. Ion. By C. S. JERRAM, M.A. 38. Iphigenia in Tauris. New Edition, Revised. By C. S. JERRAM, M.A. 38. Medea. By C. B. HEBERDEN, M.A. Second Edition. 28. Herodotus. Book IX. Edited, with Notes, by EVELYN ABBOTT, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. Herodotus. Selections. Edited, with Introduction, Notes, and a Map, by W. W. MERRY, D.D. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6d. Homer. Iliad, Books I-XII. With an Introduction and a brief Homeric Grammar, and Notes. By D. B. MONRO, M.A. Fourth Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 68. Iliad, Books XIII-XXIV. With Notes. By the same Editor. Fourth Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 68. Iliad, Book I. By the same Editor. Third Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18.6d. Iliad, Book III. Edited for Beginners, by M. T. TATHAM, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18. 6d. Iliad, Book XXI. With Introduction and Notes. By HERBERT HAILSTONE, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18.6d. Odyssey, Books I-XII. By W. W. MERRY, D.D. Sixtieth Thousand. Extra fcap. 8vo, 58. Books I and II, separately, each 18.6d. Books VI and VII. 18.6d. Books VII-XII. 3R. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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Greek: Educational Works. 43 Homer (continued). Odyssey, Books XIII-XXIV. By W. W. Merry, D.D. Sixteenth Thousand. Extra foap. 8vo, 58. Books XIII-XVIII. 38. Lucian. Vera Historia. By C. S. JERRAM, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18. 6. Lysias. Epitaphios. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by F.J. SNELL, B.A. Extra foap. 8vo, as. Plato. With Introduction and Notes. By ST. GEORGE Stocx, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. The Apology. Third Edition. 28. 6d. Crito, 28. Meno. Second Edition. 38. 6d. - Selections. With Introductions and Notes. By John PURVES, M.A., and Preface by B. JOWETT, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 58. - A Selection of Passages from Plato for English Readers; from the Translation by the late B. JOWETT, M.A. Edited, with Introductions, by M. J. KNIGHT. 2 vols. Crown 8vo, gilt top, 128. Plutarch. Lives of the Gracchi. Edited, with Introduction. Notes, and Indices, by G. E. UNDERHILL, M.A. Crown 850, 48. 6d. Sophocles. Edited, with Introductions and English Notes, by LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., and EVELYN ABBOTT, M.A. Neto and Revised Edition. 2 vols. Extra fcap. 8vo, 108.6d. Sold separately: Vol. I, Text, 48. 6d. ; Vol. II, Notes, 68. *** Or in single Plays, 28. each. - Oedipus Rex: Dindorf's Text, with Notes by Basil Joyes, D.D., late Bishop of St. David's. Extra fcap. 8vo, limp, 18. 60. Theocritus (for Schools). With English Notes. By H. KYNASTON, D.D. (late Snow). Fifth Edition. Extra fcap.8vo, 48.6d. Thucydides. Book I. Edited, with Notes and Maps, by W. H. FORBES, M.A. Post 8vo, 8s. 6d. - Book III. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by H. F. Fox, M.A. Crown 8vo. 38. 6d. London: HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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44 I. Literature and Philology. Xenophon. Easy Selections (for Junior Classes). With a Vocabulary, Notes, and Map. By J. 8. PAILLPOTTS, B.C.L., and C. S. JERBAM, M.A. Third Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 36. 6d. - Selections (for Schools). With Notes and Maps. By J.8. PHILLPOTTS, B.C.L. Fifth Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38.60. ** A Key to Sections 1-3, for Teachers only, 28. 6d. net. Anabasis, Book I. Edited for the use of Junior Classes and Private Students. With Introduction, Notes, &c. By J. MARSHALL, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6d. - Anabasis, Book II. With Notes and Map. By C. S. JEBRAM, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. - Anabasis, Book III. With Introduction, Analysis, Notes, &o. By J.MARSHALL, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 2s.6d. -- Anabasis, Book IV. By the same Editor. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. - Anabasis, Books III, IV. By the same Editor. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. - Vocabulary to the Anabasis. By the same Editor. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18.6d. - Cyropaedia,Book I. With Introduction and Notes. By C. BIG, D.D. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28. - Cyropaedia, Books IV and V. With Introduction and Notes. By C. BIGG, D.D. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6d. - Hellenica, Books I, II. With Introduction and Notes. By G. E. UNDERHILL, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38. - Memorabilia. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, &c., by J. MARSHALL, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo, 48. 60. Oxford: Clarendon Pree. Digitized by Google

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Sacred Books of the East. - 45 SECTION V. ORIENTAL LANGUAGES. THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST. TRANSLATED BY VARIOUS ORIENTAL SCHOLARS, AND EDITED BY THE RIGHT HON. F. MAX MULLER. First Series, Vols. I--XXIV. 8vo, cloth. Vol. I. The Upanishads. Translated by F. Max MULLER. Part I. Second Edition. 108.6d. Vol. II. The Sacred Laws of the Aryas, as taught in the Schools of Apastamba, Gautama, V&sishtha, and Baudhayana. Trans lated by GEORG BUHLER. Part I. Second Edition. 108. 6d. Vol. III. The Sacred Books of China. The Texts of Con fucianism. Translated by JAMES LEGGE. Part I. Second Edition. 128.6d. Vol. IV. The Zend-Avesta. Part I. The Vendidad. Trans lated by JAMES DARMESTETER. Second Edition. 148. Vol. V. The Pahlavi Texts. Translated by E. W. WEST. Part I. 128. 6d. Volg. VI and IX. The Qur'an. Translated by E. H. PALMER. Second Edition. 218. Vol. VII. The Institutes of Vishnu. Translated by JULIUS JOLLY, 108.60. Vol. VIII. The Bhagavadgita, with The Sanatsugatiya, and The Anugita. Translated by KASHINATH TRIMBAK TELANG. Second Edition. 108. 6d. Vol. X. The Dhammapada, translated from Pali by F. MAX MULLER; and The Sutta-Nipata, translated from Pali by V. FAUSBOLL; being Canonical Books of the Buddhists. Second Edition. 108. 60. ** See also A NEODOTA Oxon., Series II, III, pp. 52-54 London: HENRI FRowDx, Amen Corner, E.O. Digitized by Google

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46 1. Literature and Philology. The Sacred Books of the East (continued). Vol. XI. Buddhist Suttas. Translated from Pali by T. W. Rays DAVIDS. 108. 6d. Vol. XII. The Satapatha-Brahmana, according to the Text of the Madhyandina School. Translated by JULIUS EGGELING. Part I. Books I and II. 128. 6d. Vol. XIII. Vinaya Texts. Translated from the Pali by T. W. Rhys DAVIDS and HERMANN OLDENBERG. Part I. 108. 6. Vol. XIV. The Sacred Laws of the Aryas, as taught in the Schools of Apastamba, Gautama, Vasishtha, and Baudhayana. Translated by GEORG BUHLER. Part II. 108. 6d. Vol. XV. The Upanishads. Translated by F. Max MULLER. Part II. Second Edition. 108.62. Vol. XVI. The Sacred Books of China. The Texts of Confucianism. Translated by JAMES LEGGE. Part II. 108.60. Vol. XVII. Vinaya Texts. Translated from the Pali by T. W. Rhys DAVIDS and Hermann OLDENBERG. Part II. 108.6d. Vol. XVIII. Pahlavi Texts. Translated by E. W. West. Part II. 128. 6d. Vol. XIX. The Fo-sho-hing-tsan-king. A Life of Buddha by Asvaghosha Bodhisattva, translated from Sanskrit into Chinese by Dharmaraksha, A.D. 420, and from Chinese into English by SAMUEL BEAL. 108. 68. Vol. XX. Vinaya Texts. Translated from the Pali by T. W. Rhys Davids and HERMANN OLDENBERG. Part III. 108.6d. Vol. XXI. The Saddharma-pundarika; or, the Lotus of the True Law. Translated by H. KERN. 128. 6d. Vol. XXII. Gaina-Satras. Translated from Prakrit by HERMANN JACOBI. Part I. 108.6d. Vol. XXIII. The Zend-Avesta. Part II. Translated by JAMES DARMESTETER. 108.6d. Vol. XXIV. Pahlavi Texts. Translated by E. W. WEST. Part III. 108. 6d. Oxford: Clarendon Prese. Digitized by Google

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Sacred Books of the East. 47 The Sacred Books of the East (continued). Second Series, Vols. XXV-XLIX. 8vo, cloth. Vol. XXV. Mana. Translated by GEORG BUHLER. 218. Vol. XXVI. The Satapatha-Brah mana. Translated by JULIUS EGGELING. Part II. Books III and IV. 128.6d. Vols. XXVII and XXVIII. The Sacred Books of China. The Texts of Confucianism. Translated by JAMES LEGGE. Parts III and IV. 258. Vols. XXIX and XXX. The Grihya-Satras, Rules of Vedic Domestic Ceremonies. Translated by HERMANN OLDENBERG. Parts I and II. 128. 6d. each. Vol. XXXI. The Zend-Avesta. Part III. Translated by L. H. Mills. 128. 6d. Vol. XXXII. Vedic Hymns. Part I. Translated by F. MAX MOLLER. 188. d. Vol. XXXIII. The Minor Law-books. Trauslated by Julius JOLLY. Part I. Narada, Brihaspati. 108. 6d. Vol. XXXIV. The Vedanta-Sutras, with Sankara's Com mentary. Translated by G. THIBAUT. Part I. 128. 6d. Vol. XXXV. The Questions of King Milinda. Part I. Translated from the Pali by T. W. Rhys DAVIDS. 108.6d. Vol. XXXVI. The Questions of King Milinda. Part II. 128. 6d. Vol. XXXVII. Pahlavi Texts. Translated by E. W. WEST. Part IV. The Contents of the Nasks, as stated in the Eighth and Ninth Books of the Dinkard. 158. Vol. XXXVIII. The Vedanta-Sutras. Translated by THIBAUT. Part II. With Index to Parts I and II. 128. 6d. Vols. XXXIX and XL. The Sacred Books of China. The Texts of Taoism. Translated by JAMES LEGGE. 218. London : Hum FRowDe, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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I. Literature and Philology. 48 The Sacred Books of the East (continued). Vol. XLI. The Satapatha-Brahmana. Translated by JULIUS EGGELING. Part III. Books V, VI, and VII. 138. 6d. Vol. XLII. Hymns of the Atharva-veda. Translated by M. BLOOMFIELD. Books V, VI, and VII. 318. Vol. XLIII. The Satapatha-Brahmana. Translated by JULIUS EGGELING. Part IV. Books VIII, IX, and X. 128. 6d. Vol. XLIV. The Sata patha-Brahmana. Part V. Books XI, XII, XIII, and XIV. 188. 6d. Vol. XLV. The Gaina-Sutras. Translated from Prakrit by HERMANN JACOBI. Part II. 128. 6d. Vol. XLVI. Vedic Hymns. Part II. Translated by HERMANN OLDENBERG. 148. Vol. XLVII. Pablavi Texts. Translated by E. W. WEST. Part V. Marvels of Zoroastrianism. 88. 6d. Vol. XLVIII. The Vedanta-Sotras with Ramanuga's 8Mbhashya. Translated by G. THIBAUT. (In the Press.] Vol. XLIX. Buddhist Mahayana Texts. Buddha-karita, translated by E. B. COWELL. Sukhavati-vyaha, Vagrakkhedika, &c., translated by F. MAX MULLER. Amiteyur-Dhyana-Satra, translated by J. TAKAKUSU. 128. 6. ARABIC. A Practical Arabic Grammar. Compiled by A. O. GREEN, Lieutenant-Colonel, R.E. Crown 8vo. Part I. Third Edition. Revised and Enlarged. 78.6d. Part II. Third Edition. Revised and Enlarged. 108.6d. BENGALI. Grammar of the Bengali Language; Literary and Colloquial. By John BEAMES. Crown 8vo, cloth, 78.6d.; cut flush, 68. BOHEMIAN. A Grammar of the Bohemian (or Cech) Language. By W.R. MORFILL, M.A. Crown 8vo, cloth, 68. BURMESE. A Burmese Reader. By R. F. ST. ANDREW ST. JOHN, Hon. M.A. Crown 8vo, 108.6d. CHALDEE. Book of Tobit. A Chaldee Text, from a unique MS. in the Bodleian Library. Edited by AD. NEUBAUER, M.A. Crown 8vo, 68. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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Oriental Languages. - CHINESE. The Chinese Classics: with a Translation, Critical and Exegetical Notes, Prolegomena, and Copious Indexes. By JAMES LEGGE, D.D., LL.D. In Eight Parts. Royal 8vo. Vol. I. Confucian Analects, &c. New Edition. Il. 108. Vol. II. The Works of Mencius. New Edition. il. 168. Vol. III. The Shoo-King; or, The Book of Historical Documents. In two Parts. 11. 108. each. Vol. IV. The She-King; or, The Book of Poetry. In two Parts. Il. 108. each. Vol. V. The Ch'un Ts'ew, with the Tso Chuen. In two Parts. 11. 108. each. The Nestorian Monument of Hsi-an Fu in Shenhgi, China, relating to the Diffusion of Christianity in China in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries. By JAMES LEGGE, D.D. 38. 6d. - Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms; being an Account by the Chinese Monk FA-HIEN of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399-414). Translated and annotated, with a Corean recension of the Chinese Text, by JAMES LEGGE, D.D. Crown 4to, boards, 108.6d. - A Record of the Buddhist Religion, as practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671-695). By I-TSING. Translated by J. TAKAKUSO, B.A., Ph.D. With a Letter from the Right Hon. F. MAX MULLER. Crown 4to, boards, with Map, 148. net. - Catalogue of the Chinese Translation of the Buddhist Tripitaka, the Sacred Canon of the Buddhists in China and Japan. Compiled by BUNYIU NANJIO. 4to, il. 128.60. - Handbook of the Chinese Language. Parts I and II. Grammar and Chrestomathy. By JAMES SUMMERS. 8vo, 11. 88. COPTIC. Libri Prophetarum Majorum, cum Lamentationibus Jeremiae, in Dialecto Linguae Aegyptiacae Memphitica seu Coptica. Edidit cum Versione Latina H. TATTAM, S.T.P. Tomi II. 8vo, 178. - Libri duodecim Prophetarum Minorum in Ling . Aegypt. vulgo Coptica. Edidit H.TATTAM, A.M. 8vo, 88.6d. - Novum Testamentum Coptice,cura D. WILKINS. 128.6d. - The Coptic Version of the New Testament, in the Northern Dialect, otherwise called Memphitic and Bohairic. With Introduction, Critical Apparatus, and Literal English Translation. The Gospels. 2 vols. Svo, 21. 28. HEBREW. Psalmsin Hebrew (without points). Cr. 8vo, 28. Driver. Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of . Samuel. By S.R. DRIVER, D.D. 8vo, 148. London: HENRY FROWDY, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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50 I. Literature and Philology. HEBREW (continued). Driver. Commentary on the Book of Proverbs. Attri buted to Abraham Ibn Ezra. Edited from a Manuscript in the Bodleian Library by S. R. DRIVER, D.D. Crown 8vo, paper covers, 38. 60. Gesenius. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, with an Appendix containing the Biblical Aramaic, based on the Thesaurus and Lexicon of GESENIUS, by FRANCIS BROWN, D.D., S. R. DRIVER, D.D., and C. A. BRIGGS, D.D. Parts I-IX. Small 4to, 28. 6d. each. - Hebrew Grammar, as Edited and Enlarged by E. KAUTZSCH. Translated from the Twenty-fifth German Edition by the late Rev. G. W. COLLINS, M.A. The Translation revised and adjusted to the Twenty-sixth Edition by A. E. COWLEY, M.A. 8vo, 218. Neubauer. Book of Hebrew Roots, by Abu 'l-Walid Marwan ibn Janah, otherwise called Rabbi Yonah. Now first edited, with an Appendix, by AD. NEUBAUER. 4to, al. 78.6d. Spurrell. Notes on the Text of the Book of Genesis. By G. J. SPURRELL, M.A. Second Elition. Crown 8vo, 128.6d. Wickes. Hebrew Accentuation of Psalms, Proverbs, and Job. By WILLIAM WICKES, D.D. 8vo, 58. -- Hebrew Prose Accentuation. 8vo, 108.6d. HINDUSTANI. A Hindustani Grammar. By A. O. GREEN, Lieut. Colonel, R.E. In two parts. Crown 8vo. Part I, 88. 6d. Part II, 78.6d. MARATHI. Marathi Proverbs, collected and translated by the Rev. A. MANWARING, of the Church Missionary Society. 8vo, 88. d. SANSKRIT. Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically arranged. By Sir M. MONIER-WILLIAMS, D.C.L., &c., &c. New Edition, greatly Enlarged and Improred. 4to, cloth, 31. 138. 6d.; half-morocco, 41. 48. - Practical Grammar of the Sanskrit Language. By Sir M. MONIER-WILLIAMS, D.C.L. Fourth Edition. 8vo, 158. - Nalopakhyanam. Story of Nala, an Episode of the Mahabharata : Sanskrit Text, with a copious Vocabulary, &c. By Sir M. MONIER-WILLIAMS, D.C.L. Second Edition, 8vo, 158. - Sakuntala. A Sanskrit Drama, in seven Acts. Edited by Sir M. MONIER-WILLIAMS, D.C.L. Second Edition. 8vo, il. 18. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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Oriental Languages. :51 SYRIAC. Thesaurus Syriacus : collegerunt Quatremere, Bernstein, Lorsbach, Arnoldi, Agrell, Field, Roediger : edidit R. PAYNE SMITH, S.T.P. Sm. fol. Vol. I, containing Fasc. I-V. 51. 58. Vol. II, completing the work, containing Fasciculi VI-X, 81. 85. **The Fasciculi may also be had separately. Faso. I-VI, 11. 18. each; VII, 11. 118.6d.; VIII, il. 168.; IX, il. 58.; Fasc. X, Pars I, il. 168. Part II, 158. - Compendious Syriac Dictionary. Founded on the above, and edited by Mrs. MABGOLIOUTH. Parts I-III, 88.6d. net each. - A Dictionary of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, North-West Persia, and the Plain of Mosul. By A. J. MACLEAN, M.A., F.R.G.S. Small 4to, il. 58. The Book of Kalilah and Dimnah. Translated from Arabic into Syriac. Edited by W. WRIGHT, LL.D. 8vo, il. 18. - Cyrilli Archiepiscopi Alexandrini Commentarii in Lucae Evangelium quae supersunt Syriace. E MSS. apud Mus. Britan, edidit R. PAYNE SHITA, D.D. 4to, il. 28. -- Translated by the late R. PAYNE SMITH, D.D. 2 vols. 8vo, 148. Ephraemi Syri, Rabulae Episcopi Edesseni, Balaei, &c., Opera Selecta. E Codd. Syriacis M88.in Museo Britannico et Bibliotheca Bodleiana asservatis primus edidit J.J. OVERBECK. 8vo, il. 18. - John, Bishop of Ephesus. The Third Part of his Ecclesiastical History. [In Syriac.] Now first edited by WILLIAM CUBETON, M.A. 4to, il. 128. - Translated by the late R. PAYNE SMITH, D.D. 8vo, 108. TAMIL. First Lessons in Tamil. By G. U. POPE, D.D. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, 78.6d. - The First Catechism of Tamil Grammar. By G. U. POPE, D.D., with an English Translation by D. S. HERRICK, B.A. Crown 8vo, 38. The Naladiyar, or Four Hundred Quatrains in Tamil. Elited by G. U. POPE, D.D. 8vo, 188. Large Paper, half Roxburgh. 21. Also in paper covers--Part I, Quatrains 1-130, 38. bd. Part II, Quatrains The Tiruvacacano, 43. 6d. Lexicon"3Od. Part 11, Quite 21. The Tiruvacagam, or "Sacred Utterances' of the Tamil Poet, Saint, and Sage Manikka-vacagar. The Tamil Text of the Fiftyone Poems, with English Translation, Introductions, Notes, and Tamil Lexicon. By the same. Royal 8vo, 218. net. ZEND. The Ancient MS. of the Yasna, with its Pahlavi Translation (A.D. 1323), generally quoted as J2, and now in the possession of the Bodleian Library. Reproduced in Facsimile, and Edited with an Introductory Note by L. H. MILLS, D.D. Half-bound, Imperial 4to, iol. 108. net. London: HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. E 2 Digitized by Google

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52 I. Literature and Philology. SECTION VI. ANECDOTA OXONIENSIA. (Crown 4to, stiff covers.) I. CLASSICAL SERIES. I. The English Manuscripts of the Nicomachean Ethics. By J. A. STEWART, M.A. 38.60. II. Nonius Marcellus, de Compendiosa Doctrina, Harleian MS. 3719. Collated by J. H. ONIONS, M.A. 38.60. III. Aristotle's Physics. Book VII. With Introduction by R. SHUTE, M.A. 18. IV. Bentley's Plautine Emendations. From his copy of Gronovius. By E. A. SONNENSCHEIN, M.A. 28. 6d. V. Harleian MS. 2610; Ovid's Metamorphoses I, II, III. 1-622; XXIV Latin Epigrams from Bodleian or other MSS.; Latin Glosses on Apollinaris Sidonius from MS. Digby 172. Collated and Edited by ROBINSON ELLIS, M.A., LL.D. 48. VI. A Collation with the Ancient Armenian Versions of the Greek Text of Aristotle's Categories, De Interpretatione, De Mundo, De Virtutibus et Vitiis, and of Porphyry's Introduction. By F. C. CONYBEARE, M.A. 148. VII. Collations from the Harleian MS. of Cicero 2682. By ALBERT C. CLARK, M.A. 78.6d. VIII. The Dialogues of Atbanasius and Zacchaeus and of Timothy and Aquila. Edited with Prolegomena and Facsimiles. by F. C. CONYBEARE, M.A. 78. 6d. II. SEMITIC SERIES. I. Commentary on Ezra and Nehemiah. By Rabbi Saadiah. Edited by H. J. MATHEWS, M.A. 38. 60. II. The Book of the Bee. Edited by ERNEST A. WALLIS. BUDGE, M.A. 218. III. A Commentary on the Book of Daniel. By Japhet Ibp Ali. Edited and Translated by D. S. MARGOLIOUTA, M.A. 218. DUD Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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Anecdota Oxoniensia. 53 ANECDOTA OXONIENSIA (continued). IV, VI. Mediaeval Jewish Chronicles and Chronological Notes. Edited by AD. NEUBAUER, M.A. Part I, 148. Part II, 188.6d. V. The Palestinian Version of the Holy Scriptures. Five more Fragments recently acquired by the Bodleian Library. Edited by G. H. GWILLIAM, B.D. 68. VII. Churches and Monasteries of Egypt; attributed to Aba Salih, the Armenian. Edited and translated by B. T. A. EvETTS, M.A., with Notes by A. J. BUTLER, M.A., F.S.A. 11. 118.6d. ** Translation from the Original Arabic. With Map, backram, 218 VIII. The Ethiopic Version of the Hebrew Book of Jubilees. Edited by R. H. CHARLES, M.A. 128. 6d. IX. Biblical and Patristic Relics of the Palestinian Syriac Literature. Edited by G. H. GWILLIAU, B.D., F.C. BURKITT, M.A., and J. F. STENNING, M.A. 128. 6. . The Letters of Abu 'l-'Ala of Ma'arrat Al-Nu'man. Edited from the Leyden Manuscript, with the life of the Author by Al-Dhahabi; and with Translation, Notes, Indices, and Biography by D. S. MARGOLIOUTH, M.A. 158. III. ARYAN SERIES. I. Buddhist Texts from Japan. 1. Vagrakkhedika. Edited by F. MAX MULLER, M.A. 38. 6d. II. Buddhist Texts from Japan. 2. Sukhavati-Vyuha. Edited by F. MAX MULLER, M.A., and BUNYIU NANJIO. 78.60. III. Buddhist Texts from Japan. 3. The Ancient Palm leaves containing the Pragna-Paramita-Hridaya-Satra and the Ushwisha-Vigaya-Dharani, edited by F. MAX MULLER, M.A., and BUNYIU NANJIO, M.A. With an Appendix by G. BUHLER. 108. IV. Katyayana's Sarvanukramani of the Rigveda. With Extracts from Shadgurusishya's Commentary entitled Vedarthadipika. Edited by A. A. MAODONELL, M.A., Ph.D. 168. V. The Dharma-Samgraha. Edited by KENJIU KASAWARA, F. MAX MULLER, and H. Wenzel. 78.6d. VII. The Buddha-Karita of Asvaghosha. Edited, from three MSS., by E. B. COWELL, M.A. 128. 6d. VIII. The Mantranatha : or, The Praver Book of the A pastambins. Edited by M. WINTERNITZ, Ph.D. Part I. 108.6d. London : HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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54 I. Literature and Philology. IV. MEDIAEVAL AND MODERN SERIES. I. Sinonoma Bartholomei. Edited by J. L. G. Mowat, M.A. 38.60. II. Alphita. Edited by J. L. G. Mowat, M.A. 128. 61. III. The Saltair Na Rann. Edited from a MS. in the Bodleian Library, by WHITLEY STOKES, D.C.L. 78. 6d. IV. The Cath Finntraga, or Battle of Ventry. Edited by KUNO MEYER, M.A., Ph.D. 68. V. Lives of Saints, from the Book of Lismore. Edited, with Translation, by WHITLEY STOKES, D.C.L. 11.118.6d. VI. The Elucidarium and other Tracts in Welsh, from Llyvyr Agkyr Llandewivrevi, A.D. 1346. Edited by J. MORRIS JONES, M.A., and JOHN Rhys, M.A. 218. VII. The Crawford Collection of Early Charters and Docu ments, now in the Bodleian Library. Edited by A.S. NAPIER and W.H. STEVENSON. Paper covers, 108.6d.; cloth, 128. VIII. Hibernica Minora. Being a fragment of an Old-Irish Treatise on the Psalter. With Translation, Notes and Glossary. Edited by Kuno MEYER. 78. 6d. X. The earliest Translation of the Old Testament into the Basque Language(a Fragment). Edited with Facsimile, by LLEWELYN THOMAS, M.A. 188. 6d. XI. Old English Glosses, Chiefly Unpublished. Edited by ARTHUR S. NAPIER, M.A., Ph.D. Paper covers, 159.; cloth, 178. 6d. VI. These da cidacicero Oxford: Clarendon Press, Digitized by Google

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The Holy Scriptures, &c. 55 II. THEOLOGY. A. THE HOLY SCRIPTURES, APOCRYPHA, &c. COPTIC. Libri Prophetarum Majorum, cum Lamentationibus Jeremiae, in Dialecto Linguae Aegyptiacae Memphitica seu Coptica. Edidit cum Versione Latina H. TATTAM, S.T.P. Tomi II. 8vo, 178. - Libri duodecim Prophetarum Minorum in Ling. Aegyrt. vulgo Coptica. Edidit H.TATTAM, A.M. 8vo, 88.6d. - Novum Testamentum Coptice, cura D. Wilkins. 1716. 4to, 118.6d. - The Coptic Version of the New Testament, in tl.e Northern Dialect, otherwise called Memphitic and Bohairic. With Introduction, Critical Apparatus, and Literal English Tranulation. The Gospels. a vols. 8vo, al. 28. ENGLISH. The Holy Bible in the Earliest English Versions, made from the Latin Vulgate by JOHN WYCLIFFE and his followers: edited by FORSHALL and MADDEN. 4 vols. Royal 4to, 31. 38. - The Holy Bible, Revised Version (in rariou8 limlings). ** The Revised Version is the joint property of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Folio Edition (for the Church Desk): American Russia, 508.; with Apocrypha, 6os. Turkey Morocco, 848. ; with Apocrypha, 968. Pica Royal 8vo, with wide margins : 6 vols. (including Apocrypha), from 738. 5 vols. (Old and New Testaments), from 628. 6d. 4 vols. (Old Testament only), from 508. Apocrypha only, from 10s. 61. Pios Demy Svo: 5 vole. (Old and New Testaments), from 408.4 Fols. (Old Testament only), from 328. Apocrypha only, from 78. 6d. Pica 8vo. India Paper: in one vol., from 528. 6d. (Including Apo crypha), Turkey Morocco, 41. Small Pica 8vo, 1 vol., froin 188. Minion 8vo, 48. ; with Apocrypha, 68. (Apocrypha only, 38.) Ruby 18mo, 28. 6d. ; with Apocrypha, 48. (Apocrypha only, 28.) Pearl 16mo, cloth boards, iod. With Revised Marginal References. Minion 8vo, 58.; with Apocrypha, 78. 6d. Parallel Bible: Minion Small 4to, from 183. New Testament only. Nonpareil 32mo, 3d.; Brevier 16mo, 6d.; Long Primer 8vo, gd. London: HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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56 II. Theology. ENGLISH. The Holy Bible (continued). - The Two Version Edition : being the Authorised Version with the Differences of the Revised Version printed in the marging. In various bindings from 78. 6. to 428. - The Oxford Bible for Teachers, containing the Holy Scriptures, together with a new, enlarged, and illustrated edition of the OXFORD HELPS TO THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE, comprising Introductions to the several Books, the History and Antiquities of the Jews, the results of Modern Discoveries, and the Natural History of Palestine, with copious Tables, Concordance and Indices, and a series of Maps. Prices in various sizes and bindings from 38. to 51. Bible Illustrations, taken from the above. 28. 6d. Helps to the Study of the Bible, taken from the OXFORD BIBLE FOR TEACHERS. Nero, Enlarged, and Illustrated Edition. Pearl 16mo, stiff covers, 18. net. Nonpareil 8vo, cloth boards, 28. 6d. Large Type edition, long primer 8vo, cloth boards, 58. Helps to the Study of the Book of Common Prayer. Being & Companion to Church Worship. By W.R. W. STEPHENS, B.D., Dean of Winchester. Crown 8vo, cloth, 28.; also in leather bindings. Old Testament History for Schools. By T. H. STOKOE, D.D. Part I. (Third Edition.) From the Creation to the Settlement in Palestine. Part II. From the Settlement to the Disruption of the Kingdom. Part III. From the Disruption to the Return from Captivity. Extra fcap. 8vo, 25. 6d. each, with maps. - Notes on the Gospel of St. Luke, for Junior Classes. By Miss E. J. MOORE SMITH. Extra fcap. 8vo, stiff covers, 18. 6d. - The Psalter, or Psalms of David, and certain Canticles, with a Translation and Exposition in English, by RICHARD ROLLE of Hampole. Edited by H.R. BRAMLEY, M.A. With an Introduction and Glossary. Demy 8vo, il. 13. - Studia Biblica et Ecclesiastica. Essays chiefly in Biblical and Patristic Criticism, and kindred subjects. By Members of the University of Oxford, &c. 8vo. Vol. I, 108.60 Vol. II, 128.6d. Vol. III, 168. Vol. IV, 128.6d. * Vol. V, Part I, Life of St. Nino. By MARJORY WARDROP and J. 0. WARDROP. Stiff covers, 38. 60. - Deuterographs. Duplicate passages in the Old Testa ment. Arranged by R. B. GIRDLESTONE, M.A. 8vo, 78. 6d. - The Parallel Psalter: being the Prayer-Book Version of the Psalms and a New Version arranged on opposite pages. With an Introduction and Glossaries by S. R. DRIVER, D.D. Fcap. 8vo, 68. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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58 II. Theology. GREEK (continued). - Origenis Hexaplorum quae supersunt; sive, Veterum Interpretum Graecorum in totum Vetus Testamentum Fragmenta. Edidit FREDEBIOUS FIELD, A.M, 2 vols. 4to, 51.5%. - Essays in Biblical Greek. By Edwin Hatch, M.A., D.D. 8vo, 108.61. - An Essay on the Place-of Ecclesiasticus in Semitic Literature. By D. S. MARGOLIOOTH, M.A. Small 4to, 28. 6d. - New Testament. Novum Testamentum Graece. Antiquissimorum codicum Textus in ordine parallelo dispositi. Edidit E. H. HANSELL, S.T.B. Tomi III. 8vo, 248. -- Novum Testamentum Gracce. Accedunt parallela S. Scripturae loca, &c. Edidit CAROLUS LLOYD, S.T.P.R. 18mo, 38. On writing-paper, with wide margin, 78.6d. Critical Appendices to the above, by W. SANDAY, D.D. Extra fcap. 8vo, cloth, 38.6d. -- Novum Testamentum Graece. Accedunt parallela S. Scripturae loca, &c. Ed. C. LLOYD, with SANDAY'S Appendices. Cloth, 68.; paste grain, 78.6d.; morocco, 108.6d. - Novum Testamentum Graece juxta Exemplar Millianum. 18mo, 28.6d. On writing-paper, with wide margin, 78. 6d. Evangelia Sacra Graece. Fcap. 8vo, limp, 18.6d. - The Greek Testament, with the Readings adopted by the Revisers of the Authorised Version (1) Pica type. Second Edition. Demy 8vo, 108.6d. (2) Long Primer type. New Edition. With Marginal References. Fcap. 8vo, 48. 6d. Also on India Paper. (3) The same, on writing-paper, with wide margin, 158. - The New Testament in Greek and English. Edited by E. CABDWELL, D.D. 3 vols. 1837. Crown 8vo, 68. - The Parallel New Testament, Greek and English; being the Authorised Version, 1611; the Revised Version, 1881; and the Greek Text followed in the Revised Version. 8vo, 128. 6d. - Diatessaron; sive Historia Jesu Christi ex ipsis Evangelistarum verbis apte dispositis confecta. Ed.J. WHITE. 38.60. - Outlines of Textual Criticism applied to the New Testameut. By C.E. HAMMOND,M.A. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, 48.6d. Second Eckiew Edini India Patargin, 158. Failed by Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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The Holy Scriptures, &c. 59 GREEK (continued). A Greek Testament Primer. An Easy Grammar and Reading Book for the use of Stadents beginning Greek. By E. MILLER, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, paper, 38.; cloth, 38.60. - Canon Muratorianus. Edited, with Notes and Facsimile, by 8. P. TBEGELLES, LL.D. 4to, 108.6d. -Horae Synopticae. Contributions to the study of the Synoptic Problem. By the Rev. Sir JOHN C. HAWKINS, Bart., M.A. 8vo, 78.6d. HEBREW, &c. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, with an Appendix containing the Biblical Aramaic, based on the Thesaurus and Lexicon of GESENIUS, by FRANCIS BRCWN, D.D., S. R. DRIVER, D.D., and C. A. BRIGGS, D.D. Parts I-IX. Small 4to, each 28. 60. -Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar. As Edited and Enlarged by E. KAUTZSCH. Translated from the Twenty-fifth German Edition by the late Rev. G. W. COLLINS, M.A. The Translation revised and adjusted to the Twenty-sixth Edition by A. E. COWLEY, M.A. 8vo, 218. - Notes on the Text of the Book of Genesis. By G. J. SPURRELL, M.A. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 128.61. - Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel. By S. R. DRIVER, D.D. 8vo, 148. The Psalms in Hebrew without points. Stiff covers, 28. - A Commentary on the Book of Proverbs. Attributed to ABRAHAM IBN EZRA. Edited from a MS. in the Bodleian Library by S. R. DRIVER, D.D. Crown 8vo, paper covers, 38.6d. The Book of Tobit. A Chaldee Text, from a unique MS. in the Bodleian Library; with other Rabbinical Texts, English Translations, and the Itala. Edited by AD. NEUBAUER, M.A. Crown 8vo, 68. - Ecclesiasticus (xxxix. 15-xlix. II). The Original Hebrew, with Early Versions and English Translation, &c. Edited by A. E. COWLEY, M.A., and AD. NEUBAUER, M.A. With two Facsimiles. 4to, los. 6d. net. -- Translated from the Original Hebrew, with a Facsimile. By the same Editors. Crown 8vo, stiff covers, 28. 6d. -- Facsimiles of the Fragments hitherto recovered of the Book of Ecclesiasticus in Hebrew. 60 leaves. Collotype. Ina Cloth Box. Il. 18. net. (Published jointly by the Oxford and Cambridge University Presses.) - Hebrew Accentuation of Psalms, Proverbs, and Job. By William WICKES, D.D. 8vo, 58. - Hebrew Prose Accentuation. By the same. 8vo, 108.6d. - Horae Hebraicae et Talmudicae, a J. LIGHTFOOT. A new Edition, by R. GANDELL, M.A. 4 vols. 8vo, Il.18. London: HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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60 II. Theology. LATIN. Libri Psalmorum Versio antiqna Latina, cum Para phrasi Anglo-Saxonica. Edidit B. THORPE, F.A.S. 8vo, 108. 60. - Nouum Testamentum Domini Nostri Iesu Christi Latine, secundum Editionem Sancti Hieronymi. Ad codicum Manuscriptorum fidem recensuit IOHANNES WORDSWORTH, S.T.P., Episcopus Sarisburiensis; in operis societatem adsumto HENRICO IULIANO WHITE, A.M. 4to. Pars I, buckram, 31. 128. 6d. Also separately. Fasc. I. 128. 6d.; II. 78. 6d.; III. 128.6d.; IV. 108.611.; T. 108.6d ** A Binding Case for the fice Fasciculi is issued at 3*. OLD-LATIN BIBLICAL TEXTS: Small 4to, stiff covers. - No. I. St. Matthew, from the St. Germain MS. (81). Edited by JOHN WORDSWORTH, D.D. 68. No. II. Portions of St. Mark and St. Matthew, from the Bobbio MS. (k), &c. Edited by J. WORDSWORTH, D.D., W. SANDAY, D.D., and H.J. WAITE, M.A. 218. --- No. III. The Four Gospels, from the Munich MS. (9), now numbered Lat. 6224 in the Royal Library at Munich, &c. Edited by H. J. WHITE, M.A. 128. 60. -- No. IV. Portions of the Acts, of the Epistle of St. James, and of the First Epistle of St. Peter, from the Bobbio Palimpsest (s), now numbered Cod. 16 in the Imperial Library at Vienna. Edited by H.J. WHITE, M.A. 58. OLD-FRENCH. Libri Psalmorum Versio antiqua Gallica e Cod. Ms. in Bibl. Bodleiana adservato, una cum Versione Metrica aliisque Monumentis pervetustis. Nunc primum descripsit et edidit FRANCISCUS MICHEL, Phil. Doc. 8vo, 108.6d. SYRIAC. Collatio Cod. Lewisiani Evangeliorum Syriacorum cum Cod. Curetoniano, auctore A. BONUS, A.M. Demy 4to, 88.6d, net. B. FATHERS OF THE CHURCH, &C. 8t. Athanasius : Orations against the Arians. With an Account of his Life by WILLIAM BRIGHT, D.D. Crown 8vo, 98. Historical Writings, according to the Benedictine Text. With an Introduction by W. BRIGHT, D.D. Crown 8vo, 1os. 6d. St. Augustine: Select Anti-Pelagian Treatises, and the Acts of the Second Council of Orange. With an Introduction by WILLIAM BRIGHT, D.D. Crown 8vo, 98. St. Basil: The Book of St. Basil on the Holy Spirit. A Revised Text, with Notes and Introduction by C.F.H. JOHNSTON, M.A. Crown 8vo, 78. 6d. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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Fathers of the Church, &C. 61 BACK HOS Corm in the bod, at ozford, 1. the Epistle of Barnabas, The Editio Princeps of the Epistle of, by Arch bishop Ussher, as printed at Oxford, A.D. 1642, and preserved in an imperfect form in the Bodleian Library. With a Dissertation by J.H. BACKHOUSE, M.A. Small 4to, 38.6d. Canons of the First Four General Councils of Nicaea, Con stantinople, Ephesus, and Chalcedon. With Notes, by W. BRIGHT, D.D. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 78. 6d. Catenae Graecorum Patrum in Novum Testamentum. Edidit J. A. CRAMER, S.T.P. Tomi VIII. 8vo, al. 48. Clementis Alexandrini Opera, ex recensione Guil. Dindorfii. Tomi IV. 8vo, 31. Cyrilli Archiepiscopi Alexandrini in XII Prophetas. Edidit P. E. Puser, A.M. Tomi II. 8vo, al. 28. - in D. Joannis Evangelium. Accedunt Fragmenta Varia necnon Tractatus ad Tiberium Diaconum Duo. Edidit post Aubertum P.E. PUSEY, A.M. Tomi III. 8vo, al. 58. Commentarii in Lucae Evangelium quae supersunt Syriace. E M88. apud Mus. Britan. edidit R. PAYNE SMITH, D.D. 4to, Il. 28. - Translated by R. PAYNE SMITH, D.D. 2 vols. 148. Ephraemi Syri, Rabulae Episcopi Edesseni, Balaei, aliorumque Opera Selecta. E Codd. Syriacis mss.in Museo Britannico et Bibliotheca Bodleiana asservatis primus edidit J.J. OVERBECK. 8vo, il. 18. Eusebii Pamphili Evangelicae Praeparationis Libri XV. Ad Codd. M88. recensuit T. GAISFORD, S.T.P. Tomi IV. 8vo, il. 108. - Evangelicae Demonstrationis Libri X. Recensuit T. GAISFORD, S.T.P. Tomi II. 8vo, 158. - contra Hieroclem et Marcellum Libri. Recensuit T. GAISFORD, S.T.P. 8vo, 78. Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History, according to the text of BURTON, with an Introduction by W. Bright, D.D. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 88.6d. - Annotationes Variorum. Tomi II. 8vo, 178. Evagrii Historia Ecclesiastica, ex recensione H. VALESII. 8vo, 48. Irenaeus: The Third Book of St. Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons, against Heresies. With short Notes and a Glossary by H. DEANE, B.D. Crown 8vo, 58. d. London: HEYRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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62 II. Theology. 5 . Origenis Philosophumena ; sive omnium Haeresium Refutatio. E Codice Parisino nunc primum edidit EMMANUEL MILLER. 8vo, 108. Patrum Apostolicorum, S. Clementis Romani, S. Ignatii, S. Polycarpi, quae supersunt. Edidit Guil. JACOBSON, S.T.P.R. Tomi II. Pourth Edition. 8vo, il. 18. Philo. About the Contemplative Life; or, the Fourth Book of the Treatise concerning Virtues. Critically edited, with a defence of its genuineness, by FRED. C. CONYBEARE, M.A. With a Facsimile. 8v, 148. Reliquiae Sacrae secundi tertiique saeculi. Recensuit M. J. * ROUTA, S.T.P. Tomi V. Second Edilion. 8vo, 1l. 58. Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Opuscula. Recensuit M. J. Routi, S.T.P. Tomi II. Third Edition. 8vo, 108. Socratis Scholastici Historia Ecclesiastica. Gr. et Lat. Edidit R. HUSSEY, S.T.B. Tomi III. 1853. 8vo, 158. Socrates' Ecclesiastical History, according to the Text of Hussey, with an Introduction by WILLIAM BRIGHT, D.D. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 78.60. Sozomeni Historia Ecclesiastica. Edidit R. HUSSEY, S.T.B. Tomi III. 8vo, 155. Tertulliani Apologeticus adversus Gentes pro Cbristianis. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by T. HERBERT BINDLEY, B.D. Crown 8vo, 68. - De Praescriptione Haereticorum : ad Martyras : ad Scapulam. With Introductions and Notes. By T. HERBERT BINDLEY, B.D. Crown 8vo, 68. Theodoreti Ecclesiasticae Historiae Libri V. Recensuit T. GAISFORD, S.T.P. 8vo, 78.6d. - Graecarum Affectionum Curatio. Ad Codices mss. recensuit T. GAISFORD, S.T.P. 8vo, 78.6d. C. ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, &c. Adamnani Vita S. Columbae. Edited, with Introduction, Notes, and Glossary, by J. T. FOWLER, M.A., D.C.L. Crown 8vo, halfbound, 8x. 6d. net. - The same, together with Translation. 98. 6d. net. Baedae Opera Historica. A New Edition, in Two Volumes. Edited by C. PLUMMER, M.A. Crown 8vo, 218. net. Bigg. The Christian Platonists of Alexandria; being the Bampton Lectures for 1886. By CHARLES BIGG, D.D. 8vo, 108.6d. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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Ecclesiastical History, &c. 63 Bingham's Antiquities of the Christian Church, and other Works. 10 vols. 8vo, 31. 38. Bright. Chapters of Early English Church History. By W. BRIGHT, D.D. Third Edition. Revised and Enlarged, with a Map. 8vo, 123. Burnet's History of the Reformation of the Church of England. A New Edition. Carefully revised, and the Records collated with the originals, by N. Pocock, M.A. 7 vols. 8vo, il. 108. Cardwell's Documentary Annals of the Reformed Church of England; being a Collection of Injunctions, Declarations, Orders, Articles of Inquiry, &c., from 1546 to 1716. ; vols. 8vo, 188. Conybeare. The Key of Truth. A Manual of the Paulician Church of Armenia. The Armenian Text, edited and translated with illustrative Documents and Introduction by F. C. CONYBEARE, M.A. 8vo, 158. net. Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland. Edited, after SPELMAN and WILKINS, by A. W. HADDAN, B.D., and W. STUBBS, D.D. Vols. I and III. Medium 8vo, Il. 18. each. Vol. II, Part I. Medium 8vo, 108.6d. Vol. II, Part II. Church of Ireland; Memorials of St. Patrick. Stiff covers, 38. 6d. Formularies of Faith set forth by the King's authority during the Reign of Henry VIII. 8vo, 78. Fuller's Church History of Britain. Edited by J.S. BREWER, M.A. 6 vols. 8vo, il. 198. Gee. The Elizabethan Clergy and the Settlement of Religion, 1558-1564. By HENRY GEE, D.D., F.S.A., Co-editor of Documents Illustrative of English Church History.' With Illustrative Documents and Lists. 8vo, 108. 6d. net. Gibson's Synodus Anglicana. Edited by E. CARDWELL, D.D. 8vo, 68. Hamilton's (Archbishop John) Catechism, 1552. Edited, with Introduction and Glossary, by THOMAS GRAVES LAW. With a Preface by the Right Hon. W. E. GLADSTONE. Demy 8vo, 128.6d. Inett's Origines Anglicanae (in continuation of Stillingfleet). Edited by J. GRIFFITHS, M.A. 3 vols. 8vo, 158. John, Bishop of Ephesus. The Third Part of his Ecclesias tical History. [In Syriac.] Now first edited by WILLIAM CUBETON, M.A. 4to, il. 128. -- The same, translated by R. PAYNE SMITH, D.D. 8vo, 108. London: HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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II. Theology. Le Neve's Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae. Corrected and con tinued from 1715 to 1853 by T. DUFFUS HARDY. 3 vols. 8vo, il, 18. Noelli (A.) Catechismus sive prima institutio disciplinaque Pietatis Christianae Latine explicata. Editio nova cura GUIL. JACOBBON, A.M. 8vo, 58. 6d. Prideaux's Connection of Sacred and Profane History. 2 vols. 8vo, 108. Primers put forth in the Reign of Henry VIII. 8vo, 58. Records of the Reformation. The Divorce, 1527-1533. Mostly now for the first time printed from MSS. in the British Museum and other Libraries. Collected and arranged by N. POCOCK, M.A. 2 vols. 8vo, il. 165. Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum. The Reformation of Ecclesiastical Laws, as attempted in the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Elizabeth. Edited by E. CARDWELL, D.D. 8vo, 68. 60. Shirley. Some Account of the Church in the Apostolic Age. By W.W. SHIRLEY, D.D. Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 38. 6d. Shuckford's Sacred and Profane History connected in con tinuation of Prideaux). 2 vols. 8vo, 108. Stillingfleet's Origines Britannicae, with LLOYD's Historical Account of Church Government. Edited by T. P. PANTIN, M.A. 2 vols. 8vo, 108. Stubbs. Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum. An attempt to exhibit the course of Episcopal Succession in England. By W. STUBBS, D.D. Second Edition. 4to, 108. 6d. Strype's Memorials of Cranmer. 2 vols. 8vo, 118. Life of Aylmer. 8vo, 58.6d. Life of Whitgist. 3 vols. 8vo, 168. 6d. General Index. 2 vols. 8vo, 118. Sylloge Confessionum sub tempus Reformandae Ecclesiae editarum. Subjiciuntur Catechismus Heidelbergensis et Canones Synodi Dordrechtanae. 8vo, 88. Turner. Ecclesiae Occidentalis Monumenta Iuris Anti quissima: Canonum et Conciliorum Graecorum Interpretationes Latinae. Edidit CUTHBERTUS HAMILTON TURNER, A.M. Fasc. I. pars. I. 4to, stiff covers, 108.6d. D. LITURGIOLOGY. Brightman. Liturgies, Eastern and Western. Vol. I. Eastern Liturgies. Edited, with Introductions and Appendices, F. E. BRIGHTMAN, M.A., on the Basis of a foriner work by C. HAMMOND, M.A. 8vo, 218. Oxford: Clarondon Press. Digitized by Google

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English Theology. Cardwell's Two Books of Common Prayer, set forth by authority in the Reign of King Edward VI, compared with each other. Third Edition. 8vo, 78. - History of Conferences on the Book of Common Prayer from 1551 to 1690. Third Edition. 8vo, 78.60. Gelasian Sacramentary. Liber Sacramentorum Romanae Ecclesiae. Edited, with Introduction, Critical Notes, and Appendix, by H. A. WILSON, M.A. Medium 8vo, 188. Loofrio Missal, The; together with some Account of the Red Book of Derby, the Missal of Robert of Jumieges, &c. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by F. E. WARREN, B.D., F.S.A. 4to, half-morocco, il. 158. Maskell. Ancient Liturgy of the Church of England, according to the Uses of Sarum, York, Hereford, and Bangor, and the Roman Liturgy arranged in parallel columns, with preface and notes. By W. MASKELL, M.A. Third Edition. 8vo, 158. Monumenta Ritualia Ecclesiae Anglicanae. The occasional Offices of the Church of England according to the old Use of Salisbury, the Prymer in English, and other prayers and forms, with dissertations and notes. Second Edition. 3 vols. 8vo, al. 1os. Warren. The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church. By F. E. WARREN, B.D. 8vo, 148. dition. 870, with prefac Bangor, and hand, accord E. ENGLISH THEOLOGY. Bradley. Lectures on the Book of Job. By GEORGE GBANVILLE BRADLEY, D.D., Dean of Westminster. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 78. 60. - Lectures on Ecclesiastes. By G. G. BRADLEY, D.D. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 58. 60. Bull's Works, with NELSON's Life. Edited by E. BURTON, D.D. 8 vols. 8vo, al. 98. Burnet's Exposition of the xxxix Articles. 8vo, 78. Butler. The Works of Bishop Butler. Edited by the Right Hon. W. E. GLADSTONE. 3 vols. Medium 8vo, 148. each. *** Also, in Crown 800, a vols., 108. 6d. (Vol. I, 58. 6d.; Vol. II, 58.) London: HEIRY FRowDs, Amen Corner, E.O. Digitized by Google

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English Theology. 67 Lock and Sanday. Two Lectures on the Sayings of Jesus, recently discovered at Oxyrhynchus. Delivered at Oxford on October 23, 1897, by W. Lock, D.D., and W. SANDAY, D.D., LL.D. 8vo, stiff covers, 18. 6d. net. Ommanney. A Critical Dissertation on the Athanasian Creed. By G. D. W. OUMANNEY, M.A. 8vo, 168. Paget. An Introduction to the Fifth Book of Hooker's Treatise of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity. By F. PAGET, D.D. Medium 8vo, 78. 6d. Patrick's Theological Works. 9 vols. 8vo, 1l. 18. Pearson's Exposition of the Creed. Revised and corrected by E. BURTON, D.D. Sixth Edition. 8vo, 108.6d. - Minor Theological Works. Edited with a Memoir, by EDWARD CHURTON, M.A. 3 vols. 8vo, 108. Sanderson's Works. Edited by W. JACOBSON, D.D. 6 vols. 8vo, il. 108.. Stillingfleet's Origines Sacrae. 2 vols. 8vo, 98. - Rational Account of the Grounds of Protestant Religion. 3 vols. 8vo, 108. Taylor. The Oxyrhynchus Logia and the Apocryphal Gospels. By the Rev. CHARLES TAYLOR, D.D. 8vo, paper covers, 28. 6d. net. Wall's History of Infant Baptism. Edited by HENRY COTTON, D.C.L. 2 vols. 8vo, il. 18. Waterland's Works, with Life, by Bp. Van MILDERT. A New Edition, with copious Indexes. 6 vols. 8vo, al. 118. Review of the Doctrine of the Eucharist, with a Preface by the late Bishop of London. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 68. 6d. Wheatly's Illustration of the Book of Common Prayer. 8vo, 58. Wyclif. A Catalogue of the Original Works of John Wyclif. By W. W. SHIRLEY, D.D. 8vo, 38.6d. - Select English Works. By T. ARNOLD, M.A. 3 vols. 8vo, Il. 18. - Trialogus. With the Supplement now first edited. By GOTTHARD LECHLER. 8vo, 78. London: HENRY FROWDX, Aman Corner, E.C. P2 Digitized by Google

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III. History, Biography, &c. 69 Carte's Life of James Duke of Ormond. A New Edition, carefully compared with the original MSS. 6 vols. 8vo, il. 58. Casaubon (Isanc), Life of, by MARK PATTISON, B.D. Second Edition. '8vo, 168. Casauboni Ephemerides, cum praefatione et notis J. RUSSELL, S.T.P. Tomi II. 8vo, 158. Chesterfield. Letters of Philip Dormer Fourth Earl of Chesterfield, to his Godson and Successor, Edited from the Originals, with a Menoir of Lord Chesterfield, by the late EARL OF CARNARVON. Second Edition. With Appendix of Additional Correspondence. Royal 8vo, cloth extra, 218. Clarendon's History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England. Re-edited from a fresh collation of the original MS. in the Bodleian Library, with marginal dates and occasional notes, by W. DUNN MACRAY, M.A., F.S.A. 6 vols. Crown 8vo, al. 58. History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England. To which are subjoined the Notes of BISHOP WARBURTON. 1849.7 vols. Medium 8vo, al. 1os. - History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England. Also his Life, written by himself, in which is included a Continuation of his History of the Grand Rebellion. Royal 8vo, Il. 28. Clarendon's Life, including a Continuation of his History, 2 vols. 1857. Medium 8vo, 11. 28. Clinton's Fasti Hellenici. The Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece, from the LVIth to the CXXIIIrd Olympiad. Third Edition. 4to, il. 148. 6d. - Fasti Hellenici. The Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece, from the CXXIVth Olympiad to the Death of Augustus. Second Edition. 4to, il. 128. - Epitome of the Fasti Hellenici. 8vo, 68, 6d. - Fasti Romani. The Civil and Literary Chronology of Rome and Constantinople, from the Death of Augustus to the Death of Heraclius. 3 vols. 4to, al. 28. - Epitome of the Fasti Romani. 8vo, 78. Codrington. The Melanesians. Studies in their Anthro pology and Folk-Lore. By R. H. CODRINGTON, D.D. 8vo, 168. Cramer's Geographical and Historical Description of Asia Minor. ; vols. 8vo, 118. - Description of Ancient Greece. 3 vols. 8vo, 168. 6d. Dixon. History of the Church of England from the Abolition of the Roman Jurisdiction. By W. R. Dixon, M.A. Third Edition Revised. Vols. I-IV. See Supp. Cat. p. 16. Vols. V, VI, in the Press. London: HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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III. History, Biography, &c. 71 Greenidge. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. By A. H. J. GREENIDGE, M.A. 8vo, Il. 18. Groswell's Fasti Temporis Catholici. 4 vols. 8vo, 21. 108. - Tables to Fasti, 4to, and Introduction to Tables. 8vo, 158. - Origines Kalendariae Italicae. 4 vols. 8vo, 21. 28. - Origines Kalendarie Hellenicae. 6 vols. 8vo, 41. 48. Greswell (W. Parr). History of the Dominion of Canada. By W. PARR GBESWELL, M.A., under the Auspices of the Royal Colonial Instituto. With Eleven Maps. 1890. Crown 8vo, 78.6d. Geography of the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland. With Ten Maps. 1891. Crown 8vo, 68. Geography of Africa South of the Zambesi. With Maps. 1893. Crown 8vo, 78. 60. Griffith. Stories of the High Priests of Memphis, the Sethon of Herodotug, and the Demotic Tales of Khamnas. By F. LL. GRIFFITH, M.A. With Portfolio containing Seven Atlas Facsimiles (with Keyy) of the Demotic Text of the Second Tale. Royal 8vo, 478. 6d. net. Gross. The Gild Merchant: & Contribution to British Municipal History. By C. GROS8, Ph.D. 7 vols. 8vo, half-bound, 248. Hastings. Hastings and The Rohilla War. By Sir John STRACHEY, G.C.S.I. 8vo, 108. 6d. Hewing. The Whitefoord Papers. Being the Correspon dence and other Manuscripts of Colonel CHARLES WHITEFOORD and CALEB WHITEFOORD, from 1739 to 1810. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by W. A. S. HEWINS, M.A. 8vo, 138. 6d. Hill. Sources for Greek History between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars. Collected and arranged by G. F. HILL, M.A. 8vo, 1o8. 6d. Hodgkin. Italy and her Invaders (A.D. 376-814). With Plates and Maps. 8 vols. 8vo. By Thomas HODGKIN, D.C.L. Vols. I-II. The Visigothic Invasions. The Hunnish Invasion. The Vandal Invasion, and the Herulian Mutiny. Second Edition, 428. Vols. III-IV. The Ostrogothic Invasion. The Imperial Rostoration, Vols. vzvy Edition, 36. strogothic Lan Mu Vols. V-VI. The Lombard Invasion, and the Lombard Kingdom. 368. Vols. VII-VIII. Frankish Invasions, and the Frankish Empire. 348. - The Dynasty of Theodosius; or, Seventy Years' Struggle with the Barbarians. Crown 8vo, 68. Eume. Letters of David Hume to William Strahan. Edited with Notes, Index, &c., by G. BIRKBECK HILL, D.C.L. 8vo, 128.6d. London: Henr FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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80 V. Philosophy, Logic, &c. V. PHILOSOPHY, LOGIC, &c. Bacon. Novum Organum. Edited, with Introduction, Notes, &c., by T. FOWLER, D.D. Second Edition. 8vo, 158. Novum Organum. Edited, with English Notes, by G. W. KITCHIN, D.D. 8vo, 98.6d. Berkeley. The works of GEORGE BERKELEY, D.D., formerly Bishop of Cloyne. With Prefaces, Annotations, Appendices, and an Account of his Life, by A. CAMPBELL FRASER, Hon. D.C.L. and LL.D. New Edition in 4 vols, crown 8vo, Il. 48. - Selections. With Introduction and Notes. For the use of Students in Colleges and Universities. By the same Editor. Fifth Amended Edition. Crown 8vo, 78.6d. Bosanquet. Logic; or, The Morphology of Knowledge. By B. BOSANQUET, M.A. 8vo, 218. British Moralists. Selections from Writers principally of the Eighteenth Century. Edited by L. A. SELBY-BIGGE, M.A, 3 vols. Crown 8vo, 188. Butler. The Works of Bishop Butler. Edited by the Right Hon. W. E. GLADSTONE. 2 vols. Medium 8vo, 148. each. Or Crown 8vo, 108. 6d. (Also, separately-Vol. I, 58. 6d. Vol. II, 58.) - Works, with Index to the Analogy. 2 vols. 8vo, 115. Fowler. The Elements of Deductive Logic, desigued mainly for the use of Junior Students in the Universities. By T. FOWLER, D.D. Tenth Edition, with a Collection of Examples. Extra fcap. 8vo, 38.60. - The Elements of Inductive Logic, designed mainly for the use of Students in the Universities. Sixth Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 6s, - Logic; Deductive and Inductive, combined in a single volume. Extra fcap. 8vo, 78. 6d. Fowler and Wilson. The Principles of Morals. By T. FOWLER, D.D., and J. M. Wilson, B.D. 8vo, 148. Also, separatelyPart I. Introductory Chapters. By T. FOWLER, D.D., and J. M. WILSON, B.D. 8vo, 38.60. Part II. The Principles of Morals. By T. FOWLER, D.D. 8vo, 108.6d. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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VI. Physical Science and Mathematics, &c. 83 BOTANICAL SERIES. History of Botany (1530-1860). By JULIUS VON SACHS. Authorized Translation, by H. E. K. GARNSEY, M.A. Revised by IBAAO BAYLEY BALFOUR, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. Crown 8vo, 108. Comparative Anatomy of the Vegetative Organs of the Phanerogams and Ferns. By Dr. A. DE BABY. Translated and Annotated by F. O. BOWER, M.A., F.L.S., and D. H. SCOTT, M.A., F.R.S. Royal 8vo, half-morocco, 228. 6d. Outlines of Classification and Special Morphology of Plants. By Dr. K. GOEBEL. Translated by H. E. F. GARNSEY, M.A., and Revised by I8AAO BAYLEY BALFOUR, M.A., M.D.,F.R.S. Royal 8vo, half-morocco, 218. Organography of Plants, especially of the Archegoniatae and Spermaphyta. By Dr. K. GOEBEL. Authorized English Edition by Isaac BAYLEY BALFOUR, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. PART I. General Organography. Royal 8vo, half-morocco, 128. 6d. Comparative Morphology and Biology of Fungi, Myce tozoa and Bacteria. By Dr. A. DE BARY. Translated by H. E. F. GARNSEY, M.A. Revised by ISAAO BAYLEY BALFOUR, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. Royal 8vo, half-morocco, 23s. 6d. Lectures on Bacteria. By Dr. A. DE BARY. Second Improved Edition. Translated by H.E.F. GARNSEY, M.A. Revised by ISAAC BAYLEY BALFOUR, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. Crown 8vo, 68. Introduction to Fossil Botany. By Count H. ZU SOLMS LAUBACH. Translated by H. E. F.GARNSEY, M.A. Revised by ISAAO BAYLEY BALFOUR,M.A., M.D.,F.R.S. Royal 8vo, half-morocco, 188. The Physiology of Plants. A treatise upon the Meta bolism and Sources of Energy in Plants. By Dr. W. PFEFFER. Second Fully Revised Edition. Translated and Edited by ALFRED J. EWART, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S. Vol. I, with many Illustrations. Royal 8vo, half-morocco, 288. Index Kewensis ; an enumeration of the Genera and Species of Flowering Plants from the time of Linnaeus to the year 1885 inclusive. Edited by Sir J. D. HOOKER and B. D. JACKSON. a vols. 4to, half morocco, Iol. 108. net. ANNALS OF BOTANY. Edited by Isaac BAYLEY BALFOUR, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., D. H. SCOTT, Ph.D., F.R.S., and W.G. FARLOW, M.D.; assisted by other Botanists. Royal 8vo, half-morocco, gilt top. Already published Vol. I, Parts I-IV, consisting of pp. 415, and pp. cix, Record of Current Literature and Necrology, with eighteen Plates, in part coloured, and six Woodcuts. il. 168. London : Henry FROWDx, Amor Corner, EC G 2 Digitized by Google

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84 VI. Physical Science and Mathematics, &c. Annals of Botany (continued). Vol. II, Parts V-VIII, consisting of pp. 436, and pp. cxxxviii, Record of Current Literature and Necrology, with twenty-four Plates, in part coloured, and twenty-three Woodcuts. al. 28. Vol. III, Parts IX-XII, consisting of pp. 495, and pp. cxviii, Record of Current Literature and Necrology, with twenty-six Plates, in part coloured, and eight Woodcuts. al. 128. 6d. Vol. IV, Parts XIII-XVI, consisting of pp. 385, and pp. cxviii, Record of Current Literature, with twenty-two Plates, in part coloured, and thirteen Woodcuts. al. 58. Vol. V, Parts XVII-XX, consisting of pp. 526, with twenty-seven Plates, in part coloured, and four Woodcuts. al. 108. Vol. VI, Parts XXI-XXIV, consisting of pp. 383, with twenty-four Plates, in part coloured, and sixteen Woodcuts. al. 48. Vol. VII, Parts XXV-XXVIII, consisting of pp. 532, with twenty-seven Plates, in part coloured, and five Woodcuts. al. 108. Vol. VIIL, Parts XXIX-XXXII, consisting of pp. 470, with twenty-four Plates, in part coloured, and five Woodcuts. al, 1os. Vol. IX, Parts XXXIII-XXXVI, consisting of pp. 668, with twenty-five Plates, in part coloured, and thirteen Woodcuts. al. 158. Vol. X, Parts XXXVII-XL, consisting of pp. 661, with twenty-eight Plates, in part coloured, and three Woodcuts. al. 168. Vol. XI, Parts XLI-XLIV, consisting of pp. 593, with twenty-five Plates, in part coloured, and twelve Woodcuts. al. 168. Vol. XII, Parts XLV-XLVIII, consisting of pp. 594, with thirty Plates, in part coloured, a Portrait, and one Woodcut. al. 168. Vol. XIII, Parts XLIX-LII, consisting of pp. 626, with twenty-nine Plates, in part coloured, a Portrait, and nine Woodcuts. al. 168. Vol. XIV, Parts LIII-LVI consisting of pp. 736, with thirty-four Plates, in part coloured, two Portraits, and fourteen Woodcuts. 21. 168. Vol. XV, Part LVII, with eleven Plates and one Woodcut. 148. Reprints from the Annals of Botany.' Holmes and Batters. Revised List of British Marine Algae : (with Appendix). 28. 60. not. Baker (J. G.). A Summary of New Ferns ( 58. net. This forms a supplement to the Synopsis Filicum. - Synopsis of the Genera and Species of Museae. 18. 6d. net. - New Ferns of 1892-3. 18. net. Bradley's Miscellaneous Works and Correspondence. With an Account of Harriot's Astronomical Papers. 4to, 178. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Digitized by Google

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VI. Physical Science and Mathematics, &c. 87 Johnston. An Elementary Treatise on Analytical Geometry. By W. J. JOHNSTON, M.A. Crown 8vo, 68. Kelvin. The Molecular Tactics of a Crystal. By LORD KELVIN, P.R.S. With Twenty Illustrations. 8vo, 38. 6d. Maclaren. A System of Physical Education: Theoretical and Practical. By ARCHIBALD MACLAREN. New Edition, re-edited and enlarged by WALLACE MACLABEN, M.A., Ph.D. Crown 8vo, 8s. 6d. net. Maxwell. A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. By J. CLERK MAXWELL, M.A. Third Edition. vols. 8vo, il. 128. - An Elementary Treatise on Electricity. Edited by WILLIAM GARNETT, M.A. 8vo, 78.60. Miall and Hammond. The Structure and Life-History of the Harlequin Fly (Chironomus). By L. C. MIALL, F.R.S., and A. R. HAMMOND, F.L.S. With One Hundred and Thirty Illustrations. 8vo, 78. 6d. Minchin. A Treatise on Statics with Applications to Physics. By G. M. MINCHIN, M.A. Vol.I. Equilibrium of Coplanar Forces. Fifth Edition. 8vo, 108.6d. Vol. II. Non-Coplanar Forces. Fourth Edition. 8vo, 168. - Hydrostatics and Elementary Hydrokinetics. Crown 8vo, 108.6d. - Geometry for Beginners. An easy Introduction to Geometry for young learners. Extra fcap. 8vo, 18. 6d. Muller. On certain Variations in the Vocal Organs of the Passeres. By J. MULLER. Translated by F. J. BELL, B.A., and edited by A. H. GARROD, M.A., F.R.S. With Plates. 4to, 76. 6d. Nisbet. Studies in Forestry. Being a Short Course of Lectures on the Principles of Sylviculture, delivered at the Botanic Garden, Oxford. By John NISBET, D.Oec. Crown 8vo, 68. net. Nixon. Elementary Plane Trigonometry. By R.C.J. Nixon, M.A. Crown 8vo, 78.6d. (See EUCLID REVISED.) Phillips. Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames. By John PHILLIPS, M.A., F.R.S. 8vo, 218. - Vesuvius. Crown 8vo, 108. 6d. Powell. The Surgical Aspect of Traumatic Insanity. By H. A. POWELL, M.A., M.D. 8vo, stiff cover, 28, 6d. London: HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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88 VI. Physical Science and Mathematics, &C. Prestwich. Geology, Chemical, Physical, and Stratigraphical. By Sir JOSEPH PRESTWICH, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S. In two volumes. Vol. I. Chemical and Physical. Royal 8vo, il. 58. Vol. II. Stratigraphical and Physical. With a new Geo logical Map of Europe. Royal 8vo, il. 168. Geological Map (separately) in Case or on Roller, 58. Price. Treatise on Infinitesimal Calculus. By BARTHOLOMEW PRICE, D.D., F.R.8. Vol. I. Differential Calculus. Out of print. Vol.II. Integral Calculus, Calculus of Variations, and Differential Equations. Out of print. Vol. III. Statics, including Attractions; Dynamics of a Material Particle. Second Edition. 8vo, 168. Vol. IV. Dynamics of Material Systems. Second Edition. 8vo, 188. Price (W. A.). A Treatise on the Measurement of Electrical Resistance. By W. A. PRICE, M.A., A.M.I.C.E. 8vo, 148. Pritchard. Astronomical Observations made at the University Observatory, Oxford, under the direction of C. PRITOHABD, D.D. No.I. Royal 8vo, paper covers, 36. 6d. - No. II. Uranometria Nova Oxoniensis. A Photometric determination of the magnitudes of all Stars visible to the naked eye, from the Pole to ten degrees south of the Equator. Royal 8vo, 88. 6d. - No. III. Researches in Stellar Parallax by the aid of Photography. Royal 8vo, 78. 6d. - No. IV. Researches in Stellar Parall ne aid of Photography. Part II. Royal 8vo, 48.6d. Rigaud's Correspondence of Scientific Men of the 17th Century, with Table of Contents by A. de MORGAN, and Index by J. RIGAUD, M.A. 3 vols. 8vo, 188.6d. Rolleston. Scientific papers and Addresses. By GEORGE ROLLESTON, M.D., F.R.S. Arranged and edited by WILLIAM TURNER, M.B., F.R.S. With a Biographical Sketch by EDWARD TILOR, F.R.S. a vols. 8vo, il. 48. Rolleston and Jackson. Forms of Animal Life. A Manual of Comparative Anatomy, with descriptions of selected types. By GEORGE ROLLESTON, M.D., F.R.S. Second Edition. Revised and enlarged by W. HATCHETT JACKSON, M.A. Medium 8vo, il. 168. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Digitized by Google

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VI. Physical Science and Mathematics, &c. 89 Russell. An Elementary Treatise on Pure Geometry. With numerous Examples. By J. WELLESLEY RUSSELL, M.A. Cr. 8vo, 108.6d. Selby. Elementary Mechanics of Solids and Fluids. By A.L. SELBY, M.A. Crown 8vo, 78. 6d. Smith. The Collected Mathematical Papers of Henry John Stephen Smith, M.A., F.R.S., late Savilian Professor of Geometry in the University of Oxford. Edited by J. W. L. GLAIBHER, Sc.D., F.R.S. 7 vols. 4to, 31. 38. Solms-Laubach. Introduction to Fossil Botany. By Count H. zu SOLMS-LAUBACH. Translated by H. E. F. GARNSEY, M.A. Revised by [SAAC BAYLEY BALFOUR, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. Royal 8vo, half-morocco, 188. Smyth. A Cycle of Celestial Objects. Observed, Reduced, and Discussed by Adiniral W. H. SMITH, R.N. Revised, condensed, and greatly enlarged by G. F. CHAMBERS, F.R.A.8. 8vo, 128. Stewart. An Elementary Treatise on Heat, with numerous Woodcuts and Diagrams. By BALFOUR STEWART, LL.D., F.R.S. Sixth Edition, Revised with Additions, by R. E. BAYNES, M.A. Crown 8vo, 88.6d. Story-Maskelyne. Crystallography. A Treatise on tbe Morphology of Crystals. By N. STORY-MASKELYNE, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Mineralogy, Oxford. Crown 8vo, 128. 6d. Swinhoe. Catalogue of Eastern and Australian Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Collection of the Oxford University Museum, By Colonel C. SWINHOE, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. Part I. Sphinges and Bombyces. 8vo, with eight Plates, 218. Part II. Noctuina, Geometrina and Pyralidina, by Col. C. SWINHOE; Pterophorida and Tineina, by the Right Hon. LORD WALSINGHAM, M.A., LL.D. &c., and J. H. DURRANT F.E.S., MEMB. Soc. ENT. FRANCE. With eight Coloured Plates containing 218 Figures, and eleven Process Blocks, 428. Thompson. A Glossary of Greek Birds. By D'Arcy W. THOMPSON, C.B., M.A. 8vo. Buckram, 103. niet. Thomson. Notes on Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism, intended as a sequel to Professor CLERK MAXWELL'S "Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism,' By J. J. Thomson, M.A., F.R.S. 8vo, 188.6d. Van 't Hoff. Chemistry in Space. Translated and Edited by J. E. MARSH, M.A. Crown 8vo, 48. 60. Veley. A List of Original Papers in the Science of Chemistry. Compiled by V. H. Veley, M.A., F.R.S. Third Edition. Paper covers, 18. London: HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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90 VI. Physical Science and Mathematics, &c. Vernon-Harcourt. Rivers and Canals. The Flow, Control and Improvement of Rivers, and the Design, Construction, and Development of Canals. Bv L. F. VERNON-HARCOUBT, M.A. New Edition. 2 vols. 8vo. 318. 6d. -- Harbours and Docks; their physical Features, History, Construction, Equipment, and Maintenance. 3 vols. 8vo, 258. Walker. The Theory of a Physical Balance. By JAMES WALKER, M.A. 8vo, stiff cover, 38.6d. Warington. Lectures on some of the Physical Properties of Soil. By ROBERT WARINGTON, M.A., F.R.S.; with a Portrait of Prof. John Sibthorp. 8vo, 68. Watson. A Treatise on the Kinetic Theory of Gases. By H. W. WATSON, D.So., F.R.S. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 48.6d. Watson and Burbury. A Treatise on the Application of Generalized Co-ordinates to the Kinetics of a Material System. By H. W. WATSON, D.Sc., and S. H. BURBUBY, M.A. 8vo, 68. - The Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism. In two volumes. 8vo, 108.6d. each. Vol. I. Electrostatics. Vol. II. Magnetism and Electrodynamics. Westwood. Thesaurus Entomologicus Hopeianus. By J. O. WESTWOOD, M.A., F.R.S. With 40 Plates. Small folio, 71. 108. Williamson. Chemistry for Students. With Solutions. A. W. WILLIAMBON, Phil. Doc., F.R.S. Extra fcap. 8vo, 8s. 6d. Woollcombe. Practical Work in General Physics. By W.G. WOOLLOOMBE, M.A., B.Sc. Crown 8vo, 28. each part. Part I. General Physics. Second Edition Recised. Part II. Heat. Part III. Light and Sound. Part IV. Magnetism and Electricity. EDUCATION. Balfour. The Educational Systems of Great Britain and Ireland. By GBAHAN BALFOUR, M.A. Crown 8vo, 78. 60. Cookson, Essays on Secondary Education. By Various Contributors. Edited by CHRISTOPHER COOKSON, M.A. Crown 8vo, 48. 6d. Locke's Conduct of the Understanding. Edited by T. FOWLER, D.D. Third Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6d. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Digitized by Google

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VII. Art and Archaeology. 91 VII. ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY. Bedford. The Blazon of Episcopacy. Being the Arms borne by, or attributed to, the Archbishops and Bishops of England and Wales. With an Ordinary of the Coats described and other Episcopal Arms. By the Rev. W. K.R. BEDFORD, M.A. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with One Thousand Illustrations. 4to, buckram, gilt top, 318. 6d. net. Buckmaster. Elementary Architecture (Classic and Gothic) for Schools, Art Students, and General Readers. By MARTIN A. BUCK MASTER. With thirty-eight full-page Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 48, 6d. Butler. Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt. By A. J. BUTLER, M.A.,F.S.A. 2 vols. 8vo, 308. Cust. The Master E. S. and the Ars Moriendi,' a Chapter in the History of Engraving during the X Vth Century; with facsimile reproductions of Engravings in the University Galleries at Oxford and in the British Museum. By LIONEL Cust, F.S.A. Royal 4to, with forty six Plates, paper boards, 178. 6d. net. Cyprus. A Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum. With a Chronicle of Excavations undertaken since the British occupation, andIntroductory Notes on Cypriote Archaeology. By JOHN L. MYRBS, M.A., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., and MAX OHNEFALSCH-RICHTER, Ph.D. 8vo, cloth, with eight Plates, 78. 6d. not. Farnell. The Cults of the Greek States. (See p. 32.) Fortnum. Maiolica; A Historical Treatise on the Glazed and Enamelled Earthenwares of Italy, &c., with Plates, Marks, &c. By C. DRUBY E. FOBTNUX, D.C.L. Small 4to, 21. 28. net. - A Descriptive Catalogue of the Maiolica and Kindred Wares in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. With Introductory Notice and Illustrations. Small 4to, 108. 6d. wet. Gardner. Catalogue of the Greek Vases in the Ashmolean Museum. By PEROY GARDNER, M.A., Litt.D. Small folio, linen, with 26 Plates. Price 31. 38. net. Head. Historia Numorum. (See p. 33.) Jackson. Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria; with Cettigne in Montenegro and the Island of Grado. By T. G. JACKSON, M.A., R.A. 3 vols. 8vo. With many Illustrations. Cloth, bevelled boards, 428. - Wadham College, Oxford; Its Foundation, Architecture and History. With an Account of the Family of Wadham, and their Beats in Somerset and Devon. 4to, with many Illustrations, halfpersian, 428. net. - The Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Oxford. With Twenty-four full-page Illustrations and numerous Cuts in the Text. Demy 4to, half-bound: buckram, gilt top, 368. net; or in vellum, gilt top and morocco labels, &c., 428. net. MUSIC. Balfour. The Natural History of the Musical Bow. Part I. Primitive Types. By HENRY BALFOUR, M.A. Royal 8vo, paper covers, 48. 6d. London: HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C. Digitized by Google

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92 VIII. Palaeography. MUSIC (continued). Farmer. Hymns and Chorales for Schools and Colleges. Edited by Joan FARMER, Organist of Balliol College, Oxford. 58. The Hymns without the Tunos, 28. Hullah. Cultivation of the Speaking Voice. By John HULLAH. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo, 28.6d. Ouseley. Treatise on Harmony. By Sir F. A. GORE OUSELBY, Bart. Third Edition. 4to, 108. - Treatise on Counterpoint, Canon, and Fugue, based upon that of Cherubini. Second Edition. 4to, 168. Treatise on Musical Form and General Composition. Second Edition. 4to, 108. Troutbeck and Dale. Music Primer. By J. TROUTBECK, D.D., and R. F. DALE, M.A. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 18, 6d. Raffaelle, Drawings by, in the University Galleries, Oxford. Drawn on Stone by JOSEPH FISHER. In an ornamental box, 218. Robinson. A Critical Account of the Drawings by Michel Angelo and Raffaelle in the University Galleries, Oxford. By Sir J.C. ROBINSON, F.S.A. Crown 8vo, 48. Thomson. A Handbook of Anatomy for Art Students. With many Illustrations. By Prof. ARTHUR THOMSON, M.A. Second Edition. 8vo, buckram, 168. net. Tyrwhitt. Handbook of Pictorial Art. With Illustrations, and a chapter on Perspective by A. Macdonald. By R.St. J.TYRWHITT, M.A. Second Edition. 8vo, half-morocco, 188. Upcott. Introduction to Greek Sculpture. By L.E. UPCOTT, M.A. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 48. 6d. Vaux. Catalogue of the Castellani Collection in the University Galleries, Oxford. By W. S. W. Vaux, M.A. Crown 8vo, 16. VIII. PALAEOGRAPHY. Allen. Notes on Abbreviations in Greek Manuscripts. By T. W. ALLEN, M.A. Royal 8vo, 58. Fragmenta Herculanensia. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Oxford copies of the Herculanean Rolls, together with the texts of several papyri. Edited by WALTER Scott, M.A. Royal 8vo, 218. - Thirty-six Engravings of Texts and Alphabets from the Herculanean Fragments. With an Introductory Note by BODLEY'S LIBRARIAN. Folio, small paper, 108. 6d. ; large paper, 218. Gardthausen. Catalogus Codicum Graecorum Sinaiticorum. Scripsit V. GABDTHAUBEN Lipsiensis. With Facsimiles. 8vo, linen, 258. Herculanensium Voluminum Partes II. 1824. 8vo, 108. Kenyon. The Palaeography of Greek Papyri. By FREDERICK G. KENYON, MA, With twenty Facsimiles and a Table of Alphabets. 8vo, 108, 61. Digitized by Google

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. RECEIVED 25 Aug'62) W LIBRARY USE AUG 31 1953 REC'D CO LIBRARY USEWAY 28 1963 PCT 19 67-6 PM LOAN BEPT. MAY 30 1954, Now Leo Lb DEC 9 1968 MAV 3 0 1954 [U JAN 14'65-11 AMRECEIVED 17Jan'55 VW IN STACKS 1955 JAN 3 SEP 1 5 1997 5 ou 10'68 -2 A REC LOAN DEPT. SEP 8'67-5 PM DEC 201008 405 5lanP56DS XI LOAN DEPT. DEC 15 1955 LU OCT 5 196774 LD 21-100m-7,'52 (A2528s16)476 Digitized by Google