Distribution Of Variant Endings U Au And A In Apabhramsa Verses In Hemacandras Prakrit Grammar

Author(s): Herman Tiken
Publisher: Herman Tiken
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/269457/1

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HERMAN TIEKEN THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE VARIANT ENDINGS -U, -AU AND -A IN THE APABHRAMSA VERSES IN HEMACANDRA'S PRAKRIT GRAMMAR In his edition of Puspadanta's Apabhramsa text Harivarsapurana (1936, pp. 163-164), Alsdorf draws attention to the occurrence of extended and long endings alongside short ones in the inflection of the masc. and the ntr.: e.g. -au or -au beside -u (nom.-acc.), -ae beside -e (loc.), and -a beside -a (nom.-acc. plur.). According to Alsdorf, the occurrence of the three long and extended endings mentioned just now was conditioned by the rhythm of the word: they all involve short endings (the loc. -e is a short vowel) and appear mainly after heavy syllables.2 With reference to the ending -a of the nom.-acc. plur. Alsdorf (p. 154) mentions a category of words which are found only with long or extended endings (possessive pronouns: mera, amhara, tumhara, infinitives: mareva, postpositions: -kera, and the word -gara) and words which are found often with these endings. The latter category consists of past participles and adjectives. In this connection Alsdorf again draws on the rhythmic explanation since all occurrences of the ending -a concern positions after a heavy syllable.? In the case of the fem. ending -i (beside -i) the situation is similar: of the 161 instances of the nom./acc. in -i, 109 are past participles, 32 adjectives and 9 present participles. The remaining 11 instances are "ordinary" nouns. In 157 out of these 161 instances the long -7 is found after a heavy syllable (p. 165). In his Apabhrarnsa-Studien (1937, pp. 7-14) Alsdorf discusses these variant endings once more in connection with their occurrence in the Apabhramsa verses in Hemacandra's Prakrit grammar (IV 329ff.). On the basis of this new material yet another long ending could be added to the set mentioned above, namely -a for the nom.-acc. sing. of the masc. and the ntr. Alsdorf was mainly concerned with their "derivation". He argues that the endings represent different stages in the development of Middle Indo-Aryan to New Indo-Aryan. Thus, he considers -u to be the regular form in Apabhramsa, showing shorthening of final -o, and Indo-Iranian Journal 41: 1-31, 1998. (c) 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.

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HERMAN TIEKEN -au an extended form (-ka) of the former. The singular ending -a he derives from -au, with the loss of the final -u, which was compensated by the lengthening of the -a. The plural ending -a he derives in the same way from -aya. Next, Alsdorf tries to connect the various endings to developments seen in the New Indo-Aryan languages. The plural ending -a (from -aya, which has become -e in Hindi) would anticipate the plural ending -a in Gujarati; the singular ending -a (from -au, which has become -o in Gujarati) he connects with a similar -a in Hindi and Marathi; the occurrence of singular -a side by side with plural -a was compared by Alsdorf to the situation in Eastern Hindi (e.g. Maithili). Despite all this, Alsdorf seems to leave open the question as to the determining factor for the occurrence of the long and the extended endings: the function of the word, or its rhythm. It is significant that in his Apa-Studien Alsdorf does not return to his earlier findings at all, namely that in the Harivarsapurana the long and extended endings were almost exclusively found with participles and adjectives. Instead, he notes (p. 17) that the occurrence of the long and extended endings in Hemacandra's Apabhramsa verses is not, or at least not to the same extent as in the Harivarsapurana, restricted to positions after heavy syllables. In this connection he singles out those instances in words enlarged with the suffix -da, which are virtually all "ordinary" nouns, that is, no participles or adjectives. On the basis of this passage we may conclude that according to Alsdorf the extension and the lengthening of the endings were determined in the first place by the rhythm of the word; the fact that this phenomenon was mainly restricted to participles and adjectives would be accidental.S However, if all this is true, it is not clear why the long and extended endings are not regularly found with "ordinary" nouns as well. In fact, the situation as described by Alsdorf for the Harivarsapurana rather suggests that the phenomenon was determined in the first place by the function of the word, and only in the second place by the rhythm. However, as already remarked, Alsdorf suggests that the restriction of the long and extended endings to participles and adjectives in Hemacandra's Apabhraisa verses was no longer adhered to as strictly as in the Harivarsapurana. In these circumstances it is unfortunate that Alsdorf did not consider it necessary to provide more exact information regarding the distribution of the endings in Hemacandra's material. It is this omission which the present study in the first place seeks to emend. The picture which emerges from Hemacandra's verses, which is subsequently checked by a similar investigation of three later Apabhramsa poems edited by Baumann, confirms Alsdorf's findings

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VARIANT ENDINGS -U, - AU AND -A IN THE APABHRAMSA VERSES 3 for the Harivarsapurana to the extent that the long and the extended endings -au (or -au) and ca are indeed found almost exclusively with adjectives and past principles. Instances with "ordinary" nouns are rare. Since syntactically the functions of adjectives and past participles completely overlap, that is to say, adjectives also occur as nominal parts of the predicate and past participles also as adjectives, the appearance of the long and extended endings would indeed seem to be a matter of function: it serves to mark the word concerned as an adjective or predicate by distinguishing the latter from the head noun which always has the short ending. It is not so that in Hemacandra's verses all adjectives or all past participles necessarily have the long or extended endings: when the latter endings occur it is mainly with adjectives and past participles. Besides, one may come across both adjectives and participles with the short endings. It would appear that the poets of the verses had at their disposal several equivalent patterns which they could apply as the metre demanded. The issue taken up next is the supposed linear relationship between the three endings, -au being a rhythmically conditioned variant of -u, and -a having been derived directly from -au. To begin with -au and -u, the support for the supposed rhythmic effect, which was not very convincing from the beginning, is further reduced by those instances in the Harivarsapurana of -u after a heavy syllable. As to the derivation of -a from -au, it will be argued that it is unlikely that this development has taken place within Apabhramsa itself. In any case, any attempt to establish the origin of the ending -a should not restrict itself to the evidence of the one particular set of Apabhramsa texts investigated here. In so far, however, as the three endings represent different stages in the linguistic development of the Indo-Aryan languages, their occurrence side by side in Apabhramsa would show that this literary dialect is a veritable linguistic patch-work. As indicated, what follows is an overview of all instances of the long and extended endings -a and -aul-au in the Apabhramba verses in Hemacandra's Prakrit grammar (IV 329ff.). However, unless indicated otherwise all quotations have been taken from Pischel's Materialien zur Kenntnis des Apabhramsa (1902). In his Materialien Pischel provided a new and improved edition and translation of the Apabhramsa verses included in his own edition of 1877-1880 of Hemacandra's Prakrit

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4 HERMAN TIEKEN grammar (Hc.). The material has subsequently been investigated once again by Alsdorf, first in his "Bemerkungen zu Pischels Materialien" (1933), and subsequently in his Apa-Studien referred to above, and by De Vreese in his "Apabhramsa Studies I-IV" (1954-1961). Where necessary, references will be made to these scholars' findings. The material is classified in the following way: in Sections 4 and 5 the endings with past participles and adjectives respectively are presented. In each case the instances are divided according to syntactical function, i.e. whether the words concerned function as predicates or as adjectives; in Section 6 some special categories of adjectives are discussed, and some instances which may be accounted for with reference to the origin of the words concerned (from adjectives) or with reference to their syntactic function (as nominal predicates); Section 7 deals with the so-called exceptions, that is, the relatively few instances of the long and extended endings in other words than adjectives and participles. However, the presentation will be headed, in Section 3, by a few instances of the long and extended endings in Pischel's Materialien which seem to be spurious. The following overview has been restricted to complete verses." As a rule verse fragments, such as found in sutras 346, 347 and 391, have been left out of consideration. The same applies to occasional forms showing Prakrit endings: e.g. avasio in 357, 3 and vaddai in 364. No distinction is made for the masc. and ntr. sing. and plur. here, the endings being similar. The translations provided are not intended as interpretations of the verses; instead, they serve as translations of the phrases out of context. 3. Spurious instances of the endings -au and -a As already pointed out by Alsdorf, in the following cases the forms. with the long or extended endings are overruled by the evidence from the manuscripts in combination with the exigencies of the metre. 1. For jana in 372c:9 jai uppatti annajana, which in any case is unmetrical, all available manuscripts (A, B, F, b, Uab and P) read jana, 10 2. For naana in 422, 6e manuscripts A, B, and Uab have naana, which fits the metre, Radda, better; see Alsdorf, Apa-Studien, pp. 55, n. 2. 3. indanilau in 444, 5c: sohai indanilau is not supported by the available manuscripts, which read indanilu, as is indeed required by the metre; see Alsdorf, Apa-Studien, p. 49.

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VARIANT ENDINGS -U, - AU AND -A IN THE APABHRAMSA VERSES Past participles used as predicates Singular a After a heavy syllable: 333a: je mahu dinna diahada "The (number of] days which were indicated to me" 343, 2a: aggina daddha jai vi gharu "Even if the house has been burned by fire" After a light syllable: 330, 2a: dholla mai tuhu varia "Wandering man, you have been prevented by me from going"ll 351a: bhalla hua ju maria [... mahara kantu) "It is good if my lover has been killed" 438, 3a: soeva para varia "Sleeping is absolutely forbidden" -au/au After a heavy syllable: 340, 2c: hau ki na juttau "Why was I not yoked?" 352b piu ditthau sahasa tti "The lover was suddenly seen" 356a: jai taho tuttau nehada "If his affection is broken" 371ab: tumhehi amhehi jam kiau ditthau bahuajanena "What was done by you and me was seen by many people" 396, 3d: na a pamhuttau dhammu "And the dharma is not forgotten" 421, la: mai vuttau tuhu "You were told by me" id., d: edai vunnau kai "Why are you so dejected?" 429, 1b (metre no. 11): pahiu panthi jam ditthau "As the traveller was seen on the road" 444, 5b (7): sahi bhasalu paitthau "Friend, the bee is seated" After a light syllable: 331cd [16]: caumuhu charmuhu (...) daivem ghadiau "The four-headed and the six-headed were put together by fate" 371ab: tumhehi amhehi jam kiau ditthau bahuajanena "What was done by you and me was seen by many people" 389c: tasu daivena vi mundiau [jasu khallihadau sisu) "Whose head is bald (?; by nature) his head has been shaved by fate" 396, 5a: ua kaniaru paphulliau "Look, the karnikara has blossomed" 402a: mai bhaniau "I have said"

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HERMAN TIEKEN 415b [12]: pahiu ko vi buddavi thiau "A traveller is staying submerged in the water" id., d: dhumu kahartihu utthiau "From where (else) is the steam (fog) rising up?" 422, 1c: mai mittada payaniau "I have taken friendship as the norm" 422, 20a: gaau su kesari "The lion has gone" 424b: piu kalahiau viali "The lover is quarrelled with in the evening" 429, 1d: so ji kiau aggitthau "He was used as a brazier" 442, 2a: ganga gameppinu jo muau "He who dies having gone to the Ganges" Plural - After a heavy syllable: 379, 2a: jai bhagga parakkada "If the enemies have been defeated" id., c: aha bhagga amhaha tana "Or if our people have been defeated" 395, 3d: kara pariatta "The (moon) beams have returned" 409ab: te muggada haravia je parivittha taha? 414, 3b [16]: sahi uvvatta naanasara "Friend, the lake of her eyes is overflowing"12 422, 18b: je tai dittha bali "Child, those who were seen by you" After a light syllable: 376, 2a: je gaa pahia "Those wayfarers, who have left" 409ab: te muggada haravia je parivittha taha? 418, 1c: mai binni vi vinnasia "Both have been arranged by me"13 423, 4c: to vi gotthada karavia "Still she did arrange meetings"l4 The following locative absolute phrases, in which the "predicate" is a past participle with the extended ending, have to be mentioned here as well: 365, 1cd: appie ditthai, pie ditthai 383, 2c: saari bhariai 406, 2c: nehi panatthai 418, 6a: mani panatthai 418, 8a: vihavi panatthai 427, 1c: muli vinatthai The one exception to this pattern is pie ditthe in 396, 2c and 423, 2d.

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VARIANT ENDINGS -U, -AU AND -A IN THE APABHRAMSA VERSES Past participles used as adjectives Singular - After a heavy syllable: 351d: jai bhagga gharu entu "If he would come home defeated" After a light syllable: no instances. -au/-au After a heavy syllable: 354a: bhaggau dekkhivi niaabalu "Having seen that his own army had been defeated" 395, 2 [11]: cudullau cunnihoisai (...) nihittau (...) samsittau "The bracelet, placed on (...) and made wet will be pulverized" 396, 1a: jam ditthau somaggahanu (asaihi hasiu] "Because the unchaste women had laughed at the eclipse of the moon when they saw it happen" 422, 4a: divehi vidhattau khahi vadha "Enjoy what the day brings, o fool" 422, 15a [4]: jo punu mani ji khasapphasi huau (various variant readings: e.g. kasaphasiau) (cintai] "He who worries, being confused in his mind" 444, 50 [7]: [sohai indanilu]"S jani kanai vaitthau "He shines like an indranila set in gold" After a light syllable: 331, lab [16]: dahamuhu (...) niggau rahavari cadiau "Dasamukha rushed out having climbed into his chariot" 354ab: dekkhivi ... balu pasariau parassu "Having seen that ... the army of the enemy was advancing" 395, 2 [11]: cudullau cunnihoisai (...) jhalakkiau "The bracelet, (...) burned, (...) will be pulverized" 396, 5c: gorivaanavinijjiau [nam sevai vanavasu] "(The karnikara,) defeated by the lovely woman's face, stays in the forest" 401, 2a: o gorimuhanijjiau [vaddali lukku mianku] "The moon, defeated by the lovely woman's face retired, behind bad weather clouds" 415a [12]: virahanalajalakaraliau pahiu "A wayfarer, burned by the fire of separation"

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8 HERMAN TIEKEN Plural -a After a heavy syllable: 422, 6e [17]: [ko sakkai samvarevi] daddhanaana nehem palutta 16 "Who can keep his cursed eyes in check, which are turning round from affection?" After a light syllable: 330, 4b: ei ti nisia khagga "This here are the whetted swords" 335b: phala lihia bhunjanti "They enjoy the fruits inscribed by fate" 396, 4b: akia kudda karisu "I shall do some wonderful things, not done before" 414, 3c: sammuha sampesia "[Arrows] shot in the direction of" 442, lc: [gampinu vanarasihi] mua paravahi paramapau "Men who have died, having gone to Varanasi, reach heaven" 445, 4a: siri cadia khanti pphalai "Having alighted on the tree-tops [the birds] eat the fruits" Adjectives used as adjectives Singular a After a heavy syllable: 330, 2b: ma karu diha manu "Do not sulk for a long time!" 345b: dekkhu amhara kantu "Behold my lover!" 351b: bahini mahara kantu "O sister, my lover ..." 423, 3b: siddhattha vandei "Having accomplished his task, he greets"17 After a light syllable: 340, 2b: garua bharu pekkhevi "Having seen the heavy burden" 395, 4d: (vasaratti pavasuaha] visama sankadu ehu "This is the hard lot of those who are away from home during the rainy season" -au/-au After a heavy syllable : 358a: kantu maharau "My lover" 371c: tam te [sic] vaddau samarabharu (nijjiu ekkakhanena] "This, your great burden of war is brought to nil in one second"

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VARIANT ENDINGS -U, -AU AND -A IN THE APABHRAMSA VERSES After a light syllable: 341, 2c: samihu ettiu aggalau [aaru bhicca grhanti] "This is the highest respect servants may expect from their masters" 350, 2c [12]: phodenti je hiadau appanau "Those who break their own hearts" 401, lc: navavahudarsanalalasau (vahai manoraha so i] "Such desires are entertained by one who is anxious to see the young bride" Plural: - After a heavy syllable: 364b: to vadda ghara oi "The large houses are there" 376, 21:18 [pahia] paraa ke vi "Those travellers, strangers ..." 395, 1a: tikkha levi kara "Having taken the sharp beams" After a light syllable: 350, 2ab: rakkhejjahu tarunaho appana balahe jaa visama thana "Beware, young men. For the young woman her own breasts have become dangerous"19 387, 1b: sarala sasa ma melli "Do not sigh long sighs" 422, 23d: ghana sahesai tava?20 Adjectives used as the nonverbal part of the predicate Singular: -a After a heavy syllable: 351a: bhalla hua ju "it is good if ..." After a light syllable: 343, Ic: jo punu aggim siala "Who, on the other hand, is cool from fire" 370, 4c: sarasu jasu jo veggala "He who is far away from ... (?)"21 -au/-au After a heavy syllable: 343, la: aggie unhau hoi jagu "The world becomes hot by fire" 343, 2a: vippiaarau jai vi piu "Even if the lover behaves unpleasantly" 350, 10:22 annu ju tucchau tahe dhanahe "Everything else which is small on that women" 422, 14d: jetthu kudumbai appanachandau "Where each member of the family acts according to his own liking"

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10 HERMAN TIEKEN After a light syllable: 358, 2a: jiviu kasu na vallahau "To whom is life not dear?" 389d: jasu khallihadau sisu "Whose head is bold" (or: "who has a bold head") 396, 3b: tasu para sabhalau jammu "His birth is highly fruitful" 426, 1a: sumarijjai tam vallahau (jam visarai manau] "That is dear which one forgets only for a moment but is immediately remembered again"23 Plural: After a heavy syllable: 376, la: amhe thova "We are small in number" 412c: je vanka te vancaara "Those who are crooked are cheats" 422, 11c: desa ravanna honti vadha "The regions are pleasant, o fool" After a light syllable: 395, 5a: ammi paohara vajjaya "Mother, my breasts are as hard as diamond" 412a: te virala ke vi nara "Those men are rare who ..." 439, la: hiada jai veria ghana "O heart, when the enemies are many" Some special cases. In this paragraph will be discussed a number of special cases, including specific types of words as well as individual words. In all cases the occurrence of the long and extended endings may be explained in the same way as above, that is, either with reference to the functions of the words concerned (adjectives or predicates) or with reference to their origins. The postpositions -tana and -kera invariably occur with the long or the extended endings. For -tana, see Hc. IV 361: imu kulu tuha tanaus "This, your family" or "This is your family", and 379, 2c: aha bhagga amhaha tana "If our men are defeated", and for -kera, Hc. IV 373: tumhaham keraus dhanu "Your wealth". -tana and -kera are used to form adjectives of the genitives of the personal pronouns; see Hc. IV 422, 20: sambandhinah keratanau, exx. jasu kerae humkarada? "By whose saying 'hum'", and 379, 2c, quoted above.24 For -kera, see also Hc. I 246, II 99, 147 and 148. -kera is not attested in Hemacandra's

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VARIANT ENDINGS -U,-AU AND -A IN THE APABHRAMSA VERSES 11 Apabhramsa material except for the one instance (422, 20) quoted above. 2. The pronominal adjective jehuljehau is found twice: in 422, 1d: pai jehau khalu nahi "There is no other scoundrel like you", and in 402c: jehu tehu navi hoi vadha "He is not just somebody, you fool". The material is too restricted to be able to draw any conclusions regarding the distribution of the short (in the phrase jehu tehu) and the extended endings (jehau is used as an adjective). Compare tehau with kehau in 402b: kehau magganu ehu "What kind of a beggar is this?" and tehai in 357, 1cd: tahi tehai bhadaghada-nivahi kantu paasai maggu "In the midst of such a noisy (?) melee our lover leads the way". 25 Whatever significance may be attached to the distribution of tehu and tehau, the case of the variation ehu/ehau seems to be of a different nature. For ehu "this", see 362b: ehu manorahathanu, 395, 4d: visama samkadu ehu, and 402b: kehau magganu ehu. In the material under investigation ehau is found only once, namely in 362: eha kumari eho naru ehu manorahathanu ehau vadha cintantaha pacchai hoi vihanu. Here the extended ending in chai seems to be used for the purpose of emphasis, or in order to distinguish it from eha, eho, and ehu, which it, so to speak, encompasses. Following Alsdorf's criteria for identifying verses created ad hoc (Apa-Studien, pp. 69-73, esp. p. 71), one may be tempted to include this verse, with its four different forms of the personal pronoun, into this category. It should be noted, however, that the fourth form, ehau, is not mentioned in the sutra. Apart from this, the word vihanu (for which see also 330, 2, discussed in n. 11) deserves a brief comment. The word has been equated with *vibhana, which would somehow represent vibhata "morning". Rather, we have to do with Skt vidhana "occasion for grief (or pleasure)", occurring in NS XIX 57 (ed. GOS) as a technical term for one of the so-called sandhyangas. A definition is supplied in verse 73: sukhaduhkhakrto yo'rthas tad vidhanam iti smrtam. The verse may be translated as follows: There is the girl, here the man, and this is the right time and place for our desires. Fool, for those who keep thinking like this (instead of acting) there is afterwards ample occasion for regret.

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12 HERMAN TIEKEN 3. Some adverbs: The adverb vahillai (sighram) in 422, 1b: vahillau jahi has been formed on the basis of the adjective vahilla-, which would account for the occurrence of the extended ending. A similar explanation may be forwarded for ekkamekkau in 422, 6a: ekkamekkau jai vi joedi Hari "Even if Hari looks at them one by one". The case of nihuau "secretly, silently" in 401, 4a is different in that there is no underlying adjective, nihuai going back directly to an adverb, namely Skt nibhrtam. For adverbs in the instrumental, and with the extended ending, see pacchai in 362d (but pacchi in 388b, rhyming with acchi in pada d).26 Skt nityam, however, is niccu (395, 5b, also Duhamarka 18b). 4. A special case, which may be mentioned here, is dravakkau in 422, 4: divehi vidhattau khahi vadha samci ma ekku vi drammu ko vi dravakka" so padai jena samappai jammu, Pischel: O Thor, geniesse, was dir die Tage bringen; spare nicht eine einzige Drachme auf. (Dann) geht vollig die Furcht zu Grunde, mit der eine Geburt vollendet wird. According to Hemacandra dravakkai would mean "fear" (bhaya). This latter meaning seems to have been invented ad hoc. In addition to this consideration it should be noted that Pischel fails to account for ko vi "some..., someone (who...)". Given the context, I venture to suggest that dravakkau corresponds to Skt dravyaka "who carries money" 27 For the meaning of dravya-ka, which has been mentioned in Panini V. 1. 50, see Wackernagel-Debrunner, Altindische Grammatik II, 2, SS 362e (p. 524). For other instances in Middle Indic of the doubling of the -k- of the suffix -ka (e.g. in tunhikka, Skt tusnika), see L. A. Schwarzschild, "Prakrit thakka. 'tired' ", IL 19 (1958), pp. 311-318. The verse may accordingly be translated as follows: Eat what the day brings, o fool, and do not hoard even one single penny. For, someone who has to carry the burden of wealth is liable to fall, which will end his life! 5. The present participle: Hemacandra's Apabhramsa verses contain two instances of the present participle with the long or the extended ending,

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VARIANT ENDINGS -U, -AU AND -A IN THE APABHRAMSA VERSES 13 namely, the long ending in 389a: santa bhoga ju pariharai "He who avoids pleasures which are available", and the extended ending in 445, 2b: pahiu radantau jai "The traveller goes on, crying all the time". For other such instances, see below Section 8, which includes three instances of a locative absolute phrase with the present participle functioning as the predicate. These latter instances may, in turn, be compared with the locative absolute phrases with a past participle mentioned above (Section 4). In all other instances the present participle has the short ending: 345d: gaa kumbhai darantu "Cleaving the frontal globes of elephants", 383, 3d: jo abbhidai hasantu "Who smilingly goes to meet", 388d: karatu ma acchi?, and 418, 6d: [ma] darsijjantu bhamejja "Lest he roams around being pointed at", for the sing., and 422, 3d: phukkijjanta bhamanti "They roam about being blown upon", for the plur. In 351 and 395, 1 the present participle functions as a conditional: 351d: jai bhagga gharu entu "If he would come home defeated", and 395, 1b: jai sasi chollijjantu "If the moon would be peeled". 443 mentions hatthi maranau "An elephant kills", lou bollanau "People speak", padahau vajjanau "A drum sounds", and sunahu bhasanau "A dog barks". The occurrence of the extended ending in these action nouns may be understood with reference to their function as verbal adjectives used as nominal predicates (for similar instances, see below, no. 7). It should be noted, however, that no other comparable instances are found, except, possibly rusana in 418, 4: cancalu jiviu dhruvu maranu pia rusijjas kai hosai diaha rusana divvai varisasaai It has to be admitted, though, that the exact function of rusana is far from clear. Note in this connection the gloss rosanasya divasa, which merely evades the problem. In all likelihood, the present examples, maranau etc., represent Hemacandra's own creations. In any case, while according to Alsdorf (Apa-Studien, p. 46) the four phrases together form an independent line of an Adila/Padakulaka verse, the lack of a climax in the enumeration would actually rule out the possibility that we have to do with a poem here. The metrical scheme could well be accidental or secondary. Rather, the question may be from what kind of phrases Hemacandra could have extrapolated these instances of the action noun. In this

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14 HERMAN TIEKEN connection one might consider such phrases as mani-sihasani baisanau kini karani vayacittu "Why do you hesitate to sit on the lion's throne?" (Salibhaddakakkakulam 28cd). Another possibility is tam akkhanai na jai "It is impossible to enumerate (all) that" (350, 1c), a periphrastic passive construction consisting of an action noun plus na jai.28 It is possible that Hemacandra took akkhanai (ntr.?) as belonging to, or describing, the agens (as one "who is enumerating"). This automatically leads to the question of the origin and function of the extended ending -au of akkhanau. Unfortunately, no answer to this question seems available. For other instances of this periphrastic passive, see Neminathacatuspadika 21b: hatthi kima jai dharanau kannL29 "Can an elephant be held by the ear?", and Samdesa Rasaka 71 a-b: lajjavi pamthiya jai rahaum hiyau na dharanai jai "O traveller, if I stay, I' cannot keep my heart firm out of shame". In the Samdesa Rasaka, however, one may also find an instance with the bare stem ending in -a, 218b: kima koila kalarau sahana (v.l. sahanu) jai "How can the sound of the cuckoo be borne?"; and an instance with the stem ending in -u, 81ab: samdesadau savittharau param mai kahanu na jai "The message is long. I am unable to tell it all", but the preceding verse (80ab) reads: samdesadau savittharau hai kahanaha asamattha. Beside this latter ending -aha (a genitive) Hc..IV 441 mentions -ahi, for which, see 441, 1, a verse which according to Alsdorf would be an ad hoc composition (Apa-Studien, p. 69ff.), evai suhu bhunjanaha manu para bhunjanahi na jai (cd) "Like that, one who wants to enjoy pleasure is not able to do so",30 7. The occurrence of the extended ending in aggitthau in 429, 1d: so ji kiau aggitthau "He is used as a brazier" may be related to the use of the word as the nominal part of the predicate. Compare sara (Skt sara with the long ending -a) in the following phrase from the Duhamatrka (53ab): je gaya te gani sara diha "Consider those days which have been passed as the best". Note in this connection also nandau in 422, 14c: bahinue tam gharu kahi kiva nandau "O sister, how could (living in) that house be agreeable?", cheau in 390ab: aitungattanu jam thanaha so cheai... "If there is excessive firmness to the breasts, this is a drawback",31 and, possibly, apurai kali in 422, 18d: "When one's time has not yet been used up". Compare also phrases like paada karai "Divulges (virtues)" (338b) and bhalla hua ju maria "It is good that he has been killed" (351a). But 431, lcd: amsusasehi kancua tintuvvanu karanta "Making

Page #15
VARIANT ENDINGS -U,-AU AND -A IN THE APABHRAMSA VERSES dry with sighs the bodice which was made wet by tears". lahui hua in 383 and cunni hoisai in 395, 2, however, are compounds. 15 8. The derivatives of the gerundive in (i)tavya invariably have the long or extended endings: -au (evv-ai) and -a (ev-a). The same situation is found in the Harivamsapurana (p. 171) and in later Apabhramsa texts (see below, Section 8). In Apabhramsa the old gerundive functions as an adjective of obligation and as a so-called infinitive. Adjectives of obligation: 438, 2d: savvu sahevvau hoi "All that is to be borne", and possibly karievvau in 438, 1c (see below). Infinitives: 438, 3a: soeva para varia [pupphavaihi samanu] "It is absolutely forbidden to sleep with women while they are menstruating"; id., c: jaggeva punu ko dharai [jai so veu pamanu] "But who would survive to stay awake, if this excitement (vega) is the measure of things?", and 438, lcd: mahu karievvau kim pi navi marievvau para dijjai "I prefer to die than do something like that",32 An exception (in not having the long or extended ending) is devam in 441, 1: devam dukkaru niaadhanu "It is difficult to give away one's own wealth". It should be noted that this verse has almost certainly been composed ad hoc for the purpose of illustrating the grammatical facts mentioned in the sutra (see Alsdorf, Apa-Studien, p. 71). The occurrence of the extended ending in the adjectives of obligation agrees with the principle already referred to above. As to the occurrence of the long endings in the so-called infinitives, reference may be made to J. Bloch, who explains the origin of this use from the use of the gerundive as a predicate: maya gantavyam "There will be, there is for me the act of going" (L'Indo-aryen, p. 282, Engl. trsl., p. 278). For instances of the gerundive as an action noun, see Hala's Sattasai: roiavva 348, simjiavva 392, rusiavva 466, khijjiavva 514, and, extended with -ka, ramiavvaa 461. From the examples given by Bloch (L'Indo-aryen, p. 280ff., Engl. trsl., p. 277ff.) it appears that in the New Indo-Aryan languages, too, these words invariably have the long or the extended endings, even though for the extended ending only one example is given, namely Braj calibau. 7. The exceptions to the pattern The exceptions can be divided into two categories. The first consists

Page #16
16 HERMAN TIEKEN of a particular class of words which are enlarged with the suffix -d-, the second of a number of individual words. Substantives such as diahada (333), nehada (356), and dosada (379, 1), and hiadau (350, 2), and ruadau and duadau (419, 1). They all show the suffix -d-, which is typical of Apabhramsa (see Alsdorf, Apa-Studien, pp. 18-20. Occasional instances in an early Prakrit text like the Sattasai are demonstrably later additions; see Tieken, Hala's Sattasai, p. 162. The use of the long and extended endings in these words must be disassociated from that under investigation, namely in adjectives and participles for functional reasons. 2. This leaves us with a relatively small number of individual words. From these must be separated ruau in 422, 15b "a rupee", which clearly represents Skt rupaka, kudumbai in 422, 14d, which represents kutumbaka,33 and probably also appau in 422, 3b.34 This leaves us with the following 'exceptions': nina "If yo of her a 330, 1a: dholla samala "The travelling man is dark" 330, 4a: ei ti ghoda "There are the stallions"35 352c: addha valaa mahihi gaa "Half of her armlets fell on the ground" 384c: jai icchahu vaddattanau "If you want to be considered a great man" (cf. thirattanaum in 422, 7, mentioned below) 388a: diaha janti "the days go by" (cf. diaha in 418, 4, mentioned below) 395, 2a: cudullau cunnihoisai "The bracelet will be pulverized" 418, 4c: hosai diaha rusana "A day (of anger) will last ..."36 422, 7a: vihave kassu thirattanaum "To whom is wealth stable?" 422, 18c: tahi maaraddhaadadavadai padai "On those falls the onslaught of the god of love"37 431, 1a: amsasasehi kancua tintuvvanu karanta "Making dry with sighs the bodice which was made wet by tears" 443c: padahau vajjanau "The drum sounds"38 445, 2a: abbha lagga dungarihi "Clouds are clinging to the mountaintops".

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VARIANT ENDINGS -U, -AU AND -A IN THE APABHRAMSA VERSES 17 8. From the material presented above it is clear that the distribution of the long and extended endings in Hemacandra's Apabhramsa verses (twelfth century) follows the same pattern as that discovered by Alsdorf for the Harivarsapurana (tenth century). It is also clear, however, that the finding that these endings are mainly found after a heavy syllable is not borne out by this new material. For further confirmation of the situation as found in Hemacandra's Apabhramsa verses I have gone through three short Apabhramsa poems, dated before 1301/1302 A.D., edited by Baumann, namely the Neminathacatuspadika (N), the Duhamatrka (D),39 and the Salibhaddakakkakulam (S).40 In these texts, too, the short (-u), the long (-a) and the extended (-aul-au)41 endings are found side by side. As in the Harivarsapurana and Hemacandra's verses, however, the long and the extended endings are found almost exclusively with past participles and adjectives. However, as in the case of the material from Hemacandra, the instances appear to be distributed evenly over words having a heavy syllable and those having a light one. As this distinction appeared to be irrelevant from the start, no attempt is made to classify the instances according to the "weight" of the preceding syllable. Participles: -aul-au [N] gayau 3c, vinathau 3c, mukau 10c, kiyau 10d, bhaggau 12b, jittau 13b, -bhariyau 18c, -rattau 21d, matau 27a, padiyau 33b, padivannau 34c [D] padiyau 5a, vaviyau 9d, bhariyau 11b, l(i)hayau 14a, channau 28a, kiyau 32c, thagiyau 33a, uppannau 45b, khinau 46a, laddhau 54b, mohiyau 54c [S] thakkau 2d, vardiyau 3c, vakkhaniyau 4c, bullaviyau 16c; mokau 17b, vihadiyau 17c, himdiyau 25a, trisiyau 26c, vilaggau 29a, kahiyau 37b, kiyau 38a, pasariyau 38c, pajjaliyau 41c, rasiyau 42b, sosiyau 42c, kiyau 46b, bhariyau 48a, appiyau 51c, chuddau 52d, gayau 53c, liyau 56a, dhardholiyau 63c, bujhiyau 66d, cadiyau 67b, pattau 67c, bhaviyau 72c As predicate in a locative absolute phrase: [S] sarjami liyai 22a, suniyai siha-sari 26a, puttai jaiyai? 58c, vrati liyai 59c

Page #18
HERMAN TIEKEN [N] bhariya 5a, bhaniya 40d [D] bhariya 7d, puriya 17c, -thiya 19d, -matta 24a, ganiya 24d, mudha 27d, huya 29b, gaya 53a [S] sahiya 25c, -puriya 40a, vasiya 40c, pahiriya 42a Adjectives: -aul-au: [N] sacau 7a, pahilau 9c, -sarisau 10d and 37c, anerau 18d, vahilau 25a, bhalau 25b, dohillau 36d [D] sira-tanau 14a, 42 lobhaha tanau 18a, amdhau 20a (note ardhai ibid.), payadau 28a, anerau 31b, baliyau 31c and d, sarisau 38b, saphalau 39d, tara-vara-tanau 43a, dehaha tanau 55a [S] kharau 4a, unau 18d, navau 30a, pahilau (adv.) 38c, rayaha tanau 39a, mailau 50a, ibbhaha tanau 52c navalau 72d. Also to be mentioned here: kula-tanai 11a, bhaddatanai 68a. -a: [N] dujjana-tana 3b, anera 3d, kadadera 6d, bhala 24b, -kera 386.43 [D] paraya 6b, dusama-tana 17a, sagg-apavaggaha tana 30c [S] navalla 20c, gihilla 22b, ghana 34a Present participles [N] varisarntai 7c, vari acchartai 19b, karti vasantai 22a (all instances are predicates in a locative absolute phrase) [D] anahurta 6a, dekharta 10c, karamta 13a, sevarta 15b, cistamta 31a44 [S] jhalakamtau 18a, ginharta 44c, hasata-ruvasta 66a, hasarta 66b, dijjamtau 670 Substantives enlarge with -d-: [N] hiyada 22a (obl.), 29c (voc.) [D] kajjada 4a [S] no instances Infinitives: [N] visariva 30a, miliva 38 c [D] bharivau 11a, kareva 26d [S] kareva 22c

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VARIANT ENDINGS -U, -AU AND -A IN THE APABHRAMSA VERSES 19 Action noun:45 [N] dharanau 21b [D] no instances [S] baisanau 28c Unaccounted for: [N]46 umahau 166,47 bhamarau 30b [D]48 kudabau 34b49 [5]50 maggau 7b, tarunnai 16c, prahunau 66a51 The material investigated shows that in Apabhramsa the long and extended endings are found only very rarely with other words than participles and adjectives, and, if so, only in a highly unsystematic way. The occurrence of these endings must therefore be related to the functions of these words. In a sentence the endings apparently served to distinguish the (nominal) predicate (a past or present participle, an adjective, or a noun) from the subject, in an adjectival clause they distinguished the adjective from the word it qualified. A similar type of functional differentiation can be seen between the short and the long ending of the fem. i-stems. While the noun (subject or object) may have the short (-i) or the long (-1) ending, 52 the past participle and the adjective systematically have the long ending. The following examples have been taken from the verses in Hemacandra's grammar: 1. The past participle used predicatively 401, 3d: dinni mudda "A seal is placed on ..." 414, 4b: rutthi mai "I will be angry" 422, 14a: kudulli (...) ruddhi "A hut is closed" 431, lab: ditthi gorati ditthi "The light-skinned woman is seen; she is seen ..." 445, 3a: pai laggi antradi "The entrails are clinging to his feet" 2. The past participle used adjectivally: 330, lcd: suvannareha kasavattai dinni "A streak of gold given on a touchstone" 3. Adjective used adjectivally: 330, 3b: vanki ditthi "Crooked glance"

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20 HERMAN TIEKEN 330, 3c: sakanni bhalli jiva "Like an arrow with feathers" 339a: taijji bhangi "Third way"53 350, 2d: parai kavana ghana "What pity with others?" 395, 6c: bappiki bhumhadi"The land of the father" 406, 3a: visami kajjagai "Capricious fate" 414, 3d: tiricchi ghatta "Attack from the side" 4. Adjectives used as non-verbal part of the predicate: 330, 1b: dhania campavanni "The woman has the colour of the campakaflower':54 367, 5a: jai sasanehi to muia "If she is affectionate, she will be dead" 420, 3c: hiai tiricchi hai ji "I am hiding in his heart" 424c: vivariri buddhadi hoi "The mind acts contrarily" An investigation of, for instance, the Neminathacatuspadika yields an identical picture. In this text, however, two instances with the short ending occur, namely hui in 11b and uvahuli in 38c. 10. As far as the masc. and ntr. endings are concerned, we may distinguish three patterns altogether: substantive head-noun participle/adjective nominal predicate/adjective 1) 2) 3) -u -u -u (sing.) -a (plur.) -ai -a -a In the Harivassapurana, 1 and 2 occur side by side, in Hemacandra's Apabhramsa verses and the three poems edited by Baumann 1, 2 and 3 are all found. Thus, in Hemacandra's verses, beside hai ki na juttau (340, 2c) and mai tuhu varia (330, 2a), one finds jai piu ditthu sadosu (401, 4b); beside divehi vidhattau khahi (422, 4a) and virahanalajalakaraliai pahiu (415a), lehi abhaggu kavalu (387, 3d); beside kantu maharau (358, 1a) and ma karu diha manu (330, 2b), hoi asaddhalu nehu (422, 8d);55 and, finally, beside jiviu kasu na vallahau (358, 2a) and jo punu aggi siala (343, 1c), cancalu jiviu dhruvu maranu (418, 4ab). A

Page #21
VARIANT ENDINGS -U,-AU AND -A IN THE APABHRAMSA VERSES 21 distinct feature of the dialect of Hemacandra's verses, mainly Dohas, is the occurrence of the patterns 2 and 3 side by side in one and the same verse. As instances may be quoted 340, 2: garua bharu pekkhevi (...) hai ki na juttau, 343, 1: unhau (...) sialu (...) siala, 343, 2: vippiaarau (...) daddha, 350, 2: appana (...) appanau, 352: piu ditthau (...) addha valaa mahihi gaa, 358, 2: jiviu kasu na vallahau (...) na itthu, and 445, 2: abbha lagga (...) pahiu radantau jai. As already indicated, Alsdorf believes the three endings involved to be related as follows: -au (2) would be a rhythmically conditioned variant of -u (1), while -a (3) would have been derived directly from -ai (2). However, on closer consideration this picture may have to be modified on several points. To begin with, the conclusion that the alternation of -u and -au was determined by a rhythmic factor seems to have been based on incomplete quantitative data. Alsdorf notes that 608 of the 801 instances of -au occur after a heavy syllable. This means that still no less than 193 instances (approximately 25%) are found after a light syllable. More importantly, however, Alsdorf does not provide any quantitative information concerning the instances of -u in past participles with a heavy penultimate syllable (e.g. paitthu and itthu in 81, 4, 11, vuttu in 83, 8, 15, ditthu and ghittu in 83, 15, 11, and uttu in 83, 17, 11). The situation is thus far more complex than that of light penult + u (?) alternating with heavy penult + au (608). The complete picture is the following: light penult + u (?) beside light penult + au (193), and heavy penult + u (?) beside heavy penult + au (608). With this, in combination with the unlikely fact that the supposed rhythmic factor would be operative only in certain word-classes, little is left of the usefulness of this factor in explaining the occurrence of the extended ending - as well as, it seems, the long ending - beside the short one. If -au was not a rhythmically conditioned alternant of -u, we will have to treat 1 and 2 as completely autonomous patterns. This opens the way for an alternative grouping of the three patterns. The basic dividing line seems to run between 1, on the one hand, and 2 and 3, on the other. We would have to do with two altogether different types of realization of the concord relation between head noun adjective and subject-nominal predicate: while in 2 and 3 the adjective and nominal predicate are marked, in 1 they are not. In this respect, patterns 2 and 3 together seem to anticipate the situation in New Indo-Aryan.56 While the long ending -a of pattern 3 is as such actually found in New Indo-Aryan (see note 56), pattern 2 seems to occupy an intermediate position, in that it makes use of material inherited from Skt (-ka). Pattern 1, on the

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22 HERMAN TIEKEN other hand, looks like a direct continuation of the one in Sanskrit and Prakrit. More than anything else the occurrence side by side of these three competing patterns marks Apabhramsa as a linguistic patch-work. The question which arises next is if these three patterns, each with its one type of ending, represent three successive stages in the development of Apabhraisa. At first sight it may be tempting to maintain that pattern 1, with its Sanskritic appearance, is indeed an archaism, in the sense that it represents the earliest phase in the development of Apabhramsa. However, there is evidence to suggest that pattern 2 was already in existence well before its attestation in Apabhrarsa texts (see in this connection what has been noted below concerning the distribution of the suffix -ka in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit). While it could be argued that Apabhramsa as a literary dialect had been formed precisely in that period of transition, in which the Sanskrit and Prakrit pattern (1) was gradually replaced by 2, at the same time it cannot be ruled out that pattern 1 was added to the linguistic repertory of Apabhramsa only relatively late as an artificial construction grafted on Sanskrit (or Prakrit). In this connection we should bear in mind that Sanskrit and Prakrit had remained in use during the whole Apabhraisa period for literary purposes of their own. Unfortunately, however, this suggestion cannot be verified at this moment, as we lack exact quantitative data concerning the distribution of this pattern, and more particularly as we do not know whether or not it is also found in prose. If pattern 1 would be restricted to metrical texts only, this would support the suggestion that it originated as an artificial construction fabricated to cater to the specific requirements of metre. According to Alsdorf, the long ending -a must be considered New Indo-Aryan (Apa-Studien, p. 7, and see above, note 56). As already noted, he derived this long ending directly from -au.57 This derivation would have a parallel in, among other things, the fem. i-stems, in which -i would derive from -iya (< -ika) (Apa-Studien, p. 8). In support of this derivation of -a Alsdorf refers to several instances of metrical irregularities, which virtually all involve the use of the long ending -a instead of disyllabic -au.58 He even suggests to emend a certain passage by substituting the long ending -i by iya, an emendation which he justified on the grounds that the former had been derived from the latter." It should be noted, however, that from the occurrence of -a, where the metre requires -au, it does not automatically follow that the a has also been derived from au. In fact, as far as their occurrence

Page #23
VARIANT ENDINGS -U, -AU AND -A IN THE APABHRAMSA VERSES 23 in Apabhramsa is concerned, there need not have been an historical connection between the two endings at all: the appearance in a literary dialect of a new form beside or instead of an older one is mostly the result either of an internal process, such as analogy, contamination or fabrication, or of borrowing from an external source. It is thus a matter of substitution or replacement of the one ending by the other, rather than of the one having developed from the other. Consequently the question of the derivation of the ending -a once more appears to be completely open. If -a were to be explained as the result of an analogical extension, the other so-called long endings of the nominal inflection must be ruled out as a starting point, as they would have been derived from extended endings themselves (-1 < -iya and plur. -a < -aya). In fact, instances showing a development of the type of -au > -a seem to be restricted to the endings of the nominal inflection. As far as the possibility of borrowing is concerned, the fact that in Apabhramsa the ending -a has replaced -au need not automatically reflect the historical development of the particular spoken language from which it had been borrowed. For instance, in Avadhi the long ending -a is found in opposition to -a (see note 56), in which case it may actually be the result of a lengthening process rather than the result of the contraction of -au.60 In fact, one would be tempted to assume the same process of lengthening in the case of the long endings of Apabhramsa -i (< -1), -a (plur. < -a), and -061 (< -u),62 were it not for the occurrences of the disyllabic endings, which at least in the case of -au precede those of the long ending. In this connection I would like to raise an admittedly no less speculative question concerning the origin in Apabhramsa of the disyllabic endings. Above, I have already referred to their intermediate position, in the sense that, while making use of inherited material (suffix -ka), they anticipate the long endings in creating an opposition between head noun and adjective or predicate. As far as Apabhramsa is concerned, in the case of -au the extension of the adjective and participle with -ka must have preceded the 'shorthening' of the endings -0 (masc.) and -4m (ntr.) to -u as it would be difficult to explain the origin of bhagga-u from bhaggu.63 *bhagna-ka is indeed actually found in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit (BHS), in which the use of the suffix -ka as found in, for instance, bahuvrihi-compounds in Skt has been greatly extended to include such word categories as adjectives, gerundives, and past and present participles. 64 It is significant that this distribution of -ka in BHS closely resembles the one met with subsequently and in a much more systematic way in Apabhramsa. It may well be that we have to do here with an instance of the influence of the spoken

Page #24
24 HERMAN TIEKEN language on BHS. However, in particular in connection with BHS the question may arise if these instances of the extended ending are exact copies of actual endings or if they represent an attempt to translate into Sanskrit a new type of ending of adjectives and participles, or at least to render into Sanskrit the new relationship between adjective and head noun or nominal predicate and subject. While a definite answer to this question cannot be given as yet, it is clear that it would also affect the origin, or rather the status, of -au, and, mutatis mutandis, of -iya and -aya, in Apabhramsa, and ultimately also the reconstruction of the long endings in the New Indo-Aryan languages, which are generally derived through a process of contraction from disyllabic endings such as -au and -iya.65 As indicated, the above remarks concerning the origin of the extended and long endings are of a highly tentative and speculative nature. As such, they form a starting point for a future investigation into the possible existence of an altogether different factor operative in the origin of the long endings in Apabhramsa and in the New Indo-Aryan languages, namely that of lengthening. Also marked for further study is the influence of Sanskrit (and Prakrit) on the formation of Apabhramsa as a literary dialect. Above, it has been suggested that pattern 1 might be straight Sanskrit, a suggestion which unfortunately could not be pursued for lack of material from prose texts. It is in any case clear that Apabhramsa has been constantly refashioned in the light of Sanskrit. As another possible instance of the influence of Sanskrit on Apabhramsa, beside the extended endings -au and -iya, may be considered the reintroduction of a nasal element (anusvara as well as the metrically neutral anunasika) in, for instance, the instrumental singular endings -i and -e and in the ntr. singular ending -au after the corresponding Sanskrit endings.66 In the present study several points had to be left open. It has become clear, for instance, that Alsdorf's statistical material of the various endings in the Harivamsapurana will have to be extended to include the occurrences of the short ending -u as well. Furthermore, as already indicated, with -u, -au and -a, the number of endings is not yet exhausted, as the Prakrtapaimgala exhibits a fourth one, namely -o. The circumstances of the occurrences of this latter ending will have to be considered as well. These, and other points have been marked by me for future research. In the present article I hope to have shown, however, that the occurrence of the long and extended endings beside the short one was in the first place determined by functional factors, and that the derivation of the

Page #25
VARIANT ENDINGS -U, -AU AND -A IN THE APABHRAMSA VERSES 25 one from the other within Apabhramsa is not so obvious as has thus far been assumed. Acknowledgements I am very grateful to Professor O. von Hinuber for his comments on an earlier version of this article. NOTES 1 The extended and the long endings appeared to be typical of the nom./acc. sing., with altogether 801 instances of -au and -au (no count of the short ending -u is provided); of the loc. sing., with 108 instances of -ae (instead of -e); and of the nom./acc. plur., with 61 instances of -a (and 3 of -aya, instead of -a). The figures for the extended endings of the instr. -aena (19) and for the gen. -ayaholaho (3) are low in comparison. 2 -au occurs 608 times after a heavy syllable, 193 times after a light syllable, -ae 84 times after a heavy, 24 times after a light syllable, and -a is found only after heavy syllables. In this connection Alsdorf notes that the exceptions to this rule seem in particular to involve the ordinalia: pahilae, taiyae, etc. S. 25 times after a double consonant, 38 times after a syllable containing a long vowel. 4 Alsdorf adds the suggestion that this extension of the use of the long and extended endings irrespective of the quantity of the preceding syllable might be an indication that Hemacandra's verses belong to a more advanced linguistic stage than the Harivarsapurana. $ It is as such that Alsdorf's rule is generally quoted. Thus, Baumann notes that in the three Apabhramsa poems investigated by him in word-final position often a long vowel appears. He classifies the instances according to the weight of the preceding syllable: 48 times after a heavy syllable, 48 (sic) times after a light one, and, in addition, 41 times with monosyllabic words (mainly pronouns) (Drei Jaina-Gedichte in Alt-Gujarati, VI.D.7. (p. 33). See, for instance, also VII.B (p. 48), where Baumann notes that 6 instances of the "extended" ending -i of adjectives are found after heavy syllables, and the four remaining instances after light syllables. He does not elaborate on the fact that his findings do not agree with Alsdorf's observation concerning the Harivarsapurana, nor, what may after all be more important, does he discuss the possible restriction of the occurrence of the long and extended endings with only a few specific categories of words (see below, $ 8). See also Bhayani in SS 53 of the "Critical Study" preceding his edition of the Sardesa Rasaka: he starts with referring to Alsdorf's observation that the enlarged endings would occur mainly after heavy syllables. * Contrast in this respect the rhythmic law proposed by Insler for Pali, which, as may be expected of a rhythmic law, effected in principle all words in that language ("Rhythmic Effects in Pali Morphology", Die Sprache 36 (1995), pp. 70-93). It is interesting to note that the circumstances under which this rhythmic law in Pali took effect are the very opposite to the one assumed by Alsdorf for Apabhramsa: in Pali a final long vowel would be shortened in polysyllabic words if the penultimate syllable was long, but remained in disyllabic words and in polysyllabic words that possessed a short penultimate syllable. The majority of verses are Dohas, for which see Alsdorf, Apa-Studien, pp. 39-44.

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26 HERMAN TIEKEN When not specified, the passages quoted are taken from Dohas. Other metres have been indicated by a number between square brackets which corresponds to the order of treatment in Alsdorf's Apa-Studien, pp. 45-56. 8 The distinction between a masc. ending -au and a ntr. ending -au, made in Hc. IV 354, is questioned by Alsdorf, Apa-Studien, p. 9 and p. 10, n. 3. 9 The letters a, b, c, etc. after the verse-number refer to the consecutive padas. 10 Alsdorf (Apa-Studien, pp. 71-72). Alsdorf is less scrupulous in the case of uppattim (all manuscripts!), which he suggests to emend into uppanner: "Deine vorzuglichen Tugenden ... lernen dadurch, dass du auf die Welt gekommen bist, die andern Leute auf dem (ganzen) Erdkreis." Before him Pischel had emended the word into uppatti, which he took as an absolutive: "Mochten doch auch andere Menschen auf dem Erdkreis fur sich (wortlich: sie hervorbringend) deine vorzuglichen Tugenden ... lernen." Actually, I fail to see what is the problem, with uppattim as the object of sikkhanti: tau gunasampai tujjhu madi tudhra anuttara khanti jai uppatti annajana mahimardali sikkhanti, You have a wealth of virtues, you have great wisdom, and your patience is unsurpassed. If only all other people on earth were prepared to learn how to acquire these virtues as well! 11 The full text of the verse reads: dholla mai tuhu varia ma karu diha manu niddae gamihi rattadi dadavada hoi vihanu, for which Pischel provides the following translation: O Freund, ich rate dir, nicht lange zu zurnen. Die Nacht wird uns (sonst) mit Schlaf vergehen (und) schnell wird es Morgen. Pischel's translation of the first pada is obviously much too free, varia meaning "checked, prevented from going". The woman has, thus, prevented her lover or husband from departing. Apparently, he feels frustrated and sulks. His wife tells him to stop sulking and to go to sleep. He wait and see how he will feel in the morning. For the translation below of vihanu with "(occasion for) regret" (Skt vidhana), see verse 362 (pacchai hoi vihanu), discussed in $ 6, 2. Wandering man, I have prevented you from leaving, but stop sulking about it. As soon as the night has been passed with sleep regret will come over you like an attack! For dholla "wandering man", see Vaudeville, "Dhola-maru - An Interpretation", JOIB XI (1962), pp. 316-321. 12 For the translation of this verse, see Alsdorf, Apa-Studien, p. 111. 13 vinnasia = vinyasita, not, with Pischel ("Mir ist beides vernichtet''), vinasita. 14 This instance has been included here on the assumption that gotthada is a plural. For indanilu instead of indanilau, see above $ 3, 3. 10 For naana instead of naana, see above, $ 3, 2. The case of siddhattha, which, as a bahuvrihi compound, is to be constructed with the subject of the sentence, is comparable to that of sabhalau in 396, 3b: tasu para sabhalau jammu "His birth is highly fruitful": ajju vi nahu mahu jji ghari siddhattha vandei tau ji virahu gavakkhahi makkadaghugghiu dei,

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VARIANT ENDINGS -U,-AU AND -A IN THE APABHRAMSA VERSES 27 Today my lord, having accomplished his task, bows before me in the house, but at this very moment separation already gurgles like a monkey at the windows. For the monkey as a symbol of restlessness, see Duhamatrka 27a: camcalu cittu pavargu jima. 18 The metre is not clear here. = 19 This translation follows the interpretation suggested by Alsdorf, according to which appana is the nom. plur. of the adjective appana = atmiya (Apa-Studien, pp. 68-69). According to De Vreese appana atmanam; "O young men, protect yourself" ("Apabhramsa Studies (I)", JAOS 74 (1954), pp. 3-4). 20 The meaning of the phrase is not clear. On the basis of the grammarian Trivikrama's gloss ghanan sahisyase tapan Alsdorf, Apa-Studien, pp. 87-88, has suggested the reading sahesahi "You will have to bear a fierce burning". 21 sarasu is found only in Ub and P, all other sources having sarasa, which is the reading adopted by Pischel in Hc. The verse is also found, as no. 138, in Trivikrama's Prakrit grammar (ed. Vaidya), where yet another variant reading has been noted, namely so rasu, which has been paraphrased as sarasa (sa-rasah?). 22 The uneven pada of a Doha which is a part of a Radda verse (no. 17). 23 This verse has been discussed by Alsdorf, Apa-Studien, p. 89, and by De Vreese, "Apabhramsa Studies (I)", JAOS 74 (1954), pp. 1-3. 24 In other texts -tana is used with nouns as well: in the genitive: ibbhaha tanau (Salibhaddakakkakulam 52c), or in the stem form: dujjana-tana (Neminathacatuspadika 3b). 25 bhadaghada-nivahi, with nivahi instead of ni-, with A, B, F, b, and Uab. I take bhadaghada as an onomatopoeia, for which see Turner, CDIAL no. 9365 s.v. *bhat "sudden movement or noise". 26 pacchai (pacchai) also in Salibhaddakakkakulam 27c and 50c. See also lahakai ibid. 56a, aggai in Duhamatrka 7c and 38d, and sutthai in ibid. 7: ai ki jiya jina-dhammu kari, sutthai sambalu levi aggai kim-pi na pamisae, atthai bhariya geha. 27 The supposed development of -vy-> -v- is a problem for which I do not have a solution apart from offering the - rather arbitrary suggestion that it might be a case of dissimilation: dravvakkau> dravakkau. 28 See Schokker, "The jana-passive in the NIA. languages", IIJ XII (1969-1970), pp. 10-12. My emendation for hatthi ki jamai as read by the mss. 30 Could the genitive bhunjanaha have been abstracted from phrases like kahanaha asamattha quoted above? On the various endings, see also G. V. Tagare, Historical Grammar of Apabhramsa, pp. 321-324. 31 The full text of 390 reads: aitungattanu jam thanaha so chea" na hu lahu sahi jai keval tudivasina ahari pahuccai nahu, Pischel: Allzugrosse Wolbung der Bruste ist ein Nachteil, kein Vorteil. Nur mit Muhe kommt der Gemahl infolge des Zeitverlustes bis zur Lippe. However, Pischel's translation of tudivasina cannot be correct, as tudi denoting a span of time can only mean "a very short moment, a second" (as long as the sound "snap"). Instead, it may refer here to the cleavage between the woman's breasts:

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28 HERMAN TIEKEN "With great difficulty the husband managed to reach the woman's lips through the narrow passage between her breasts". 32 For the construction navi ... para, compare vari ...na vi in, e.g. 340, 1, and in particular Alsdorf's remarks (Apa-Studien, pp. 74-75) on the latter verse. 33 It can hardly be a coincidence that the only "unaccounted" instance of the long and extended endings in the Duhamatrka is kudabau in 34b; see note 49. 34 See also note 48. appu, however, is found as well, namely once in Materialien I. 35 ghoda is inflected for gender; see Turner, CDIAL 4516: Marathi ghoda masc., ghodi fem.; Gujarati ghoro masc., ghori fem, ghoru "poor horse". Grammatically, it behaves like an adjective, which might 'explain the use of the long ending here. See also prahunau, discussed in note 51. 36 For the text of this verse, see above, 86, 6. 37 For dadavada, see 330, 2d, discussed in note 11. For vihanu, see above, $6, 2. 38 For the verse (?) of which this phrase is a part, see above, $ 6, 6. . 39 I leave out of consideration kallana-karo 2c, mohiyao 8c, ghario 14d, bhamadiyao 18c, duvvalao 31c, and ekallao 37a. " I leave out of consideration thiyao 47a and liyao 72a. 41 Note that Baumann does not use a diaeresis over the u and i in -au and -ai. 42 Typically, in these three poems the suffix -tana is found with other words than personal pronouns as well (see note 24). 45 Note dayalu in 10a. 44 dekhamta, karamta and cirtarta seem to represent a kind of absolute usage of the present participle "while ... -ing"; see Baumann, Drei Jaina-Gedichte in Alt-Gujarati, VII.G.5 (p. 56), and Dave, A Study of the Gujarati Language, p. 51. 45 See above, $ 6, 6. 46 I leave out of consideration apanapau 9b, and khina (f.) 9a. 47 Otherwise umaha- functions as an adjective; see Neminathacatuspadika 39b: priya-umahi. But note avahuli huya in ibid. 38c (- uvah-uli). It may be asked if umahau is not an adjective as well, showing the masc. instead of the fem. ending: tasu umahau kima na karemi "What all will I, excited about him, not do?" Cf. jhijhiu in 11b, standing in concord with a fem. subject! 48 I leave out of consideration appau 13c (see also note 34). Note also atthai in 7d beside the adverbs sutthai in d and aggai in c (see note 26). - kutumbaka; see note 33. 30 kulau 71a represents Skt kulaka ("stringed verses"). lahakai 56a is an adverb of the same type as pacchai (see note 26). anamtai dukkha[i] 49d (plur. ntr. with only the adjective having the ending!) s prahunau is inflected for gender, and as such functions much like an adjective, which might explain the occurrence of the extended ending. Cf. ghoda discussed in note 35. 52 E.g. uahi in 365, 2b, and gori in 396, 5c, 401, 2a, and 418, 7d. 53 For this translation of taliit bhangi, see De Vreese, "Apabhrarsa Studies (II)", JAOS 74 (1954), pp. 145-146. 54 For dhania instead of dhana, see Alsdorf, Apa-Studien, p. 73. 35 "(Apparently) the affection of good people, even if they are far apart, is without exaggerated desires". For asaddhalu, from a-sraddha + lu, see Turner, CDIAL, nos. 12678 and 12679. Note that Hemacandra derives the word from asadharana. 56 Particularly interesting are the following pairs from Avadhi, quoted by Schokker, "The Language of Bhakti", Acta Indologica VI (1984), p. 422: kaha "the act of saying" and "she, she says": kaha [it has been said", and pyara m. "love": pyara adj. "beloved"; and pyasa f. "thirst": pyasa adj. "thirsty". .

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VARIANT ENDINGS -U,-AU AND -A IN THE APABHRAMSA VERSES 29 57 In the same way Alsdorf derived the plur. ending -a from -aya. Though this plural ending will not be discussed separately, all the questions raised in connection with the long ending of the singular equally apply to the one for the plural. 58 While the uneven padas of the regular Doha consist of a gana with six morae which is followed by one of four, and tails off with three short syllables (i.e. 6 + 4 + 3), Alsdorf (Apa-Studien, p. 40 ff.) has drawn attention to several instances in which the sixth short syllable of the first and the first short syllable of the second gana have coalesced into one long vowel. In nine out of the ten instances identified this involves the long ending -a. Of these nine eight concern the suffic -da, the ninth instance is hua in 351: bhalla hua ju maria. An exception to this pattern is appanem in 416d: aha appanem na bhanti. Alsdorf apparently overlooked an instance of a similar phenomenon, but this time between the second and the third gana, namely in 422, la: ekku kaiaha vi naa vahi. Another metrical irregularity is found in the third gana of the uneven padas, which, as already indicated, consists of three short syllables. As such it formed the ideal slot for the extended ending, as is shown by e.g. 341, 2: aggalau, 389: mumdiau, and 401, 1: lalasau. In several instances, however, one may find in this positon the long ending, which means that the three morae are resolved in an iambic rhythm: 330, 2: varia, 343, 1: siala, 370, 4: veggala, 379, 2: parakkada, 379, 2: amhaha tana, 409: haravia, 414, 3: sampesia, 418, 1: vinnasia, 423, 4: karavia, 438, 3: varia, and 439, 1: ghana. For instances of yet another resolution of the three short syllables, namely by -, see Alsdorf, Apa-Studien, p. 43. It should be noted, however, that these "irregularities" do not affect the total number of moric instances of the verse. In this respect the metre is respected. For the same reason -a is never found in the Doha at hemistich-final position, which should always be a short vowel. 59 See Alsdorf's discussion (Apa-Studien, p. 55) of padas 3 and 5 of 422, 6: to vi drehi jahim kahi vi Rahi daddha-naana nehem palutta. The metre of the verse, Radda, requires that the padas end with two short syllables and that the two lines should rhyme. This leads Alsdorf to emend Rahi, i.e. Radha or Radhika, into Rahiya, and, consequently, palutta into paluttiya (paluttita). This emendation was based on the argument that the long endings would go back to disyllabic ones. An alternative emendation would, of course, be Raha. 60 The same ending -a is also found in Old Gujarati (e.g. hatha sing.). This hatha is opposed to the adjective ghanau (nom.) or ghana (obl.); hatha (plur.) to ghana (nom. and obl.); see Dave, A Study of the Gujarati Language, p. 21. 61 For the ending -o, see Prakrtapaimgala, Part II, pp. 105 ff. 62 See in this connection also dayala (-u < -u) in Neminathacatuspadika 10a, referred to above in note 43. 63 In this respect the case of fem. -iya is easier to understand. In another respect, however, it is different, for it does not preserve the element of rhyme, -iya standing in concord with words ending in -i as well as with those ending in -a. 64 See Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar, SS 22.21 ff. 65 See Turner, "Gujarati Phonology" JRAS 3 (1921), pp. 329-365, id. 4, pp. 505-544, and "The e and o Vowels in Gujarati" Orientalia ii, 2 (1925), pp. 337-347. 66 A similar phenomenon can be seen in Prakrit, e.g. in Jaina Maharastri. For the re-introduction of the anusvara in particular in the North Indian manuscripts of a Prakrit text, see Tieken, Hala's Sattasai, pp. 168-169.

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30 HERMAN TIEKEN REFERENCES Alsdorf, L.: 1933, 'Bemerkungen zu Pischels "Materialien zur Kenntniss des Apabhramsa". In: Festschrift Moriz Winternitz, Leipzig (1933), pp. 29-36 (- Kleine Schriften, pp. 510-517). Alsdorf, L.: 1937, Apabhraisa-Studien, AKM XXII 2, Leipzig (1937) (Repr. Nendeln, Liechtenstein, 1966). Baumann, G.: 1975, Drei Jaina-Gedichte in Alt-Gujarati. Edition, Ubersetzung, Grammatik und Glossar. Beitrage zur Sudasien-Forschung Sudasien-Institut Universitat Heidelberg 20. Wiesbaden (1975). Bhayani, H.: 1945, The Samdesa Rasaka of Abdul Rahaman, Jina Vijaya Muni and Harivallabh Bhayani (eds.). Singhi Jain Series 22. Bombay (1945). Bloch, J.: 1965, Indo-Aryan from the Vedas to Modern Times. English Edition by A. Master, Paris (1965). CDIAL: R. L. Turner: 1973, A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London. Dave, T. N.: 1935, A Study of the Gujarati Language in the 16th Century (V.S), London. De Vreese, K.: 1954-1961: "Apabhramsa Studies (I-IV)", Journal of the American Oriental Society 74 (1954), 1-5, 142-146, 79 (1959), 7-16, 81 (1961), 13-21. Dahamatrka: See Baumann. Edgerton, F: 1953, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary. Volume 1: Grammar. New Haven (reprint Delhi 1977). Harivamsapurana: L. Alsdorf (ed.): 1936, Harivarsapurana. Ein Abschnitt aus der Apabhramsa-Welthistorie "Mahapurana Tisathimahapurisagunalamkara" von Puspadanta. Alt- und Neu-indische Studien 5. Hamburg. Hc.: Hemacandra's Grammatik der Prakritsprachen (Siddhahemacandram Adhyaya VIII) mit kritischen und erlauternden Anmerkungen herausgegeben von Richard Pischel. I. Theil. Text und Wortverzeichniss. II. Theil. Ubersetzung and Erlauterungen, Halle (1977-1880) (repr. Osnabruck, 1969). Insler, S.: 1994, 'Rhythmic Effects in Pali Morphology', Die Sprache 36, 70-93. Neminathacatuspadika: See Baumann. NS M. Ramakrishna Kavi (ed.): 1954, Natyasastra with the Commentary of Abhi navagupta Vol. III, Baroda. Pischel, R.: 1902, Materialien zur Kenntnis des Apabhramsa. Ein Nachtrag zur Grammatik der Prakrit-Sprachen. Abhandlungen der koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. Philologisch-historische Klasse. Neue Folge Band V. No. 4. Berlin. Prakrtapaingala: Bholasamkara Vyasa (ed.): 1962, Prakrtapaingalam (Philological and Metrical Study) Part II, Prakrit Text Society Series 4, Varanasi. Salibhaddakakkakulan: See Baumann. Sattasar. A. Weber (ed.), 1881, Das Saptacatakam des Hala, AKM VII 4, Leipzig (repr. Nendeln, Liechtenstein, 1966). Schokker, G. H.: 1970, 'The jana-Passive in the NIA. Languages', Indo-Iranian Journal XII (1969-1970), pp. 1-23. Schokker, G. H.: 1984, 'The Language of Bhakti: Popular and Literary Expression in the Works of Tulasidasa', in: Studies of Mysticism in Honor of the 11 50th Anniversary of Kobo-Daishi's Nirvanam. Acta Indologica VI, 383-435. Schwarzschild, L. A.: 1958, Prakrit thakka "tired", Indian Linguistics 19 (Turner Jubilee Volume 1, Sukumar Sen (ed.)), 311-318. Tagare, G. V.: 1948, Historical Grammar of Apabhramsa, Poona (repr. Delhi, 1987). Tieken, Herman: 1983, Hala's Sattasai. Stemma and Edition (Gathas 1-50), with Translation and Notes. Leiden.

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VARIANT ENDINGS -U, -AU AND -A IN THE APABHRAMSA VERSES 31 Trivikrama: P. L. Vaidya (ed.): 1954, Prakrit Grammar of Trivikrama with his own Commentary, or Praksta-Sabdanusasanam savrttikam, Jivaraja Jaina Granthamala 4, Sholapur." Turner, R. L.: 1921, Gujarati Phonology', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 3, 329-364, 4, 505-544 (= Collected Papers, London (1975), pp. 88-145). Turner, R. L.: 1925, "The e and o Vowels in Gujarati', Ashutosh Mukherji Silver Jubilee Volume, Orientalia ii, 2, Calcutta, pp. 337-347 (= Collected Papers, pp. 229-238). Vaudeville, Ch.: 1962, 'Dhola-maru - An Interpretation', Journal of the Oriental Institute Baroda XI 4, 316-321.