Book Title: World of Philosophy
Author(s): Christopher Key Chapple, Intaj Malek, Dilip Charan, Sunanda Shastri, Prashant Dave
Publisher: Shanti Prakashan
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existence in its highest state of unity in contradictions. Thus it may be noted that the final idea of salvation which is in the form of universal nature, cannot reveal itself in an individual in a particulars process, but it is revealed as the eternal or universal union of individual man with all human beings that is a perfect unity with Universal Man.
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In the context of this socio-cultural analysis of the total nature and existence of man towards the achievement of his final freedom, the modern socio-political development in the form of the Marxian analysis of human existence may also be referred to. Marx accepts man as the centre of history and also observes that proper essence of man lies in the expression of his idea of freedom. In the analysis of human essence, Marx puts much emphasis upon his material existence where his natural demand of life is the fulfilment of the material needs of life. Hunger, according to Marx, is the objective need of body which expresses the essential nature of man that fundamentally determines his existence in history. The real significance of this type of humanistic approach to the true individuality in the state of freedom, may be said, lies in the natural existence of man which finally is the self-transcendence of material contradictions and self-manifestation of potential universality in the harmonious development of his existence in freedom. So the development of the highest state of human freedom is the manifestation of 'his universal that is potential in his material existence in this world.
nature
In this connection it may further be noted that the true significance of universality as the explanation of the infinite potentiality of human beings, is purely socio-cultural, because it lies in the expression of creative universality in different states of social existence of man through the development of the cultural relation of unity with all, This type of sociocultural approach to the idea of universality, it may be said, examines its different states of manifestations through the realisation of sociocultural value of creative humanity in different degrees. This may be evaluated by Mackenzie, a modern sociologist, in the following way. He writes, "If we are right in thinking that the ultimate good for man lies in the perfection of the higher elements of his nature, on the control of the lower by means of them, it is evident that it is in the various forms of culture that we find the gradual realization of this".5
In the background of this observation, different philosophical explanations on man expressed through different cultures, may also be evaluated. Naturalism treats man as a natural event and puts less emphasis on human values. Again Absolutism emphasieses the divine spirit and denies the separate existence of man and his freedom.
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