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III. THE THIRD YOGASTHANA The first two Yogasthānas give a detailed account of the inoral training of a pudgala,-specially a beginner (ādikarmika), in order to be equipped with and for cultivating the moral faculties which enable one to acquire proficiency in the acquisition of samādhi or Joga-bhāvanā: This background of moral discipline comprehends not only the daily routines a yogin-pudgala, but also a thorough knowledge of the various mental states, conduct (sila or ācāra) and its good and bad aspects (sampad and vipad), good and bad deeds and their respective fruits, āhāra and its various defects etc., categories of pudgalas and the moral qualities to be cherished, such as the skandha, dhātu, ayātana, the pratityasamutpāda, anāpānasmrti and the bodhipākṣiká dharmas.
The third YS. begins with a description of how a beginner yogin should approach an ācārya who envokes him towards mental orientation in yoga through the cultivation of apramāda and an earnest desire to the extinction of worldly afflictions (klesas) and thus to the acquisition of nirvāņa. In this connection the following aspects of the ādikarmikacaryā have been elucidated in the third YS. of the SBh. :
(i) The four causes of the 'paryeșaņā'-- (a) pranidhāna (the path of contemplation such
as, Mahāyāna, Srāvakayāna, etc.), (b) gotra (nature, such as śrāvakagotra, pratyek
-abuddhagotra, mahāyānage tra, etc.), (c) indriya (senses), such as mild (mrdu), indifferent
(madhya) and sharp (adhimātra), etc., (d) carita (conduct) : under this head, the saman
veșaņā of gotra and indriya has been stated to
