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H. BHATTACHARYA
"Ahimsa' is opposed to 'Himsa!. Himsā or violence is woundid in either of its two forms, through' Kasaya'. This definition of I requires careful analysis and a correct understanding of its nature is essential to the true conception of 'Abimsā' or non-violence. "Prāna' or life, according to the Jainas, is either the 'Bhāva-Präna', 1 e., the inner and the subjective self consisting in the conscious state in its utmost purity or the 'Dravya Prana'i. e., the outer and the objective modes and organs through which the inner self expresses itself. 'Himsä' or violence 18 committed when the igner self of a being or the outward vehicle of the expression e. g. the body 18 in any way hurt. It is to be observed that in order that 'Himsa' may be committed, the yound in the inner self or in its outward vehicle, the body, must be committed through 'Kasāya.'
What is 'Kasāya': 'Kasāya 'consists in a passionate excitation and is of four modes viz, Māna' (Pride), 'Krodha' (Rage), Māya (Deceitfulness) and 'Lobha' (Aparıce) Each of these passions may be of four degree of strength and duration The first and the most inieradicable form of a passion is called the Anantānubandhi In this form a passion 18 as permanent as a line cut on a stone Less strong 15 a passion in its Pratyakhyāna form, in which it 18 likened to a line on earth The third form of a passion on the descending scale of duration is the 'Apratyākhyāna' 1n which 1t 18 removable like a line drawn on dust. The fourth state of a passion 18 called the Sam]valana, in which it is only a pasbing phase of the mind, as evanascent as a line made on water,
Besides the four Kasāyas mentioned above, there are other modes of excitation which are called the No-Kasāgas and are nine in number These are (1) Rāga, a feeling of attachment, (2) Dvesh, a feeling of aversion, (3) Moha, a feeling of infatuation, (4) Kāma, a craving for sexual union, (5) Häsya, a feeling expressing itself in laughter, (6) Bhaya, a feeling of fear, (7) Shoka, a feeling of grief, (8) Jugupsā, a feeling of batred It abhorrance) and (9) Pramāda, a mistaken attitude shunning what 18 really good. These nige No-Kasāyas added to the four 'Kasāyas' with their sixteen modes make passions twenty-five in number
· Violence 18 comitted when owing to the rise of any of the above-mentioned passions, one's conscious state or body is adversely affected. Various interesting corollaries are drawn by the Jains from the foregoing definition of Himsā. They state that there may be cases of Himsā where no actual bodily violence 18 committted, whereas there may be cages also where although actual bodily violence is committed, no Himsă is committed, For Instance, if a man be strictly pure at heart and in conduct and yet if he commits burt through accident, he is not guilty of violence. On the other hand, if a man is full of passions and his movements are careless, he is guilty of violence, even though no actual burt is committed to anybody. In the first case there being no Kasäya or passionate excitation in the heart,
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