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ANOTHER EVIDENCE. 149 have been long. At best we can conceive that twelve generations had enjoyed the property from Mutukudumi. From Kadungon to the donor of the Vēlvikudi grant, we have five or six generations of rulers. The remaining five or six generations of kings must therefore have flourished between the time of Mutukudumi and the Kalabhra interregnum and they were probably the Sangam kings. Counting back from Parantakan (8th century A.D.) to Kadungon in the usual way, we have nearly 200 years : in other words, Kadungon was restored somewhere in the 6th century A.D. Counting from Kadungon back to Mutukudumi, leaving, as has been pointed out, four or six generations of rulers, we arrive at the conclusion that the kings mentioned in Sangam literature must have flourished in the 5th or 4th century A.D.
Students of Ancient Indian History are aware Buddhism in of the close cultural contact between Peninsular-Sumatra. India and the Eastern Archipelago in general, and 'Sumatra and Java in particular. The two latter are known in Tamil classical literature by the general name of Sāvakam, which is the Sanskrit Javadvīpa, the Sultadīn of Ptolemy. Of this, writes Kanakasabhai Pillai: “ Chāvaka or Chāivakadvīpa is the island of Sunātra. The king of Chāvaka appears to have ruled over also Java and the small islands adjacent to Sumātra." Apparently Dr. S. Krishnaswami Ayyangar agrees with this identification (see p. 24, Mythic Society Journal, Vol. XII, No. 1). This Sāvakam
Java and
