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NYAYA.
e.g., the idea that the whitish, shining surface of an oyster-shell contains silver.
Anadhyavasaya is the state of mind which implies an attitude of indifference, indefiniteness or agnosticism. It is the state of consciousness in which the mind is aware of the existence of an object but does not know what it really is.
Knowledge which is free from these three blemishes, that is to say which cognises the objects of knowledge as they exist in nature, is called pramâna (valid knowledge).
CHAPTER II.
All things are knowable, that is to say they are capable of being the object of knowledge on the part of some one or other. That which is not capable of being known by any one at all cannot have an existence, for that which is not provable is non-existent. Hence, if things exist, they must admit of proof. But things which are not known to any one at all are incapable of being proved. Therefore, that which is not known to any one at all is non-existent. Were it otherwise, we would be proving that of which we have no knowledge whatsoever, and the very existence of which we have absolutely no reason to affirm. Therefore, all things are knowable.
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