Nyaya Science of Thought

Author(s): Champat Rai Jain
Publisher: ZZZ Unknown

Page 60

54
NYAYA.
of pramâna. The important ones of these will alone be described here.
Pramânâbhâsa includes all those forms of ignorance-doubt, error and the like-which are characteristic of untruth.
Tarkabhasa is the setting up of an inseparable connection between objects which are independent of each other, e.g., wherever there is smoke, there
is lime.'
Paksábhása is the fallacy of proposition, and arises in the following cases :—
(a) When an unproved proposition is taken as proved, e.g., 'there is a maker of the universe.'
(b) When the statement made is incapable of being proved, e.g., 'everything is perishable.'
(c) When it is opposed to truth as established by direct perception, e.g., ' things are not characterised by many-sided-ness.'
(d) When it involves a construction which is opposed to the accepted sense of words, e.g., taking a sister to mean a wife.
(e) When it contradicts anumâna, e.g., there is no omniscient being.'
(f) When it is fatal to its own validity, e.g., "nothing exists.'
Hetvábhâsa is the fallacy of hetu (reason), and is of four kinds.
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