Nyaya Science of Thought

Author(s): Champat Rai Jain
Publisher: ZZZ Unknown

Page 62

56
NYAYA.
sankita vipakşa vritti where the matter is involved in doubt.
Illustration, (i) Sound is perishable, because it is knowable.
[This is an instance of the nişchita vipaksa vritti type, because it is certain that the quality of knowability resides not only in perishable things, but also in those that are imperishable, e.g., space, souls and the like.]
(ii) Watches are fragile, because they are manufactured with machinery.
[This is an instance of the sankita vipakşa vritti. The fallacy in this case lies in the fact that it is not certain whether the quality of being manufactured with machinery does or does not reside in things which are not fragile, i.e., the vipaksa.]
(4) Akinchitkara hetvâbhâsâ is the fallacy of redundancy. This is also of two kinds.
(a) The siddhasadhana which means the establishing of that which has already been proved by some other kind of pramâna.
Illustration, Sound is heard by the ear, because it is sound.
(6) The bâdhita vişaya which relates to a proposition inconsistent with pratyakşa (direct observation, or jñåna), logical inference, scriptural text or its own sense.
Illustrations. (i) Fire is not endowed with warmth, because t is a substance (inconsistent with pratyaksa.)
(ii) Sound is unchanging, because it is not an effect (inconsistent with anumâna.)