Nyaya Science of Thought

Author(s): Champat Rai Jain
Publisher: ZZZ Unknown

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THE SCIENCE OF THOUGHT.
CHAPTER XXIII. The necessary logical connection, called sådhyânyathânupatti, avinábhava or vyápti, is the basis of inferential validity, for otherwise one might infer the existence of water at the sight of smoke. There are the following five kinds of logical relationship between the sadhana and its sâdhya :
(1) Vyâpya, or the relationship of part to the whole,
(2) kůrya-kårna, i.e., causal connection,
(3) purvachara-uttarachara, that is antecedence and consequence,
(4) sahachara, or co-existence, and
(5) svabhava which means peculiarity of nature, or identity.
Of these, the second and the third categories embrace two types each, because the relationship of cause and effect and antecedence and consequence may be made to yield an inference relating to either the cause or its effect and to antecedence or consequence respectively. Thus, there are seven different kinds of relationship which give rise to a valid inference.
The following table will be found to combine the conclusions reached in this and the next preceding chapter, and to specify the different kinds of logical connection, with due regard to the classification of hetu,