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Political Conditions and Institutions
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The Buddhist texts,1 which testify to their existence in the sixth century B.C., only incidentally refer to them. Among them, the Anguttara Nikāya is the most important as it is the earliest. The sixteen states enlisted in it are as follows :
(1) Kāsi (Kāśi), (2) Kosala (Košala), (3) Anga, (4) Magadha, (5) Vajji (Vțiji), (6) Malla, (7) Chetiya (Chedi), (8) Vamsa (Vatsa), (9) Kuru, (10) Panchāla, (11) Machchha (Matsya), (12) Sūrasena, (13) Assaka (Aśmaka), (14) Avanti (15) Gandhāra and (16) Kamboja.
The Janavasabha Suttanta (Digha Nikāya, II) refers to some of them in pairs, viz., Kāsi-Kosala, Vriji (Vajji)-Malla, Chedi-Vamsa, Kuru-Pañchāla, and Matsya-Śūrasena. The Chullaniddesa adds Kalinga to the list aud substitutes Yona for Gandhāra. The Mahāvastu list agrees with that in the Anguttara Nikāya save that it omits Gandhāra and Kamboja and mentions Sivi and Daśārņa instead.
Anga, Magadha, Vatsa, Vajji, Kāsi, and Kosala are common to both the Bhagavatisülra and the Anguttara Nikāya lists. Mālava of the Bhagavatī is probably identical with Avanti of the Anguttara. Molí is probably a corruption of Malla. The other states mentioned in the Bhagavati are new, and indicate a knowledge of the far east and the far south of India. E. J. THOMAS suggests that the author of this work lived in South India, and that the more extended horizon clearly proves that its list belongs to a later period than the one given in the Buddhist Anguttara. Along with the monarchics, both the Jaina and Buddhist texts mention the existence of republics which formed the distinctive feature of Indian politics in the sixth century B.C. Pāṇini, in his Ashtādhyāyi (500 B.C.), mentions both classes of states, viz., the Republics, to which he applies the term Sangha or Gana, and the kingdoms called Janapadas. Baudhāyana in his Dharmasīītra mcntions states like Surāshira Avanti, Magadha, Anga, Pundra, and Vanga. ANGA
The Jaina Prajñāpanā ranks Anga and Vanga in the first
1. Arigu, I, 213; IV, 252, 256, 260; Harzrasla, 1, 34, 11, 3; pinche Texes.
II, 140 sn; Viddesa, II. 37. 2. History of Buddhist Thought. p. 6,
