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4.
Six
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Lord Mahavira and His Times 2. Twelve Upārgas : Anupapātika, Rājaprašniya, Jivābhigama,
Prañapanā, Jambūdvzpaprajñapti, Chandraprajñapti, Sūryaprajñapti, Nirayāvali (or Kalpika), Kalpāvatansikā,
Pushpikā, Pushpachūlika and Vrishạidašās, 3. Ten Paiņņas (Prakīrṇas) : Chatuḥsaraņa, Saṁstāra, Aturapra
tyākhyānam, Bhaktāparijñā, Tandulavaiyāli, Chandavīja, Devendrastava, Ganivija, Mahāpratyākhyāna, and Virastava. Chhedasūtras: Nišitha, Mahānisītha, Vyavahära, Dašā
śrutaskandha, Bțihatkalpa and Panchakalpa. 5. Two Sūtras without a common name : Nandi and Anuyoga
dvāra. 6. Four Mülasūtras : Uttarādhyayana, Āvaśyaka, Dasavaikālika
and Pindaniryukti.1 Among these different Angas, only the Achāranga, the Sutrakṣitānga and the Uttarādhyayana contain the oldest part of the canon from linguistic and literary points of view.2 The same may be true to some extent of the Bhagavatī Sutra. The Samayika prayers, like the Buddhist formulae of confession, obviously formed the very beginning of the sacred writings, but unfortunately we do not have them in their authentic form. The older parts of the canon contain many archaic forms.
The older prose works generally abound in endless repetitions , but some contain systematic expositions. Of the twelve Upan
gas, only the first two perhaps contain some early material, the rest being 'systematic and exaggerated dogmatic, scientific and mythological treatises. Of the first two Upāngas 1. During the course of three recensions, the Jaina Sutras have undergone
cons Jer ble changes. The first attempt was made by convoking the council at Pataliputra 160 years after Mahāvīra's death (i.e. about 307 B C.) and the sacred lore which was in a state of decay, was put in order. This is known as the Pāțaliputra version (Vāchanā) of the Jaina Canons. Another council was summoned at Mathură under the presidentship of Ārya Skandila between the years 827 and 844) after the death of Mahāvira" (i.e. 300-273 A. D.) and the Scriptural texts were brought into order. This is known as the Māthuri version (Vāchanā) of the Canons. Lastly the council of Valabhi met under Devardhi Ganin Kshamāśramana (Vira 980=A. D. 513) and the Jaina Canon was written down in book form. This is known as Val
abhi version (Vachana) of the Canons. 2. SBE, XXII, pp. XI-XLIII.
