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number. From vedic times, we find the use of ekānna -vimsati (one less twenty) for ninetten in the spoken language. In sūtra period the ekānna was changed to ekona and occassionally even the prefix eka was deleted and we have ūna-vimsati.
Apart from the numbers 19, 29, 39, 49, etc. the vinculum approach is also in evidence in Nemichandra's. works. Parfyty (104 KK) = Two - less - (one) hundred
= 102
= 98 Not only he has used उगुतीस, ऊणतीस, or गुणतीस (one - less - thirty) for twenty nine but he also expressed as audiA (544 KK) i.e. Nine - twenty = 9 + 20 = 29. This approach comes under the vigesimal system of counting. The Maya of central America had practied this system more than 2000 years ago although they were not the first to do so. Even in the present time, it is under practice in the remote tribal region of western Madhya Pradesh of India.
2.4 Numbers Under Operation
To express number under mathematical operation is an interesting phenomenon in Indian mathematics. The operation may be of addition, multiplication, evolution etc. or any combination of more than one of the above. The use of this method is in evidence in the Tiloyapannatti." Instances from Nemicandra's works are as follows -
MUUTRIRE RIGTII CARRY (640 KK) = Five seventy with elevan hundred = 1100 + 75 = 1175 SUORITT (568 KK) = Double of sixteen = 2 X 16 = 32 grafa (364 KK) = Six Kriti = (6)2 = 36 4a4chantil (157 JK) = Cube of two squared five times
* = (((2333333 Kriti as technical term has been commonly used by Aryabhata - I (476
A.D.) 18
ATGTi ritariofè rigfore YUTUTORI46 HERI fornitetguurifai (20 TLS) = With one-thirty zeros the product of two-forty, sixteen Kriti and double
56
Arhat Vacana, July 99
