Ashokna Shilalekho Uper Drushtipat

Author(s): Vijayendrasuri
Publisher: Yashovijay Jain Granthmala
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/034472/1

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itihAsa 114 23A 3 zo ka nA 154 450 3122

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azokanA zilAlekho upara dRSTipAta le kha ke: vijayendrasUri

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4 , azokanA zilAlekho upara dRSTipAta (Da. zAhanA kalpita vicArenuM nirasana ) lekha ka- vidhAvallabha itihAsa-tatva-mahedadhi AcArya zrI vijayendrasUri pra kA za ka: zrI yazevi ja ya je na graMtha mA lAbhA vana ga 2. vi. saM. 1992. : : I. sa. 1936. : : dharma saM. 14. | kimata cAra AnA. See Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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mudrakaH-- zeTha devacaMda dAmajI Anaa prinTIMga presa bhAvanagara

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kiMcid vaktavya saMvat 1989 mAM mArUM' cAturmAsa DAdarAmAM thayuM te daramiyAna DaoN. tribhuvanadAsa laheracaMda zAha prasaMgeApAtta mArI pAse AvatA hatA. AmAMnA eka prasa Mge, te tulzakRta Inscriptions of Ashoka lAvyA hatA ane te vAMcavAna mane Agraha karyAM hatA. A uparathI, meM e graMtha 3-4 vAra vAMcI joyA, paNa temAM dAktara sAhebanI mAnyatA anusAra, mane kazuMye na jaNAyuM. azAkanA zilAlekhAmAM, jenA saMbadhI aneka sthaLe nirdeza che ema paNa kaMi mAlUma na paDayuM. azokanA trIzeka lekhAmAM mAtra eka lekhamAM, nigraMtha (jainA ) sa'badhI, eka ja vAra nirdeza thayele che. A nirdeza paNa temanA 14 khaDakalekhAmAM nahIM, paNa dilhI-TAparAnA sta bhalekhamAM goNapaNe ja thayeleA che, kAraNa ke saMdhA, brAhmaNA, AjIvikA ane vividha pa`thA sAthe ja nigraMtha ' zabda vAparavAmAM Avye che. ja " Ama azokanA lekhAmAM, jenA mATe eka ja vAra nirdeza thayA che evI mane khAtrI thatAM, huM dAktara sAhebanAM ma'tanyathI cikata thaI gayA. pariNAme azeAkanA zilAlekhA sa"kha"dhI temanAM ma`tanyane, mArA taraphathI kaie samayana na maLyu. e kahevAnI bhAgye ja jarUra che.

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te pachI, temaNe pitAnAM " prAcIna bhAratavaSa" nuM vijJapri-patra batAvI, te (pustaka) mATe, abhiprAya ApavA (e pustaka chapAyuM te pahelAM ja ), mane vinati karavA mAMDI. paNa temanAM pustakanuM barAbara vAcana karyA bAda, e saMbaMdhamAM mane buddhigamya rIte saMteja na thAya tyAM sudhI, e adhiprAya ApavAnI meM siddhAntanI daSTie sApha nA pADI. huM ItihAsane vidyAthI ja hovAthI, meM lIdhela A mArga mane te adyApi ucita ja jaNAve che itihAsane vighAthI game tema abhiprAya ApI paNa kevI rIte zake? - vaDodarAthI muMbaI jaI, tyAM cAturmAsa karyA bAda, tyAMthI pAchA pharatAM, huM surata, khaMbhAta vigere sthaLoe jaine bhAvanagara gaye hate. dAktara sAhebanuM pustaka (prathama bhAga) A vakhate chapAI gayuM hatuM ane temaNe te mane dekhADayuM paNa hatuM. e pustaka uparaTapake jotAM, temAM mane keTalIka khAmIe jaNAI AvI hatI jenuM meM dAkatara sAhebane yogya sUcana paNa karyuM hatuM. tyArabAda, gaye varSe mArUM cAturmAsa vaDhavANa kempamAM thatAM, mane dAkatara sAhebanAM pustakano svAdhyAya karavAnI taka maLI. e svAdhyAyathI, pustakanA saMbaMdhamAM mArI zaMkAo dinapratidina vadhatI ja gaI. eTalAmAM suprasiddha "prasthAna " mAsikamAM, pustakasaMbaMdhI zrI durgAzaMkara kevaLarAma zAstrIne rIvyu pragaTa thaye, e rIvyumAMnAM keTalAMka vAkathI, pustakanuM sama rIte adhyayana karavAnI mane sAhajika rIte uttejanA maLI. AthI pustakanuM pharIthI adhyayana karyuM. ethI mArI zaMkAo Shree Sudharmaswarni Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surar www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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pahelAM karatAM khUba vadhI paDI. huM jema jema pustaka vAMcatA gayo tema tema, dAkatara sAhebanAM jevAM pustakA bahAra paDavAthI, jainAne lAbha thavAne badale, ulaTI hAni thavAnA sAva che evI mane pUrIpUrI khAtrI thaI ene pariNAme pustakanI samAlAcanAmAM utaravAnI mane utkaTa icchA thaI. AthI meM pustakanuM samAleAcana karavA nimitte Avazyaka asala ( Original ) ane pramANabhUta sAmagrI ekaThI karavA mAMDI. evI sAmagrIonA sacaya karyAM vinA, itihvAsanu tulanAtmaka adhyayana ane aitihAsika viSayAnu' ane. SaNu ane samAleAcana karavu e vAstavika nathI, evA mAnA siddhAnta ja hAvAthI, evI sAmagrI ekaThI karavI e Avazyaka hatuM. e sAmagrIo chellA 6 mAsamAM jyAM jyAMthI maLI zakI tyAM tyAMthI meM prApta karI che ane tenA ane teTale upayoga paNa meM adyApi karyAM che. ( dAkatara sAhebanAM pustakanAM samAleAcananuM kArya hAtha dharatAM, keTalAka samaya vyatIta thayA bAda, jaina ropya mahAtsava 'ka 'mAM pragaTa thayelA temanA * saMprati mahArAjanA zilAlekhA kavA padacyuta samrAT azoka' e lekha jovAnI AvazyakatA upasthita thai. e lekha jotAM, tene prativAda prathama karavAnu` mane iSTa lAgyuM. AthI e lekha temaja tene samarthanarUpa temanAM pustakamAMnA keTalAka vicArAne prativAda A pustakamAM karyAM che. dAkatara sAhebanAM pustakanI samAlocanAneA graMtha have pachI ahAra paDaze.

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A pustaka lakhavAmAM, zrI jana AtmAnaMda sabhA, bhAvanagara, zrI jainadhamaprasAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, dhrAMgadhrA jaina pustakAlaya, pAyacaMda gacchanA upAzrayane bhaMDAra (dhrAMgadhrA), zrIdevaddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa pustaka bhaMDAra (pAlItANu), bArTana lAIbrerI (bhAvanagara) ane aMdherInA vidyArasika zeTha kalyANajI karamazInAM pustakAlayanAM keTalAMka pustake mane upayukta thayela che vastusthitinI barAbara jANa mATe, dAkatara sAhebane graMtha temaja lekha pitAnI samIpa rAkhI, A pustaka vAMce evI mArI vAcakane namra sUcanA che. dhrAMgadhrA tA. 27-3-36 ) ( vijayendrasUri dharma saMvat 14

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be bola saMprati mahArAjanA zilAlekhe kivA padamRta samrATuM azoka' e zIrSaka De. tribhuvanadAsa zAhanA "jaina rIpya mahotsava aMkamAM pragaTa thayela eka lekha ane e lekhamAMnA keTalAka vicArane samarthanarUpa, temanAM "prAcIna bhAratavarSa' (bhAga pahelA) nA keTalAMka daSTibindue temaja vicAronA prativAdarUpa A pustaka pragaTa karatAM amane atyaMta AnaMda thAya che. vidhAvallabha ItihAsa-tatvamahodadhi AcAryazrIvijacendrasUrijIe lakhela A pustakamAM, dAkatara sAhebanAM aneka vicitra anumAne ane kalpanAonuM nirasana karavAmAM AvyuM che. temAMthI vAcakone aitihAsika Adi daSTie ghaNIye navIna hakIkta avazya jANavAnI maLaze evI amane pratIti che. dAkatara sAhebanAM uparyukta pustakanI AcAryazrIkRta samAcanane graMtha have pachI pragaTa thaze. dAkatara sAhebe pitAnA vicArothI, AjanA AgaLa vadhelA jamAnAmAM, ItihAsavide, vidvAne ane Itara lekenuM jANI joIne apamAna karyuM che ane azoka jevA mahAna samrATa ane mahAkSatrapa rudradAmA jevA mahAparAkramI ane suprasiddha mahAna narapatine bAremAM bhAre anyAya karyo che,

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enI vAcakone A pustaka vAMcavAthI jhAMkhI thaze emAM kai zaMkA nathI. AcAya zrIe sadbhAgye amArI saMsthA pratye khAsa lakSa dAkhavavA mAMDyuM che ane e sasthAnI bhAvI pragatinAM ujjavaLasUcaka cihnarUpa che ema jaNAvatAM amane bhAre haSa~ thAya che. temanA ja guNa prayatna ane sahAnubhUtithI, hAlamAM amArI sasthA taraphathI, AcArya zrImANikayadevasUriSkRta ' nalAyana ' ( kuberapurANa ) chapAI rahyuM che. AcAya zrIe je udAtta uddezathI A pustaka lakhyu che te uddeza saphaLa thAya evI amArI hArdika abhilASA che. graMthamALA ophisa, DerIsarADa-bhAvanagara tA. 1-4-36. } prakAzaka.

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// OM || jagatpUjya zrIvijayadharmasurIzvaragurubhyo namaH | azokanA zilAlekho upara dRSTipAta ( DA. tribhuvanadAsa zAhanA vicArAnuM nirasana, ) jaina ropya mahAzilAlekhA vA vaDodarAvALA DA. tribhuvanadAsa zAhe tsava aMka' mAM ' saMprati mahArAjAnA padacyuta samrAT azoka ' e zIrSaka eka lekha lakhyA che. e lekhamAM temaNe samrAT azokane varelI kIrtti mahArAjA supratine varAvavAnA nirarthaka rIte puSkaLa prayatna karyAM che. dAktara sAhebanA A prayatna anucita lAgavAthI, A niSadha, e lekhanA eka radIyA rUpe namrabhAve lakhyuM che. vidvAnA ane jijJAsuone te kaMika aMze paNa mArgadarzaka thaze evI mane AzA che.

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saMprati mahArAjAe je je satkAryo karyA hoya te sava ahAra Ave e sarvathA iSTa che; paNa tema karatAM, temanI kIrtti khATI rIte vadhAravAnA ke temaNe je kAryAM na karyAM hAya te temanAM gaNavAnA ke gaNAvavAnA prayAsa naja thavA joie e kahevAnI bhAgye ja jarUra che. evu" thAya tA, khIjAnI vastu pAtAnI tarIke apanAvavAnA prayatna karavAnA AkSepa, evA prayatna karanAra temaja tenA dharmaba e upara thavAnA saMbhava che e dekhItu che. DA. zAhanA uparyuMkta lekhamAM, mahArAjA saMpratinI kIrtti khoTI rIte vadhArI devAnA aneka prayAse| thayA che. temanA e prayAse yathAyeAgya rIte samajavA mATe, ApaNe prathama mahArAjA saMpratinAM jIvanathI paricita thavuM ane temanAM jIvananAM keTalAMka kAryAMnI jhAMkhI karavI e Avazyaka che. samrAT saprati magadhapatisamrAT saMprati bhAratavarSanA itihAsamAM mazahura che. jaina samrAT tarIke, temanuM nAma prAcIna tema ja arvAcIna jaina graMthAmAM suvikhyAta che. temanA ja bhagIratha prayatnAthI, jainadhama sakucita vastula ( circle ) mAMthI khahAra AnyA hatA ane tenA khUNe khUNe pracAra thavAthI, jainadharmanA anuyAyIonI sa khyA khUba vadhI hatI. saMprati mahArAjAe bhAratavarSanI bahAranA aneka dezamAM paNa dhapadezaka mAkalyA hatA. suprasiddha yuropIyana ane bhAratIya vidvAnA paNa A vAta have mAnya rAkhe che. saMprati

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mahArAjAnI dharma-dhagaza atyaMta tIvra hatI. AthI temaNe dharmapracAranuM vyApaka kArya pitAnAM zAsana daramiyAna nirADaMbarapaNe karyA karyuM hatuM, jene pariNAme jainadharmane vijaya-dhavaja aneka kSetramAM pharaka hate. samrA caMdraguptanA putra biMdusAra hatA. biMdusAranA putra azaka hatA je bauddha samrA tarIke adyApi jagamazahura che. samrA saMprati azokanA putra kuNAlanA putra hatA. temaNe AryasuhastI pAsethI jainadharma grahaNa karyo hate ane e dharma grahaNa karyA pachI, temaNe tenuM AjIvana hAdika pAlana karyuM hatuM. temanuM anukaraNa karIne, keTalAka khaMDIyA rAjAo tema ja lAkhe ajainee paNa jainadharma aMgIkAra karyo hate. mahArAjA saMpratie jaina dharmanA pracAra mATe je je prayatna karyA hatA te te prayatno prAyaH saphala thayA hatA. temane kIrti ke mAnanI kazIye spRhA na hatI. teo sarva kAryo pitAnuM kartavya samajIne ja karatA hatA. zilAlekhenI temane zI jarUra hatI? AvA suprasiddha ane kharekhara mahAna jaina samrATu mATe Aje paNa pratyeka jaina naisargika rIte hArdike pUjyabhAva dharAve che e sarvathA yukta che. Adhunika samartha vidvAne paNa saMprati mahArAjAne eka mahAna vyakti ane samartha samrATa tarIke mAnya karavA lAgyA che e mahArAjA saMpratinI mahattA saMbaMdhI, nirAbAdha sAkSIrUpa che, bhAratIya suprasiddha vidvAna pratnatattvavizArada zrI kAzIprasAda Shree Sudharmswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat WWW.umaragyanbhandar.com.

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jAyasavAle paNa, saMprati mahArAjAnA sikkAo uparathI, temanAM astitvanA niHzaMkapaNe svIkAra karyAM che. A pramANe, mahArAjA saMprati eka mahAn aitihAsika vyakti thaigayAnuM nivivAda che. aitihAsika dRSTie vicAra karatAM, temanAM astitvanAM saMbadhamAM ka Mi zaMkA ja nathI. have ApaNe DA. zAhanA lekhanI samIkSA karIe. DaoN. zAhanA lekhanI samIkSA DA. zAhe azAkanA zilAlekhA sa Mprati mahArAjAnA zilA lekhA che evu ghaTAvavA nimitte, uparyuMkta lekha 22 pAnAMnA lakhyuM che. temAM je je rIte ane jyAM jyAM banyuM te te rIte ane tyAM tyAM zilAlekhA sa'pratinA ja che ema vAcakone manAvavAnA prayatna karavAmAM temaNe kazIye kacAza rAkhI nathI. azAkanA zilAlekhA saMpratinA zilAlekhA che ema mAnavA-- manAvavA mATe, temaNe keTalAka vicitra anumAna ane asa bhavita kalpanAe paNa karela che. e sava sa'badhI samIkSA karavI e A nAnakaDA nikha'dhamAM, sthaLa-sa'kAcane kAraNe azakaya heAvAthI, namUnArUpa ja keTalAka muddAonI ApaNe samIkSA karIzu. lekhanI samIkSA karatAM, lekhamAMnA muddAone samathaeNnarUpa, OMA. zAhamRta * prAcIna bhAratavarSa - * prAcIna bhAratavarSa ' bhAga pahelAnA keTalAka vicArAnuM paNa keTaleka sthaLe nirasana karavAmAM Avyu che e vAcakAe khAsa lakSamAM rAkhavAnI jarUra che.

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kaa zveta lekhake zveta' nA atha cetAva saMkalAya karavAmAM AvatA hAya tA' ema je kahyuM che tenA kaI artha ja nathI. e pachI, teo zvetAmbara-digambaranA prazna lAvyA che e uparathI, temanA uddeza zvetAmbara sapradAya' evA karavAnA lAge che; paNa e artha ja thaI zakato na hovAthI, temane e uddeza sarI zakatA nathI. 'zvetAmbara' mATe 'zvetapaTTa' ke evA zabdo eIe. digambara sa MpradAyanuM astitvaja A mahAgirijInA samayamAM na hatu. lekhake te paNa A vAta mAnya rAkhI che. Ama chatAM, 'zveta' saMbadhI peAtAnAM ma`tanyane age, temaNe zvetAmbara-digambaranA prazna kema upasthita karyo che e samajavuM ja surakela thai paDe che. A mahAgirijI mAtra jinakalpanI tulanA karatA hatA. A sa`kha"dhI cAgya rahasya samajavA mATe, lekhakane varSo lAge tema che. vaLI A vAtane digambara sapradAyanI utpatti sAthe kaMi paNa lAgatuM vaLagatuM nathI. 'zveta' nA artha ' saphreta hAthI ' ema karavA e yeAgya nathI. 'veta hastinA artha 'sapheta hAthI' thAya. azokanA giranAranA 13 mA zilAlekhanI nIce (lekha pUrA thayA pachI, tenI nIce lITI dorIne) sveto pti e zabdovALA pATha che. e pATha AkhAne AkhA uDADI mUkIne, lekhake mAtra 'zveta' zabda grahaNa karyAM che ane tenA paNa temaNe khATA atha karyAM che. A rIte temaNe janatAnI AMkhe pATA bAMdhyA che. nIcenAM keTalAMka Readings thI e hakIkata vAMcakAnA lakSamAM AvI zakazeH--

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6 ( sa ) sveto hasti sarva - loka-sukhAharo nAma The perfectly white Elephant, bringing, happiness, indeed, to all the world. Asoka (By R. K. Mookerji ), P. 170. ( akhila jagane kharekhara sukha ApanAra sapUrNa zveta hasti. ) va sveto hasti savA - loka-sukhAharo nAma ( sa ) rva - sveto hasti sarva - loka-sukha-ggAharo nAma Asoka (By Dr. D. R. Bhandarker. ) 2nd Edition, P. 177. azoka kI dharmalipiyA~, nivedana, pR. 2. mahAtmA buddhe devalAkamAMthI zveta hastI rUpe avataraNa karyuM hatu. e dRSTie vicAra karatAM paNa, lekhake vAparelA ekalA ' zveta' zabda kharAkhara nathI. mahAtmA buddhanAM zveta hastI rUpe avakramaNu saMbaMdhI nimna pramANe khAsa jANavA lega che: - bhUtvA bodhisatto setavaravAraNo hutvA ... ...... Jataka Commentary Vol I. (Edited by Fausboll ) P. 50. pANDuragajarUpo bodhisattvaH tuSitavarabhavanAccyutvA . ( mAtuH ) kukSAvava = krAmata ...... Lalita-Vistara, P. 63.

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( Adhisattve tuSita devalAkanAM suMdara bhavanamAMthI cyavIne, zveta hAthI banIne,....mAtAnI kukSimAM avakramaNa karyuM"). bodhisattva zveta sundara hAthI bana,... rupahalI mAlAke samAna sU~DameM zveta kamala liye, madhura nAda kara... mAtAkI zayyAko tIna bAra pradakSiNA kara, dAhinI bagala cIra, kukSimeM praviSTa huye jAna pdd'e| isa prakAra ( bodhisattvane ) uttarASADha nakSatra meM garmameM praveza kiyA / yuddhavaryAM, pR. 2. uparanA pAThAmAM 'zveta' e vizeSaNa che e nAnuM bALaka paNa samajI zake tema che. mahAtmA buddha svargathI cyavIne, temanI mAtAnAM udaragarbhamAM AvyA tyAre temanI mAtAe svapnamAM sapheta hAthIne pAtAnAM mukhamAM (mukha karyuM hoya tA, kharI rIte kukha joie) praveza karatA joyA hatA evA pro. kanai pAThanA artha mAtra karyAM che. temaNe ethI vizeSa kaMI kahyuM nathI. AthI pro. kana A prasaMga mahAtmA buddhanA saMba dhamAM lAgu pADe che evu lekhakanu` kathana ThIka nathI. buddhanI mAtAne svapna-darzana thayuM hatuM e zakAspada che evuM lekhakanu' ma'tanya paNa vAstavika nathI. lekhake AnA sabadhamAM, bauddha graMthA vAMcyA ja nahIM hoya ema lAge che. pre. kana, mahAtmA buddhanI mAtAe joyela hasti-svapnanA prasaMga, muddhanI mAtAne anulakSIne jaNAve che ema kahIne, lekhaka e prasaMga mahAvIranI mAtAnA saMbaMdhamAM vadhAre savita che ema kahe che. lekhakanuM A kathana kapAlakalpita che. mahA mA buddhanI mAtAe svapnamAM cha daMtuzaLavALA hAthI joye

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. hatA. zrI mahAvIranAM mAtA trizalAdevIe svapnamAM je saskRta hAthI joyA hatA tene 4 daMtuzaLA hatA. A sabadhamAM nimna pramANu jANavAjoga cheH - taeNa sA tisalA khattiANI, tappaDhamayAe, cauddaMta vasiagali avipulajalaharahAranikarakhIrasAgarasasaMkakiraNadagarayarayayamahAselapaMDurataraM samAgayamahuarasugaMdhadANavAsi akabolamUlaM, devarAyakuMjaravarappamANaM, picchara pasUtra-LiAvaDI, patra 46-16. mahAtmA buddhanI mAtA mAyAdevIe svapnamAM joyela hAthInA sa'badhamAM nimna pramANA mahattvanAM cheH According to the Lalita-Vistara description, the elephant was of the noblest breed, having six tusks, white as snow and silver, and characterised by a gentle movement. The details of the scene presupposes a story, similar to one in the JitakaNidana Katha, as will appear from the following narration. Barhut Bk. ii, PP. 12-13. ... ( hAthI umadAmAM umadA hatA, tene hRdaMtuzaLA hatA, te kharapha ane cAMdI jevA saskRta hatA....ane maMda gati e tenI viziSTatA hatI evuM vRttAnta ' lalita vistara' mAM ApavAmAM Avyu che. ' jAtaka nidAna kathA 'mAMnI Ane maLatI eka kathAmAM ApelAM nimna vRttAntane A dRzyamAMnI hakIkatA AdhArabhUta bane che. )

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At this time, Maya dreamt that, an elephant, with good looks, a red head and six tusks and of slow movement entered into her womb. -A Study of the Mahavastu, P. 60. ( cha datuzaLA ane rAtAM mAthAMvALA tathA maMdagatiyukta eka hAthIe pAtAnA garbhamAM praveza karyAM evuM mAyAdevIne A vakhate svapna AvyuM. ) She is evidently dreaming a dream, in which she sees, how the Boddhisattwa descended from high in the shape of a six-tusked elephant and forced his entry into her womb, through her left side. Barhut Bk. i, P. 55. ( tene ( mAyAdevIne ) dekhItI rIte eka svapna Ave che. temAM te, Adhisatva cha datuzaLavALA hAthIrUpe uMcethI ( AkAzamAMthI) avataraNa kare che ane DAkhI kUkhethI peAtAnA garbhamAM praveza kare che ema jue che. ) che Ama mahAtmA buddhanI mAtAe svapnamAM joyela cha datucaLavALA hAthI ane zrIvIra prabhunI mAtAe svapnamAM joyela cAra tuzaLavALA hAthI eka kema mAnI zakAya ? e bannene eka mAnI levA e lekhakanA bhrama mAtra che. vaLI 'zveta' zabda jainAnI monopoly-jainanAja che ema ThasAvavAne lekhake khATI rIte khUba prayatna karyAM che ema paNa A sarve uparathI, jaNAya che; paNa temanA e prayatna dhruvA vicitra che?

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10 lekhaka mahAzaya ATalethI ja nathI aTakayA. temaNe te bharata stUpamAMnAM mAyAdevInAM svapna-dazyane saMpratirAjAnI mAtAnA svapnanuM dazya mAnI lIdhuM che. mAyAdevInAM svapnadazya upara, "mAvavo uti ? ema lakhyuM che. lekhake e jevA ke vAMcavA-vicAravAnI tasdI ja lIdhI nathI. mahAtmA buddhanuM mAtAnA garbhamAM avataraNa thayuM e saMbaMdhI aneka thAmAM paNa mahAtmA buddhane mATe "bhagavAna ke evA ja keI zabdane ullekha thayela che. * A saMbaMdhamAM, keTalAMka pramANe nIce pramANe che - Bhagavato Ukramti. bodhisatto tusitA kAyA cavitvA mAtukuci okmati (sonto rAti, jo 3khano ( Digha. II, PP. 12, 18, 68). bodhisattvAH...tuSita bhavanaM upagamya manujabhavaM abhikAkSamANAH mAtuH kukSi avataranti...garbhAvakrAntisampannAtha samyak saMbuddhA bhavanti / mahAvastu 1, pR. 142. ( bhagavataH ) garbhAvakrAnti -Lalita-Vistara, P. 86. Barhut Inscriptions, P. 52. * The descent of the Boddhisattws into the womb of his mother is referred to in texts like Digha Nikaya II ( Pp. 12, 13; 55) or the Jatakas. -Asoka (By R. K, Mookerji ), P. 61 Note.

Page #22
Ama "bhagavAna" zabda buddhane uddezIne che. e zabda saMprati rAjAne kema lAgu paDI zake e kalpanAtIta thaI paDe che. vaLI lekhake pitAnA maMtavyanA saMbaMdhamAM kaMI paNa pramANu ApyuM nathI. AthI saMpratinA mAnelA avazeSamAM, hAthI agrasthAne hevAnuM, saMpratinA paricayamAM, je kahyuM che te nizadhAra che. lekhake pitAnA bhejAmAMthI kevI asaMgata hakIkta upajAvI kADhI che tenuM A eka javalaMta daSTAnta che. rahuta stUpamAMnA mAyAdevInA citrapaTane saMbaMdha zrI mahAvIra prabhunI kaivalyabhUmi bhAratahapa sAthe hoya ema spaSTa tarI Ave che evuM lekhakanuM kathana taddana asatya che. e citrane saMprati mahArAjA sAthe kaMI lAgatuM vaLagatuM nathI e ApaNe upara joyuM che. bharaDutane jIgAma kema mAnI zakAya ? jabhIyagAma baMgALamAM che. ( je trAjuvAlukA nadInA kAMThe AveluM che. ane AjakAla e nadIne ajayA kahevAmAM Ave che.) bharata madhyaprAMtamAM che. bhArata sthAna saMbaMdhI nimna pramANu khAsa jANavAjoga che. Bharhut-In the Central Provinces, 120 miles to the south-west of Allahab.id, and nine miles to the south-east of the Suina Railway Station......... ( - De's Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeal India, 2nd Edition, P. 32 ) (bharahata madhyaprAMtAmAM che ane te allahAbAdathI nairUtya khUNAmAM 120 mAIla ane satanA relave sTezanathI agni khUNAmAM 9 mAIla dUra AveluM che.)

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12 Kausambi, 80 miles N. E. of Bharbut. --- Cambridge History of India, Vol. I. P. 524 [ kauzAmbI bharaDutathI IzAna khUNAmAM 80 mAIla. ] sAMcIthI bharahuta Azare baso mAIla thAya che. dAkatara sAhebe sAMcIne potAnA graMthamAM pAvApurI mAnela che. (juo pR. 188 80) eTale je sAMcI te pAvApurI ja hoya te zrI vIraprabhu kaivalyasthAnathI eka ja rAtrImAM 200 mAIla vihAra karIne pAvApurI gayA hatA-(arthAt bharaDutathI sAMcI gayA hatA) ema mAnavuM paDe. zrI viraprabhue eka ja rAtrimAM ATale badhe vihAra karyo hoya e asaMbhavita che. AthI siddha thAya che ke bhArahata te ja bhayagAma nathI. barahuta baMgALamAM nathI ema upara kahevAI gayuM che. bharaDutane sthAne bhAratahapa zabda vAparyo che te paNa vAstavika nathI. bhArahatane jalIyagAma sAthe zuM lAgevaLage? vaLI tene sUpa te bIdonA sUpa tarike jagavikhyAta che. e sUpa sAthe prasenajita ane kuNika( ajAtazatru no saMbaMdha paNa lekhake joDI dIdhuM che e paNa kevuM kahevAya ? bhArata ane tenA stUpa sAthe bauddho, jene vigerene saMbaMdha e viSe che. zAhanA "prAcIna bhAratavarSa" bhAga pahelAnI samAcanAmAM huM vizeSa lakhavA IcchuM chuM. AthI Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhanda-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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13 rahata ane tenA stUpa viSe atre ATaluM ja kahevuM e huM paryApta samajuM chuM. mAyAdevIe joyela svapnanAM da vigere azaka taraphathI prajAne avAranavAra batAvavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. AthI lagavAna mahAvIranI mAtAe joyelAM svapna bhAdrapada zukala pratipadAnA divase, bhagavAna mahAvIranA janmavAMcana samaye, darzana mATe raju karAya che evuM lekhakanuM kathana khAsa mahatvanuM nathI. A rivAja pAchaLathI dAkhala thaye che e paNa khAsa ullekhanIya che. vaLI svapnane lagatI hakIkata, zrImahAvIra ane temanI mAtAne ja lAgu pADavAmAM Ave te, lekhake 14 svapnamAMthI hAthI saMbaMdhI ja, khAsa ullekha kema karyo * lu Rock Edict IV. Asoka says: " But now in consequence of the spread of Dhamma, by king Pryadarsin, Beloved of the gods, the sound of the drum, bas become the sound of Dhamma after his having shown to the people, spectacles of aerial chariots ( vimanas ), spectacles of elephants ( hastins ) masses of fire ( ayni-skandhas ) and other divine representations. -Asoka (By Bhandarkar ) 2nd Edition, P. 180 ( azoka khaDaka lekha cothAmAM kahe che-devone priya priyadarzI rAjAe karela dharmapracArane pariNAme, vimAna, hastio, agni kaMdho ane bIjA divya dazya janatAne dekhAyA pachI, Dhelane SnAda dharmanirUpa thayo che). Shree Sudharmaswani Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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che? e prazna paNa upasthita thAya che. damAM badhA svane hoya che. AthI eka svapnane ja nirdeza karIne, lekhaka mahAzaya trizalA mAtAnuM mahattva ghaTADatA nathI? lekhake potAnA mAnela saMprati rAjAe khaDaka lekhe UbhA karyA che ane temAM hAthIo ketarAvyA che, evuM maMtavya vyakta karyuM che. A maMtavya jarAye satya nathI. mahArAjA azake paNa giranAra, dhaulI ane kAlsI e traNa sthaLee ja hAthIo ketarAvyA che. AmAMthI giranAranA lekhavALe (lekha pAse kotarelo) hAthI luptaprAya thaI gaye che (juo rAdhAkumuda mukarajI kRta azoka, pR. 170 ). " zveta saMbaMdhI lekhakanAM maMtavya janatAne kevAM avaLe raste laI janArAM, vidvAnane kevAM apamAnajanaka ane jaganI kevI pratAraNA karanArAM che? saMpratinAM vata lekhake AThamA khaDaka lekha uparathI, saMprati mahArAjAne udezIne keTalAka muddAo upasthita karyA che. AmAMne eka mu saMprati mahArAjAe lIdhelAM vrata saMbaMdhI che. lekhake saMprati mahArAjAe rAjyAbhiSeka bAda, navamAM varSe ATha vrata lIdhAnuM lekhana karela che ema kahyuM che. saMprati mahArAjAe rAjyAbhiSeka pachI 10 me varase vrate lIdhAM hatAM ema paNa lekhaka mAne che. A rIte saMprati mahArAjAe, pitAne rAjyAbhiSeka thayA bAda, keTalAme varSe te lIdhAM hatAM tenI lekhakane pUrepUrI khAtrI nathI e nirvivAda che.

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15 zikSAtratA rAjAne duHsAdhya hAvAthI, sa Mpratie ATha ja vrata grahaNa karyAM hatAM ema paNa lekhake kahyuM che. sa'prati mahArAjAe ATha ja vrata lIdhAM hatAM ' evu' lekhakanu kathana yathArtha nathI. temaNe zrAvakanAM khArUM vrata aMgIkAra karyAM hatAM. A saMbaMdhamAM nimna pramANeA. jANavAjoga che: aNuvrata guNavratazikSAvratapavitritaH / pradhAna zrAvako jajJe sampratistatprabhRtyapi // 62 // -Parisistha Parva, 2nd Ed. ( Ed. Edited by H. Jacobi), P. 258, ( pAMca aNuvrata, traNa guNuvrata ane cAra zikSAvratathI pavitra evA saMprati rAjA tyArathI parama zrAvaka thayA. ) --pariziSTa parva bhASAntara, pR. 210 lekhaka mahAzaye, sa`prati mahArAjanAM vratAnI vAta AThamA khaDaka lekha uparathI kevI rIte upajAvI kADhI che te paNa khAsa vicAraNIya hAvAthI, e sakha dhamAM ApaNe vicAra karIe. azokanA AThamA khaDalekhamAM nIce pramANe pATha cheH-- dasavasAbhisito saMto ayAya saMbodhi -azokake dharmalekha, pR. 191 uparyukta reading giranAravAlA lekhanu che. lekhake ene badale saMzodhimayAya evuM khATu* reading ApyuM che. nimiyA

Page #27
sovi ane nirAmi saMvo e anukrame kAlasI ane zailIne lekhanA "rIDIMge che. zAhabAjagaDhI ane mAnazerAnA leonA anukrame nijhAmI saro ane niSi saMzodha e rIDIMga thAya che (sarovarane ghamarola, pR. 21-12). gayAya, nimiyA, vigere zabdone artha "nIkaLyA" ema thAya che eTale e sarva zabdo paryAyavAcaka che. (gI. ja ghajhipiyA~, pR. 82) pUrvakAlIna rAjAe vihAra-yAtrA (mRgayA Adi nimitte paryaTana) karatA hatA. azake rAjyAbhiSeka pachI 10 muM varSa vItyA bAda, vihArayAtrAne badale dharmayAtrA zarU karI hatI ema AThamA khaDaka lekha uparathI spaSTa jaNAya che. dharmayAtrA eTale enuM koI sthAna avazya hovuM joIe. lekhaka mahAzaye dharmayAtrAne badale, samyakatva (samakita ) ghusADI dIdhuM che. vaLI "aSTAMga-vega dharma' e bIjo artha laIne, saMprati mahArAjAne uddezIne ghaTAvavA mATe, saMprati mahArAjAe ATha vrate grahaNa karyA hatAM ema kahyuM che. A keTaluM badhuM asaMgata kahevAya ? samaktinI kAMI yAtrA hoI zake ? saMdhi eTale mahAbadhi. mahAbadhi eTale mahAbadhi vRkSa (gayA) * devatA ja priya biyarsIrAnA.... saMdhi (rodhivRkSa) #o thAAtavare mAtra strI | bhAratIya tihAra parevA, ninda 2, pR. 176. x Jataka, IV, P. 236.

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eTale te sthaLa jyAM mahAtmA buddhane sarvocca jJAna prApta thayuM hatuM. AthI cAya saMdhei eTale "mahAbadhi( gayA)nI yAtrAe nIkaLyA e ja artha thaI zake che. A saMbaMdhamAM vizeSa jANavA icchanAre bhAMDArakarakRta azoka (bIjI AvRtti)nuM pR. 321 ( TIpaNa sAthe) joI levuM. lekhake saMbodhi' no artha samakitanI prApti evo karyo che te yukta nathI. "so"i ne artha samyaktvarUpa ratna ema mAnI laIe te paNa, e rane bauddhomAM nathI ema nathI. sudeva, sugurU ane sudharmarUpa triratve jainadharmamAM che tama buddha (sudeva), dharma ane saMgharUpa trirane boddhomAM paNa che.* bauddho triratnane "trizaraNe" paNa kahe che. AthI "saMbaMdhi" e jainane ja sAmAnya upagane zabda che evuM lekhakanuM kathana kema mAnI zakAya ? A kAraNe bedhivRkSanI nIce (je sthaLe buddhane sarvotkRSTa jJAnanI prApti thaI hatI, te sthaLe) azoka mahArAjA gayA hatA ema mAnavuM e asaMgata hovAnuM lekhakanuM maMtavya vAstavika nathI. azoka mahArAjAnA zilAlekha uparathI, saMprati mahArAjAnAM bate vigerenI hakIkata, lekhaka mahAzaye kevI AbAda rIte upajAvI kADhI che, te A sarva uparathI, vAcakane yathAyogyapaNe samajI zakAze. qddha, dharma gaura saMgha -diyAna (hindI), pR. 223. A sarva dezonA vatanIo traNa raste (ratnatraya)nuM bahumAna A -isIMga yAtrA pU. 10 2tA Shree Sudhamaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat w.umaragyanbhandar.com

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18 muhalaranA matanA khATA atha lekhake trIjA khaDakalekhamAM, khatAvavAmAM AvelA pAMca AzravA sabaMdhI, ' khuhulara sAhebe A pAMcane Azravane khale jainanA pAMca aNuvrata hovA viSe potAnA abhiprAya darzAgye che' ema kahyuM che. AmAM AzraveAnA saMbaMdhamAM buhulara sAhebanA mata saMbadhI lekhake khATA artha ja karyAM che. vaLI temaNe e khATA arcanA jANe ke samarthanarUpe, jainonAM pAMca aNutra eka TIpaNumAM gaNAvyAM che. lekhakanI A rIti kevI kahevAya ? khuhulara sAhebe AzravA ( pApA ) ane aNuvratA e anne eka hAvAnuM kadApi mAnyuM ja nathI. AthI temaNe gAsinava ( pApa ) saMbaMdhI, azokanAM siddhAnta viSe ema ja kahyuM che keH-- ......comes closer to that of the Jaina anhaya, which includes injury to living beings, lying, stealing, unchastity and attachment to worldly possessions. --Epigraphica Indica, Vol. ll, P. 250. ( jainAnA ' ahraya ' jemAM jIvanta prANIone ijA (hiMsA ), asatya, caurya, abrahmacarya ane sAMsArika vastuAnA meha (parigraha ) eTalAne samAveza thAya che tene vizeSa nikaTanA (maLatA ) che. ) Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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18 buhalara sAhebe Apela abhiprAyamAM aNuvratane nirdeza ja nathI. buhalara sAheba Azra ane aNuvrate eka ja mAne che ema dAktara sAheba batAvI zakaze kharA? "aNahaya" saMbaMdhI buhalara sAhebane abhiprAya nimna pramANa upara racAya che - paMcaviho paNNatto jiNehiM iha avhao annaadiio| hiMsAmosamadattaM abbabhapariggahaM ceva // 2 // -znavyArA (amadevavruttiyu), tri 4. ahaya, Azrava ke pApa ane aNuvratamAM kaMIpaNa sAmya nathI e uparyukta be pramANethI vAcake samajI zakaze. ANuvate ane AzramAM kadApi sAmya hoya kharuM? | svAminA-eka bhaLate ja zabda lekhake pri. pITarsanane havAle ApIne, giranAranA trIjA lekhamAM "vAmitA' zabda hovAnuM kahyuM che. pre. pITarsane " mA" ne artha "svajJAtijananuM rakSaNa karavuM' e kare che ema paNa teo kahe che. uparyukta trIjA lekhamAM vastutaH "vAminA" e kaI zabda ja nathI. lekhanAM be pramANabhUta "rIDIMga" A saMbaMdhamAM nirNaya karavA mATe, upayukta thaI paDe che. e rIDage" nIce pramANe che - mAtari ca pitari ca sunusA mitAsaMstutajAtInaM -azora paTela, . 24-21.

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20 mAtari ca pitari ca sukhasA mitAsaMstutanAtInaM gazo nI dharmasipiyA, pR. 12. - * mAtApitAnI zuzruSA, mitrA, pAracita janA ane jJAtijanone dAna 'evA A 'rIDIMgA ' nA spaSTa artha che. lekhake, 'svAmitA' zabda kevI rIte grahaNa karyAM e AthI khAsa vicAraNIya thai paDe che. pre. pITarsane peAtAnAM khATAM rIDIMganA saMskRta anuvAda svAmitA karyAM che. lekhake, e rIDIMgane badale, athavA tenA saMskRta anuvAdane ' rIDIMga ' tarIke grahaNa karela che. lekha saMbaMdhI pre. pITarsananAM nIce ApelAM rIDIMga temaja tenA anuvAda uparathI, vAcakAne A Akhata spaSTa rIte samajI zakAzeH-- mAtari pitari ca susti sAmitA saMstuta jAtinaM -A Collection of Prakrit and Sanskrit Inscriptions, P. 2. mAtari ca pitari ca svasti svAmitA saMstutajJAtInAM Ibid, P. T pITana sAhebe sutA ke muhUtA ne badale 'musti e zabda grahaNa karyAMthI, temaNe 'sAmitA * e khATA zabda grahaNa karyAM che. A saMbaMdhamAM, ApaNe keTalAMka vadhu STAntA laIe. azokanA cAthA, agIyAramA ane teramA lekhAmAM Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanblandar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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mAtari pitari sususA, mAtApitiSu puSuSA, matapituSu suzruSa Adi pADe che. ( juo azojha ghaNa, p. 227, rara3, 244). trIjA, navamA, agIyAramA ane teramA lekhamAM, manu mitAsaMstuta, mitasaMthutenA, mitapaMthutanA, mitasaMstuta e Adi pADe che.* suNI ne sI ane mitAsaMtuta ne mitA laIne sAbita thAya. A pramANe, sAmitA evuM beTuM rIDIMga che. pITarsane karyuM che. lekhaka mahAzaye, A khATAM rIDIMganA saMskRta anuvAda upara khUba piMjaNa paNa karyuM che, A te kevuM kahevAya? - azokanA zilAlekhamAM "mAtApitA" e zabdo sAthe zazraSA" zabda avazya Ave che ema uparanA pAThathI spaSTa jaNAya che. ekale "mAtApitA" zabda kyAMya vaparAye nathI. lekhake che. pITarsananAM pustaka uparAMta, A saMbaMdhamAM anya pustako vAMcyA hota te, AvuM beTuM rIDIMga grahaNa karavAne bhAgye ja saMbhava hato. pUrvApara saMbaMdha joyA vinA, vagara vicAryuM beTuM rIDIMga pakaDI levuM e kaMI saMzodhana kahevAya? pITarsana sAhebe mitA ne artha svajJAtijananuM rakSaNa karela che paNa temane te artha yukta nathI. pITarsana sAhebe potAnAM rIDIMgane artha nIce pramANe karyo che - * karazo dhamava, 5. 126, . 20, 222, 244. Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbh'anar-Umara,'Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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That it was pious to be obedient to father and mother, to protect the men of our own caste. A Collection of Prakrit and Sanskrit Inscriptions, P. 11 (mAtApitAne AjJAMti thavuM ane svajJAtinA manuSyanI rakSA karavI e vyakti che. ) "svAmitAne artha lekhaka kahe che te pITarsana sAhebe karyo che paNa temaNe "svasti Adi' zabda temaja AkhAye rIDIMga"ne je artha ghaTAle che te asaMbaddha ane vicitra che tenuM zuM? vaLI "svAmitA"ne artha "svajJAti jananuM rakSaNa karavuM? e atre nathI thate te tene aMge "svAmivAtsalyatA" e zabdane nirdeza kema karI zakAya? ane zuM "svAmivAtsalya" (pitAnA jJAtijane ke dharmabaMdhuo pratye vAtsalya) e zuM mAtra jainene ja dharma che ? bIjA dharmomAM svAmivAtsalyane mahattva nathI ? mULa lekhe na vAMcavA ane je te lekhanAM kharAM rIDIMge na jANavAne kAraNe, lekhaka mahAzaye eka bhaLatA ja zabdane upayoga karI, tene peTe artha paNa ghaTAvI, kevAM vicitra anumAne karyA che? pAkhaMDa lekhake khaDaka lekha naM. 13 mAMnA para (vaDa) zabdane age nIce pramANe kahyuM che - Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhantar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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23 " vANaMda ( kha. le. naM. 13 ). pro. eca. eca. vIlsana para A zabda bauddhadharmanA sAheba bhArapUrvaka jAhera kare che ke, hAI zake nahIM. * ' vizeSa zabda lekhaka mahAzaye ' pAkhaMDa ' nA sabaMdhamAM AthI kaI paNa kahyuM nathI. Ama chatAM, teo ' pAkhaDa ' jainAnA ja che ema manAvavA mAge che. temaNe vIlsana sAhebanA je abhiprAya ApyAche te Adhunika dRSTie vicAra karatAM, atyaMta prAcIna gaNAya. vIlsana sAheba pachI, itihAsanAM kSetramAM aneka mahattvanI zodho thaI gaI che. * pAkhaMDa ' e zabda bauddha dharmamAM paNa pracalita hatA. A saMbadhamAM nimna pramANa mahattvanuM che. rAjAne abhiSekako prApta ho, tIna varSahI taka baahyjAyanta (=jUsare mata) jo praddaLa jiyA / yuddhano, pR. 162. azAkanA samayamAM * pAkhaDa " no : , " . artha 5tha thatA hatA. AthI vAsaMdepu, pahelu, devu e zabdo - sava pathe ke dharmAMmAM, ' ' sava 5thA ke dharmo mATe' e arthamAM pAMcamA lekhamAM vaparAyela che. ( jue, azo jI dharmajiriyA, vR. 40) 'vANaMda 'zabda sAtamA, bAramA ane teramA lekhAmAM paNa judI judI vibhaktimAM vaparAya che. pAkhaDa, zabdanA artha DhAMga, dekhAva, pAkha'Da evA pAchaLathI thayA che. ( azoda dI dharmajiriyA, rR. 10) ! 6 * ja. raoN. e. sA. pu. 12, pR. 236.

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satakarSaka ane praprada e zabdo anukrame potAnA dharma' ane 'khIjAnA dharma' e arthamAM khAramA lekhamAM vaparAyA che. " AthI pAkhaDa e bauddhonA zabda nathI ( e jaina zabda ja che) ema kANu kahI zake ? vacaguti , khaDakalekha naM. 7 ane na. 12 mAM vattuti zabda vaparAyela che, ema kahIne, e zabda jainadharmanA ja zabda che ema lekhake jaNAvyuM che. khaDakalekha naM. 7 mAM 'vati'e zabda vaparAye ja nathI. e zabda 12 mA lekhamAM ja vaparAyela che. vadyuti ne maLatA boddha zabda vAauneya che. A saMbaMdhamAM, nimna pramANa jANavAjoga che: = tIna mauneya ( mauna ) jAya, vA., mana--mauneya / --vunarsthA, pR. 421 'mauneya" zabda 'gupti' nA ja vAcaka che. AthI tIna mauneya eTale traNa guptie evA spaSTa artha thaI zake che. bauddho A rIte manAguti, vacanagupti ane kAyagupti ema traNa guptie mAne che. bhAjInA lekhamAM, mauneyatte nAmaka eka bauddha granthanA Shree Sudhamaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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25 ( bauddhadharmanA anya granthA sAthe ) spaSTa nirdeza karavAmAM AnyA che. A granthamAM mauneyA saMbadhI vivecana karavAmAM Avyu che e khAsa jANavA jevu che. vacanuti ( vacanagupti) ane vAmoneya ( vAGamoneya) e tadna samAnArthaka zabdo che. AthI 'vacagRti' e jainAnA ja zabda che ema kema kahI zakAya ? bhadaMta ' bhASu lekhamAM vaparAyela ' mata zabda jaina zabda ja che ema lekhaka kahe che e ThIka nathI. , * mante zabda bauddha zabda paNa che. A saMbaMdhamAM nimna pramANeA mahattvanAM thaI paDe cheH---- ' kyoM bhante, hamAre Aryaputra ko koI hone vAlA hai ?' saMkaTa to nahIM buddhavaryAM, pR. 4. bhante svAmI yA pUjyake liye kahA jAtA thA / punarsthA, pR. 4 noTa. ' 'mantra' nI jagyAe mannu ' zabda paNa bauddhomAM vAra vAra vaparAya che. A saba'dhamAM, nimna dRSTAnta paryApta thazeH 4 bhadanta ! patte choDakara phala kI icchAse ( isa samaya ) druma aMgAravAle ho gaye haiM / yuddhavo, pR. 11. * mA zabda ekaleA jaina zabda nathI e AthI 9

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siddha thAya che. "mahaMta e jaina zabda ja hovAnuM lekhakanuM kathana kevuM vicitra che e AthI vAcakone barAbara samajI zakAze. therA lekhake gherA zabda jainene ja che. ema kahyuM che. "zerA" ne badale, bauddhomAM "miphavA' zabda vaparAya che ema paNa temaNe kahyuM che. lekhakanAM A banne kathane ThIka nathI. lekhake vAparela "zerA" zabda bhASAntara-deSa che. zera joIe. bhAMDArakarakRta "Asoka nI pahelI AvRttinAM pR. 98 upara, "bhikSuka" zabda sAdhu-sthavira mATe vaparAye che e uparathI, bauddhomAM sAdhu-sthaviro mATe "bhikSuka" zabda ja vaparAya che evI lekhakanI mAnyatA ayukta che. "ra" zabda sthaviravAcaka che. thera ane vira e bannenA saMbaMdhamAM nIcenA pramANe mahatvanAM che- saMghake sthaviroM ( vRddha-bhikSuoM ) kA anugamana karanevAlA honese, pahalA samudAya (= nikAya ) Arya sthavira yA sthaviravAdake nAmase prasiddha huaa| buddhcryaa-|| therAthA-aTTathI yuva, mUDha prapaurI sUvI, rU. 18. According to C's rendering, Bhadamta is the designation of a lay brother. Barhut Inscriptions ( By Barua and Sinha), P. 4.

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(bhadaMta e bhikSukanuM saMbodhana rUpa che e kaniMgahAmane (Stupa of Barhut mAM jaNAvela) mata che). ... Bhadata, Bhadamta, or Bhayamta is met with as the title or honorific designation of the Buddhist monks--Bhiksus and Sthaviras. Ibid, P. 4. (bhadata, bhadaMta ke bhayaMta e zabda bauddha sAdhuo arthAta bhikSuo ane sthavirenAM eka mAnavaMta pada (ilakAba) tarIke vaparAya che). ... The Samgha was split up into the two main divisions; (1) Theravada and ( 2 ) Mahasanghika... Asoka ( By Dr. D. R. Bhandarkar ). 2nd Edition, P. 97. (saMghanA theravAda ane mahAsaMghika evA be mukhya vibhAge paDI gayA...) Cambridge History of India" nA prathama bhAgamAM, thera-gAthA ane gherI-gAthAne ullekha thaye che (juo pR. 181, 186, 189, 197, 201, 202, 209, 214, 215 ane 218). Psalms of The Brethren nAme sthavirene upadeza pUrNa eka mahatvanA granthamAM, sthavirenA dharma saMbaMdhI suMdara pratipAdana karavAmAM AvyuM che. buddhacacya" pR. 576 ane pR. 577mAM, madhyAMtika Shree Sudhalyaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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Adi aneka sthavirone jUdA jUdA dezamAM dharmapracAra mATe mekalyAne ullekha che. A rIte "sthavira" e zabda bauddhomAM vAraMvAra vaparAya che ema A sarva uparathI siddha thAya che. the e ekalA jainone ja pAribhASika zabda nathI te A uparathI, vAcakone spaSTapaNe samajI zakAze. dharmamaMgalaM lekhake mAtra zabda jaine che ema vizeSa karIne mAnyuM che. A saMbaMdhamAM, temaNe e zabda jemAM stuti, pada, sUtra Adine aMte temaja zubha zukanarUpe vaparAta hovAnuM jaNAvyuM che. temaNe varSamAruM nI vyAkhyA nIce pramANe karI che - maMga + dharma upasarga dharmamaMtra ( kha. le. naM 9 ). dharmamaMgalanA saMbaMdhamAM lekhakanI mAnyatA ThIka nathI. temaNe tenI ApelI vyutpatti paNa yathArtha nathI. dharmamaMgala" zabda navamA lekhamAM, dhaMmakA, dharma, dhaMmamaMgale, dhramamagalaM, dhramamagale, dhramamaMgalaM, bhramamaMgale, dhmmATenA pramaHjAjena ane pramANena ema judAM judAM rUpe vaparAyela che. Ama "dharmamA" e bauddha zabda paNa che. 3. devadatta bhAMDArakare A saMbaMdhI pitAnA graMthamAM suMdara prakAza pADe che. temaNe kahyuM che ke - Shree Sudharmaswami cyanorandar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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29 ...he speaks of Dhamma, or Dhamma-mamgala, as he calls it, in contradiction with the mamgalas or rites for inducing luck aud averting calamities, which, in Asoka's time as now, obtained in legion in Hindu Society. Asoka, 2nd Edition, P. 105. (....sadbhAgyanI prApti ane du:khanAM nivAraNa nimitte thatAM maMgala ke kriyAothI dharmamaMgala e jUdu che. ema dhamma ke dhammama'galanA saMbaMdhamAM, te ( azAka ) kahe che. azokanA samayamAM, hAlanI mAphaka, hindu samAjamAM maMgale ke dhArmika kriyAkAMDA hajAronI saMkhyAmAM thatAM hatAM). Every worldly rite," he remarks, "is of a dubious nature, It may or may not accomplish its object. Dhammamangala, however is not conditioned by time, and even though it may not acheive any object here, it begets endless merit in the next world." Ibid, P. 119 "" ( pratyeka sAMsArika kriyAnuM svarUpa zakAyukata che ema te TIkArUpe kahe che. sAMsArika kriyAnA uddeza pAra paDe ke na paNa paDe. ' dhammama'gala '- kALathI amAdhita che. tenA uddeza A lAkamAM pAra na paNa paDe; paNa paraleAkamAM tenuM anaMta phaLa maLe ja che. ) 8 maoNMgala, e sAMsArika kriyA che. A saMbadhamAM, nimna pramANa paNa mahattvanuM che;--

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tIsare dina ( bhagavAnne) nanda (rAjakumAra ) ke abhiSeka, gRhapraveza, aura vivAha-ina tIna maMgalakarma honeke dina, bhikSAke liye pravezakara nanda kumAra ke hAthameM pAtra de... yurtha, pR. 17. maMgala (sAMsArika maMgala ke maMgala kriyA) ane dharmamaMgala (dharma ke dharmarUpa maMgala) e banne bauddha daSTie bhinna ja manAtAM hatAM ema AthI siddha thAya che. dharmamaMgala" nA saMbaMdhamAM, lekhakanI mAnyatA kevI bhUlabharI che e uparyukta pramANethI siddha thAya che. jIva, bhUta Adi lekhaka mahAzaye lava, mUta, mAna ane satta e cAre zabdo jaina zabdo che ema kahyuM che. A saMbaMdhamAM temaNe vizeSa ema kahyuM che ke - A badhA samAnArthI zabdanA joDakAM viSe, de. rA. bhAMDArakara sAheba kahe che ke...bauddha darzanazAstramAM...pApa ane mRta vacce taphAvata paNa kayAMya varNavA nathI jyAre jaina darzanamAM je phera che te paNa samajAvAya che ane uparAMta nava ane sara viSene bheda paNa samajAve che (azoka, pR. 127, 128, 130)." AmAM lekhake mUta ane gAma saMbaMdhI, De. bhAMDArakaranA 5 matane ulaTe artha karyo che. brandar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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3. azake, mRta ane prApa e zabdo jUdA arthamAM vAparyA che e Do. bhAMDArakarane spaSTa mata che. AthI temaNe te kahyuM che ke - But it can not be denied that, at least bhuta Asoka does contrast from Prana, when he enumerates his ethical practices, as in anarambo Prananam avihisa bhutanam. Asoka, 2nd Edition, P. 136. (paNa naitika kAryo gaNAvatAM, azoke grAmo dALanAM vihilA matAnAM e (pATha) mAM bhUtanI prANathI bhinnatA ja darzAvI che enI nA pADI zakAya tema nathI.) azake cAre zabdo samAna arthamAM nathI vAparyA e A uparathI, joI zakAze. have ApaNe jIva, bhUta, prANa Adi saMbaMdhI khAsa vicAra karIe. jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka"mAM (khaMDa 1, aMka 4, pR. 175-76 ane pR. 175-76 nAM TIppaNamAM) sava Adi - viSe nIce pramANe kahyuM che - - "sa satva, sarve prANIo, sarve bhUta ane sarve jIve, pachI te paza, agara vanaspati game te he, paNa temanAmAM keimAM AMtarabala, zakita tathA sAmarthya nathI, paraMtu A - dareka jIva potAnI svabhAva-niyatine vaza thaI, cha prakAranI keIpaNa jAtimAM rahI sukhaduHkha bhegave che." pR. 175-76. Shree Sudharnaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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mULamAM "sane sattA, sarva pApA, sane mRtA, vIvA' e pATha che. jaina sUtromAM paNa Aja kamathI aneka ThekANe e pATha Ave che, ane e pAThanuM saMkSepamAM all classes of living beings (sacetana prANIonA badhA vargo) evuM bhASAntara kareluM che. buddhaghaSanI TIkAnuM bhASAntara, haineMle uvAsagadasAo" nAM pariziSTa naM. 2 jAnA pAna 16 upara nIce pramANe ApyuM che - sa sattA eTale uMTa, baLada, gadheDA ane tenA bIjA badhA pazuo, save pANI eTale ekendriya, dhindriya Adi cetanAvALA prANIo, sarva pratA eTale aMDaja ane garbhaja che ane sAthe vA eTale DAMgara, java, ghauM ItyAdi (vanaspatika) che." pR. 175-76TI * In the term, all beings ( sabbe satia ), he comprises camels, oxen, asses and other (animals ) without exception. The term all sensible beings ( sabbe pana ), he uses to denote those with one sense, those with two senses and so forth. The term all generated beings ( sabbe bhuta ), he uses with reference to those that are generated or produced from an egg or from the womb. The term all living beings ( sabbe Jiva ), he uses with reference to rice barley, wheat and so forth. -Uwasagadabao (Edited by Dr. Hoernle ), Appandix II. p. 16.

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33 Uvasagadasao mAM sIniyanA ApelA nIcenA pAThathI paNa jIva, bhUta AdinI bhinnatA barAbara samajI zakAya che - ____savve sattA ti oTTagoNagadrabhAdayo anavasese parigaNhAti / savve pANAti ekendriyo pANo dviindriyo pANo tiAdivasena vadati / savve bhUtA ti aNDakosavasthikosesu bhUtasaMbhUta saMdhAya vadati / savve jIvA ti sAliya va godhUmAdayo saMdhAya vadati / | P. 197 jaine paNa chava, bhUta, prANa ane satya e cArane bhinnabhinna mAne che. jIva, bhUta Adi viSe lekhakanuM maMtavya keTaluM badhuM doSapUrNa che e AthI sujJa vAcako samajI zakaze. sekeTasa lekhake meM keTasa te azaka che (caMdragupta nahIM) ema kahyuM che. meM keTasanuM lagna selyukasanI putrI sAthe thayuM hatuM ema paNa temaNe kahyuM che. - lekhakanAM A kathane uparathI, 2-3 muddAo upasthita thAya che. AmAMne eka muddo sekeTasa te azaka hatuM ke nahIM ? te che. sekaTasa e azoka nahatuM. A saMbaMdhamAM, nimna pramANu vicAraNIya che * Edited by P. L. Vaidya. Shree Suharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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34 Sandrakottos is identical with Candragupta and not with Asoka, as the literary analogy Sandrakottos), shows evidently. The form sanCandragupta, dracottos goes back to a prakrit form, the more as there exists also a Greek form Sandrakyptos, but the reading is not warranted by Manuscripts, as it seems, in Athenaios I. 18. Alexander and Candragupta are believed contemporaries as far as according to Plutarch, Candragupta is said to have seen, when he was a boy, the great king Alexander. But also that is not historically proved. Sandrakottos has no meaning at all in Greek, as it represents only Indian word Candragupta, which means protected by the moon. " On Nandrum in Justin, there is little doubt, rather none, that it means Nanda, the king and his dynasty, which was over-whelmed and deposed by Candragupta, with the help of a Brahman, called Vishnugupta or Canakya or Kautilya. That is not proved. Nandrum is the correct reading, Alexandram a misreading, as it is out of place in that passage of Instin "" Dr. Otto Stein. * From a letter dated 11th February 1936 to the author.

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Sia'n dra tot tos al suel (seMDrekeTasa ane caMdragupta che YA Candragupta vacce) sAhityanI dRSTie je sAmya che te seMkeTasa ane caMdragupta e banne eka che, meM DekeTasa ane azeka e banna eka nathI, ema batAvI Ape che. "seMDekeTasa" * e caMdraguttane prAkRta je zabda che. grIka bhASAmAM "seDekITasa" evuM rUpa hovAthI, "meM DekeTasa" e adhikapaNe caMdraguptanuM prAkRta rUpa che. "sekIpTasa" erUpa hastalikhita graMtha uparathI, sAbita thatuM nathI ema jaNAya che. caMdragupta jyAre chokare hatuM tyAre, teNe mahAna narapati elekajhAnDarane je hatuM ema skuTArkanA abhiprAya uparathI kahevAya che ane e anusAra, alekajhAnDara ane rAMdragupta e bane samakAlIna manAya che; paNa A hakIkata etihAsika dRSTie siddha thaI nathI. "meM keTasa" e zabda bhAratIya zabda caMdragupta " ne ja nidarzaka hovAthI tene grIka bhASAmAM kaMI artha ja nathI caMdragupta eTale " caMdrathI rakSita." "naMdrama" eTale "naMda"evA jasTInanA abhiprAya saMbaMdhI, DIja zaMkA rAkhavA jevuM che; kadAca kaMI paNa zaMkA rAkhavA jevuM nathI. naMda rAjA ane tenA vaMzajone, viSNugupta, cANakya ke kauTilya nAmanA brAhmaNanI madadathI, caMdragupta parAsta karIne, padabhraSTa karyA hatA e hakIkta paNa siddha thaI nathI. "naMdrama' e kharuM rIDIMga che, "elekajhAnDarama " e khoTuM rIDIMga che. jasTInavALA phakarAmAM, e rIDIMga asthAne che.* -. Te sTeIna * kartAne tA. 11-2-36 ne dine lakhelA eka patranuM bhAvAntara, Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandal-Umara, Surat www.umaragganbhandar.com

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sekaTasa ane azoka e banne bhinna che ane seMDekeTasa tathA caMdragupta e banne eka che ema Do. eTesTeinanAM upayukata vidhAnethI spaSTa thAya che. seMDakaTasa eTale azaka ema mAnIe te, azekane lekhaka mahAzaya saMprati mAne che eTale, saMprati rAjAe selyukasanI putrI sAthe lagna karyuM hatuM ema mAnavuM paDe. saMprati mahArAjAe selyukasanI putrI sAthe lagna karyuM hatuM ema mAnavuM e keTaluM badhuM anucita kahevAya ? lekhaka mahAzaye selyukasanI putrInuM lagna seMDekeTasa sAthe thayuM hatuM ane caMdragupta te seMDekeTasa nahIM ema siddha karavA nimitte, caMdraguptanAM rAjyanAM amuka varSo paNa uDADI mUkyAM che e khAsa jANavA jevuM che. selyukasanI putrInuM lagna caMdragupta sAthe IsvI sana pUrve 304 mAM thayuM hatuM caMdraguptanuM rAjya che. sa. pU. 321 thI I. sa. pU. ra7 sudhI ke I. sa. pU. 325 thI I. sa. pU. 302 sudhI cAlyuM hatuM e anukrame Cambridge Histroy of India ( Vol. I. P. 698 ) ane mAdya ratihAsa nI paNa mAga ? (pR. 17) ne mata che. A banna mate pramANabhUta gaNAya che e jotAM, caMdraguptanuM lagna selyukasanI putrI sAthe thayAnuM saMbhavita che AthI rAjyakALanI dRSTie vicAra karIne, lekhaka mahAzaya caMdraguptanuM lagana selyukasanI putrI sAthe nathI thayuM ema siddha karavA mATe, prayatna Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-mara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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37 kare ane ema karatAM caMdraguptanA rAjyakALanAM amuka varSo ja uDADI mUke e kevuM kahevAya? caMdraguptanuM lagna selyusanI putrI sAthe thayuM hatuM e nirvivAda che. A saMbaMdhamAM, nimna pramANa ja paryApta cheH caMdraguptastasya sutaH paurasAdhipateH sutAm / sulUvasya tathodvAhya yAvanIbauddhatatparaH // -maviSyapurANa, 2, 2, 6, 42, seMDekeTasane caMdraguptane badale, azoka eTale lekhakanA mAnelA saMprati mahArAjA mAnI laIe te, ItihAsanAM kSetramAM, svapna paNa na kalpI zakAya evI asaMgatatAo upasthita thAya ene lekhaka mahAzayane kaMI khyAla haze kharA ? seMphekaTasane caMdraguptane badale tenA prapautra saMprati mAnanAra lekhaka mahAzaya selyukasa hindamAM kayAre A vigere hakIktane vicAra ja karyo haze ke kema e prazna upasthita thAya che. paNa seMDekeTasane caMdragupta na manAvavA mATe, je lekhaka mahAzaya enA rAjya kALanA ja amuka varSo paNa uDAvI de, teo seMDakaTasane azoka (saMprati) manAvavA selyukasa hindamAM kayAre A e vigere praznane vicAra ja zA mATe kare? AthI vizeSa kahevAnI bhAgye ja jarUra che. rUdradAmananA zilAlekha paratve kalpanAo lekhaka mahAzaya, azekavALA zilAlekhonuM nirmANa saMpratine udezIne ghaTAvavAno prayatna karyo che eTaluM ja nathI.

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38 temaNe rUdradAmananA zilAlekha paratve paNa evI ja kalpanAe karI che. lekhake giranAranI taLeTImAM sudarzana taLAva bAMdhanAra caMdragupta (jenA sUbAnI dekharekha nIce e taLAva baMdhAyuM hatuM tenA) saMbaMdhamAM, pITarsana sAhebanAM bhASAntarane havAle kheTe Ape che. pITarsana sAhebe kareluM bhASAntara, lekhake jaNAvyuM che te karatAM juduM ja che. e bhASAntara nIce pramANe che - (vai)nA puSpaguplena P. 18. ( Vai) sya Pushyagupta. P. 20. -A Collection of Prakrit and Sanskrit Inscriptions. pITarsana sAheba jemane puSpagupta ke puSyagupta kahe che temane lekhaka mahAzaya vaizyagupta kahe che. teo eTalethI ja aTakayA nathI. vaizyagupta te viSNugupta (cANakya) hoya ema paNa teo mAne che. lekhakanI kalpanAo kevI che tenuM paNa A eka suMdara udAharaNa che. vaLI lekhake mULa lipi (lekha) tapAsI hevAnuM kahIne, temAM vaizyagupta nAma hovAnuM temaNe jaNAvyuM che. paNa temaNe kharI rIte mULa lipi vAMcI hoya ema jaNAtuM ja nathI. mULamAM te puSyagupta nAma che lekhaka mahAzaye pramANabhUta navAM sAdhane tapAsyAM hota te, AvI rIte khoTuM nAma grahaNa karavAne saMbhava ja na hatuM. Ama chatAM, temaNe research (aveSaNa) karela hovAnuM kahyuM che e kevuM kahevAya ? Shree Sudharmaswami Gyandh'andar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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39 saMbhavita che ke, lekhaka mahAzaye "vaizya puSpagupta' e nAmamAMthI "puSpa" zabda kADhI nAkhIne, "vaizyagupta" nAma banAvI dIdhuM che. giranAranI taLeTImAM sudarzana taLAvanuM nirmANa, caMdraguptanA samayamAM, tenA sUbA puSyagupta karyuM hatuM. azekanA samayamAM, tuSArpha nAmanA temanA eka adhikArIe te samarAvIne pUruM karyuM hatuM. rUdradAmane te pharIthI samarAvyuM (baMdhAvyuM) hatuM. saMprati mahArAjAe taLAva samarAvyuM ke baMdhAvyuM ja nahatuM. AthI enuM samArakAma saMprati mahArAjAe karAvyuM hoya te, temAM Azcarya jevuM kazuM nathI evuM lekhakanuM kathana vAstavika nathI. bIjI vakhatanuM samArakAma priyadazInA samayamAM karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM e vAta ja beTI che. lekhamAM priyadarzInuM te nAma ja nathI. lekhake azekanA amaladAranuM nAma tuSAphane badale tapAsa ApyuM che, tuSAsapha e eka yavana saradAra (rAjA) hatA. mahAkSatrapa rUdradAmAe pharIthI taLAva samarAvyuM (baMdhAvyuM) tenI yAdamAM, temaNe e ja taLAvanA kinArA upara Avela je khaDaka upara azokanA 14 lekho temaja guptavaMzI rAjA skaMdaguptane zilAlekha che te khaDakanI pazcima bAjue uparanA bhAgamAM, pitAne lekha khodAvyuM hatuM (mAratIya tihAsa vI sUparelvA, mA 2, pR. 814). e lekha temaNe I. sa. 150 mAM ketarAvyuM hatuM ema "vaudvatriIne mAta ! mAM kahyuM che. ( jUo 9 287), Shree Sud armaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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lekhake zilAlekhane, azaka ane priyadarzina e baMnene bhinna gaNavAmAM samarthana rUpa pUrA gaNI lIdho che lekhamAM priyadazInAM nAmanI gaMdha paNa nathI eTale mUruM nAti luTa zANI? lekhaka mahAzayane kaMI alokika jJAna thayuM che ke, lekhamAM temane priyadarzI nAma hovAnuM jaNAya che? ke dunIyA kaMI samajaze ja nahIM ema mAnIne, temaNe game tema lakhyuM che? lekhake badhAM vizeSaNe saMprati mahArAjAne ja anulakSIne vAparyA che ane pitAnAM sukRtyane joba ApavA mATe, mAtra tulanA karavAnAM svarUpamAM, tenA teja khaDaka upara, aMtanA bhAgamAM, pitAne lagatAM vizeSaNo vihaMgadaSTie ke tarAvyAM che ( judo khaDakalekha katarA nathI) evuM lekhakanuM kathana paNa yathArtha nathI, e kathana temaNe kaI navIna zedha mAnIne, lakhyuM haze ke kema te teo jANe. sudarzana taLAvanuM bIjI vAranuM nirmANa rUdradAmAnA amAtya suvizAkhanI dekharekha nIce thayuM hatuM. temaNe pitAnA svAmi rUdradAmanane ja udezIne save vizeSaNe lekhamAM vAparyA che. e lekhamAM saMpratine uddezIne vizeSaNe vAparavAnI ane saMprati sAthe tulanA karavAnAM svarUpamAM, khaDakalekhanA chevaTanA bhAgamAM, pitAnI stuti karavA ke karAvavAnI rUdradAmAne kazIye jarUra nahatI. lagabhaga cAra varSa upara thaI gayela rAjAne mATe, keI rAjA Ama kare paNa khare? vaLI rUdradAmAe pitAne te mATe sarva vizeSa vihaMgadaSTie kotarAvyAM che ema kahIne,

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lekhaka mahAzaya zuM kahevA mAge che te samajavuM ja muzkela thaI paDe che. taLAvanuM nirmANa karanAra ane tenuM samArakAma karanAranAM nAme rUdradAmAnAM lekhamAM che ja. e nAme anukramavAra gaNavAmAM Ave te, biMdusAranuM nAma temAM kayAM che e prazna upasthita thAya che, ane lekhamAM biMdusAranuM nAma ja na hoya te, temAM te nAma levAnI kalpanA kevI rIte karI zakAya? saMprati mahArAjAne garbhathI mAMDIne, rAjalakSmI vadhyA ja karI hatI ema kahIne, rUdradAmAne utArI pADavAne lekhakane prayatna yathArtha nathI. rUdradAmAne Aga rAjalakSmInI vRddhi na thaI hatI ema lekhake zAthI mAnI lIdhuM che? rUdradAmA atyaMta samRddha rAjavI hate e te jANItuM che. vaLI saMprati mahArAjAe laDAI sivAya manuSya vadha na karavAnI pratijJA lIdhI hatI ane tenuM AjIvana pAlana karyuM hatuM ema lekhaka mahAzaye zAthI mAnI lIdhuM che? lekhaka mahAzaya, enuM kaMI paNa pramANa ApI zake tema che? sudarzana taLAvanA lekhamAM te rUdradAmAe evI pratijJA lIdhI hatI ane tenuM AjIvana pAlana paNa karyuM hatuM ema spaSTa lakhyuM che (jue, gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekha bhA. 1 pR. 11) vaLI rUdradAmAnAM jIvanavRttAntamAM, evI pratijJAne isAre vaTika nathI temaja zaka jevI kara jAtinA rAjA evI pratijJA le e svapna paNa mAnI zakAya tema nathI evuM lekhakanuM kathana ThIka nathI. kara jAtimAM janmela manuSya dayALa na ja hoya e niyama che ? Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanghandar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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lekhaka mahAzaye, rUdradAmAne pAzcAtya hindane eka nAnakaDe rAjA mAnya che. temaNe rUdradAmAe ghaNA deza jItela hevAnA saMbaMdhamAM, zaMkA paNa karI che. temaNe AthI kahyuM che ke - kSatrapa rUdradAmAe pitAnA bAhubaLathI, ghaNA dezo jItI lIdhA hatA te ApaNe bhale kabUla rAkhIe (jo ke ApaNI A mAhitIne AdhAra paNa mukhyatve karIne te A sudarzana taLAvane saMzayAtmaka lekha ja che) te paNa eTaluM te cokkasa che ke, AvA vistRta pradeza upara, teNe kadI sattA jamAvI nahotI ja; paNa samrATa saMpratinA divijayamAM ja A badhA pradezane samAveza thaI jAya che" lekhake AmAM sudarzana taLAvanA lekhane ja saMzayAtmaka ga che. e lekhane temaNe tyAre saMprati mahArAjAne uddezIne ghaTAvavAne puSkaLa prayatna kema karyo che e prazna AthI upasthita nathI thatuM ? rUdradAmAM eka mahAna parAkramI rAjA hatA. tene tenAM atula parAkramane lIdhe, mahAkSatrapa (kSatriyanA mahAna pAlaka) evuM ananya birUda maLyuM hatuM. anya zilAlekhamAM paNa tene e ja birUda apAyuM che. teNe yaudheya jevI ajeya prajAne paNa parAsta karI hatI. dakSiNApatha vigere aneka dezanA svAmI zAtakaNine be vAra parAjaya karyo hate. vaLI teNe * We learn from the Nasik record of Queen Gautami that, her son destroyed the Sakas, Yavanas and pablavas, and that his dominions extended not only over Asika, Asaka ( Asmaka on the Godavari i. e. Maharashtra ) and Mulaka (the District

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43 pUrva ane pazcima Akara, avanti, anUpa deza, Anarta, surASTra, zvabhra, sindhu, sauvIra, kukura, aparAnta, niSAda Adi dezA peAtAnA bAhubaLathI jItI lIdhA hatA. round Paithan ) but also over suratha (Kathiawar) Kukur (in Western or Central India) near pariyatra or the Western vindhyas ), Aparanta (North Konkan), Anupa ( district round Mahismati on the Narmada ), Vidarbha (Berar) and Akar-Avanti ( East and West Malwa ) Political History of Ancient India ( By Rai Chaudhuri ) P. 336, ( gAtamIputre zaMkA, yavanA ane pahalavAne nAza karyAM hatA ema rANI gAtamInA nAzakanA lekha uparathI, ApaNe jANIe chIe tenuM rAjya asika, Asaka ( geAdAvarI uparanA asmaka deza eTale mahArASTra ), ane mUlaka ( paiThaNa AsapAsanA pradeza ), uparAMta suraTha (kAThIAvADa), kukura (pAriyAtra ke pazcima vidhyAcaLa parvata pAse pazcima ke madhyama hindamAM, aparAMta ( uttara kAMka), anupa ( mAhiSmatI ane nama~dA AsapAsanA pradeza ), vidarbha (varADa) ane Akara-avanti (pUrva ane pazcima mALavA ) mAM phelAyuM hatu. ema paNa e lekha uparathI ApaNe jANIe chIe. ) ... ...Gautamiputra Sri Satakarni, probably the greatest of the Andhra kings ... He is said... to have uprooted the Kshaharatas. Cambridge :Shorter History of India, P. 59. ( gautamIputra prAya: AMdhra rAjAomAM sauthI mahAn ( hatA ) teNe kSaharATonuM nika Mdana karyuM hatu ema kahevAya che.)

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rUdradAmA kSatrapa ke bahAdura hatA te saMbaMdhamAM, nimna pramANa jANavAjoga che - surASTra aura gujarAta para pahelIbAra zakoM kI caDhAI hone ke bAdase vahAM ke purAne sthAnIya gaNa-rAjya-vRSNi aura kukura-sadAke liye samApta ho gaye dIkhate hai, ve mAratIya tihAsajI jevA, mA, 2, pR. 812. rUdradAmAM A mahA baLavAna hatuM, tene nirbaLa kema mAnI zakAya ? rUdradAmAnA lekhane saMpratine lekha mAnI laIe te, asala azakane samaya kayAre? e prazna paNa khaDe thAya che. rUdradAmAnA lekhane saMpratine lekha mAnavAmAM Ave che, lekhaka mahAzayanI yAdImAM, azekanuM nAma ja nathI ema mAnavuM paDe. zuM lekhakanAM lIsTamAM, mauryavaMzI rAjAomAM azokanuM nAma ja nathI ke temaNe pitAnI kalamathI, azokane hAsyAspada rIte padabhraSTa karela che ? lekhake rUdradAmAne lekha barabara je hota te, e saMbaMdhI game tevI kalpanAo karavAnI temane jarUra ja na raheta rUdradAmAnA lekhamAM azakanuM nAma te che ja. lekhaka mahAzaya azokane saMprati tarIke mAne che. AthI temaNe kalpanAnA ghaDA nAhaka deDAvyA che ema kahIe te zuM khoTuM ? rUdradAmAnA lekha parave lekhaka mahAzaye karelI kalapanAo

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DhaMgadhaDA vagaranI che. e kalpanAo uparathI, rUdradAmAne lekha e saMprati mahArAjAne lekha nathI banI jate. sudarzana taLAvanuM pharIthI nirmANa saMprati rAjAe karyuM hatuM ema paNa nathI karatuM. saMprati mahArAjAe vAva, kuvAo, taLA vigere baMdhAvyAM hatAM ema lekhaka mahAzaya batAvI zakaze kharA? bhAbune zilAlekha samrATa azokanA zilAlekhamAM, bhAkhra(vairATane)ne zilAlekha atyaMta suprasiddha che. e zilAlekha hovA chatAM, enuM mahattva anerUM che. azokanA zilAlekhomAM sAmAnya rIte ene naMbara bIje gaNAya che. e lekha vairATanI bIjI TekarI upara maLI AvyuM hatuM. ( juo zrI rAdhAkumuda mukarajIkRta " Asoka " nuM pR. 14) majakura lekha asala zilA sAthe kalakattA eziyATIka sosAyaTImAM hAla vidyamAna che. A AkhAye lekha samasta buddha saMghane ja udezIne lakhAyela che. mahAmAtra Adine uddezIne temAM kazuMye saMbadhana nathI. A rIte, mahArAjA azake saMghane pratyakSa rIte dharmabodha Ape che ane dharma saMbaMdhI saMghane pratyakSa nirdeza karyo che. mahArAjA azoke bIjA keTalAka lekhamAM mahAmAtre Adi dvArA saMgha Adine pakSa bodha ke sUcana karela che. A lekha te bauddha saMghane pratyakSa bedha ane sUcanarUpa che. A rIte lekhanI upayuktatA advitIya che. bhAkhrane lekha I. sa. pU. ra60 mAM lakhAye hate. mahAs, rAjA azakanA nAnA khaDakalenuM nirmANa khaDakalekhe agAu

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ja thayuM hatuM. mahAmAtranI nImaNuka bhAbunA lekha pachI ja thaIhatI (juo uparyukta Asoka pR. 37, pR.43 ane pR.210) azoke sAranAtha, sAMcI ane kauzAmbInA staMbhalekhe mAphaka, A lekhathI pitAnuM dhArmika dRSTie saMgha upara netRtva che ema sUcita karyuM hatuM. A rIte teo dharmarakSaka banyA hatA. dharmamAM phATapuTa paDAvanArAone zikSA paNa thatI hatI e A lekhenA saMbaMdhamAM khAsa jANavA jevuM che. azoke bhAbunA lekhamAM mahatvanA dharmagraMthane nirdeza karyo che ane buddha, buddha dharma ane bauddha saMgha eTale triratna ke trizaraNamAM pitAnI niratizaya zraddhA vyakta karI che e paNa khAsa ullekhanIya che. azake bauddha dharma grahaNa karyo hato ane te buddha dharmane custa anuyAyI hatuM ema paNa A lekhathI siddha thAya che. mahArAjA azakane A suprasiddha zilAlekha nIce pramANe che - () piyari tALA mArI saM. ramavAne gA rA(:) apAvAdhataM ca phAsu vihAlataM cA (1) (2) vidita ve bhaMte Avatake hamA budhasi dhamasi saMghasIti galave ca pasAde ca (1) sa keMci maMte (3) bhagavatA budhena bhAsite save se subhAsite vA e cu kho bhaMte hamiyAye diseyA hevaM same (4) cilaThitike hosatIti alahAmi hakaM taM vatave (1) Shiger Sudharmaswami Ganbhandar-Umara, "su "www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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7 (5) aliyavasAni anAgatabhayAni munigAthA uptispsine jA sAdhu-) ___ (6) vAde musAvAdaM adhigicya bhagavatA budhena bhAsite etAna bhaMte dhamapaliyAyAni icchAmi (7) Fti (2) dumihuvA = mithunize | abhikhinaM sunayu ca / upadhAleyeyu ca | (8) reva deva upAsA jAvANija rA()nA ni bhaMte imaM likhApayAmi abhihetaM ma jAnatati / lekhanuM bhASAMtara magadhanA priyadazI rAjA saMghane abhinaMdana pUrvaka saMbadhana karIne, saMgha sukha ane ArogyamAM rahe ema IrachIne kahe che: he dro ! buddha, dharma ane saMgha pratye mArI kevI pUjyabuddhi ane zraddhA che e Apa jANe che. bhadro ! bhagavAna buddhe je kaMI kahyuM che te badhuM sAruM che paNa satya dharma zAzvata rahe e uddezathI, meM dharmagraMthanI varaNI karI che. AthI e graMthanAM nAma mArI taraphathI jaNavavAne huM mAre adhikAra mAnuM chuM. he bhadro ! e dharmagraMze nIce pramANe che - 1. vinaya samukAsa (vinaya samutkarSa)naitika saMyamane - utkRSTa graMtha.

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2. aliya-vasAnI (AryavaMza)-SionAM Adaza jIvana ane AcArane graMtha. 3. anAgata bhayAni (anAgata bhaya)-saMgha ane siddhA tane saMbhavanIya bhAvi bhayaviSayaka graMtha. 4. muni-gAthA-sAdhu saMbaMdhI kAvya. 5. maneya-suta (moneya sUtra)-mauna saMbaMdhI bauddhagraMtha. 6. upAtisa sine(upatiSya prazno upatiSyanA prazno. 7. rAhulavAda-bhagavAna buddha asatyathI prAraMbha karIne rAhulane Apela upadeza ( lAghulevAde musAvAda adhigiTya ). he bhadro! ghaNAkharA zikSaka ane bhikSukiNIo dharmanA A graMtha ke vibhAgamAMthI, vAraMvAra dharmanuM zravaNa ane dhAraNa kare ane upAsake tathA upAsikAone paNa e ja rIte dharmanuM zravaNa ane dhAraNa thAya ema huM IcchuM chuM. he bhadrajane! janatA mArI IcchA jANI zake te mATe, meM A lekha karAvyuM che. priyadarzI e mahArAjA azekanuM eka birUda hatuM. AthI uparyukta lekha mahArAjA azakane ja lekha hovAnuM sacoTa pramANa maLI rahe che. Ama chatAM, De. zAhe A lekha paNa saMpratine lekha che ema mAnavA-manAvavAne pitAnA lekhamAM vicitra prayatna karyo che e ghaNuM zokajanaka che. dAktara sAhebe lAzane lekha priya

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darzina (saMprati )ne che ema "prAcIna bhAratavarSa" nAmaka pitAnAM pustakamAM kahyuM che. (juo pR. 51 TI.) vaLI pitAnAM pustakamAM "atyAra sudhI sarvenI mAnyatA ema che ke, azeka ane priyadarzina te banne eka ja vyakti che jyAre mArA maMtavya pramANe, te banne bhinna bhinna vyaktio lAge che ane azaka pachI tenA pautra tarIke rAjA priyadarzIne rAjyanI lagAma grahaNa karI che." ema pR. 84 nAM TIpaNumAM kahyuM che. bAda priyadarzIna uphe samrATa saMprati thayo" ema pR. 195 mAM kahIne, temaNe priyadarzina ane saMpratinI abhinnatA svIkArI che. AthI eka mahatvane muddo upasthita thAya che, kAraNa ke priyadarzina e azokanuM nAma hatuM. A saMbaMdhamAM "sumaMgalavilAsinI" nA bIjA bhAganAM pR. 613-14 nuM nIcenuM pramANu atyaMta mahattavanuM thaI paDe che - ___ apara-bhAge piyadAso nAma kumAro cattaM ussApetvA asoko nAma dhammarAjA hutvA so tA dhAtuyo gahetvA jaMbudIpe viththArikA akAsi anAgate piyadAso nAma kumAro cattaM ussApetvA asoko nAma dhammarAjA bhavissati, so imA dhAtuyo viththArikA karissatI ti uparanAM pramANa uparathI, pithalo (vilAsa, zivala, LiyA, riyara ) evuM rAjyArohaNa agAu azokanuM

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50 nAma hatuM ema siddha thAya che. " baddhacarcA " 5. pa47 mAM thilAsa (piyasI) eTale azaka ema kahyuM che. azoka ane priyadarzanI ekatA A rIte sAbita thAya che. bhAba AdinA zilAlekhene aMge, priyadazina eTale saMprati ema kaI rIte mAnavAnuM rahetuM ja nathI. Ama chatAM, dAktara sAhebe potAnA graMthamAM bhAbunA lekha (juo pR. 51 TI.) temaja azakanA anya lekhene saMpratinA lekhe mAnI laIne, e rIte azakane saMprati paNa mAnyA che. have ApaNe bhAbunA lekha saMbaMdhI lekhakanAM maMtavyane vicAra karIe. temaNe e lekha saMbaMdhI, potAnA lekhamAM pR. 77 upara kahyuM che ke - "bhAbrA zilAlekha athavA jene bIje vairATane lekha paNa kahevAya che tenI AdimAM ja, azekane buddha bhagavAna, dharma ane saMgha pratye bhaktibhAva jAhera karate lakhela che. je pramANe bauddha dharmamAM tripadInuM svarUpa varNavyuM che te mizAle bhale keTalAka vidvAne A arthane saMmata thatA hoya, paNa je te ja artha nirmita hoya te, te ja lekhamAM AgaLanI je lITIo che tenI sAthe te zA mATe baMdhabesata thatuM nathI? vaLI, khaDaka lekhamAM temaja staMbha lekhamAM, je dharma prarUpele che te keipaNa aMze bauddha dharma nathI ema DaoN. phalITe sAhebanI TheTha sudhI mAnyatA hatI, kAraNa ke temAM kayAMya "buddha" e zabda lakhela najare paDatA nathI. ane "saMgha" zabda paNa mAtra eka ja vakhata vaparAya che. ane te paNa e khUNekhAMcare vaparAya che ke, tenuM mahatva eTaluM badhuM svIkArI zakAya nahI."

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51 je tripadIne uparamAM nirdeza karAyo che tevI tripadI jaina saMpradAyamAM, "sudeva, supura, sudharma e traNa tanI banela ratnatraya kahevAya che, ane samyaggadarzana=samparvajAti dhina meLavavA mATe prAthamika jarUrIAta prathama pAyArUpe tenI gaNanA karelI che." lAbranA lekha saMbaMdhI dAktara sAhebanAM uparyukta vicitra maMtavya uparathI, aneka muddAo upasthita thAya che. pahele muddo e che ke, temaNe mAnela "bAbrA" e nAma ja cheTuM che. buddha" zabdane lekhamAM ullekha ja nathI ane "saMgha " zabdane eka ja vAra ullekha thayeluM che evuM temanuM maMtavya yathArtha nathI. lekhanI AgaLanI lITIe bauddhonI 'tripadI" nAM svarUpane baMdhabesatI nathI evuM temaNe zA mATe mAnI lIdhuM che ? e eka vicAraNaya prazna che. temaNe lekhanI AgaLanI lITIo kema nathI batAvI? e prazna paNa upasthita thAya che. "saMgha" zabda khUNekhAMcare paDela che ema kahIne, lekhaka mahAzaya zuM kahevA mAge che? e samajavuM ja muzkela thaI paDe che. "triratna" e zabda jenone ja che ema lekhake mAnI lIdhuM che paNa te ayukta che. triratna ke trizaraNa eTale buddha, buddha dharma ane bauddha saMgha. yuddha zApa chAmi, dharma rara vachAmi, saMdha rApa chAmi e vAkya boddhonAM tripAnanAM vAcaka che. e lekhamAM batAvela sAta graMtha-vinayasamutkarSa ( pATime Shree Sud armaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat Www.amaragyanbhandar.com

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kakha), AryavaMzAH (aMguttaranikAya, dvitIya bhAga), anAgatayAni (aMguttaranikAya, tRtIyabhAga, munigAthA (suttanipAta-munisutta, prathama bhAga), maneyasutrama (suttanipAta-nAlakasutta, tRtIya bhAga), upatidhyaprazna (suttanipAta, caturtha bhAga) ane rAhulavAda (majijhamanikAya-rAhulIvAdasutta, prathama bhAga) jainamAM che ema dAktara sAheba batAvI zakaze kharA? A graMtha jevA, jANavA ke meLavavAnI temaNe kaIvAra jarAye tasdI paNa lIdhI che kharI? dAktara sAhebe Da. phalIne mata TAMkaLe che paNa e vAstavika nathI. he. phalITane mata Adhunika itihAsa ane saMzodhananI dRSTie vicAra karatAM, anupayukta thaI paDe che. Do. devadatta bhAMDArakare potAnA " Asoka" nI bIjI AvRttimAM A saMbaMdhI pR. 79-80 upara satya ja kahyuM che ke - The question regarding which, difference of opinion is now possible is: when did Asoka become a follower of Buddhism ? The scholar who considered this question last was the late Dr. J. F. Fleet. He held that, the Dhamma inculcated in the rock and pillar edicis was in no way the Buddhist Dhamma, because in them Buddha is not mentioned at all and the Sangha only once and in such a way as to place it on a par with other creeds. The object of these edicts, says Dr. Fleet, was thus *not to propegate Buddhism or any other particular religion, but to proclaim the determination of Asoka Shree Sudharmaswami Gya bhandar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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13 to govern his kingdom righteously and kindly in accordance with the duty of pious kings.' In other words, term Dhamma, used in the rock and pillar edicts, Fleet takes as the * ordinary ' Dharma of kings, which is laid down in the Manavadharmasasara, 1-114, as one of the topics of that work.' According to him, Asoka was converted to Buddhism in the thirtieth year from his coronation, that is, two year after the pillar edicts were engraved. Evidently, Fleet ignores The fact that, the Dhamma Asoka refers to in his rock and pillar edicts is intended for being put into practice, not by himself or his officers, but by all men. Obedience to parents, respect for teachers, seemly behaviour towords relatives and so forth, as we shall see later on, are some of the practices of Dhamma taught by Asoka. This Dhamma can not possibly be raja-Dhamma, which represents a code of duties for a king and his officers to perform and not for his people. ,, ( azoka buddhadharmanA anuyAyI kayAre thayo e praznane aMge matabheda have zakaya che. A praznanA saMbaMdhamAM, DaoN. jI. eND. phlITa nAmanA vidvAne chelle vicAra karyAM hatA. khaDakalekhA ane sta'bhalekhAmAM jaNAvavAmAM AvelA dharma e kaI rIte buddha dharma nathI evA temane mata che. lekhamAM ' buddha' zabdanA ullekha ja nathI ane ' saMgha" zabda mAtra

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54 eka vAra vaparAyelA che ane te paNa bIjA dharmAM sAthe samAnatAdarzaka rIte evI paNa DA. lITanI mAnyatA hatI. buddha ke kAi bIjA dharmanA pracAra karavAnA uddeza A lekhAne kahyuM che. bhaktipradhAna rAjA rAjya nIti ane dayAthI e ja " na hatA ema paNa DA. kvITe AnAM kartavya anusAra, peAtAnuM calAvavAnA nizcaya jAhera karavA A lekhAnA uddeza hAvAnu haiM|. pUlITanuM maMtavya hatu. ' mAnavadharmazAstra ' mAM eka viSaya tarIke, rAjAnA sAmAnya dharma pahelA bhAgamAM pR. 114 upara jaNAvavAmAM Avye che. te ja sAmAnya dharmanA arthamAM khaDakalekhA ane staMbhalekhAnA ' dharma ' zabda vaparAyale che ema khIjA zabdomAM kahI zakAya ema paNa DaoN. pUlITe kahyuM che. azAkanAM rAjyakALa pachI trIsa varSa, eTale staMbhalekhAnA nirmANu pachI e varSe azoke bauddha dhanA svIkAra karyAM hatA ema DaoN. kvITa mAne che. azoke khaDakalekhA ane sta bhalekhAmAM je dharmanA nirdeza karyAM che te dhama peAtAne ke potAnA rAjapurUSA mATe nahIM paNa sarva manuSyo mATe AcaravAnA dharma che evA azAkanA irAdAnI lITa sAhekha dekhItI rIte upekSA kare che. mAbApanI AjJA mAnavI, gurU pratye vinaya, AptajanA pratye sajjaina AdinA azeke dharmAcaraNa tarIke edha ApyA hatA ema ApaNe have pachI joIzuM. AthI azekanA dharma - rAjadharma hAya e zakaya nathI rAjadharma e teA rAjA ane rAjapurUSAnA katAnyAnA kAyadA che. e prajAnAM kartavyanA kAyado nathI ). bhAjInA lekhamAM ja ' buddha ' zabda traNavAra vaparAyelA che

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papa saMgha" zabda be vAra vaparAyele che. dAktara sAhebane lekhamAM buddhIzabda che enI khabara ja nathI. "saMgha zabda paNa lekhamAM eka ja vAra Ave che ema teo kahe che. AthI dAktara sAhebe zilAlekha ja nathI vAMce ema mAnIe te zuM che? brahmagirinA lekhamAM trIjI lITImAM, siddhapuranA lekhamAM chaThThI lITImAM, jatiMgAvALA lekhamAM pAMcamI lITImAM, sAranAthanA lekhamAM trIja, cethI ane sAtamI lITImAM, sAMcIvALA lekhamAM pahelI ane trIjI lITImAM, kIzAmbInA lekhamAM trIjI lITImAM, mAskIvALA lekhamAM trIjI lITImAM ane dilhI-parAnA lekhamAM 25 mI lITImAM ema A ATha lekhamAM "saMgha" zabda 12 vAra vAparavAmAM Avela che. bhAbranA lekha sAthe "saMgha" zabda azokanA lekhomAM kule 14 vAra vaparAya che. buddha" zabda rUminI devI, nAgArjunanI guphA ane mAskInA lekhamAM bIjI lITIomAM ja vaparAya che. bhAbunA lekha sAthe "buddha" zabda azakanA lekhomAM cha vAra vAparavAmAM AvyuM che. bhAbunA AkhAye zilAlekha saMbaMdhI De. sAhebane keTale badhe vibhrama che e A sarva uparathI nizcita thaI zake che. AkarAvati ane AkArAti lekhaka mahAzaye rUdradAmAM kSatrape jItelA keTalAka dezo ( pUrva ane pazcima Akara, avaMti, anupa, Anarta, surASTra,

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zvabhra, marU, kaccha, siMdhu sauvIra, kukura, aparAMta ane niSAda) saMprati mahArAjAe jItyA hoya ema mAnyuM che. temaNe A dezanAM nAma gaNAvatAM, pUrva ane pazcima Akara tathA avaMtine badale "pUrva tathA pazcima AkarAvaMti " ( pUrvAparAkarAvati ) e zabdo vAparyA che. vaLI temaNe pote mAnela 'AkarAvaMti" nI vicitra vyAkhyA ApI che. temaNe A vyAkhyA ApatAM kahyuM che ke - Akara khANu+avaMti-ujayinI. lekhakanI A vyAkhyA barAbara nathI e dekhItuM che. lekhake Akarane artha lokhaMDa AdinI khANavALuM sthAna, khANa ane deza ema karyo che. (juo temanAM prAcIna bhAratavarSanAM pR. 180 TI., pR. 223 ane rara3 TI 0). temaNe A traNe artho bhale ApyA hoya; paNa rUdradAmane jItela pUrva ane pazcima Akara (pUrvAparAkarAvaMti) mAM Akara" zabda dezavAcaka ja che e temaNe yathArtha rIte samajavuM joItuM hatuM. A rIte barAbara samajIne, pUva ane pazcima Akara (pUrvAparAkarAvati ) mAM, " Akara " zabda dezavAcakaja che ema temaNe spaSTa jaNAvavAnI jarUra hatI, paNa temaNe tema na karatAM, "Akara" ne artha "deza ___ *janapadAnAM svavIryyArjitAnAmanuraktasarvaprakRtInAM puurvaapraakraavntykUpanIvrArASTra ja (ma) ( 5 ) ( ra ) 4 (4) 6 (n ) dhusa ( au ) va ( I ) ra kukurAparAMtaniSAdAdInAM samagrANAM JIVii Shree suonarmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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27 , pazu karyAM che, ' khANu ' paNa karela che je ThIka nathI kahevAnI matalaba e ja ke, rUdradAmAe jItela dezeAmAM ' Akara ' e eka dezavAcaka ja zabda che. Akara e eka deza heAvAnA sabaMdhamAM nimna pramANeA jANavA jevA cheH---- ...anti ke pUva nA dulA A deza thA... - bhAratabhUmi aura usake nivAsI pR. 74 Akara or Dacarna --Cambridge History of India, Vol. 1 P. 523. ( Akara arthAt dazANa ) pUrabI, pacchimI Akara - bhAratIya itihAsa kI rUparekhA bhAga 2, pR. 56 ( pUrva ane pazcima Akara ). < Akara e avaMtinI pUrvanA eka deza hatA ane tenA pUrva Akara ane pazcima Akara evA e bhAgA hatA ema uparyukta pramANAthI siddha thAya che. Akara dezane dazANuM deza paNa kahetA hatA. lekhaka mAne che tema * AkAra 'ne nahIM. lekhaka mahAzaye jyAM Akara ' ne artha khANuM ? thavA joIe tyAM deza ' karyAM che. dAkhalA tarIke udAyana ' si'-sauvirapatinA svAmItvavALA dezo ( " ' < vigeremAM, 16 deze uparAMta, vItabhayapaTTaNa Adi 363 nagarA ane Akara (khANeA)

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58 paNa hatI e ItihAsa AdimAM suvidita che. bhagavatIsUtramAM paNa siMdhu-sauvirapati udAyananAM svAmItvavALA deze vigerene spaSTa nirdeza che. temAM "Akara" ne artha suva di khANe" e karavAmAM AvyuM che Ama chatAM, lekhaka mahAzaye udAyananA deze vigere gaNAvatAM, "Akara" ne arthe khANane badale deza ja karyo che A kevuM kahevAya? lekhake " AkarAvaMti " uparAMta, "AkArAvaMti" zabada paNa dezavAcaka rUpamAM vAparyo che. "AkAra' e zabda dezavAcaka rUpamAM kadApi vaparAtuM nathI. mAre e dezavAcaka zabda ja nathI AthI gAvAti e lekhakane zabdaprayoga ja khe che, vaLI AkArane artha "samUha" thAya che te uparathI, 'stUpane samUha" e artha karIne lekhake tene artha kadAca sAcI ane jIllAne pradeza thAya ema kahyuM che e keTaluM badhuM vicitra kahevAya? vaLI : pUrvAparAkArAvaMti" ne lekhake "pUrva avaMtine pAchale bhAga" e ja artha karyo che e paNa jevuM tevuM vicitra nathI. pUrva AkarAvaMti ane pazcima AkarAvaMti e nAmanA keI deza ja na hatA-lekhake Ama chatAM, e banene deze gaNyA che. pUrvAparAkArAvatine paNa temaNe eka deza ke pradeza gaNela che. e lekhaka mahAzaya zuM na kare e samajavuM kalpanAtIta thaI paDe che. *bhagavatIsUtra ( gujarAta vidyApITha-amadAvAdavALu ) pAMcamuM aMga, trIno saMha. 6. 226..

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59 chevaTanA e ela A pramANe, AjanA prakAzamaya aitihAsika kSetramAM, aMdhakAra mAnI janatAnI AMkhe pATA AMdhavAnA ane e vidharmI rAjAonA lekhAne peAtAnA dharmanA rAjAnA lekhA manAvI, bIjAnI sapatti svakIya sa`patti manAvavAnA dAkatara sAhebe vicitra prayatna karyAM che. e prayatnane ze uddeza haze te te ja jANe. ethI kaMI vizeSa kahevAnI bhAgyeja jarUra che. dAktara sAhebanA lekha mAnI laie teA, caMdragupta, bindusAra AdinA rAjyakALa kayAMthI kayAM sudhI gaNAvA e prazna upasthita thAya che. vaLI samrAT azeke zilAlekheA ja ubhA karAvyA na hatA ane azekanA zilAlekhAmAM Ale khAyalI lipi jaina lipi che ema ghaNIye khAkhatA mAnavI paDe che, paNa ema koi rIte mAnI zakAya tema ja nathI. azeAkanA lekhA saMprati mahArAjAnA che ema ghaTAvavA mATe, dAktara sAhebe azokanA lekhAmAM sUkSma ahiMsAnuM samarthana karavAmAM AvyuM che ema je kahyuM che te yukta nathI. rUpanAtha, vairATa ane sahasrAmanA lekhA saMprati mahArAjAnA che ema temaNe spaSTa rIte ke garbhitapaNe mAnyuM che te paNa ThIka nathI. dAktara sAhebanA AkhAye lekhanu tAtparya eja kahI zakAya ke, temaNe jANI joine ja. azokanA zilAlekhAne saMprati mahArAjAnA TharAvavAnA peAtAnA lekhamAM vicitra prayAsa karyAM che. temanA e lekhathI temanI murAda pAra paDI Shree Sudhamaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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nathI ema te jarUra kahI zakAya, ane eTaluM ApaNuM satra bhAgya che emAM kaMI zaMkA nathI. lekhake azaka ane saMprati (priyadazI) ne eka gaNune, azekane uDADI mUkyA che, paNa ethI azoka jevI mahAna aitihAsika vyakti aitihAsika kSetramAMthI padabhraSTa thAya tema che? nahIM ja. azokane A pramANe uDADI mUkanAra dAktara sAheba azeka ane saMpratinA rAjyakALa kayAMthI kayAM sudhI mAne che te jaNAvaze kharA? Ama dAktara sAhebane AkhAye lekha eka hada bahArano vicitra prayAsa che. teo AvA vicitra lekhe havethI na lakhe evA sahRdaya sUcana sAthe viramuM chuM. DaoN. tribhuvanadAsane prazno 1. cakravartI mahArAjA khAravela AjIvikA matAnuyAyI hatA ? 2. manaka muninuM mRtyu bAra varSanI vaye thayuM hatuM ? 3 "zAktAyana" e nAma kharUM che? 4. mahAna vaiyAkaraNa pANini jaina hatA? temanu janmasthAna nA (gana) dezamAM hatuM? Shree SudanApaje, caMpA mAne che tenI pAse gaMgA nadI che. pa ramA Shree Sudharmaswami anbhandar-Uniara, w.umaragyanbhandar.com

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1 zrIvIraprabhunAM kaivalya-sthAna ja bhIyagAma pAsenI rUttuvAlukA nadI, Ape mAnelAM kaivalya-sthAna pAsenI nadI che ? 6. Apa je sthaLane pAvApurI mAnA che te saMbaMdhamAM Ape mAnela jagaci'tAmaNi sUtra ane samayasuMdaranAM stavananAM pramANA sivAya, ApanI pAse bIjA kAI pramANeA che ? 7. ' bhaTTa ' zabdanA artha zuM? , 8. verAvaLa pAse Ape mAnela zArIpura pAse jamanA nadI che ? 9, saccaurI e sAMcInI sAthe kevI rIte kha'dhabestI thAya ? e bannenI ekatA sabhavI zake ? saccaurI zrI vIraprabhunuM nirvANa-sthAna che ema kema mAnI zakAya ? 10. AyuddhAjha ' sAthe adhyAnI sarakhAmaNI kevI rIte karI zakAya ? 11. ' jana'gama dvija 'nA artha zuM thAya ? 12. hRtivanane avatinA eka rAjA tarIke mAnavA mATe, ' bharatezvarakhAhubalivRtti ' nAM bhASAMtara sivAya, ApanI pAse khIjuM koi pramANa che ? 13. ' vAhI ' zabdanA artha ze ? ' 14. pasenI ane paesI e bannene Apa kevI rIte eka mAnA che ? 15. zrIyakanA gurU kANu hatA ?

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dura (( 16. ayeAdhyA jatAM, vacce kanakakhala tApasanA AzramavALuM moTuM jaMgala Avela che" ema kayAM lakhela che ? 17. kRNike caMpAnagarI kayAre vasAvI ? ceTaka rAjA ane kuNikanuM yuddha kayAre thayuM ? caMpA vasyA pachI ke te pahelAM? ceTaka ane halla vihallanAM mRtyu i. sa. pUrve para7 mAM thayAnuM maMtavya satya che ? uvavAisUtramAM kRNike karela je sAmaiyAnA ullekha che te sAmaiyuM kAnu` karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ? 18. paradezI rAjA kozalapati hatA evuM kayAM jaina zAstramAM lakhyuM che ? 19. zrIvIraprabhunu'nirvANu hastipAla rAjAnI azvazALAmAM thayu hatu. ema kayAMya lakhyu che ? 20 zrIpArzvanAtha bhagavAnane kezI nAme gaNadhara (paTTadhara nahIM) hatA ema kayA graMthamAM lakhyuM che ? 21. AcArAMga sUtramAM jaNAvelI vabhUmithI, binna evI ApanI vabhUmi kayAM che ? ApanI vabhUmi saMbaMdhI Apa koi pramANu Apaze ? 22. priyadarzI ane saMprati e mane eka hAvAnI ApanI mAnyatAne aMge Apa zuM pramANu Ape! che ? 6 23. saccaurIma'DaNu 'mAMnuM saccaurI ( satyapura ) kayAM che ? zrIvIraprabhunAM lagna 13-14 varSanI vaye thayAM 24. hatAM ema kayAMya lakhyuM che ?

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25. udayana vatsa pati ane udAyI magadhapati e banemAM khUna kenuM thayuM hatuM ? aputrIo keNa maraNa pAmyuM hatuM ? 26. mArakanA zilAlekhamAM, "sevAnA viyasa sasasa" ema lakhyuM che te e zilAlekha azakane ke saMprati mahArAjAne? " priyadazI" e vizeSaNa ghaNu rAjAone lAgu nathI paDatuM ? ra7 bhAbunA lekhamAMnA zabdone artha Apa zuM kare che? 28. kauzAmbIthI atirikta Ape mAnela vaMza deza keI paNa dharmanAM zAstramAM che ! 29. caMdragupta naMdane dIkaro hate ema kalpasUtranI sukhabodhikA TIkAmAM kyAM lakhyuM che? 30 caMdragupta naMdanA putra hevAnuM "pariziSTaparva mAM lakhyuM che? - 31 caMdragupta ane naMda vaccenA saMbaMdhane aMge, upacukata be graMthane Ape khoTA mAnyA che te e saMbaMdhamAM Apa kaMI samAdhAna karI zakaze? 32. Apa keTalA mAIlane jana gaNe che? 33. ApanI mAnelI sAMcIthI rahuta keTalA mAIla thAya ? 34. biMdusAra pachI rAjakartA tarIke, Apa azoka ( saMprati) ne mUke che te azake kayAMthI kyAM sudhI rAjya

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35. seMDrekeTasa ane azaka vacce kaMI sAmya che? A saMbaMdhamAM kaMI khulAso karaze ? 36. dhaulI jagaDa sametazikharathI Azare cAraso mAIla gaNAya che, te pachI ene taLeTI kema gaNI zakAya? 37. gUgamanane artha zuM ? tenI pratikamaNa sAthe sarakhAmaNI kevI rIte karI zakAya? 38. De. bulare aNuvratane Azra kahyA che ema batAvI Apaze ? 39. mahArAjA saMpratie kuvAo ane vAva baMdhAvela hovAnuM "pariziSTa parva'mAM kayAM lakhyuM che? 40. bharata pamAM mahAtmA buddhanI mAtA mAyAdevInAM svapnanuM (mahAtmA buddhanAM garbhavataraNa saMbaMdhI) je dazya che te Ape saMpratinI mAtAnuM kema mAnI lIdhuM che? A saMbaMdhI kaMI pramANe Apaze? mAyAdevInAM svapnadazya uparano madhavita uti e lekha Ape kADhI nAkhyA te nathI? e lekhane artha Apa jANe che? 41. ajAtazatru ane saMpratie bhAratamAM smAraka karAvyAM hatAM e saMbaMdhamAM, Apa kaMI pramANe ApI zake che? 42. prAcIna bhAratavarSanAM pUMThAM (temaja pR. 162) uparanuM kalpavRkSanuM citra be hajAra varSanuM purANuM che ema A5 mAne che e saMbaMdhamAM kaMI pramANa che? - 43. zuM boddho caturvidha saMgha nathI mAnatA?

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44. azokanA zilAle emAM "nigraMtha' zabda mukhyapaNe vaparAyela che ke gauNapaNe? 45. sarasvatInAM citrane mAthuM na hovA chatAM, Ape e navuM mUkI dIdhuM che e kaI jAtanI zodha kahevAya? 46. "disAgiri" ne artha zuM? purAvA ne artha zuM thAya ? 47. mahAkSatrapa rUdradAmAne samaya kayAre ( kayAMthI kayAM sudhI ) gaNe che? 48. kaTivarSa e gujarAtanA loTanI rAjadhAnI hatuM? e vaDanagara ke khaMbhAta hevAnI zakyatAnA saMbaMdhamAM , Apa kaMI pramANe Apaze ? 49. zrIvIraprabhune saMgama devane upasarga vetAmbI pAse thaye hatuM? 50. mauryavaMzI rAjAone ekaMdara kALa keTale ? : 51. priyadarzana. priyadarzina (priyadarzI), azoka, azoka viddhana ane saMpratinA saMbaMdhamAM ApanI mAnyatA zuM che ? para. keIkadeza kayAM AvyuM hatuM ? 53. bharata stUpa pleITa 30 mAMnA citrane paricaya, bauddhadharmanA prakhara himAyatI ane daDhabhakta magadhapati samrATu azakavartana ( azoka ) tarIke citra-paricayamAM karAvI (AkRti 14, pR. 103), pR. 103 mAM priyadarzI eTale Ape mAnela saMpratinI hakIkate kema ApI che?

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turta ja magAvI cA zrI vIra-vihAramImAMsA ( chadmasthAvasthAnI dRSTie vicAraNA ) vidyAvadhrubha itihAsa-tattvamahAddhi AcArya zrIvija cendrAjIe nikha dharUpe lakhela A pustikAmAM, carama tIrthaMkara zrI mahAvIra prabhue chadmasthAvasthAmAM karela vihArone aMge, daMtakathAe vigerene AdhAre. pravarttamAna vicArAnI thAyeAgya mImAMsA karavAmAM AvI che. enAM vAcanathI tamane ghaNIye navIna hakIkatA avazya jANavAnI maLaze. kiMmata 1 AneA Ta. kha. zA Ave. amArI graMthamALA taraphathI pragaTa thayelAM ane graMthamALAmAM vecAtAM pustakAnu' vigatavAra sUcIpatra paNu joitu haze teA te khuzIthI mAkalI ApIzu' herIsADa bhAvanagara } zAvijaya jaina graMthamALA.

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