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For the construtcion of a Skandha, infinite atoms are required. For Skandha Desha, half of the atoms are required than those for Skandha (How and why ?). For Skandha Pradesha; half of the atoms required for Skandh Desa are required.
paramanu is of course indivisible. It is alfa, TAE 99Cem BONDS BETWEEN ATOMS (Chemical Combination.) Valency Theory :
The most remarkable contribution of the Jaina's of the atomic theory relates to their analysis of atomic linkage, or the mutual attraction or repulsion of atoms, in the formation of molecules. The question is raised in Umaswati's, Jain Sutra's, what constitutes atomic linkages Mere Juxtaposition of atoms does not form linking. There must be a proper expression of affinity before linkage is established. Two combining particles must have opposite qualities, say positive and negative, or roughness and smoothness. (dryness and viscosity) If the qualities although opposed are very feeble, no linking is possible. Two similar atoms do not combine in general, however, if the strength or intensity of the one is twice as great as that of the other, or exceeds that proportion then eveo similar particles may combine. Physical characters and changes in state depend on this linking, When particles of equal intensity (negative and positive) modify each other, there is mutual action, in case of unequal intensity, the higher intensity transforms the lower it being apparently thought that an influence proceeds from higher to lower. This appears to be crude anticipation of mechanism of
duction phenomenon in electronic theory of valency. Ideas of Umaswati might have been based on observation of electrification of smooth and rough surfaces, as the result of rubbing. These ideas incidently may be compared to the Dualistic hypothesis of chemical combination put forth by Berzelius.
Bouddha-Atomism.
The buddhists recognize matter in terms of atoms perciptit le (anu) and imperceptible Parmanu, the former being aggregate of latter. There are according to Buddhist view, four fundamental and four secondary atoms. Atoms of earth (soild), water (liquid), fire (heat) and air (gas-kinetic, moving) are fundamental, while those of colour, odour, taste and touch are secondary ones-Thụs Buddhist's
ider qualities also in terms of atoms. It may be pointed out that Sankhya' s consider qualities interms of tanmatras. Every secondary atom requires four fundamental atoms for its support and the aggregate is imagined to consist of 20 atoms (4x4x4): The earthy atom is considered to be a force of repulsion, waters atom as of attraction, firey atom as of heat energy and airy atom as of kinetic energy. The
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