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THE JAINA PHILOSOPHY
At atomic research centers in the United States of America, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, the Federal Republic of Germany and International Centre at Geneva, thousands of research teams are engaged in probing the heart of the atom We have already learned how to create secondary cosmic-ray particles of relatively low energies (350,000 electronvolts) with our giant Cyclotrons The creation of these particles known as mesons, which are believed to be the cosmic cement responsible for the nuclear forces, represent the actual conversion of energy into matter This is the exact reverse of the process taking place in fission and fusion, in which, we have seen matter is converted into energy And we are now about to complete multi-billion-volt atom smashers that will hurl atomic bullets of energies of from three to ten billion volts at the nuclei of atoms With these gigantic machines, known as the cosmotron (at the Brookhaven National Laboratory of the Atomic Energy Commission) and the bevatron (at the University of California) we shall be able to smash nuclei into their individual component protons and neutrons and thus get a much more intimate glimpse of the forces that hold the nuclei together.
We have also learnt to create protons by machines called proton-synchrotons Any advance into the sub-nuclear world, however, would be impossible without machines known as accelerators These are for experiments in high energy physics to accelerate electrons and protons to high energies All accelerators operate on the same principle of raising electrically charged particles to high velocities by means of electrical fields
Protons generated in an ion source are first of all accelerated to an energy of 50 million electron volts
