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50 THE JAINA PHILOSOPHY
(5) Pudgalāsnikāva-Matter What is commonly known as matter is called pudgala by Jains The use of this word is almost exclusive to the Jain literature It is a derivative made up of two words put which means joining or fusion and 'gala' which means dissociation or fission which characterizes only one substance that is matter The properties of fusion and fission have given the name 'pudgala' to this suhstance.
It should be noted that though Dharma dharma, and Ākāsha do not possess consciousness they are definitely not material The characteristic quality of matter is that it possesses the properties which can be perceived by sense organs 10 viz. colout, smell taste and touch Concomittance of all the four is emphasised by the Jains in other words if a thing is perceived by the sense of touch it must also necessanily posses smell taste and colour The structure of matter is as its name implies different froni the other substances Whereas the other four astthāras are indivisible matter is divisible The ultimate indivisible unit of matter is called PARAMĀNU
It should also be noted that Jains do not differentiate basically between matter and energy And so the word pudgalastikaya covers both-matter and energy
(6) Kala-Time
Time is not an astikāya but it is a reality That is Illy it is not included in the list of asthājas but is included in the list of six drarjas Time is the necessary condition of duration (continuity) change (modification) mouion newness and oldness of sub9 Püranagalanāniarthasanynarrat pudgalāh-Tarnāriha Rājaiārnikam, p 190 10 Sparsa-rasa-gandha-tamaianiah pudgaláls--Tammartha Sūtra 5-23
