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PROLEGOMENA TO PRAKRITICA et JAINICA
a surface structure via transformation. As deep structure is mainly based on the meaning of a sentence and its syntax, it is regarded as an" abstract" object, while surface structure, because of its written or spoken form, is closer to physical reality.
The part played by transformation to both these structures, is to change or transfer one constituent element into another. The transformation is the process which changes the word-order of the deep structure, so as to generate the surface structure.
"Transformation is the process which converts deep structures into intermediate or surface structures". For example.
i) a declarative sentence into an interrogative one. ii) an active sentence into a passive one.
For example the active sentence
a) Daisy puzzled Winterbourne is transformed into a passive as
b) Winterbourne was puzzled by Daisy.
Any language makes use of their elementary transformational processes: adjunction, substitution, and deletion.
For example, the English sentence-I have decided on the train can mean many aspects. It may mean that i) something I have decided when I was travelling on the train; or it may mean
ii) out of many conveyances, I have decided that I shall go by train; or it may mean
iii) my ideas come to my mind when I normally travel by train, and so ons
In this connection it should be noted that the Jains are not lacking in unfurling the deep and surface structures of a sentence. In the Bhagavati-sutra (Book ten, chapter III), in course of conversation with Mahāvīra, Goyama (Gautama) asks Mahāvīra some questions on language. The text in question runs as follows:
aha bhante! asaissamo saissamo citṭhissāmo
