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PROLEGOMENA TO PRAKRITICA et JAINICA
the action is said to be complete, and so the expression calie is used to indicate that sense.
In Book II chapter 6, it is said that language is the vehicle of expression (ohāriņi bhāşā). This expression has a reference to the Paņņavaņā-sūtra (chapter eleven on language pp. 168-178 of Jain Vishva Bharati edition 1989). The basic points of this chapter are succintly summed up by K.C. Lalwani thus:
"Language may be satya, asatya, satya-měşā and asatya-amışā. The main source of language is the soul. It arises in a physical body, gross, assimilative and caloric. Its shape is like that of a thunder. The matter let loose by language goes to the other extreme of the sphere. Matterclusters with innumerable space units are included in it; matter with innumerable vacuum units are included in it: matter with a life-span of one, two, till ten time-units, countable time-units, uncountable time-units are included in it; matter with colour, smell, substance and touch are included in it. As a rule, matter from six directions are included, and they may be included without break or with break. The minimum life-span of language is one timeunit, and the maximum less than 48 minutes. Matter constituting language is acquired by the activities of the physical body, and is thrown out in the form of words or speech. Asatya and satya-mrşā languages are spoken with the decline of karma enshrouding knowledge and vision, but with the rise of karma causing delusion, while satya and asatya-amrşā are spoken with the decline of karma enshrouding knowledge and vision. Smallest in number are those who speak satya: innumerable times more are those who speak asatya-měşā; innumerable times more than the second are those who speak asatya; innumerable times more than the third are those speaking asatyaamrşā; but infinite times more are those who speak not. Included in the last category are inadequate (undeveloped) organisms, the liberated souls, the rock-like steadfast (would-be-liberated) beings, and all one-organ being."
