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190
PROLEGOMENA TO PRAKRITICA et JATNICA
the brāhmins were given grants for performing the five great sacrifices (pañca mahāyajñas) which are -
adhyāpanaṁ brahmayajñaḥ pitryajñastu tarpanam/ homo daivo balir bhāuto nryajño' tithipūjanan//
(Manu. III. 70) "The five Mahāyajñas are (i) brahmayajña or the study of the Vedas, (ii) pitryajña, or libations given unto the Father, (iii) devayajña or sacrificial ceremonies, (iv) bhūtayajña or offerings into the creatures, and (v) nryajña or hospitality."
Sankalia further adds that for the sacrifices of Darsa, Purņamāsa, Agnihotra, Vājapeya and Rājasuya, grants were usually made. From the pages of history, it is seen that in the time of Chaulukyas Brāhmins used to enjoy lots of privileges.
The Kşatriyas were the ruling class and the king must belong to the Kşatriya family. In the Kumārapālacarita two types of Kşatriyas are mentioned. These are suddhakşatriya and the brāhmaṇakas. The suddha-kşatriyas are pure ksatriyas, born of kşatriya parents (cf - XIX. 115), whereas, the brāhmaṇakas are those whose livelihood was thrown out of the society and as a result, adopted warfare as their livelihood.
As usual, the Vaiśyas were the merchants. Hemacandra used the terms arya (XI. 15), vaņika or dhānyamcya to denote them. These terms show that the main occupation of the Vaiśyas was to measure grains (XI. 43).
Hemacandra did not mention the status of the sudras. It can be assumed then that the life-style of the sudras was not something different from the previous centuries.
Apart from these four castes, the names of some tribes are also mentioned. These are Abhira (XV. 85), Kirāta (XIV. 23.), Cāņdāla (IV. 38), Jāngala (XVIII. 71), Nişada (V. 50), Bhilla (I. 179), Takka (1.54), Māheya (XVI. 6) and Khasa (VI. 26). Besides, some tribes which seem to be foreign are also mentioned. These are Cina (VIII. 58),
