________________
from 1. Concentration on the matter and modes in accordance with the Pre-canons to 2. Concentration on matter or mode of a single object, to 3. Concentration on the final and fine respiratory concentration of the omniscient Lords near their time of liberation to 4. Concentration on the purest soul when even the finest physical, mental and vocal functions are stopped in the final moment of liberation. It follows that this meditation is possible for only those aspirants who have achieved sufficient spiritual purity to be irrevocably on the path to spiritual liberation. This type of concentration is signified by discretion (Viveka), complete renunciation (Vyutsarga), lack of
remorse (Avyatha) and lack of delusion (Asammoha). 6. Renunciation Penance (Vyutsarga Tapa) - To renounce
everything or being in an 'other than the Self" frame of mind is said to be 'Renunciation penance or Vyutsarga Tapa'. Renunciation can be either material in which the aspirant renounces attachment to own body (Sarīra vyutsarga), the monastic order (Gana-vyutsarga), the monastic equipment (Upadhi vyutsarga) and the food (Bhakta–pāna vyutsarga) or dispositional in which he renounces the passions (Kaşāya vyutsarga), all mundane desires (Samsāra vyutsarga) and the means of influx and
bondage of eight types of karma (Karma vyutsarga). Nature of Reality -
Various Indian philosophies define reality (Sat) variously. The Vedānta says that reality is permanent (dhruva or nitya); the Buddhists believe in an invariably transient (Niranvaya-ksanika) reality; Sānkhya philosophy believes in permanent (Kūtastha nitya) conscious (living) reality and a permanently transient (Pariņāmī nitya or Nityānitya) non-living reality and the Nyāya and Vaibesika philosophies believe that some elements of the
JAINISM : AN INTRODUCTION: 43
