________________
all lifeless. Of these only the Pudgala matter is manifest or formed, others are unmanifest or unformed. This section of the chapter is devoted to a reasonably detailed description of these types.
Pudgala Dravya (Manifest Matter) -
The elemental matter that is variously referred to as physical element or physical matter is known as pudgaia in the Jaina parlance. This is the manifest part of the non-living universe and all that we see around us is a manifestation of this single type of matter. It is endowed with the attributes of form (rūpa), taste (rasa), smell (gandha), sound (sabda) and touch (sparśa), ineaning that it can be seen, tasted, smelt, heard or felt by a touch. However, the pudgala manifests itself through its various modes that are caused by its properties of making sound (śabda), bonding of one part with the other(s) (bandha), fineness (suīksamatā), grossness (sthūlatā), configuration (samsthāna), divisibility (bheda), darkness (tama), casting shadows (chāyā), radiance (udyota), and heat (ātapa). The constantly changing universe we see and experience is nothing but the manifestation of the changing modes of the pudgala matter. If we analyse the name pudgala itself, it is made up of two parts 'pud meaning 'to combine' and “galaʼmeaning to disintegrate'. Thus pudgala, by its very nature, constantly keeps changing its modes by combination and disintegration. This change comes about in three different ways - 1. Naturally as the shapes of clouds keep changing on their own, 2. By conscious endeavour when it undergoes a change through some effort and 3. By a combination of nature and effort. Because of its constantly changing nature, the pudgala is defined in terms of four variables, namely - 1. Dravya(Matter), 2. Ksetra (Spatial position), 3. Kāla(Time) and 4. Bhāva (Mode). Together, they are known as its own quartet (Sva-catustaya).
Eight major types of pudgala matter, called pudgalavarganā, are 1. Audārika vargaņā, the matter type that forms the
96 : JAINISM: THE CREED FOR ALL TIMES
