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Jaina Ethics and Miscellaneous Customs and Manners
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(iv) Sukshma-Sāṁparāya, i. e., All but entire freedom from passion, and
(v) Yathakhyāta, i. e., Ideal and passionless conduct.38 (B) Way to Nirjarā :
The main way to Nirjara or shedding of Karmas is the observance of austerities which is included in the right conduct. The Jaina Scriptures distinguish twelve kinds of austerities, as the expedients of Nirjara, grouped together under two headings of Bahya Tapa, that is, external austerities and Abhyantara Tapa, that is, internal austerities.
The six External Austerities are:
(i) Anasana, i. e., Fasting,
(ii) Avamodarya, i. e., Eating less than one has appetite for, (iii) Vṛtti-parisankhyāna, i.e., Putting restrictions in regard to food, for example, to accept food only if a certain condition is fulfilled,
(iv) Rasa-parityaga, i.e. Daily renunciation one or more of six kinds of delicacies, namely, ghee, milk, curds, sugar, salt and oil.
(v)
(vi) Kayaklesa, i.e. Mortification of the body so long as the mind is not disturbed.
Vivikta-sayya sana, i.e., Sitting and sleeping in a lonely place, devoid of animate beings, and
The six Internal Austerities are :
(i) Prayaschitta, i.e., Expiation,
(ii) Vinaya i.e. Reverence,
(iii) Vaiyavṛtya, i.e., Service of the saints or worthy people, (iv) Svadhyaya, i.e., Study,
(v) Vyutsarga, i.e., Giving up attachment to the body, etc., (vi) Dhyana, i.e., Concentration of mind.39
Apart from the general instructions mentioned above for the shedding of Karmas, the definite rules of conduct have been prescribed for the followers of Jainism. All these rules are directed towards the main aim of achieving freedom of the soul from the Karmic matter. The rules of conduct have been so designed that J...14
