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Jaina Ethics and Miscellaneous Customs and Manners
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the very idea of idols, the question of a detailed ritual for their Worship does not arise. Instead they go to their religious houses and there perform their daily religious duties. The religious house of Sthānakavāsī Jainas is known as an Upāśraya or Upāsaro and the six Avaśyakas (i. e. daily duties ), namely, Sāmāyika, Chaturvimśati-Jinastuti, Vandanā, Pratikramana, Kā yotsarga and Pratyakhyāna, are performed there only.118 Among the Taranapanthis, the religious building is known as Chaityālaya which, according to them, means Granthālaya, that is, house of sacred books. The Taranapanthis visit the Chait yalaya and do their religious duties especially Sāmāyika, Jinastuti and Vandanā there.119 (IV) Places of Worship : (A) Temples :
The idol-worshippers necessarily require temples for perfor. ming their worship. Jainas have lavished an enormous amount of money on the construction of temples throughout India from ancient times. Among Jaina temples the most old are the cave temples. Near the cave temples are the caves meant for the monks to live and sleep in. The most famous of all Jaina caves and cave temples are those found at Udayagiri in Orissa, at Badami in the Bijapur District of Karnataka State (formerly in Bombay State) and at Ellora in the Aurangabad District of Maharashtra State. 120 But more beautiful than the cave temples are the ground temples. The best of such temples are often found in very remote spots, and it is suggested that they were built at times when the Jainas had to hide in such places to avoid Hindu persecution.121 Each temple has an open porch (mandapa), a closed hall of assembly (sabhā inandapa) and an inner shrine or cellc garbha-gļha) in which the idol is kept. In front of many Jaina temples we find pillars (mānastambhas) on which idols are placed. There is a considerable difference in the construction of Jaina temples in Northern and Southern India. 122 Temples are constructed out of donations and wherever Jainas are there we come across Jaina temples. The vast number of Jaina temples can be explained by the fact that the Jaina religion considers the construction of new temples or rebuilding of old, dilapidated temples as a meritorious act. The Jaina Achāryas in their literature glorify the act of building tem bles,123 and their religious-minded followers faithfully carry it
