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at things-one called the Dravyarthika Naya and the other the Paryayarthika Naya. The production of a gold ring is the production of something not previously existing ( at least not as a ring ), if we think of it from the latter point of view i. e, as a Paryaya or modification; while it is not the production of something not previously existing, when we look at it from the former point of view i. e, as a Dravja 'or substance. So the Universe looked upon as a totality is eternal; when looked upon in its several parts and modifications there is in it creation and destruction every nioment. The Jain philosophy classifies the whole cosmos under two heads Jiva and Ajiva-sentient or conscious, and insentient or unconscious. The sentient or conscious being sullied by its contact with the insentient or unconscious travels from body to body. When this unnecessary contact is removed, the conscious will shine forth in its bliss and that state is its final emancipation.
This brings us to the doctrine of re-incarnation and Karma, Although this doctrine is rejected throughout Europe and America by the Christians, it is accepted by the majɔrity of inankind at the present day. It has been held as true by the mightiest Eastern nations. The ancient civilization of Egypt was built upon this doctrine and it was handed over to Pythagoras, Empedocles, Plato, Virgil and Ovid who scattered it through Greece and
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