Prakrit ka Jain Agam Sahitya Ek Vimarsh

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Prachya Vidyapith Shajapur
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/004262/1

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prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA-48 prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya: eka vimarza Ahe. ma Tpasa DaoN. sAgaramala jaina *For Personal & Private Use Only prakAzaka: prAcya vidyApIta zAjApura (mapra)

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samarpaNa pa. pU. mAlava siMhanI zrIvallabhaku~varajI ma.sA. pa. pU. sevAmUrti zrI pAnaku~varajI ma.sA. pa. pU. suprasiddha vyAkhyAtrI zrI hemaprabhAzrIjI ma.sA. pa.pU.adhyAtma rasikA zrI maNiprabhAzrIjI ma.sA. Jain bucalienternational wateUse only ains Star

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prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza - pro. sAgaramala jaina bhAratIya saMskRti meM ati prAcInakAla se hI do samAntara dhArAoM kI upasthiti pAI jAtI hai - zramaNadhArA aura vaidikadhArA / jainadharma aura saMskRti isI zramaNadhArA kA aMga hai| vaidikadhArA kA AdhAra veda hai aura zramaNadhArA kA AdhAra aagm| Agama zabda kA artha hai- paramparA se prApta jJAna / jahA~ zramaNadhArA nivRttiparaka rahI, vahA~ vaidikadhArA pravRttiparaka / jahA~ zramaNadhArA meM saMnyAsa kA pratyaya pramukha banA, vahA~ vaidikadhArA meM gRhasthajIvana kaa| zramaNadhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA ko adhika abhivyakti dI aura yaha mAnA ki zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA sAgara, ataH usane zarIra aura saMsAra-donoM se hI mukti ko apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya maanaa| usakI dRSTi meM jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlya gauNa rahe aura anAsakti, vairAgya aura AtmAnubhUti ke rUpa meM mokSa yA nirvANa ko hI sarvocca mUlya mAnA gyaa| isake viparIta, vaidikaMdhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana ko vareNya mAnakara jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlyoM, arthAt jIvana ke rakSaNa evaM poSaNa ke prayatnoM ke sAtha-sAtha pArasparika sahayoga yA sAmAjikatA ko pradhAnatA dii| phalataH, vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti evaM pArasparika sahayoga hetu prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiM, yathA- hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI santAna baliSTha ho, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deM, vanaspati evaM anna pracura mAtrA meM utpanna hoM, hamameM paraspara sahayoga ho aadi| jJAtavya hai ki vedoM meM vairAgya evaM mokSa kI avadhAraNA anupasthita hai, jabaki vaha zramaNadhArA kA kendrIya tattva hai| isa prakAra, ye donoM dhArAe~ do bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM ko lekara pravAhita huI haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa, inake sAhitya meM bhI inhIM bhinna-bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM kA pratipAdana pAyA jAtA hai| zramaNa-paramparA ke Agama-sAhitya meM saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA ko pradarzita kara tyAga aura vairAgyamaya jIvana-zailI kA vikAsa kiyA gayA, jabaki vaidika sAhitya ke grantha vedoM meM aihika jIvana ko adhika sukhI aura samRddha banAne hetu prArthanAoM kI aura sAmAjika-vyavasthA (varNa-vyavasthA) aura bhautika upalabdhiyoM hetu vividha karmakANDoM kI sarjanA huii| prArambhika prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 01 For Personal & Private Use Only

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vaidika sAhitya, jisameM mukhyataH veda aura brAhmaNa grantha samAhita haiM, meM laukika jIvana ko sukhI aura samRddha banAne vAlI prArthanAoM aura karmakANDoM kA hI prAdhAnya hai| isake viparIta, zramaNa-paramparA ke prArambhika sAhitya meM saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA aura kSaNabhaMguratA ko pradarzita kara usase vairAgya aura vimukti ko hI pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| saMkSepa meM, zramaNa paramparA kA sAhitya vairAgya pradhAna zramaNadhArA aura usakI dhyAna aura yoga-sAdhanA kI paramparA ke astitva ke saMketa hameM mohanajodar3o aura har3appA kI saMskRti ke kAla se hI milane lagate haiN| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki har3appA saMskRti vaidika saMskRti se bhI pUrvavartI rahI hai| Rgveda jaise prAcInatama grantha meM vrAtyoM aura vAtarazanA muniyoM ke ullekha bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karate haiM ki usa yuga meM zramaNadhArA kA astitva thaa| jahA~ taka isa prAcIna zramaNa-paramparA ke sAhitya kA prazna hai, durbhAgya se vaha Aja hameM upalabdha nahIM hai, kintu vedoM meM usa prakAra kI jIvana-dRSTi kI upasthiti ke saMketa yaha avazya sUcita karate haiM ki unakA apanA koI sAhitya bhI rahA hogA, jo kAlakrama meM lupta ho gyaa| Aja AtmasAdhanA-pradhAna nivRttimUlaka zramaNadhArA ke sAhitya kA sabase prAcIna aMza yadi kahIM upalabdha hai, to vaha aupaniSadika sAhitya meM hai| prAcIna upaniSadoM meM na kevala vaidika karma-kANDoM aura bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi kI AlocanA kI gaI hai, apitu AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI jo pratiSThA huI hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki ve mUlataH zramaNa jIvana-dRSTi ke prastotA haiN| yaha satya hai ki upaniSadoM meM vaidikadhArA ke bhI kucha saMketa upalabdha haiM, kintu yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki upaniSadoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana-dRSTi vaidika nahIM, zramaNa hai| ve usa yuga kI racanAeM haiM, jaba vaidikoM dvArA zramaNa saMskRti ke jIvana mUlyoM ko svIkRta kiyA jA rahA thaa| ve vaidika saMskRti aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvaya kI kahAnI kahate haiN| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM samanvaya kA yaha prayatna spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotA hai| usameM tyAga aura bhoga, pravRtti evaM nivRtti, karma aura karma-saMnyAsa, vyakti aura samaSTi, avidyA (bhautika jJAna) aura vidyA (AdhyAtmika jJAna) ke madhya eka sundara samanvaya prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza/02 For Personal & Private Use Only

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sthApita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM kA pUrvavartI evaM samasAmayika zramaNa paramparA kA jo adhikAMza sAhitya thA, vaha zramaNa paramparA kI anya dhArAoM ke jIvita na raha pAne yA unake bRhad hindU-paramparA meM samAhita ho jAne ke kAraNa yA to vilupta ho gayA thA, yA phira dUsarI jIvita zramaNa paramparAoM athavA bRhad hindU-paramparA ke dvArA AtmasAta kara liyA gayA, kintu usake astitva ke saMketa evaM avazeSa Aja bhI aupaniSadika sAhitya, pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgamoM meM surakSita haiN| prAcIna AraNyakoM, upaniSadoM AcArAMga (prathama zrutaskandha), sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, isibhAsiyAI, theragAthA, suttanipAta aura mahAbhArata meM ina vilupta yA samAhita zramaNa paramparAoM ke aneka RSiyoM ke upadeza Aja bhI pAye jAte haiN| isibhAsiyAiM aura sUtrakRtAMga meM ullikhita yAjJavalkya, nArada, asitadevala, kapila, pArAzara, ArUNi, uddAlaka, nami, bAhuka, rAmaputta Adi RSi ve hI haiM, jinameM se aneka ke upadeza evaM AkhyAna upaniSadoM evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI surakSita haiN| jaina paramparA meM RSibhASita meM inheM 'arhat-RSi' evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM 'siddhi ko prApta tapodhana mahApuruSa' kahA gayA hai aura unheM apanI pUrva paramparA se sambaddha batAyA gayA hai| pAlitripiTaka dIghanikAya ke sAmaJaJaphalasutta meM bhI buddha ke samakAlIna chaha tIrthaMkaroM- ajitakezakambala, prakudhakAtyAyana, pUrNakazyapa, saMjayavelaTTiputta, maMkhaligozAlaka evaM niggaMThanAtaputta kI mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza huA hai, phira cAhe unheM vikRta rUpa meM hI prastuta kyoM na kiyA gayA ho| isI prakAra, theragAthA, suttanipAta Adi ke aneka thera (sthAvira) bhI prAcIna zramaNa paramparAoM se sambandhita rahe haiN| isa sabase bhArata meM zramaNadhArA ke prAcInakAla meM astitva kI sUcanA mila jAtI hai| padmabhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne pAlitripiTaka meM ajita, araka aura aranemi nAmaka tIrthakaroM ke ullekha ko bhI khoja nikAlA hai| jJAtavya hai ki usameM inheM "titthakaro kAmesu vItarAgo" kahA gayA hai - cAhe hama yaha mAne yA na mAneM ki inakI saMgati jaina paramparA ke ajita, ara aura ariSTanemi nAmaka tIrthakaroM se ho sakatI hai, kintu itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki ye sabhI ullekha zramaNadhArA ke 'atiprAcIna astitva ko hI sUcita karate haiN| . prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 03 For Personal & Private Use Only

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vaidika sAhitya aura prAkRta Agama sAhitya vaidika sAhitya meM 'veda' prAcInatama haiN| vedoM ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya . darzanoM meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ ullikhita haiN| mImAMsaka darzana ke anusAra veda apauruSeya hai, arthAt kisI vyakti vizeSa dvArA nirmita nahIM haiN| unake anusAra, veda anAdi-nidhana hai, zAzvata haiM, na to unakA koI racayitA hai aura na hI racanAkAla / naiyAyikoM kI mAnyatA isase bhinna hai, ve veda-vacanoM ko Izvara-sRSTa mAnate haiN| unake anusAra, veda apauruSeya nahIM, apitu IzvarakRta haiN| IzvarakRta hote hue bhI Izvara ke anAdi-nidhana hone se veda bhI anAdi-nidhana mAne jA sakate haiM, kintu jaba unheM IzvarasRSTa mAna liyA gayA hai, to phira anAdi kahanA ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki Izvara kI apekSA se to ve sAdi hI hoNge| jahA~ takaM jainAgamoM kA prazna hai, unheM artha-rUpa meM arthAt kathya viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA upadiSTa mAnA jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se ve apauruSeya nahIM haiN| ve artha-rUpa meM tIrthaMkaroM dvArA upadiSTa aura zabda-rUpa meM gaNadharoM dvArA racita mAne jAte haiM, kintu yaha bAta bhI kevala aMga AgamoM ke sandarbha meM hai| aMgabAhya Agama grantha to vibhinna sthaviroM aura pUrvadhara-AcAryoM kI kRti mAne hI jAte haiN| isa prakAra, jaina Agama pauruSeya (puruSakRta) haiM aura kAla vizeSa meM nirmita haiN| kintu, jaina AcAryoM ne eka anya apekSA se vicAra karate hue aMga AgamoM ko zAzvata bhI kahA hai| unake isa kathana kA AdhAra yaha hai ki tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparA to anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai aura anantakAla taka calegI, koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM, jisameM tIrthakara nahIM hote haiN| ataH isa dRSTi se jaina Agama bhI anAdi-ananta siddha hote haiN| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra tIrthakara bhinna-bhinna AtmAe~ hotI haiM, kintu unake upadezoM meM samAnatA hotI hai aura unake samAna upadezoM ke AdhAra para racita grantha bhI samAna hI hote haiN| isI apekSA se nandIsUtra meM AgamoM ko anAdi-nidhana bhI kahA gayA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke kathana meM cAhe zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho, kintu artha-rUpa meM bhinnatA nahIM hotI hai, ataH artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se yaha ekarUpatA hI jainAgamoM ko pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi-ananta siddha karatI prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 04 For Personal & Private Use Only

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hai| nandIsUtra (sUtra 58) meM kahA gayA hai "yaha jo dvAdaza-aMga yA gaNipiTaka hai, vaha aisA nahIM hai ki yaha kabhI nahIM thA, kabhI nahIM rahegA aura na kabhI hogaa| yaha sadaiva thA aura sadaiva rhegaa| yaha dhruva, nitya zAzvata, akSaya, avasthita aura nitya hai| isa prakAra, jaina cintaka eka ora pratyeka tIrthakara ke upadeza ke AdhAra para unake pramukha ziSyoM ke dvArA zabda-rUpa meM AgamoM kI racanA hone kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karate haiM to dUsarI ora artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se samarUpatA ke AdhAra para yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki artha-rUpa se jinavANI sadaiva thI aura sadaiva rhegii| vaha kabhI bhI naSTa nahIM hotI hai| vicAra kI apekSA se AgamoM kI zAzvatatA aura nityatA mAnya karate hue bhI jaina paramparA unheM zabda-rUpa se sRSTa aura vicchinna hone vAlA bhI mAnatI hai| anekAnta kI bhASA meM kaheM, to tIrthakara kI anavarata paramparA kI dRSTi se Agama zAzvata aura nitya haiM, jabaki tIrthakara-vizeSa ke zAsana kI apekSA se ve sRSTa evaM anitya haiN| - vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgamoM meM dUsarA mahatvapUrNa antara yaha hai ki vedoM ke adhyayana meM sadaiva hI zabda-rUpa ko mahatva diyA gayA aura yaha mAnA gayA ki zabda-rUpa meM koI parivartana nahIM honA cAhie, usakA artha spaSTa ho yA na ho| isake viparIta, jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM ko artha kA pravaktA mAnA gayA aura isalie isa bAta para bala diyA gayA ki cAhe AgamoM meM zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho jAye kintu unameM artha-bheda nahIM honA caahie| yahI kAraNa thA ki zabda-rUpa kI isa upekSA ke kAraNa paravartIkAla meM AgamoM meM aneka bhASika parivartana hue aura Agama pAThoM kI ekarUpatA nahIM raha skii| yadyapi. vibhinna saMgItiyoM ke mAdhyama se ekarUpatA banAne kA prayAsa huA, lekina usameM pUrNa saphalatA nahIM mila sakI / yadyapi vaha zabda-rUpa parivartana bhI Age nirbAdha rUpa se na cale, isalie eka ora unheM lipibaddha karane kA prayAsa huA, to dUsarI ora AgamoM meM pada, akSara, anusvAra Adi meM parivartana karanA bhI mahApApa batAyA gyaa| isa prakAra, yadyapi AgamoM ke bhASAgata svarUpa ko sthiratA to pradAna kI gayI, phira bhI zabda kI apekSA artha para adhika bala diye jAne ke kAraNa jainAgamoM kA svarUpa pUrNatayA aparivartita nahIM raha sakA, jabaki veda zabda-rUpa meM aparivartita rhe| Aja bhI unameM aisI prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 05 For Personal & Private Use Only

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aneka RcAyeM haiM- jinakA koI artha nahIM nikalatA hai| (anarthakAH hi ved-mntraaH)| isa prakAra, veda zabda-pradhAna haiM, jabaki jaina Agama artha-pradhAna haiN| veda aura jainAgamoM meM tIsarI bhinnatA unakI viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se bhI hai| vedoM meM bhautika upalabdhiyoM hetu prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke prati prArthanAeM hI pradhAna rUpa se dekhI jAtI haiM, sAtha hI kucha khagola-bhUgola sambandhI vivaraNa aura kathAeM bhI haiM, jabaki jaina Agama sAhitya meM AdhyAtmika evaM vairAgyaparaka upadezoM ke dvArA mana, indriya aura vAsanAoM para vijaya pAne ke nirdeza diye gaye haiN| isake sAtha-sAtha, usameM muni evaM gRhastha ke AcAra sambandhI vidhi-niSedha pramukhatA se varNita haiM tathA tapa-sAdhanA aura karma-phala viSayaka kucha kathAe~ bhI haiN| khagola-bhUgola sambandhI carcA bhI jambUdvIpaprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti Adi granthoM meM hai| jahA~ taka jainadarzana kA prazna hai, usakA prArambhika rUpa hI AgamoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM vedoM ke pazcAt kramazaH brAhmaNa-granthoM, AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM kA krama AtA hai| inameM brAhmaNa grantha mukhyataH yajJa-yAga sambandhI karmakANDoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karate haiM, ataH unakI zailI aura viSaya-vastu- donoM hI Agama-sAhitya se bhinna haiN| AraNyakoM ke sambandha meM maiM abhI taka samyaka adhyayana nahIM kara pAyA hU~, ataH unase Agama sAhitya kI tulanA kara pAnA mere liye sambhava nahIM hai| kintu AraNyakoM meM vairAgya, nivRtti evaM vAnaprastha jIvana ke aneka tathyoM ke ullekha hone se vizeSa tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke dvArA unameM aura jaina AgamoM meM nihita samarUpatA ko khojA jA sakatA hai| ___ jahA~ taka upaniSadoM kA prazna hai, upaniSadoM ke aneka aMza AcArAMga, isibhAsiyAiM Adi prAcIna Agama-sAhitya meM bhI yathAvata upalabdha hote haiN| yAjJavalkya, nArada, kapila, asitadevala, arUNa, uddAlaka, pArAzara Adi aneka aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke ullekha evaM upadeza isibhAsiyAI, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga evaM uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha haiN| isibhAsiyAiM meM yAjJavalkya kA upadeza usI rUpa meM varNita hai, jaisA vaha upaniSadoM meM milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke aneka AkhyAna, upadeza evaM kathAe~ mAtra nAma-bheda ke sAtha mahAbhArata meM prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 06 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhI upalabdha haiN| prastuta prasaMga meM vistArabhaya se vaha saba tulanAtmaka vivecana prastuta karanA sambhava nahIM hai| inake tulanAtmaka adhyayana hetu icchuka pAThakoM ko maiM apanI 'isibhAsiyAiM kI bhUmikA' evaM 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana' khaNDa-1 evaM 2 dekhane kI anuzaMsA ke sAtha isa carcA ko yahIM virAma detA huuN| pAlitripiTaka aura prAkRta Agama sAhitya - pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama apane udbhava-srota kI apekSA se samakAlika kahe jA sakate haiM, kyoMki pAlitripiTaka ke pravaktA bhagavAn buddha aura jainAgamoM ke pravaktA bhagavAn mahAvIra samakAlika hI haiN| isalie donoM ke prArambhika granthoM kA racanAkAla bhI samasAmAyika hai| dUsare, jaina-paramparA aura bauddha-paramparA-donoM hI bhAratIya saMskRti kI zramaNadhArA ke aMga haiM, ataH donoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana-dRSTi eka hI hai| isa tathya kI puSTi jainAgamoM aura pAlitripiTaka ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se ho jAtI hai| donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se nivRttiparaka jIvana-dRSTi ko apanAyA gayA hai aura sadAcAra evaM naitikatA kI prasthApanA ke prayatna kiye gaye haiM, ataH viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se bhI donoM hI paramparAoM ke sAhitya meM samAnatA hai| uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika evaM kucha prakIrNakoM kI aneka gAthAe~, suttanipAta, dhammapada Adi meM mila jAtI haiM, kintu jahA~ taka donoM ke darzana evaM AcAra niyamoM kA prazna hai, vahA~ antara bhI dekhA jAtA hai, kyoMki jahA~ bhagavAna buddha AcAra ke kSetra meM madhyamamArgI the, vahA~ mahAvIra tapa, tyAga aura titIkSA para adhika bala de rahe the| isa prakAra, AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM kI dRSTiyA~ bhinna thiiN| yadyapi vicAra ke kSetra meM mahAvIra aura buddha- donoM hI ekAntavAda ke samAlocaka the, kintu jahA~ buddha ne ekAntavAdoM ko kevala nakArA, vahA~ mahAvIra ne una ekAntavAdoM kA samanvaya kiyA, ataH darzana ke kSetra meM buddha kI dRSTi nakArAtmaka rahI hai, jabaki mahAvIra kI sakArAtmaka / isa darzana aura AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM meM jo bhinnatA thI, vaha unake sAhitya meM bhI abhivyakta huI hai| phira bhI, sAmAnya pAThaka kI apekSA se donoM paramparA ke granthoM meM kSaNikavAda, anAtmavAda Adi dArzanika prasthAnoM ko chor3akara ekatA hI adhika parilakSita hotI hai| prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 07 For Personal & Private Use Only

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AgamoM kA mahattva evaM prAmANikatA pratyeka dharma-paramparA meM dharma-grantha yA zAstra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai, kyoMki usa dharma ke dArzanika siddhAnta aura AcAra vyavasthA donoM ke lie 'zAstra' hI ekamAtra pramANa hotA hai| hindUdharma meM veda kA, bauddhadharma meM tripiTaka kA, pArasIdharma meM avestA kA, IsAIdharma meM bAibila kA aura islAmadharma meM kurAna kA jo sthAna hai, vahI sthAna jainadharma meM Agama sAhitya kA hai| phira bhI Agama sAhitya ko na to veda ke samAna apauruSeya mAnA gayA hai aura na bAibila yA kurAna ke samAna kisI paigambara ke mAdhyama se diyA gayA Izvara kA sandeza hI, apitu vaha una arhatoM va RSiyoM kI vANI kA saMkalana hai, jinhoMne apanI tapasyA aura sAdhanA ke dvArA satya kA prakAza prApta kiyA thaa| jainoM ke lie Agama jinavANI hai, Aptavacana hai, unake dharma-darzana aura sAdhanA kA AdhAra hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM jainadharma kA digambara sampradAya upalabdha AgamoM ko pramANabhUta nahIM mAnatA hai, kyoMki usakI dRSTi meM ina AgamoM meM kucha aisA prakSipta aMza hai, jo unakI mAnyatAoM ke viparIta hai| merI dRSTi meM cAhe vartamAna meM upalabdha AgamoM meM kucha prakSipta aMza ho yA unameM kucha parivartana-parivardhana bhI huA ho, phira bhI ve jainadharma ke prAmANika dastAveja haiN| unameM aneka aitihAsika tathya upalabdha haiN| unakI pUrNataH asvIkRti kA artha apanI prAmANikatA ko hI nakAranA hai| zvetAmbara mAnya ina AgamoM kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye IsvI pUrva pA~cavI zvetI se lekara IsA kI pA~cavI zatI arthAt lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa meM jaina saMgha ke car3hAva-utAra kI eka prAmANika kahAnI kaha dete haiN| AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa vartamAna meM jo Agama grantha upalabdha haiM, unheM nimna rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai-11 aMga - 1. AyAra (AcArAMgaH), 2. sUyagaDa (sUtrakRtAMgaH), 3. ThANa (sthAnAMgaH), 4. samavAya (samavAyAMgaH), 5. viyAhapannati (vyAkhyAprajJaptiH yA bhagavatI), 6. nAyAdhammakahAo (jJAtAdharmakathAH), 7. uvAsagadasAo (upAsakadazAH), 8. aMtagaDadasAo (antakRddazAH), 9. anuttarovavAiya-dasAo (anuttaraupapAtikadazAH), 10. paNhAvAgaraNAiM (praznavyAkaraNAni), 11. vivAgasuyaM (vipAkazrutam), 12. dRSTivAdaH (diTThivAya) jo vicchinna huA hai| prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza /08 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #11
12 upAMga - 1. uvavAiyaM (aupapAtika) 2. rAyapaseNaijaM (rAjaprasenajitka) athavA rAyapaseNiyaM (rAjapraznIya), 3. jIvAjIvAbhigama, 4. paNNavaNA (prajJApanA), 5. sUrapaNNatti (sUryaprajJaptiH), 6. jambudvIvapaNNatti (jambUdvIpaprajJaptiH), caMdapaNNati (candraprajJaptiH), 8-12. nirayAvaliyAsuyakkhaMdha (nirayAvalikAzrutaskandhaH), 8. nirayAvaliyAo (nirayAvalikAH) 9. kappavaDiMsiyAo (kalpAvataMsikAH) 10. puphiyAo (puSpikAH), 11. pupcUlAo (puSpacUlAH), 12. vaNhidasAo (vRssnnidshaaH)| jahA~ taka uparyukta aMga aura upAMga granthoM kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAya inheM mAnya karate haiM, jabaki digambara sampradAya inhIM gyAraha aMgasUtroM ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki aMgasUtra vartamAna meM vilupta ho gaye haiN| upAMgasUtroM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM meM ekarUpatA hai, kintu digambara paramparA meM bAraha upAMgoM kI na to koI mAnyatA rahI aura na ve vartamAna meM ina granthoM ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| yadyapi jambUdvIpaprajJapti, dvIpasAgaraprajJapti Adi nAmoM se unake yahA~ kucha grantha avazya pAye jAte haiN| sAtha hI sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti ko bhI unake dvArA dRSTivAda ke parikarma vibhAga ke antargata svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| 4 mUlasUtra - sAmAnyatayA 1. uttarAdhyayana, 2. dazavaikAlika, 3. Avazyaka aura 4. piNDaniyukti -ye cAra mUlasUtra mAne gaye haiN| phira bhI mUlasUtroM kI saMkhyA aura nAmoM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| jahA~ taka uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika kA prazna hai inheM sabhI zvetAmbara sampradAyoM evaM AcAryoM ne ekamata se mUlasUtra mAnA hai| samayasundara, bhAvaprabhasUri tathA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM pro. byUhalara, pro. zArapenTiyara, pro. vinTarnitz2a, pro. zubiMga Adi ne eka svara se Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra mAnA hai, kintu sthAnakavAsI evaM terApanthI sampradAya Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra ke antargata nahIM mAnate haiN| ye donoM sampradAya Avazyaka evaM piNDaniyukti ke sthAna para nandI aura anuyogadvAra. ko mUlasUtra mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM kucha AcAryoM ne piNDaniyukti ke sAtha-sAtha oghaniyukti ko bhI mUlasUtra meM mAnA hai| isa . prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 09 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #12
prakAra, mUlasUtroM ke vargIkaraNa aura unake nAmoM meM ekarUpatA kA abhAva hai| acela paramparA meM ina mUlasUtroM meM se dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana aura. Avazyaka mAnya rahe haiN| tattvArtha kI digambara TIkAoM meM, dhavalA meM tathA aMgapaNNatti meM inakA ullekha hai| jJAtavya hai ki aMgapaNNatti meM nandIsUtra kI bhAMti hI Avazyaka ke chaha vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| yApanIya paramparA meM bhI na kevala Avazyaka, uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavakAlika mAnya rahe haiM, apitu yApanIya AcArya aparAjita (nauvIM zatI) ne to dazavaikAlika kI TIkA bhI likhI thii| 6 chedasUtra - chedasUtroM ke antargata vartamAna meM 1. AyAradazA (dazAzrutaskandha) 2. kappa (kalpa) 3. vavahAra (vyavahAra), 4. nisIha (nizItha), 5. mahAnizItha aura 6. jIyakalpa (jItakalpa)- ye chaha grantha mAne jAte haiN| inameM se mahAnizItha aura jItakalpa ko zvetAmbaroM kI terApanthI aura sthAnakavAsI sampradAyeM mAnya nahIM karatI haiN| ve donoM mAtra cAra hI chedasUtra mAnate haiM, jabaki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya uparyukta 6 chedasUtroM ko mAnatA hai| jahA~ taka digambara aura yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai unameM aMgabAhya granthoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra aura nizItha kA ullekha milatA hai| yApanIya sampradAya ke granthoM meM na kevala inakA ullekha milatA hai, apitu inake avataraNa bhI diye gaye haiN| Azcarya yaha hai ki vartamAna meM digambara paramparA meM pracalita mUlataH yApanIya paramparA ke prAyazcita sambandhI grantha 'chedapiNDazAstra meM kalpa aura vyavahAra ke prAmANya ke sAtha-sAtha jItakalpa kA bhI prAmANya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra digambara evaM yApanIya paramparAoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha aura jItakalpa kI hI mAnyatA rahI hai, yadyapi vartamAna meM digambara AcArya inheM mAnya nahIM karate haiN| 10 prakIrNakaisake antargata nimna dasa grantha mAne jAte haiM - __ 1. causaraNa (catuHzaraNa), 2. AurapaccakkhANa (AturapratyAkhyAna), 3. 'bhattaparinnA (bhaktaparijJA), 4. saMthAraya (saMstAraka), 5. taMDulaveyAliya (taMdulavaicArika), 6. caMdavejjhaya (candravedhyaka), 7. devindatthaya (devendrastava), 8. gaNivijjA (gaNividyA), 9. mahApaccakkhANa (mahApratyAkhyAna) aura 10. vIratthaya prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 10 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #13
(viirstv)| zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI ina prakIrNakoM ko mAnya nahIM karate haiN| yadyapi merI dRSTi meM inameM unakI paramparA ke virUddha aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai, jisase inheM amAnya kiyA jaave| inameM se 9 prakIrNakoM kA ullekha to nandIsUtra meM mila jAtA hai, ataH inheM amAnya karane kA koI aucitya nahIM hai| hamane inakI vistRta carcA Agama saMsthAna, udayapura se prakAzita 'mahApaccakkhANa' kI bhUmikA meM kI hai| jahA~ taka dasa prakIrNakoM ke nAma Adi kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya ke AcAryoM meM bhI kiMcit matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| lagabhaga 9 nAmoM meM to ekarUpatA hai, kintu bhaktaparijJA, maraNavidhi aura vIrastava- ye tIna nAma aise haiM, jo bhinna-bhinna rUpa se Aye haiN| kisI ne bhaktaparijJA ko chor3akara maraNavidhi kA ullekha kiyA hai, to kisI ne usake sthAna para vIrastava kA ullekha kiyA hai| muni zrI puNyavijayajI ne 'paiNNasuttAI ke prathama bhAga kI bhUmikA meM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita lagabhaga 22 granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| inameM se adhikAMza mahAvIra vidyAlaya se paiNNasuttAiM nAma se do bhAgoM meM prakAzita haiN| aMgavidyA kA prakAzana prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI kI ora se huA hai| ye bAIsa nimna ___1. catuHzaraNa, 2. AturapratyAkhyAna, 3. bhaktaparijJA, 4. saMstAraka, 5. taMdulavaicArika, 6. candravedhyaka, 7. devendrastava, 8. gaNividyA, 9. mahApratyAkhyAna, 10 vIrastava, 11. RSibhASita, 12. ajIvakalpa, 13. gacchAcAra, 14. maraNasamAdhI, 15. titthogAliya, 16. ArAdhanApatAkA, 17. dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, 18. jyotiSakaraNDaka, 19. aMgavidyA, 20, siddhaprAbhRta 21. sArAvalI aura 22. jiivvibhkti| isake atirikta eka hI nAma ke aneka prakIrNaka bhI upalabdha hote haiM, yathA- 'AurapaccakkhAna' ke nAma se tIna grantha upalabdha hote haiN| unameM se eka to dasavIM zatI ke AcArya vIrabhadra kI kRti hai| - inameM se nandI aura pAkSikasUtra ke utkAlika sUtroM ke varga meM devendrastava, taMdulavaicArika, candravedhyaka, gaNividyA, maraNavibhakti, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna- ye sAta nAma pAye jAte haiM aura kAlikasUtroM ke varga meM RSibhASita aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti- ye do nAma pAye jAte haiN| isa prakAra prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza /11 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nandI eva pAkSikasUtra meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka samAja ke kucha AcArya, jo 84 Agama mAnate haiM, ve prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA 10 ke sthAna para 30 mAnate haiN| isameM pUrvokta 22 nAmoM ke atirikta nimna 8 prakIrNaka aura mAne gaye haiM - piNDavizuddhi paryanta ArAdhanA yoniprAbhRta aMgacUlikA, vRddhacatuHzaraNa, jambUpayannA aura klpsuutr| __ jahA~ taka digambara paramparA evaM yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai, ve . spaSTataH ina prakIrNakoM ko mAnya nahIM karatI haiM, phira bhI mUlAcAra meM AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyAyoM meM avatarita kI gaI haiN| isI prakAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA meM bhI maraNavibhakti, ArAdhanApatAkA Adi aneka prakIrNakoM kI gAthAe~ avatarita haiN| jJAtavya hai ki inameM aMga bAhyoM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai| 2 cUlikAsUtra cUlikAsUtra ke antargata nandIsUtra aura anuyogadvAra- ye do grantha mAne jAte haiN| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM ki sthAnakavAsI paramparA inheM cUlikAsUtra na kahakara mUlasUtra meM vargIkRta karatI hai| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ye donoM grantha zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM ko mAnya rahe haiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 4 mUla, 6 cheda, 10 prakIrNaka, 2 cUlikAsUtra - ye 45 Agama zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM mAnya haiN| sthAnakavAsI va terApanthI isameM se 10 ko kama karake 32 Agama mAnya karate haiN| jo loga caurAsI Agama mAnya karate haiM, ve dasa prakIrNakoM ke sthAna para pUrvokta tIsa prakIrNaka mAnate haiN| isake sAtha dasa niyuktiyoM tathA yatijItakalpa, zrAddhajItakalpa, pAkSikasUtra, kSamApanAsUtra, vandittu tithi-prakaraNa, kavacaprakaraNa, saMzaktaniyukti aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya ko bhI AgamoM meM sammilita karate isa prakAra, vartamAnakAla meM Agama sAhitya ko aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra ke rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai, kintu yaha vargIkaraNa paryApta paravartI hai| 12 vIM zatI se pUrva ke granthoM meM isa prakAra ke prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 12 For Personal & Private Use Only

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vargIkaraNa kA kahIM ullekha nahIM milatA hai| vargIkaraNa kI yaha zailI sarvaprathama hameM AcArya zrIcanda kI 'sukhabodhA samAcArI' (I.san 1112) meM AMzika rUpa se upalabdha hotI hai| isameM Agama-sAhitya ke adhyayana kA jo krama diyA gayA hai, usase kevala itanA hI pratiphalita hotA hai ki aMga, upAMga Adi kI avadhAraNA usa yuga meM bana cukI thI, kintu vartamAnakAla meM jisa prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaisA vargIkaraNa usa samaya taka bhI pUrNa rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM huA thaa| usameM mAtra aMga-upAMga, Adi kI avadhAraNA usa yuga meM bana cukI thI, kintu vartamAnakAla meM jisa prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaisA vargIkaraNa usa samaya taka bhI pUrNa rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM huA thaa| usameM mAtra aMga-upAMga, prakIrNaka- itane hI nAma milate haiN| vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM nandIsUtra va anuyogadvArasUtra ko bhI prakIrNakoM meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| sukhabodhasamAcArI kA yaha vivaraNa mukhya rUpa se to Agama granthoM ke adhyayana-krama ko hI sUcita karatA hai| isameM muni-jIvana sambandhI AcAra niyamoM ke pratipAdaka Agama-granthoM ke adhyayana ko prAthamikatA dI gaI hai aura siddhAnta granthoM kA adhyayana bauddhika paripakvatA ke pazcAta hoaisI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| __ isI dRSTi se eka anya vivaraNa jinaprabha ne apane grantha 'vidhimArgaprapA meM diyA hai| isameM vartamAna meM ullikhita AgamoM ke nAma to mila jAte haiM, kintu kauna Agama kisa varga kA hai, yaha ullekha nahIM hai| mAtra pratyeka varga ke AgamoM ke nAma eka sAtha Ane ke kAraNa yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya taka cAhe aMga, upAMga Adi kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pUrNataH sthira na huA hai, kintu jaisA padmabhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI kA kathana hai ki kauna grantha kisake sAtha ullikhita honA cAhie, aisA eka krama bana gayA thA, kyoMki usameM aMga, upAMga, cheda, mUla, prakIrNaka evaM cUlikAsUtroM ke nAma eka hI sAtha milate haiN| vidhimArgaprapA meM aMga, upAMga granthoM kA pArasparika sambandha bhI nizcita kiyA gayA thaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, eka matAntara kA ullekha karate hue usameM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki kucha AcArya candraprajJapti evaM sUryaprajJapti ko bhagavatI kA upAMga mAnate haiN| jinaprabha ne isa grantha meM sarvaprathama vAcanAvidhi ke prArambha meM aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda aura mUla- ina vargoM kA prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 13 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #16
ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne vidhimArgaprapA ko I. san 1306 meM pUrNa kiyA thA, ataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki isake Asa-pAsa hI AgamoM kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pracalana meM AyA hogaa| AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI . Agama-sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI isase bhinna rahI hai| isa prAcIna zailI kA sarvaprathama nirdeza hameM nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra (IsvI san / pA~cavI zatI) meM milatA hai| usa yuga meM AgamoM ko aMgapraviSTa va aMgabAhyaina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA thaa| aMgapraviSTa ke antargata AcArAMga Adi 12 aMga Ate the| zeSa grantha aMgabAhya kahe jAte the| usameM aMgabAhyoM kI eka saMjJA prakIrNaka bhI thii| aMgaprajJapti nAmaka digambara grantha meM bhI aMgabAhyoM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai| aMgabAhya ko punaH do bhAgoM meM bAMTA jAtA thA1. Avazyaka aura 2. Avazyaka-vyatirikta / Avazyaka ke antargata sAmAyika Adi cha: grantha the| jJAtavya hai ki vartamAna vargIkaraNa meM Avazyaka ko eka hI graeNntha mAnA jAtA hai aura sAmAyika Adi cha: Avazyaka aMgoM ko usake eka-eka adhyAya ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai, kintu prAcInakAla meM inheM cha: svatantra grantha mAnA jAtA thaa| isakI puSTi aMgapaNNati Adi digambara granthoM se bhI ho jAtI hai| unameM bhI sAmAyika Adi ko cha: svatantra grantha mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi usameM kAyotsarga evaM pratyAkhyAna ke sthAna para vainayika evaM kRtikarma nAma milate haiN| Avazyaka-vyatirikta ke bhI do bhAga kiye jAte the1. kAlika aura 2. utkaalik| jinakA svAdhyAya vikAla ko chor3akara kiyA jAtA thA, ve kAlika kahalAte the, jabaki utkAlika granthoM ke adhyayana yA svAdhyAya meM kAla evaM vikAla kA vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra ke anusAra AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI sUcI nimnAnusAra hai - prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 14 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #17
. zruta (Agama) 1. For Personal & Private Use Only prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza /15 (ka) aMgapraviSTa AcArAMga sUtrakRtAMga 3. sthAnAMga samavAyAMga ____ vyAkhyAprajJapti jJAtAdharmakathA upAsakadazAMga 8. antakRddazAMga anuttaraupapAtikadazAMga 10. praznavyAkaraNa 11. vipAkasUtra 12. dRSTivAda (kha) aMgabAhya . (kha) Avazyaka vyatirikta (ka) Avazyaka | (ka) kAlika (kha) utkAlika 1. sAmAyika uttarAdhyayana 31. vRSNidazA 2. caturviMzatistava | 2. dazAzrutaskandha 1. dazavaikAlika 3. ' vandanA 3. kalpa 2. kalpikAkalpika 4. pratikramaNa vyavahAra cullakakalpazruta kAyotsarga nizItha mahAkalpazruta pratyAkhyAna mahAnizItha nizItha RSibhASita rAjapraznIya 8. jambUdvIpaprajJapti jIvAbhigama 9. dvIpasAgara prajJapti 8. prajJApanA 10. candraprajJapti 9. mahAprajJApanA 11. kSullikAvimAnapravibhakti 10. pramAdApramAda mahallikAvimAnapravibhakti 11. * nandI 13. aMgacUlikA 12. anuyogadvAra 14. vaggacUlikA 13. devendrastava G -

Page #18
18. 19. 20.. 21. For Personal & Private Use Only prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza /16 15. vivAhacUlikA 16. aruNopapAta 17. varuNopapAta . 18. garuDopapAta 19. dharaNopapAta vaizramaNopapAta 21. velandharopapAta 22. devendropapAta utthAnazruta 24. samutthAnazruta 25. nAgaparijJApanikA / 26. nirayAvalikA 27. * kalpikA 28. kalpAvataMsikA 29. puSpitA 30. puSpacUlikA 14. tandulavaicArika 15. candravedhyaka 16. sUryaprajJapti pauruSImaNDala maNDalapraveza vidyAcaraNa vinizcaya gaNividyA dhyAnavibhakti maraNavibhakti Atmavizodhi 24. vItarAgazruta 25. saMlekhanAzruta 26. vihArakalpa 27. caraNavidhi 28. AturapratyAkhyAna mahApratyAkhyAna

Page #19
isa prakAra, nandIsUtra meM 12 aMga, 6 Avazyaka, 31 kAlika evaM 29 utkAlika sahita 78 AgamoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki Aja inameM se aneka grantha anupalabdha haiN| yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa - yApanIya aura digambara paramparAoM meM Agama-sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI jo zailI mAnya rahI hai, vaha bhI bahuta kucha nandIsUtra kI zailI ke hI anurUpa hai| unhoMne use umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra se grahaNa kiyA hai| usameM AgamoM ko aMga aura aMgabAhya- aise do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| inameM aMgoM kI bAraha saMkhyA kA spaSTa ullekha to milatA hai, kintu aMgabAhya kI saMkhyA kA spaSTa nirdeza nahIM hai| mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai ki aMgabAhya aneka prakAra ke haiN| kintu apane tattvArthabhASya (1/20) meM AcArya umAsvAti ne aMga-bAhya ke antargata sarvaprathama sAmAyika Adi cha: AvazyakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| usake bAda dazavaikAlikaM, uttarAdhyayana, dazA, kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha aura RSibhASita ke nAma dekara anta meM Adi zabda se anya granthoM kA grahaNa kiyA hai, kintu aMgabAhya meM spaSTa nAma to unhoMne kevala bAraha hI diye haiN| isameM kalpa-vyavahAra kA ekIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| eka anya sUcanA se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki tattvArthabhASya meM upAMga saMjJA kA nirdeza hai| ho sakatA hai ki pahale 12 aMgoM ke samAna hI 12 upAMga mAne jAte hoN| tattvArthasUtra ke TIkAkAraM pUjyapAda, akalaMka, vidyAnandI Adi digambara AcAryoM ne aMgabAhya meM na kevala uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu kAlika evaM utkAlika- aise vargoM kA bhI nAma nirdeza (1/20) kiyA hai| harivaMzapurANa evaM dhavalATIkA meM AgamoM kA jo vargIkaraNa upalabdha hotA * hai, usameM 12 aMgoM evaM 14 aMgabAhyoM kA ullekha hai, tatpazcAta dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpa-vyavahAra, kappAkappIya (kalpikAkalpika), mahAkappIya (mahAkalpa), puNDarIka, mahApuNDarIka va nizItha kA ullekha hai| isa prakAra dhavalA meM 12 aMga aura 14 aMgabAhyoM kI gaNanA kI gyii| inameM bhI kalpa aura vyavahAra ko eka hI grantha mAnA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki tattvArthabhASya kI apekSA isameM kappAkappIya, mahAkappIya, puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka- ye cAra prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza /17 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #20
nAma adhika haiM, kintu bhASya meM ullikhita dazA aura RSibhASita ko chor3a diyA gayA hai| isameM jo cAra nAma adhika haiM- unameM kappAkappIya aura mahAkappIya kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM bhI hai, mAtra puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIkaye do nAma vizeSa haiN| digambara paramparA meM AcArya zubhacandrakRta aMgaprajJapti (aMgapaNNati) nAmaka eka grantha milatA hai| yaha grantha dhavalATIkA ke pazcAta kA pratIta hotA hai| isameM dhavalATIkA meM varNita 12 aMgapraviSTa va 14 aMgabAhya granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| isameM aMgabAhya granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa saMkSipta hI hai| isa grantha meM aura digambara paramparA ke anya granthoM meM aMgabAhyoM ko prakIrNaka bhI kahA gayA hai (3.10) / isameM kahA gayA hai ki sAmAyika pramukha 14 prakIrNaka aMgabAhya haiN| isameM diye gaye viSaya-vastu ke vivaraNa se lagatA hai ki yaha vivaraNa mAtra anuzruti ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai, mUla granthoM ko lekhaka ne nahIM dekhA hai| isameM bhI puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka kA ullekha hai| ina donoM granthoM kA ullekha zvetAmbara paramparA meM mujhe kahIM nahIM milaa| yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA ke sUtrakRtAMga meM eka adhyayana kA nAma puNDarIka avazya milatA hai| prakIrNakoM meM eka sArAvalI prakIrNaka hai| isameM puNDarIka mahAtIrtha (zatrujaya) kI mahattA kA vistRta vivaraNa hai| sambhava hai ki puNDarIka sArAvalI prakIrNaka kA hI yaha dUsarA nAma ho| phira bhI spaSTa pramANa ke abhAva meM isa sambandha meM adhika kucha kahanA ucita nahIM hogaa| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki prathama zatI se lekara dasavIM zatI taka AgamoM ko nandIsUtra kI zailI meM aMga aura aMgabAhya, punaH, aMgabAhyoM ko Avazyaka aura Avazyaka- vyatirikta- aise do vibhAgoM meM bAMTA jAtA thaa| Avazyaka-vyatirikta meM bhI kAlika aura utkAlika- aise do vibhAga sarvamAnya the| lagabhaga gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI ke bAda se aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra- yaha vartamAna vargIkaraNa astitva meM AyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara evaM digambara- donoM paramparAoM meM sabhI aMgabAhya AgamoM ke lie prakIrNaka (paiNNaya) nAma bhI pracalita rahA hai| prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 18 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #21
Agama-sAhitya kI prAcInatA evaM racanAkAla ____ bhArata jaise vizAla deza meM atiprAcInakAla se hI aneka boliyoM kA astitva rahA hai, kintu sAhityika dRSTi se bhArata meM tIna prAcIna bhASAe~ pracalita rahI haiM- saMskRta, prAkRta aura paali| inameM saMskRta ke do rUpa pAye jAte haiM- chAnsa aura sAhityika saMskRta / veda chAndsa saMskRta meM haiM, jo pAli aura prAkRta ke nikaTa haiN| upaniSadoM kI bhASA chAndasa kI apekSA sAhityika saMskRta ke adhika nikaTa haiN| prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha jo sAhitya upalabdha hai, usameM Agama sAhitya prAcInatama hai| yahA~ taka ki AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha aura RSibhASita to azokakAlIna prAkRta abhilekhoM se bhI prAcIna hai| ye donoM grantha lagabhaga I.pU. pAMcavI-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanAe~ haiN| AcArAMga kI sUtrAtmaka aupaniSadika zailI use upaniSadoM kA nikaTavartI aura svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI siddha karatI hai| bhAva, bhASA aura zailItInoM ke AdhAra para yaha sampUrNa pAli aura prAkRta sAhitya meM prAcInatama hai| AtmA ke svarUpa evaM astitva sambandhI isake vivaraNa aupaniSadika vivaraNoM ke anurUpa haiN| isameM pratipAdita mahAvIra kA jIvana-vRtta bhI alaukikatA aura atizayatA rahita hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha vivaraNa bhI usI vyakti dvArA kahA gayA hai, jisane svayaM unakI jIvanacaryA ko nikaTatA se dekhA aura jAnA hogaa| sAhitya meM hI sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke chaThe adhyAya, AcArAMgacUlA aura kalpasUtra meM bhI mahAvIra kI jIvanacaryA kA ullekha hai, kintu ve bhI AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI apekSA paravartI haiM, kyoMki unameM kramazaH alaukikatA, atizayatA aura atiraMjanA kA praveza hotA gayA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita kI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se rahita udAradRSTi tathA bhAva aura bhASAgata aneka tathya use AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara sampUrNa prAkRta evaM pAlisAhitya meM prAcInatama siddha karate haiN| pAlisAhitya meM prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta mAnA jAtA hai, kintu aneka tathyoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki RSibhASita, suttanipAta se bhI prAcIna hai| AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA sthUlibhadra ke samaya arthAt IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI meM huI thI, ataH itanA nizcita hai ki usa samaya taka Agama-sAhitya astitva meM A cukA thaa| isa prakAra, Agama-sAhitya ke . prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 19 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #22
kucha granthoM ke racanAkAla kI uttara sImA I.pU. pA~cavI-cauthI zatAbdI siddha hotI hai, jo ki isa sAhitya kI prAcInatA ko pramANita karatI hai| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki sampUrNa Agama sAhitya na to eka vyakti kI racanA hai aura na eka kAla kii| yaha satya hai ki isa sAhitya ko antima rUpa vIranirvANa saMvat 980 meM valabhI meM sampanna huI vAcanA meM prApta huA, kintu isa AdhAra para hamAre kucha vidvAnamitra yaha galata niSkarSa nikAla lete haiM ki Agama sAhitya IsavI san kI pAMcavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| yadi Agama IsA kI pAMcavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai, to valabhI kI isa antima vAcanA ke pUrva bhI valabhI , mathurA, khaNDagiri aura pATalIputra meM jo vAcanAeM huI thIM, unameM saMkalita sAhitya kauna-sA thA ? unheM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki valabhI meM AgamoM ko saMkalita, suvyavasthita aura sampAdita karake lipibaddha (pustakArUr3ha) kiyA gayA thA, ataH yaha kisI bhI sthiti meM unakA racanAkAla nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| saMkalana aura sampAdana kA artha racanA nahIM hai| punaH, AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu, bhASA aura zailI kI jo vividhatA aura bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kI pramANa hai ki saMkalana aura sampAdana ke samaya unakI maulikatA ko yathAvata rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, anyathA Aja unakA prAcIna svarUpa samApta hI ho jAtA aura AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI bhASA aura zailI bhI parivartita ho jAtI tathA usake upadhAnazruta nAmaka nauveM adhyayana meM varNita mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta alaukikatA evaM atizayoM se yukta bana jaataa| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kucha prakSipta aMza haiM, kintu prathama to aise prakSepa bahuta hI kama haiM aura dUsare unheM spaSTa rUpa se pahacAnA bhI jA sakatA hai| ataH isa AdhAra para sampUrNa Agama sAhitya ko paravartI mAna lenA sabase bar3I bhrAnti hogii| Agama-sAhitya para kabhI-kabhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara bhI usakI prAcInatA para saMdeha kiyA jAtA hai, kintu prAcIna hastaprato ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka prAcIna hastapratoM meM Aja bhI unake 'ta' zrutipradhAna arddhamAgadhI svarUpa surakSita haiN| AcArAMga ke prakAzita saMskaraNoM ke adhyayana se bhI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 20 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #23
ki paravartIkAla meM usameM kitane pAThAntara ho gaye haiN| isa sAhitya para jo mahArASTrI prabhAva A gayA hai, vaha lipikAroM aura TIkAkAroM kI apanI bhASA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, sUtrakRtAMga kA 'rAmaputte' pATha carNi meM 'rAmAutte' aura zIlAMga kI TIkA meM 'rAmagutte' ho gyaa| ataH, AgamoM meM mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara unakI prAcInatA para saMdeha nahIM karanA cAhie, apitu una granthoM kI vibhinna pratoM evaM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkAoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke prAcIna svarUpoM ko surakSita rakhane kA prayatna karanA caahie| vastutaH, Agama-sAhitya meM vibhinna kAla kI sAmagrI surakSita hai| isakI uttara sImA I.pU. pAMcavI-cauthI zatAbdI aura nimna sImA I.san kI pAMcavI zatAbdI hai| vastutaH, Agama-sAhitya ke vibhinna granthoM kA yA unake kisI aMza-vizeSa kA kAla nirdhArita karate samaya unameM upalabdha sAMskRtika sAmagrI, dArzanika-cintana kI spaSTatA evaM gahanatA, bhASA-zailI Adi sabhI pakSoM para prAmANikatA ke sAtha vicAra karanA caahie| isa dRSTi se adhyayana karane para hI yaha spaSTa bodha ho sakegA ki Agama-sAhitya kA kauna sA grantha athavA usakA kauna-sA aMza-vizeSa kisa kAla kI racanA ____ AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza zvetAmbara paramparA meM hameM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra, nandIcUrNi evaM tattvArthabhASya meM tathA digambara paramparo meM tattvArtha kI TIkAoM ke sAtha-sAtha dhavalA, jayadhavalA meM milate haiN| tattvArthasUtra kI digambara paramparA kI TIkAoM aura dhavalAdi meM unakI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza mAtra anuzrutiparaka haiM, ve granthoM ke vAstavika adhyayana para AdhArita nahIM haiN| unameM diyA gayA vivaraNa tattvArthabhASya evaM paramparA se prApta sUcanAoM para AdhArita hai, jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandI Adi AgamoM aura unakI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM meM unakI viSaya-vastu kA jo vivaraNa hai vaha una granthoM ke avalokana para AdhArita hai, kyoMki prathama to isa paramparA meM AgamoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA Aja taka jIvita calI A rahI hai| dUsare, Agama-granthoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kAlakrama se kyA parivartana huA hai, isakI sUcanA zvetAmbara paramparA ke uparyukta Agama-granthoM se hI prApta ho jAtI hai| inake adhyayana .. prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza /21 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #24
se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kisa kAla meM kisa Agama grantha meM kauna sI sAmagrI jur3I aura alaga huI hai| AcArAMga meM AcAracUlA aura nizItha ke jur3ane aura punaH nizItha ke alaga hone kI ghaTanA, samavAyAMga aura sthAnAMga meM samaya-samaya para hue prakSepa, jJAtAdharmakathA ke dvitIya varga meM jur3e hue adhyAya, praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu meM huA sampUrNa parivartana, antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtika evaM vipAka ke adhyayanoM meM hue AMzika . parivartana- ina sabakI prAmANika jAnakArI hameM una vivaraNoM kA tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana karane se mila jAtI hai| inameM praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu kA parivartana hI aisA hai, jisake vartamAna svarUpa kI sUcanA kevala nandIcUrNi (IsvI san sAtavIM zatI) meM milatI hai| vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa lagabhaga IsvI san kI pAMcavI-chaThavIM zatAbdI meM astitva meM AyA hai| isa prakAra, Agama-sAhitya lagabhaga eka sahasra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM kisa prakAra nirmita, parivardhita, parivartita evaM sampAdita hotA rahA hai, isakI sUcanA bhI svayaM Agama-sAhitya aura usakI TIkAoM se mila jAtI hai| vastutaH, Agama vizeSa yA usake aMza vizeSa ke racanAkAla kA nirdhAraNa eka jaTila samasyA hai, isa sambandha meM viSaya-vastu sambandhI vivaraNa, vicAroM kA vikAsakrama, bhASA-zailI Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se nirNaya karanA hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, sthAnAMga meM sAta nihavoM aura nau gaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo ki vIranirvANa saM. 609 athavA usake bAda astitva meM Aye, ataH viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se sthAnAMga ke racanAkAla kI antima sImA vIranirvANa samvat 609 ke pUrva arthAt IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI kA uttarArddha yA dvitIya zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha siddha hotI hai| isI prakAra, AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI viSaya-vastu evaM bhASA-zailI AcArAMga ke racanAkAla ko Agama-sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna siddha karatI hai| Agama ke kAla-nirdhAraNa meM ina sabhI pakSoM para vicAra apekSita hai| isa prakAra, na to hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM kI yaha dRSTi samucita hai ki Agama devarddhigaNi kI vAcanA ke samaya arthAt IsA kI pAMcavI zatAbdI meM astitva meM Aye aura na kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM kA yaha kahanA hI samucita prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 22 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #25
hai ki sabhI aMga Agama apane vartamAna svarUpa meM gaNadharoM kI racanA hai aura unameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana, parivarddhana, prakSepa yA vilopa nahIM huA hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki kucha prakSepoM ko chor3akara Agama-sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha kasAyapAhuDasutta bhI IsvI san kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se prAcIna nahIM hai| usake pazcAta SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA, tiloyapaNNatti, piNDachedazAstra aura Avazyaka (pratikramaNa) ke atirikta ina sabhI granthoM meM guNasthAna siddhAnta Adi kI upasthiti se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ye sabhI grantha pAMcavI zatI ke pazcAt ke haiN| digambara Avazyaka (pratikramaNa) evaM piNDachedazAstra kA AdhAra bhI kramazaH zvetAmbara mAnya Avazyaka aura kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha Adi chedasUtra hI rahe haiN| unake pratikramaNa sUtra meM bhI vartamAna sUtrakRtAMga ke teIsa evaM jJAtAdharmakathA ke unnIsa adhyayanoM kA vivaraNa hai tathA piNDachedazAstra meM jItakalpa ke AdhAra para prAyazcitta dene kA nirdeza hai| ye yahI siddha karate haiM ki prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM ardhamAgadhI Agama hI prAcInatama haiM, cAhe unakI antima vAcanA pAMcavI zatI ke uttarArdha (I.san 453) meM hI sampanna kyoM na huI ho? isa prakAra jahA~ taka AgamoM ke racanAkAla kA prazna hai use I.pU. pAMcavI zatAbdI se IsA se pAMcavI zatAbdI taka lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM vyApta mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki upalabdha AgamoM meM sabhI eka kAla kI racanA nahIM haiN| AgamoM ke sandarbha meM, aura vizeSa rUpa se aMga AgamoM ke sambandha meM, paramparAgata mAnyatA to yahI hai ki ve gaNadharoM dvArA racita hone ke kAraNa I.pU. pAMcavI zatAbdI kI racanA haiM, kintu dUsarI ora kucha vidvAn unheM valabhI meM saMkalita evaM sampAdita kiye jAne ke kAraNa IsA kI pAMcavI zatI kI racanA mAna lete haiN| merI dRSTi meM ye donoM hI mata samIcIna nahIM haiN| devardhi ke saMkalana, sampAda evaM tAr3apatroM para lekhanakAla ko unakA racanAkAla nahIM mAnA jA sakatA | aMga Agama to prAcIna hI haiN| IsA pUrva cauthI zatI meM pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM jina dvAdaza aMgoM kI vAcanA huI thI, ve nizcita rUpa se usake pUrva hI bane hoNge| yaha satya hai ki AgamoM meM devardhi kI vAcanA ke samaya athavA usake bAda bhI kucha prakSepa hue hoM, kintu una prakSepoM ke AdhAra para sabhI aMga AgamoM kA racanAkAla I.san kI pAMcavI prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 23 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #26
zatAbdI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| DaoN. harmana yAkobI ne yaha nizcita kiyA hai| ki AgamoM kA prAcIna aMza I.pU. cauthI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se lekara I.pU... tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha ke bIca kA hai| na kevala aMga Agama, apitu dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra bhI, jinheM AcArya bhadrabAhu kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai yAkobI aura zubiMga ke anusAra I.pU. caturtha zatI ke uttarArddha se I.pU. tIsarI zatI ke pUrvArddha meM nirmita haiN| paM. dalasukhabhAI Adi kI . mAnyatA hai ki AgamoM kA racanAkAla pratyeka grantha kI bhASA, chandayojanA, viSaya-vastu aura upalabdha Antarika aura bAhya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para, hI nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha apanI bhASA-zailI, viSaya-vastu, chandayojanA Adi kI dRSTi se mahAvIra kI vANI ke sarvAdhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai| usakI aupaniSadika zailI bhI yahI batAtI hai ki vaha eka prAcIna granthaM hai| usakA kAla kisI bhI sthiti meM I.pU. dUsarI yA prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAMga bhI eka prAcIna Agama hai| usakI bhASA, chandayojanA evaM usameM vibhinna dArzanika paramparAoM tathA RSiyoM ke jo ullekha mile haiM, unake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha bhI I.pU. cauthI-tIsarI zatI se bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usake bAda vikasita dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA usameM kahIM koI ullekha nahIM hai| usameM upalabdha vIrastuti meM bhI atiraMjanAoM kA prAyaH abhAva hI hai| aMga AgamoM meM tIsarA krama sthAnAMga kA AtA hai| sthAnAMga, bauddha Agama aMguttaranikAya kI zailI kA grantha hai| grantha-lekhana kI yaha zailI bhI prAcIna rahI hai| sthAnAMga meM nau gaNoM aura sAta nihavoM ke ullekha ko chor3akara anya aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai, jisase use paravartI kahA jA ske| ho sakatA hai ki jainadharma ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hone ke kAraNa ye ullekha usameM antima vAcanA ke samaya prakSipta kiye gaye hoN| usameM jo dasa dazAoM aura usameM pratyeka ke adhyAyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai, vaha bhI una AgamoM kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA nirdeza karatA hai| yadi vaha valabhI ke vAcanAkAla meM nirmita huA hotA, to usameM dasa dazAoM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai, vaha bhinna hotI, ataH usakI prAcInatA meM saMdeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| samavAyAMga, sthAnAMga kI apekSA eka paravartI grantha hai| isake prArambha meM dvAdaza aMgoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai, sAtha hI isameM prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 24 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #27
uttarAdhyayana ke 36, RSibhASita ke 44, sUtrakRtAMga ke 23, sUtrakRtAMga prathama zrutaskandha ke 16, AcArAMga ke cUlikA sahita 25 adhyayana, dazA, kalpa, vyavahAra ke 26 adhyayana Adi kA ullekha hone se itanA to nizcita hai ki yaha grantha isameM nirdiSTa AgamoM ke svarUpa ke nirdhArita hone ke pazcAta hI banA hogaa| punaH, isameM caturdaza guNasthAnoM kA jIvasthAna ke rUpa meM spaSTa ullekha milatA hai| yaha nizcit hai ki guNasthAna kA yaha siddhAnta umAsvAti ke pazcAt arthAt IsA kI caturtha zatI ke bAda hI astitva meM AyA hai| yadi isameM jIvaThANa ke rUpa meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke ullekha ko bAda meM prakSipta bhI mAna liyA jAya, to bhI apanI bhASAzailI aura viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se isakA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI 3-4 zatI se pahale kA nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai usake kucha aMza prAcIna hoM, lekina Aja unheM khoja pAnA ati kaThina kArya hai| jahA~ taka bhagavatIsUtra kA prazna hai, vidvAnoM ke anusAra isameM aneka stara haiN| isameM kucha stara avazya hI I.pU. ke haiM, kintu samavAyAMga kI bhAMti bhagavatI meM bhI paryApta prakSepa huA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM aneka sthaloM para jIvAjIvAbhigama, prajJApanA, anuyogadvAra, nandI Adi paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza huA hai| inake ullekha hone se yaha spaSTa hai ki isake sampAdana ke samaya isameM ye aura IsI prakAra kI anya sUcanAeM de dI gayI haiN| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki vallabhI vAcanA meM isameM paryApta rUpa se parivardhana aura saMzodhana avazya huA hai, phira bhI isake kucha zatakoM kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| kucha pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAna isake prAcIna evaM paravartI staroM ke pRthakkaraNa kA kArya kara rahe haiN| unake niSkarSa prApta hone para hI isakA racanAkAla nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| upAsakadazA Agama-sAhitya meM zrAvakAcAra kA varNana karane vAlA prathama grantha hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM ullikhita isake dasa adhyayanoM aura unakI viSaya-vastu meM kisI prakAra ke parivartana hone ke saMketa nahIM milate haiM, ataH maiM samajhatA hUM ki yaha grantha bhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM I.pU. kI racanA hai aura isake kisI bhI adhyayana kA vilopa nahIM huA hai| zrAvakavratoM ko aNuvrata aura zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM vargIkRta karane ke sambandha meM tattvArthasUtra meM spaSTataH isakA anusaraNa dekhA jAtA hai| ataH yaha tattvArtha se arthAt IsA prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 25 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #28
kI tIsarI zatI se paravartI nahIM ho sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki anuttaraupapAtika meM upalabdha vargIkaraNa paravartI hai, kyoMki usameM guNavrata kI avadhAraNA A gayI ___aMga Agama-sAhitya meM antakRddazA kI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha hameM sthAnAMgasUtra meM milatA hai| isameM isake nimna dasa adhyAya ullikhita haiMnami, mAtaMga, somila, rAmaputta, sudarzana, jamAli, bhagAli, kiMkima, pallatetiya, phAla ambaDaputra / inameM se sudarzana sambandhI kucha aMza ko choDakara vartamAna antakRddazAsUtra meM ye koI bhI adhyayana nahIM milate haiN| kintu samavAyAMga aura nandIsUtra meM kramazaH inake sAta aura ATha vargoM ke ullekha milate haiN| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki sthAnAMga meM ullikhita antakRddazA kA prAcIna aMza vilupta ho gayA hai| yadyapi samavAyAMga aura nandI meM kramazaH isake sAta evaM ATha vargoM kA ullekha hone se itanA taya hai ki vartamAna antakRddazA samavAyAMga aura nandI kI racanA ke samaya astitva meM A gayA thA, ataH isakA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI cauthI-pAMcavI zatI kA hai| usake prAcIna dasa adhyAyoM ke jo ullekha hameM sthAnAMga meM milate haiM, unhIM dasa adhyayanoM ke ullekha digambara evaM yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM meM yathA akalaMka ke rAjavArtika, dhavalA, aMgaprajJapti Adi meM bhI milate haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki isa aMga Agama ke prAcIna svarUpa ke vilupta ho jAne ke pazcAt bhI mAthurI vAcanA kI anuzruti se sthAnAMga meM ullikhita isake dasa adhyAyoM kI carcA hotI rahI hai| ho sakatA hai ki isakI mAthurI vAcanA meM ye dasa adhyayana rahe hoNge| bahuta kucha yahI sthiti anuttaraupapAtikadazA kI hai| sthAnAMgasUtra kI sUcanA ke anusAra isameM nimna dasa adhyayana kahe gaye haiM- 1.RSidAsa, 2. dhanya, 3.sunakSatra, 4.kArttika, 5.saMsthAna, 6.zAlibhadra, 7.Ananda, 8.tetalI, 9. dazArNabhadra, 10.atimukti / upalabdha anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM tIna varga haiM, usameM dvitIya varga meM RSidAsa, dhanya aura sunakSatra- aise tIna adhyayana milate haiN| inameM bhI dhanya kA adhyayana hI vistRta hai| sunakSatra aura RSidAsa ke vivaraNa atyanta saMkSepa meM hI haiN| sthAnAMga meM ullikhita zeSa sAta adhyAya vartamAna anuttaraupapAtikasUtra meM upalabdha nahIM hote| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki yaha prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 26 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #29
grantha vallabhI vAcanA ke samaya hI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM AyA hogaa| jahA~ taka praznavyAkaraNadazA kA prazna hai, itanA nizcita hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu na kevala sthAnAMga meM ullikhita viSaya-vastu se bhinna hai, apitu nandI aura samavAyAMga kI ullikhita viSaya-vastu se bhI bhinna hai| praznavyAkaraNa kI vartamAna Asrava aura saMvara dvAra vAlI viSaya-vastu kA sarvaprathama nirdeza nandIcUrNi meM milatA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNasUtra nandI ke pazcAta I.san kI pAMcavI-chaThavIM zatI ke madhya hI kabhI nirmita huA hai| itanA to nizcita hai ki nandI ke racayitA devavAcaka ke sAmane yaha grantha apane vartamAna svarUpa meM nahIM thA, kintu jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRddazA aura anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM jo parivartana hue the, ve nandIsUtrakAra ke pUrva ho cuke the, kyoMki ve unake isa parivartita svarUpa kA vivaraNa dete haiN| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA maiMne apane eka svatantra lekha meM kI hai, jo 'jaina Agama-sAhitya', sampAdaka DaoN. ke. Ara. candrA, ahamadAbAda, meM prakAzita hai| isI prakAra, jaba hama upAMga sAhitya kI ora Ate haiM, to usameM rAyapaseNisutta meM rAjA paseNIya dvArA AtmA ke astitva ke sambandha meM jo prazna uThAye gaye haiM, unakA vivaraNa hameM pAlitripiTaka meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki aupapAtika kA yaha aMza kama se kama pAlitripiTaka jitanA prAcIna to hai hii| jIvAjIvAbhigama ke racanAkAla ko nizcita rUpa se batA pAnA to kaThina hai, kintu isakI viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vaha grantha I.pU. kI racanA honI caahie| upAMga sAhitya meM prajJApanAsUtra ko to spaSTataH Arya zyAma kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai| Arya zyAma kA AcAryakAla vI.ni.saM. 335-376 ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| ataH isakA racanAkAla I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI ke lagabhaga nizcita hotA hai| isI prakAra, upAMga varga ke antargata varNita candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti- tIna prajJaptiyA~ bhI prAcIna hI haiN| vartamAna meM candraprajJapti aura sUryaprajJapti meM koI bheda nahIM dikhAI detA hai| kintu sUryaprajJapti meM jyotiSa sambandhI jo carcA hai, vaha vedAMga jyotiSa ke samAna hai, isase isakI prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 27 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #30
prAcInatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| yaha grantha kisI bhI sthiti meM I.pU. prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| ina tInoM prajJaptiyoM ko digambara paramparA meM bhI dRSTivAda ke eka aMza- parikarma ke antargata mAnA jAtA hai| ataH yaha grantha bhI dRSTivAda ke pUrNa viccheda evaM sampradAya-bheda ke pUrva kA hI honA caahie| chedasUtroM meM dazAzruta, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra ko spaSTataH bhadrabAhu prathama kI racanA mAnA gayA hai| ataH isakA kAla I.pU. caturtha-tRtIya zatAbdI ke bAda kA bhI nahIM ho sakatA hai| ye sabhI grantha acela paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiN| isI prakAra nizItha bhI apane mUla rUpa meM to AcArAMga kI hI eka cUlA rahA hai, bAda meM use pRthaka kiyA gayA hai| ataH isakI prAcInatA meM bhI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yAkobI, zubriga Adi pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne ekamata se chedasUtroM kI prAcInatA svIkAra kI hai| isa varga meM mAtra jItakalpa hI aisA grantha hai, jo nizcita hI paravartI hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra yaha AcArya jinabhadra kI kRti hai| ye jinabhadra vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kartA haiN| inakA kAla aneka pramANoM se I.san kI sAtavIM zatI nizcita hai| ataH jItakalpa kA kAla bhI vahI honA caahie| merI dRSTi meM paM.dalasukhabhAI kI yaha mAnyatA nirApada nahIM hai, kyoMki digambara paramparA meM indranandi ke chedapiNDazAstra meM jItakalpa ke anusAra prAyazcita dene kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, isase phalita hotA hai ki yaha grantha spaSTa rUpa se sampradAya-bheda se pUrva kI racanA honI caahie| ho sakatA hai isake kartA jinabhadra vizeSAvazyaka ke kartA jinabhadra se bhinna hoM aura unake pUrvavartI bhI hoN| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM jo AgamoM kI sUcI milatI hai usameM jItakalpa kA nAma nahIM hai| ataH yaha usake bAda kI hI racanA hogii| isakA kAla bhI I. san kI pAMcavI zatI kA uttarArddha honA caahie| isakI digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM mAnyatA tabhI sambhava ho sakatI hai, jaba yaha spaSTa rUpa se saMghabheda ke pUrva nirmita huA ho| spaSTa saMgha-bheda pAMcavI zatI ke uttarArddha meM astitva meM AyA hai| cheda varga meM mahAnizItha kA uddhAra AcArya haribhadra ne kiyA thA, yaha sunizcita hai| AcArya haribhadra kA kAla I.san kI AThavIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai| ataH yaha grantha usake pUrva hI nirmita huA hogaa| haribhadra isake uddhAraka avazyaka haiM, kintu racayitA nhiiN| mAtra itanA mAnA prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza /28 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #31
jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne isake truTita bhAga kI racanA kI ho| isa prakAra isakA kAla bhI AThavIM zatI se pUrva kA hI hai| mUlasUtroM ke varga meM dazavaikAlika ko Arya zayyaMbhava kI kRti mAnA jAtA hai| inakA kAla mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 75 varSa bAda kA hai| ataH yaha grantha I.pU. pAMcavI-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| uttarAdhyayana yadyapi eka saMkalana hai, kintu isakI prAcInatA meM koI zaMkA nahIM hai| isakI bhASA-zailI tathA viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne ise I.pU. cauthI-tIsarI zatI kA grantha mAnA hai| merI dRSTi meM yaha pUrva praznavyAkaraNa kA hI eka vibhAga thaa| isakI aneka gAthAe~ tathA kathAnaka pAlitripiTaka sAhitya, mahAbhArata Adi meM yathAvat milate haiN| dazavaikAlika aura uttarAdhyayana yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM mAnya rahe haiM, ata. ye bhI saMgha-bheda yA sampradAya-bheda ke pUrva kI racanA hai| ataH inakI prAcInatA meM koI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 'Avazyaka' zramaNoM kI dainandina kriyAoM kA grantha thA ataH isake kucha prAcIna pATha to bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samakAlika hI mAne jA sakate haiN| cUMki dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka ke sAmAyika Adi vibhAga digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiM, ataH inakI prAcInatA asaMdigdha hai| prakIrNaka sAhitya meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hai| ataH ye sabhI nandIsUtra se to prAcIna haiM hI, isameM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| punaH AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, maraNasamAdhi Adi prakIrNakoM kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra aura bhagavatIArAdhanA meM pAyI jAtI haiM, mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatIArAdhanA bhI chaThavIM zatI se paravartI nahIM haiN| ataH ina nau prakIrNakoM ko to I.san kI cauthI-pAMcavI zatI ke paravartI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadyapi vIrabhadra dvArA racita kucha prakIrNaka nauvIM-dasavIM zatI kI racanAe~ haiN| isI prakAra cUlikAsUtroM ke antargata nandI aura anuyogadvAra sUtroM meM bhI anuyogadvAra ko kucha vidvAnoM ne AryarakSita ke samaya kA mAnA hai| ataH vaha I.san kI prathama zatI kA grantha honA caahie| nandIsUtra ke kartA devavAcaka devardhi se pUrvavartI haiM, ataH unakA kAla bhI pAMcavI zatAbdI se paravartI nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki upalabdha AgamoM meM prakSepoM ko chor3akara prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 29 For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhikAMza grantha to I.pU. ke haiN| yaha to eka sAmAnya carcA huI, abhI ina granthoM meM se pratyeka ke kAla- nirdhAraNa ke lie svatantra aura sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se adhyayana kI AvazyakatA banI huI hai| AzA hai, jaina vidvAnoM kI bhAvI pIr3hI isa dizA meM kArya kregii| AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ - yaha satya hai ki vartamAna meM upalabdha zvetAmbara mAnya arddhamAgadhI AgamoM ke antima svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa valabhI vAcanA meM vI.ni.saMvat 980 yA 993 meM huA kintu usake pUrva bhI AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ to hotI rahI haiN| jo aitihAsika sAkSya hameM upalabdha haiM, unake anusAra arddhamAgadhI AgamoM kI pA~ca vAcanAe~ hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| prathama vAcanA - prathama vAcanA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt huii| paramparAgata mAnyatA to yaha hai ki madhyadeza meM dvAdazavarSIya bhISaNa akAla ke kAraNa kucha muni kAla-kavalita ho gaye aura kucha samudra ke taTavartI pradezoM kI ora cale gye| akAla kI samApti para ve munigaNa vApasa lauTe, to unhoMne pAyA ki unakA Agama-jJAna aMzataH vismRta evaM vizRkhaMlita ho gayA hai, aura kahIM-kahIM pAThabheda ho gayA hai, ataH usa yuga ke pramukha AcAryoM ne pATalIputra meM ekatrita hokara AgamajJAna ko vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| dRSTivAda aura pUrva sAhitya kA koI viziSTa jJAtA vahA~ upasthita nahIM thA, ataH gyAraha aMga to vyavasthita kiye gaye, kintu dRSTivAda aura usameM antarnihita sAhitya ko vyavasthita nahIM kiyA jA sakA, kyoMki usake viziSTa jJAtA bhadrabAhu usa samaya nepAla meM the| saMgha kI vizeSa prArthanA para unhoMne sthUlibhadra Adi kucha muniyoM ko pUrva sAhitya kI vAcanA denA svIkAra kiyaa| sthUlibhadra bhI unase dasa pUrvo taka kA hI adhyayana artha sahita kara sake aura zeSa cAra pUrvo kA mAtra zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara ske| ___ isa prakAra, pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM dvAdaza aMgoM ko suvyavasthita karane kA prayatna avazya kiyA gayA, kintu unameM ekAdaza aMga hI suvyavasthita kiye jA ske| dRSTivAda aura usameM antarbhukta pUrva sAhitya ko pUrNataH surakSita nahIM kiyA jA sakA aura usakA kramazaH vilopa honA prArambha ho prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 30 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #33
gyaa| phalataH, usakI viSaya-vastu ko lekara aMgabAhya grantha nirmita kiye jAne lge| . dvitIya vAcanA - AgamoM kI dvitIya vAcanA I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 300 varSa pazcAt ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata para samrATa khAravela ke kAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sandarbha meM vizeSa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai, mAtra yahI jJAta hotA hai ki isameM zruta ke saMrakSaNa kA prayatna huA thaa| vastutaH, usa yuga meM AgamoM ke adhyayana adhyApana kI paramparA guru-ziSya ke mAdhyama se maukhika rUpa meM hI calatI thI, ataH dezakAlagata prabhAvoM tathA vismRti-doSa ke kAraNa unameM svAbhAvika rUpa se bhinnatA A jAtI thii| ataH, vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se unake bhASAyI svarUpa tathA pAThabheda ko vyavasthita kiyA jAtA thaa| kAlakrama meM jo sthAviroM ke dvArA navIna granthoM kI racanA hotI thI, usa para bhI vicAra karake unheM inhIM vAcanAoM meM mAnyatA pradAna kI jAtI thii| isI prakAra, paristhitivaza AcAra-niyamoM meM evaM unake Agamika sandarbho kI vyAkhyA meM jo antara A jAtA thA, usakA nirAkaraNa bhI inhIM vAcanAoM meM kiyA jAtA thA, khaNDagiri para huI isa dvitIya vAcanA meM aise kina vivAdoM kA samAdhAna khojA gayA thA, isakI prAmANika jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| tRtIya vAcanA - __ AgamoM kI tRtIya vAcanA vI.ni.saMvat 827 arthAt I.san kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM mathurA meM Arya skaMdila ke netRtva meM huI, isalie ise mAthurI vAcanA yA skandilI 'vAcanA ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| mAthurI vAcanA ke sandarbha meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ nandIcUrNi meM haiN| prathama mAnyatA ke anusAra sukAla hone ke pazcAta Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM zeSa rahe muniyoM kI smRti ke AdhAra para kAlikasUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gayA hai| anya kucha kA mantavya yaha hai ki isa kAla meM sUtra naSTa nahIM huA thA, kintu anuyogadhara svargavAsI ho gaye the, ataH ekamAtra jIvita skandila ne anuyogoM kA punaH pravartana kiyaa| caturtha vAcanA - prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 31 For Personal & Private Use Only

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caturtha vAcanA tRtIya vAcanA ke samakAlIna hI hai| jisa samaya uttara, pUrva aura madhya kSetra meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha mathurA meM ekatrita huA, usI samaya dakSiNa-pazcima meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha vallabhI (saurASTra) meM Arya nAgArjuna ke netRtva meM ekatrita huaa| ise nAgArjunIya vAcanA bhI kahate haiN| Arya skandila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI vAcanA samakAlika hai| nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya skandila aura nAgArjuna ke madhya Arya himavanta kA ullekha hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki Arya skandila aura nAgArjuna samakAlika hI rahe hoNge| nandI sthavirAvalI meM Arya skandila ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki unakA anuyoga Aja bhI dakSiNArddha bharata kSetra meM pracalita hai| isakA eka tAtparya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki unake dvArA sampAdita Agama dakSiNa bhArata meM pracalita the| aitihAsika sAkSyoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha ke vibhAjana ke phalasvarUpa jisa yApanIya sampradAya kA vikAsa huA thA, usameM Arya skandila ke dvArA sampAdita Agama hI mAnya kiye jAte the aura isa yApanIya sampradAya kA prabhAva kSetra madhya aura dakSiNa bhArata thaa| AcArya pAlyakIrti zAkaTAyana ne to strI-nirvANa prakaraNa meM spaSTa rUpa se mathurAgama kA ullekha kiyA hai, ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki yApanIya sampradAya jina AgamoM ko mAnya karatA thA, ve mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA Adi yApanIya AgamoM meM vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mAnya AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, vyavahAra, saMgrahaNIsUtroM, niyuktiyoM Adi kI saiMkar3oM gAthAe~ Aja bhI upalabdha ho rahI haiN| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki yApanIyoM ke pAsa mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| hama yaha bhI pAte haiM ki yApanIya granthoM meM jo AgamoM kI gAthAe~ milatI haiM, ve na to arddhamAgadhI meM haiM, na mahArASTrI prAkRta meM, apitu ve zaurasenI meM haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM aparAjita kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, kalpasUtra, nizItha Adi se jo aneka avataraNa diye haiM, ve sabhI arddhamAgadhI meM na hokara zaurasenI meM haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki skaMdila kI adhyakSatA vAlI mAthurI prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 32 For Personal & Private Use Only

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vAcanA meM AgamoM kI arddhamAgadhI bhASA para zaurasenI kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| dUsare, mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI pATha bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA Adi meM upalabdha hote haiM, unameM vallabhI vAcanA ke vartamAna AgamoM se pAThabheda bhI dekhA jAtA hai, sAtha hI acelakatva kI samarthaka kucha gAthAe~ aura gadyAMza bhI pAye jAte haiN| kundakunda ke granthoM meM anuyogadvArasUtra, prakIrNakoM niyukti Adi kI kucha gAthAe~ kvacit pAThabheda ke sAtha milatI haiM sambhavataH, unhoMne ye gAthAe~ yApanIyoM ke mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se lI hoNgii| eka hI samaya meM Arya skandila dvArA mathurA meM aura nAgArjuna dvArA vallabhI meM vAcanA kiye jAne kI eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki donoM meM kinhIM bAtoM ko lekara matabheda the| sambhava hai ki ina matabhedoM meM vastra-pAtra Adi sambandhI prazna bhI rahe hoN| paM. kailAzacandrajI ne jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa- pUrva pIThikA. (pR. 500) meM mAthurI vAcanA kI samakAlIna vallabhI vAcanA ke pramukha ke rUpa meM devardhigaNi kA ullekha kiyA hai, yaha unakI bhrAnti hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki mAthurI vAcanA kA netRtva Arya skandila aura vallabhI kI prathama vAcanA kA netRtva Arya nAgArjuna kara rahe the aura ye donoM samakAlika the, yaha bAta hama nandIsUtra ke pramANa se pUrva meM hI kaha cuke haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki Arya skandila aura nAgArjuna kI vAcanA meM matabheda thaa| - paM. kailAzacandrajI ne yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki yadi vallabhI vAcanA nAgArjuna kI thI to devardhi ne vallabhI meM kyA kiyA ? sAtha hI, unhoMne yaha bhI kalpanA kara lI ki vAdivetAlazAntisUri vallabhI kI vAcanA meM nAgArjunIyoM kA pakSa upasthita karane vAle AcArya the| hamArA yaha durbhAgya hai ki digambara vidvAnoM ne zvetAmbara sAhitya kA samagra evaM niSpakSa adhyayana kiye binA mAtra yatra-tatra udadhata yA aMzataH paThita aMzoM ke AdhAra para aneka bhrAntiyA~ khar3I kara dii| isake pramANa ke rUpa meM unake dvArA uddhRta mUla gAthA meM aisA kahIM koI ullekha hI nahIM hai ki zAntisUri vallabhI vAcanA ke samakAlika the| yadi hama Agamika vyAkhyAoM ko dekheM, to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka varSoM taka nAgArjunIya aura devardhi kI vAcanAe~ sAtha-sAtha calatI rahI haiM, kyoMki inake pAThAntaroM kA ullekha mUla granthoM meM kama aura prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 33 For Personal & Private Use Only

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TIkAoM meM adhika huA hai| paMcama vAcanA - ___ vI.ni. ke 980 varSa pazcAt I.san kI pAMcavI zatI ke uttarArddha meM Arya skandila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI vAcanA ke lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAt devardhigaNikSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM punaH vallabhI meM eka vAcanA huii| isa vAcanA meM mukhyataH AgamoM ko pustakArUr3ha karane kA kArya kiyA gyaa| aisA lagatA hai ki isa vAcanA meM mAthurI aura nAgArjunIyadonoM vAcanAoM ko samanvita kiyA gayA hai aura jahA~ matabheda parilakSita huA, vahA~ nAgArjunIyAstu paThanti' aisA likhakara nAgArjunIya pATha ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA hai| . pratyeka vAcanA ke sandarbha meM prAyaH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki madhyadeza meM dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla ke kAraNa zramaNasaMgha samudrataTIya pradezoM kI ora calA gayA aura vRddha muni, jo isa akAla meM lambI yAtrA na kara sake, kAlagata ho gye| sukAla hone para jaba munisaMgha lauTakara AyA, to usane yaha pAyA ki inake zrutajJAna meM vismRti aura visaMgati A gayI hai| pratyeka vAcanA se pUrva akAla kI yaha kahAnI mujhe buddhigamya nahIM lagatI hai| merI dRSTi meM prathama vAcanA meM zramaNasaMgha ke vizRkhalita hone kA kAraNa akAla kI apekSA magadha rAjya meM yuddha se utpanna azAMti aura arAjakatA hI thI, kyoMki usa samaya nandoM ke atyAcAroM evaM candragupta maurya ke AkramaNa ke kAraNa magadha meM azAMti thii| usI ke phalasvarUpa, zramaNa saMgha sudUra samudrItaTa kI ora yA nepAla Adi parvatIya kSetra kI ora calA gayA thaa| bhadrabAhu kI nepAla yAtrA kA bhI sambhavataH yahI kAraNa rahA hogaa| jo bhI upalabdha sAkSya haiM, unase yaha phalita hotA hai ki pATaliputra kI vAcanA ke samaya dvAdaza aMgoM ko hI vyavasthita karane kA prayatna huA thaa| usameM ekAdaza aMga suvyavasthita hue aura bArahaveM dRSTivAda, jisameM anya darzana evaM mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA sAhitya samAhita thA, isakA saMkalana nahIM kiyA jA skaa| isI sandarbha meM sthUlibhadra ke dvArA bhadrabAhu ke sAnnidhya meM nepAla jAkara caturdaza pUrvo ke adhyayana kI bAta kahI jAtI hai, kintu sthUlibhadra bhI mAtra dasa pUrvo kA hI jJAna artha sahita grahaNa prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 34 For Personal & Private Use Only

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kara sake, zeSa cAra pUrvo kA kevala zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara sake / isakA phalitArtha yahI hai ki pATaliputra kI vAcanA meM ekAdaza aMgoM kA hI saMkalana aura sampAdana huA thaa| kisI bhI caturdaza pUrvavid kI upasthiti nahIM hone se dRSTivAda ke saMkalana evaM sampAdana kA kArya nahIM kiyA jA skaa| upAMga sAhitya ke aneka grantha, jaise- prajJApanA Adi, chedasUtroM meM AcAradazA, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi tathA cUlikAsUtroM meM nandI, anuyogadvAra Adi- ye sabhI paravartI kRti hone se isa vAcanA meM sammilita nahIM kiye gaye hoNge| yadyapi Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana Adi grantha pATaliputra kI vAcanA ke pUrva ke haiM, kintu isa vAcanA meM inakA kyA kiyA gayA, yaha jAnakArI prApta nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai ki sabhI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke lie inakA svAdhyAya Avazyaka hone ke kAraNa inake vismRta hone kA prazna hI na uThA ho| ___pATalIputra vAMcanA ke bAda dUsarI vAcanA ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata (khaNDagiri) para khAravela ke rAjyakAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sambandha meM mAtra itanA hI jJAta hai ki isameM bhI zruta ko suvyasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA thaa| sambhava hai ki isa vAcanA meM I.pU. prathama zatI se pUrva racita granthoM ke saMkalana aura sampAdana kA koI prayatna kiyA gayA ho| : jahA~ taka mAthurI vAcanA kA prazna hai, itanA to nizcita hai ki usameM I.san kI cauthI zatI taka ke racita sabhI granthoM meM saMkalana evaM sampAdana kA prayatna kiyA gayA hogaa| isa vAcanA ke kArya ke sandarbha meM jo sUcanA milatI hai, usameM isa vAcanA meM kAlikasatroM ko vyavasthita karane kA nirdeza hai| nandisUtra meM kAliMkasUtra ko aMgabAhya, Avazyaka vyatirikta sUtroM kA hI eka bhAga batAyA gayA hai| kAlikasUtroM ke antargata uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita, dAzruta, kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha tathA vartamAna meM upAMga ke nAma se abhihita aneka grantha Ate haiN| ho sakatA hai ki aMgasUtroM kI jo pATalIputra vAcanA calI A rahI thI vaha mathurA meM mAnya rahI ho, kintu upAMgoM meM se kucha ko tathA kalpa Adi chedasUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gayA ho, kintu yApanIya granthoM kI TIkAoM meM jo mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke uddharaNa milate haiM, una para jo zaurasenI prabhAva dikhatA hai, usase aisA lagatA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza /35 For Personal & Private Use Only

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meM na kevala kAlikasUtroM kA apitu usa kAla taka racita sabhI granthoM ke saMkalana kA kAma kiyA gayA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki yaha mAthurI vAcanA acelatA kI poSaka yApanIya paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahI hai| yApanIya granthoM kI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM meM isa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke avataraNa tathA ina AgamoM ke prAmANya ke ullekha milate haiN| Arya zAkaTAyana ne apanI strI-nirvANa prakaraNa evaM apane vyAkaraNa kI svopajJaTIkA meM na kevala mathurA : Agama kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu unakI aneka mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza bhI kiyA hai tathA aneka avataraNa bhI diye haiN| isI prakAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA para aparAjita kI TIkA meM bhI AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha ke avataraNa bhI pAye jAte haiM, yaha hama pUrva meM kaha cuke haiN| __ Arya skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA vastutaH uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha ke sacela aura acela- donoM pakSoM ke lie mAnya thI aura usameM donoM hI pakSoM ke sampoSaka sAkSya upasthita the| yahA~ yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki yadi mAthurI vAcanA ubhaya pakSoM ko mAnya thI, to phira usI samaya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM vAcanA karane kI kyA AvazyakatA thii| merI mAnyatA hai ki aneka praznoM para skaMdila aura nAgArjuna meM matabheda rahA hogaa| isI kAraNa se nAgArjuna ko svatantra vAcanA karane kI AvazyakatA pdd'ii| isa samasta carcA se paM. kailAzacandrajI ke isa prazna kA uttara bhI mila jAtA hai ki vallabha kI dUsarI vAcanA meM kyA kiyA gayA ? eka ora muni zrI kalyANavijayajI kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko mAtra pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA to, dUsarI ora paM. kailAzacandrajI yaha mAnate haiM ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko naye sire se likhA gayA, kintu ye donoM hI mata mujhe ekAMgI pratIta hote haiN| yaha satya hai ki vallabhI meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA, apitu unheM saMkalita evaM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA, kintu yaha saMkalana evaM sampAdana nirAdhAra nahIM thaa| na to digambara paramparA kA yaha kahanA ucita hai ki vallabhI meM zvetAmbaroM ne apanI mAnyatA ke anurUpa AgamoM ko naye sire se raca DAlA aura na yaha kahanA hI samucita hogA ki vallabhI meM jo Agama saMkalita kiye gaye, ve akSuNNa rUpa se vaise prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 36 For Personal & Private Use Only

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hI the, jaise pATalIputra Adi kI pUrva vAcanAoM meM unheM saMkalita kiyA gayA thaa| yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sAtha-sAtha aneka Agama grantha bhI kAlakrama meM vilupta hue haiN| vartamAna AgamoM kA yadi samyak prakAra se vizleSaNa kiyA jAya, to isa tathya kI puSTi ho jAtI hai| Aja AcArAMga kA sAtavA~ adhyayana vilupta hai| isI prakAra, antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtika va vipAkadazA ke bhI aneka adhyAya Aja anupalabdha haiN| nandIsUtra kI sUcI ke aneka Agama grantha Aja anupalabdha haiN| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA hamane AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA ke prasaMga meM kI hai| jJAtavya hai ki devardhi kI vallabhI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA hai, apitu unheM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA hai| isa sampAdana ke kArya meM unhoMne AgamoM kI avaziSTa upalabdha viSaya-vastu ko apane DhaMga se punaH vargIkRta bhI kiyA thA aura paramparA yA anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ke ve aMza, jo unake pUrva kI vAcanAoM meM samAhita nahIM the, unheM samAhita bhI kiyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, jJAtAdharmakathA meM sampUrNa dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa varga aura adhyayana isI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye gaye haiM, kyoMki zvetAmbara, yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA ke pratikramaNasUtra evaM anyatra usake unnIsa adhyayanoM kA hI ullekha milatA hai| prAcIna granthoM meM dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa vargoM kA kahIM koI nirdeza nahIM hai| - isI prakAra, antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA ke sandarbha meM sthAnAMga meM jo dasa-dasa adhyayana hone kI sUcanA hai, usake sthAna para inameM bhI jo vargoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI, vaha devardhi kI hI dena hai| unhoMne inake vilupta adhyAyoM ke sthAna para anuzruti se prApta sAmagrI jor3akara ina granthoM ko naye sire se vyavasthita kiyA thaa| ... yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki Aja praznavyAkaraNa kI Asrava-saMvara dvAra sambandhI jo viSaya-vastu upalabdha hai, vaha kisake dvArA saMkalita va sampAdita hai, yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina kArya hai, kintu yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki nandIsUtra ke racayitA devardhi na hokara deva vAcaka haiM, jo devardhi se pUrva ke haiM, to yaha kalpanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai ki devardhi ne Asrava saMvara dvArA sambandhI viSaya-vastu ko lekara praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA jo prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 37 For Personal & Private Use Only

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viccheda ho gayA thA, usakI pUrti kI hogii| isa prakAra jJAtAdharma se lekara vipAkasUtra taka ke chaH aMga AgamoM meM jo AMzika yA sampUrNa parivartana hue haiM, ve devardhi ke dvArA hI kiye hue mAne jA sakate haiN| yadyapi yaha parivartana unhoMne kisI pUrva paramparA yA anuzruti ke AdhAra para hI kiyA hogA yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake atirikta, devardhi ne eka yaha mahattvapUrNa kArya bhI kiyA ki jahA~ aneka AgamoM meM eka hI viSaya-vastu kA vistRta vivaraNa thA vahA~ unhoMne eka sthala para vistRta vivaraNa rakhakara anyatra usa grantha kA nirdeza kara diyaa| hama dekhate haiM ki bhagavatI Adi kucha prAcIna staroM ke AgamoM meM bhI unhoMne prajJApanA, nandI, anuyogadvAra jaise paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza karake AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu ke punarAvartana ko kama kiyaa| isI prakAra, jaba eka hI Agama meM koI vivaraNa bAra-bAra A rahA thA, to usa vivaraNa ke prathama zabda ke bAda 'jAva' zabda rakhakara antima zabda kA ullekha kara use saMkSipta banA diyA / isake sAtha hI unhoMne kucha mahattvapUrNa sUcanAe~ jo yadyapi paravartI kAla kI thIM, unheM bhI AgamoM meM de diyA, jaisesthAnAMgasUtra meM sAta nivoM aura sAta gaNoM kA ullekha / isa prakAra, vallabhI kI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA, apitu unakI viSaya-vastu ko suvyavasthita aura sampAdita bhI kiyA gyaa| sambhava hai ki isa sandarbha meM prakSepa aura vilopana bhI huA hogA, kintu yaha sabhI anuzruti yA paramparA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA thA, anyathA AgamoM ko mAnyatA na miltii| sAmAnyatayA, yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vAcanAoM meM kevala anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ko hI saMkalita kiyA jAtA thA, kintu merI dRSTi meM vAcanAoM meM na kevala Agama pAThoM ko sampAdita evaM saMkalita kiyA jAtA thA, apitu unameM navanirmita granthoM ko mAnyatA bhI pradAna kI jAtI thI aura jo AcAra aura vicAra sambandhI matabheda hote the unheM samanvita yA nirAkRta bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta ina vAcanAoM meM vAcanA sthaloM kI apekSA se AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana huA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, Agama paTanA athavA ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata (khaNDagirI) meM suvyavasthita kiye gaye the, unakI bhASA arddhamAgadhI hI rahI, kintu jaba ve Agama mathurA aura vallabhI meM punaH sampAdita kiye gaye to unameM prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 38 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhASika parivartana A gye| mAthurI vAcanA meM jo AgamoM kA svarUpa taya huA thA, usa para vyApaka rUpa se zaurasenI kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| durbhAgya se Aja hameM mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama upalabdha nahIM hai, kintu ina AgamoM ke jo uddhRta aMza uttara bhArata kI acela dhArA yApanIya-saMgha ke granthoM meM aura unakI TIkAoM meM uddhRta milate hai, unameM hama yaha pAte haiM ki bhAgavata samAnatA ke hote hue bhI zabda-rUpoM aura bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatA hai| AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi se jo aMza bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM udadhRta haiM, ve apane bhASika svarUpa aura pAThabheda kI apekSA se vallabhI ke AgamoM se kincit bhinna haiN| . ataH, vAcanAoM ke kAraNa AgamoM meM na kevala bhASika parivartana hue, apitu pAThAntara bhI astitva meM Aye haiN| vallabhI kI antima vAcanA meM vallabhI kI hI nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara to liye gaye, kintu mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara samAhita nahIM haiN| yadyapi kucha vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vallabhI kI devardhi vAcanA kA AdhAra mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the aura yahI kAraNa thA ki unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara diye haiM, kintu merA mantavya isase bhinna hai| merI dRSTi meM unakI vAcanA kA AdhAra bhI paramparA se prApta nAgArjunIya bAcanA ke pUrva ke Agama rahe hoMge, kintu jahA~ unheM apanI paramparAgata vAcanA kA nAgArjunIya vAcanA se matabheda dikhAyI diyA, vahA~ unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA kA ullekha kara diyA, kyoMki mAthurI vAcanA spaSTataH zaurasenI se prabhAvita thI, dUsare, usa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI avataraNa Aja milate haiM, unameM kucha vartamAna AgamoM kI vAcanA se mela nahIM khAte haiN| unase yahI phalita hotA hai ki devardhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra skaMdila kI vAcanA to nahIM rahI hai| tIsare, mAthurI vAcanA ke avataraNa Aja yApanIya granthoM meM milate haiM, unase itanA to phalita hotA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM meM bhI vastra-pAtra sambandhI evaM strI tadbhava mukti ke ullekha to the, kintu unameM acelatA ko utsarga mArga mAnA gayA thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM uddhRta acelatA ke sampoSaka kucha avataraNa to vartamAna vallabhI vAcanA ke AgamoM yathA- AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha Adi meM milate haiM, kintu kucha avataraNa vartamAna vAcanA meM nahIM milate haiM, ataH mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 39 For Personal & Private Use Only

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vallabhI kI devardhi kI vAcanA meM samAhita nahIM hue haiM- isakI puSTi hotI hai| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki vallabhI kI devardhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama na hokara unakI apanI hI guru-paramparA se prApta Agama rahe hoNge| merI dRSTi meM unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke hI pAThAntara apanI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye, kyoMki donoM meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu- donoM hI dRSTi se kama hI antara thaa| mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama yA to unheM upalabdha hI nahIM the athavA bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu- donoM kI apekSA bhinnatA hone se unhoMne use AdhAra na banAyA ho| phira bhI- devardhi ko jo Agama paramparA, se prApta the, unakA aura mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM kA mUla srota to eka hI thaa| ho sakatA hai ki kAlakrama meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu kI apekSA donoM meM kvacit antara A gaye hoM, ataH yaha dRSTikoNa bhI samacita nahIM hogA ki devarSi kI vallabhI vAcanA ke Agama mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se nitAnta bhinna the| digambara aura yApanIya sampradAya kA Agama sAhitya . digambara aura yApanIya jaina dharma kI acela dhArA ke mukhya sampradAya rahe haiN| Aja jisa Agama sAhitya kI bAta kI jA rahI hai, usakA mukhya sambandha zvetAmbara dhArA ke mUrtipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI sampradAyoM se rahA hai| mUrtipUjaka sampradAya 10 prakIrNaka, jItakalpa, piNDaniyukti aura mahAnizIthaina teraha granthoM ko chor3akara zeSa battIsa Agama to sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI bhI mAna rahe haiN| jahA~ taka acela dhArA kI digambara paramparA kA prazna hai, jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM, vaha 12 aMga AgamoM aura 14 aMgabAhya AgamoM ke nAma to prAyaH vahIM mAnatI hai, kintu usakI mAnyatA ke anusAra ina aMga aura aMgabAhya Agama granthoM kI viSaya vastu kAphI kucha vilupta ora vidrUSita ho cukI hai, ataH mUla Agama sAhitya kA viccheda mAnatI hai| unake anusAra, cAhe Agama sAhitya kA viccheda ho cukA hai, unake AdhAra para caricata kasAyapAhuDa,chakkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, tiloyapaNNati Adi tathA AcArya kundakunda viracita samayasAra, pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra, niyamasAra, aSTapAhuDa Adi Agama tulya granthoM ko hI ve Agama ke sthAna para svIkAra karate haiN| jahA~ taka yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai, ve 12 aMga AgamoM aura 14 prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 40 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #43
aMga bAhya AgamoM ko svIkAra karate haiN| unake anusAra, Agama pUrNataH vilupta nahIM hue, yadyapi unake jJAtA AcAryo kI paramparA kA viccheda huA hai| mUla meM unake dvArA mAnya Agama zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA unhI nAmoM ke AgamoM se pUrNataH bhinna nahIM the, aparAjitasUri ne apanI bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM una AgamoM se aneka pATha uddhRta kiye hai| unake dvArA udadhRta AgamoM ke pATha Aja bhI zaurasenI evaM arddhamAgadhI ke prAkRta bheda evaM kucha pAThAntara ke sAtha Aja bhI zvetAmbaroM dvArA mAnya una nAmoM vAle AgamoM meM milate haiN| digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM mUlabhUta antara yahI hai digambara paramparA AgamoM kA pUrNa viccheda mAnatI hai, jabaki yApanIya unameM Aye AMzika pAThabheda ko svIkAra karake bhI unake astitva ko nakArate nahIM haiN| ve una Agama granthoM ke AdhAra para racita kucha Agama tulya granthoM ko bhI mAnya karatI thii| inameM kasAyapAhuDa, chakkakhaNDAgama, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra Adi unheM mAnya rahe the| Aja yaha paramparA vilupta hai aura inake dvArA racita kucha grantha bhI digambara paramparA dvArA mAnya kiye jAte haiN| phira bhI, itanA nizcita hai ki yApanIyoM dvArA mAnya Agama zvetAmbara paramparA mAnya AgamoM se nitAnta bhinna nahIM the| aparAjitasUri ne spaSTataH yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki unake dvArA mAnya AgamaM 'mAthurI vAcanA' ke the| yaha vAcanA lagabhaga IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM skaMdila kI adhyakSatA meM mathurA meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke samAntara nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM bhI eka vAcanA huI thii| devarddhigaNi meM isa nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke sthAna para mAthurI vAcanA ko hI AdhAra mAnA thaa| isase bhI yaha phalita hotA hai ki yApanIya Agama devarddhigaNi kI vAcanA se bahuta bhinna nahIM the| skaMdila kI isa mAthurI vAcanA meM hI Agama pAThoM kI bhASA para zaurasenI prAkRta kA prabhAva AyA hogaa| Agama sAhitya kI bhASA jainoM ke Agama sAhitya kI bhASA ko sAmAnyatayA prAkRta kahA jA sakatA hai phira bhI yaha dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka hai, ki jahA~ zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya kI bhASA arddhamAgadhI prAkRta kahI jAtI hai, vahI digambara evaM yApanIya paramparA dvArA mAnya Agama tulya granthoM kI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta kahI jAtI prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 41 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #44
hai, kintu vartamAna meM upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI bhASA pUrNataH arddhamAgadhI hai aura na digambara evaM yApanIya paramparA dvArA mAnya Agamatulya granthoM kI bhASA mUlataH zaurasenI hai| zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mAnya AgamoM kI bhASA para kvacita zaurasenI kA aura mukhyataH mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| inakA mUla ardhamAgadhI svarUpa kvacit rUpa se isibhAsiyAiM meM, aMzataH AcArAMga meM milatA hai, kintu inakI cUrNi meM Aye mUla pAThoM meM Aja bhI inakA arddhamAgadhI svarUpa upalabdha hai, jise AdhAra mAnakara pro. ke.ema.candrA ne AcArAMga ke prathama adhyayana kA mUlapATha nirdhArita kiyA hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM kI jo vividha vAcanAe~ yA sampAdana sabhAe~ huIM, unameM bhASAgata parivartana Aye hai| prathama pATalIputra aura dvitIya khaNDagiri kI vAcanA meM cAhe inakA arddhamAgadhI svarUpa banA rahA ho, kintu mAthurI vArcanA meM ina para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA, jisake kucha mUlapATha Aja bhI bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM upalabdha haiN| kintu vallabhI kI vAcanA meM ye mUla pATha mahArASTrI prAkRta se bahulatA se prabhAvita hue hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ko AdhAra mAnakara jo bhI hastalikhita evaM mudrita granthoM meM isake pATha nirdhArita hue, ve mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita haiN| phira bhI, unakI mahArASTrI bhI arddhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI se prabhAvita hai, ataH use vidvAnoM ne jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta kahA hai| isI prakAra, acela dhArA kI digambara aura yApanIya paramparA ke Agama tulya granthoM kI bhASA bhI arddhamAgadhI se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa jaina zaurasenI kahI jAtI hai| AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sarala hai / Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu mukhyataH upadezaparaka, AcAraparaka evaM kathAparaka hai| bhagavatI ke kucha aMza, prajJApanA, anuyogadvAra, jo ki apekSAkRta paravartI haiM, ko chor3akara unameM prAyaH gahana dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcAoM kA abhAva hai| viSaya-pratipAdana sarala, sahaja aura sAmAnya vyakti ke lie bhI bodhagamya hai| vaha mukhyataH vivaraNAtmaka evaM upadezAtmaka hai| isake viparIta, zaurasenI AgamoM meM ArAdhanA aura mUlAcAra ko chor3akara lagabhaga sabhI grantha dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcA se yukta haiN| ve paripakva dArzanika vicAroM ke paricAyaka haiN| guNasthAna aura karmasiddhAnta kI ve gaharAiyA~, jo prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 42 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #45
zaurasenI AgamoM meM upalabdha haiM, arddhamAgadhI AgamoM meM unakA prAyaH abhAva hI hai| kundakunda ke samayasAra ke samAna unameM saiddhAntika dRSTi se adhyAtmavAda ke pratisthApana kA bhI koI prayAsa parilakSita nahIM hotaa| yadyapi ye saba unakI kamI bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, kintu cintana ke vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha phalita hotA hai ki arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya prAthamika stara kA hone se prAcIna bhI hai aura sAtha hI vikasita zaurasenI AgamoM ke lie AdhAra-bhUta bhii| samavAyAMga meM jIvasthAnoM ke nAma se 14 guNasthAnoM kA mAtra nirdeza hai, jabaki SaTkhaNDAgama jaisA prAcIna zaurasenI Agama bhI unakI gambhIratA se carcA karatA hai| mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, kundakunda ke grantha aura gommaTasAra Adi sabhI meM guNasthAnoM kI vistRta carcA hai| cUMki tattvArtha meM guNasthAnoM kI carcA kA evaM syAdvAda-saptabhaMgI kA abhAva haiM, ataH ve sabhI racanAe~ tattvArtha ke bAda kI kRtiyA~ mAnI jA sakatI haiN| Agama sAhitya kI vizeSatA(a) tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana ___arddhamAgadhI AgamoM meM tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, ataH aneka sthAnoM para saiddhAntika dRSTi se unameM bhinnatAe~ bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| vastutaH, ye grantha akRtrima bhAva se race gaye haiM aura unake sampAdana kAla meM bhI saMgatiyukta banAne kA koI prayAsa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| eka aura utsarga kI dRSTi se unameM ahiMsA kI sUkSmatA ke sAtha pAlana karane ke nirdeza haiM, to dUsarI aura apavAda kI apekSA se aise aneka vivaraNa bhI haiM, jo isa sUkSma ahiMsaka jIvanazailI ke anukUla nahIM hai| isI prakAra eka ora unameM muni kI acelatA kA pratipAdana-samarthana kiyA gayA hai, to dUsarI aura vastra-pAkRtra ke sAtha-sAtha muni. ke upakaraNoM kI lambI sUcI bhI mila jAtI hai| eka ora kezaloca kA vidhAna hai, to dUsarI ora kSura-muNDana kI anujJA bhI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM, vedanIya ke bhedoM meM krodha vedanIya Adi kA ullekha hai, jo ki karmasiddhAnta ke granthoM meM yahA~ taka ki svayaM uttarAdhyayana ke karmaprakRti nAmaka adhyayana meM bhI anupalabdha hai| ukta sAkSyoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya jaina saMgha kA niSpakSa itihAsa prastuta karatA hai| prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 43 For Personal & Private Use Only

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tathyoM kA yathArtha rUpa meM prastutIkaraNa usakI apanI vizeSatA hai| vastutaH, tathyAtmaka vividhatAoM evaM antarvirodhoM ke kAraNa arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke granthoM ke kAla-krama kA nirdhAraNa bhI sahaja ho jAtA hai| (ba) AgamoM meM jainasaMgha ke itihAsa kA prAmANika rUpa . yadi hama AgamoM kA samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kareM, to hameM yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina paramparA ke AcAra evaM vicAra meM deza-kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA parivartana hue, isako jAnane kA AdhAra arddhamAgadhI Agama hI haiM, kyoMki ina parivartanoM ko samajhane ke liye unameM una tathyoM ke vikAsa krama ko khojA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, jainadharma meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kaise dRr3ha-mUla hotA gayA, isakI jAnakArI RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana se mila jAtI hai| RSibhASita meM nArada, maMkhaligozAla, asitadevala, nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, bAhuka Adi RSiyoM ko arhat RSi kahakara sammAnita kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM bhI kaMpila, nami, karakaNDu, naggati, gardabhAlI, saMjaya Adi kA sammAnapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA gayA aura sUtrakRtAMga meM inameM se kucha ko AcArabheda ke bAvajUda bhI paramparA-sammata mAnA gayA, kintu jJAtAdharmakathA meM nArada kI aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka meM maMkhalI gozAla kI samAlocanA bhI kI gii| isa AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM anya paramparA ke prati udAratA kA bhAva kaise parivartita hotA gayA aura sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kaise dRDhamUla hote gaye, isakA yathArtha citraNa unameM upalabdha ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha, AcArasUtra, dazavaikAlika, nizItha Adi chedasUtra tathA unake bhASya aura cUrNiyoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jainAcAra meM kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA parivartana hue haiN| isI prakAra, RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI, jJAtAdharmakathA Adi ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki pArzvapatyoM kA mahAvIra ke saMgha para kyA prabhAva par3A aura donoM ke bIca sambandhoM meM kaise parivartana hotA gyaa| isI prakAra ke aneka prazna, jinake kAraNa Aja kA jaina samAja sAmpradAyika kaTagharoM meM banda hai, arddhamAgadhI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana ke mAdhyama se sulajhAye jA sakate haiN| zaurasenI prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 44 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #47
AgamoM meM mAtra mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA ko, jo apanI viSaya-vastu ke liye arddhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ke RNI haiM, isa koTi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai, kintu zeSa Agamatulya zaurasenI grantha jainadharma ko sImita gheroM meM Abaddha hI karate haiN| (sa) zaurasenI-Agama tulya granthoM aura paravartI mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racita granthoM ke AdhAra.... Agama zaurasenI-Agama tulya granthoM aura mahArASTrI-Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra rahe haiN| arddhamAgadhI AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM kramazaH niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, vRtti, TabbA Adi likhe gaye haiM, ye sabhI jainadharma evaM darzana ke prAcInatama srota haiN| yadyapi zaurasenI Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya meM cintana ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha deza, kAla aura sahagAmI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha aisI sAmagrI bhI hai, jo unakI apanI maulika kahI jA sakatI hai, phira bhI AgamoM ko unake aneka granthoM ke mUla srota ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAtra mUlAcAra meM hI tIna sau se adhika gAthAe~ uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyakaniyukti, jIvasamAsa, AturapratyAkhyAna, candravedhyaka (candAvejjhaya) Adi meM upalabdha hotI haiN| isI prakAra, bhagavatIArAdha nA meM bhI aneka gAthAe~ arddhamAgadhI Agama aura vizeSa rUpa se prakIrNakoM (painnA) se milatI haiN| SaTkhaNDAgama aura prajJApanA meM bhI jo samAnatAe~ parilakSita hotI haiM, unakI vistRta carcA paNDita dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne (pro. e.ena.upAdhye vyAkhyAnamAlA meM) kI hai| niyamasAra kI kucha gAthAe~ anuyogadvAra evaM itara AgamoM meM bhI pAI jAtI haiM, jabaki samayasAra Adi kucha aise zaurasenI Agama tulya grantha bhI haiM, jinakI maulika racanA kA zreya unake kartAoM ko hI hai| ti loyapannatti kA prAthamika rUpa vizeSa rUpa se Avazyakaniyukti tathA kucha prakIrNakoM ke AdhAra para taiyAra huA thA, yadyapi bAda meM usameM paryApta rUpa se parivartana aura parivarddhana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra zaurasenI, Agama tulya granthoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki unakA mUla AdhAra prAcIna Agama-sAhitya hI rahA hai, tathApi unameM jo saiddhAntika gaharAiyA~ aura vikAsa parilakSita hote haiM, ve unake racanAkAroM kI maulika dena haiN| prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 45 For Personal & Private Use Only

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AgamoM kA kartRtva prAyaH ajJAta___AgamoM meM prajJApanA, dazavaikAlika aura chedasUtroM ke kartRtva ko chor3akara zeSa ke racanAkAroM ke sambandha meM hameM koI spaSTa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai, yadyapi dazavaikAlika Arya zayyambhavasUri kI, tIna chedasUtra AryabhadrabAhu kI aura prajJApanA zyAmAcArya kI kRti mAnI jAtI haiM, mahAnizItha kA usakI dImakoM se bhakSita prati ke AdhAra para AcArya haribhadra ne samaddhAra kiyA thA, yaha svayaM usI meM ullikhita hai, tathApi anya AgamoM ke kartAoM ke bAre meM hama andhakAra meM hI haiN| sambhavataH, usakA mUla kAraNa yaha rahA hogA ki sAmAnyajana meM isa bAta kA pUrNa vizvAsa banA rahe ki arddhamAgadhI Agama gaNadharoM athavA pUrvadharoM kI kRti hai, isaliye kartAoM ne apane nAma kA ullekha nahIM kiyaa| yaha vaisI hI sthiti hai, jaisI hindU-purANoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM kevala vedavyAsa ko jAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi ve aneka AcAryoM kI aura paryApta paravartIkAla kI racanAe~ haiN| isake viparIta, zaurasenI Agama tulya granthoM kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM sabhI granthoM kA kartRtva sunizcita hai| yadyapi unameM bhI kucha parivartana aura prakSepa paravartI AcAryoM ne kiye haiM, phira bhI isa sambandha meM unakI sthiti ardhamAgadhI Agama kI apekSA kAphI spaSTa hai| arddhamAgadhI AgamoM meM to yahA~ taka bhI huA hai ki kucha vilupta kRtiyoM ke sthAna para paryApta paravartI kAla meM dUsarI kRti hI rakha dI gii| isa sambandha meM praznavyAkaraNa kI sampUrNa viSaya-vastu ke parivartana kI carcA pUrva meM hI kI jA cukI hai| abhI-abhI aMgacUliyA aura baMgacUliyA nAmaka do vilupta AgamoM kA patA calA, ye bhogIlAla leharacanda bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira meM upalabdha haiM, jaba inakA adhyayana kiyA, to patA calA ki ve lokAzAha ke pazcAt arthAt solahavIM yA satrahavIM zatAbdI meM kisI ajJAta AcArya ne banAkara rakha diye haiN| yadyapi isase yaha niSkarSa bhI nahIM nikAla lenA cAhie ki yaha sthiti sabhI arddhamAgadhI AgamoM kI hai| satya to yaha hai ki unake prakSepoM aura parivartanoM ko AsAnI se pahacAnA jA sakatA hai, jabaki zaurasenI AgamoM meM hue prakSepoM ko jAnanA jaTila hai| AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sambandha meM jisa atizayatA kI carcA prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 46 For Personal & Private Use Only

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paravartI AcAryoM ne kI hai, vaha unake kathana kI vizvasanIyatA para prazna cinha upasthita karatI hai| hamArI zraddhA aura vizvAsa cAhe kucha bhI ho, kintu tarkabuddhi aura gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi se to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu ko bar3hA-car3hAkara batAyA gyaa| yaha kahanA ki AcArAMga ke Age pratyeka aMga grantha kI zloka saMkhyA eka dUsare se kramazaH dviguNita rahI thI athavA caudahaveM pUrva kI viSaya-vastu itanI thI ki use caudaha hAthiyoM ke barAbara syAhI se likhA jA sakatA thA, AsthA kI vastu ho sakatI hai, kintu buddhigamya nahIM hai| anta meM, vidvAnoM se merI yaha apekSA hai ki ve AgamoM aura vizeSa rUpa se arddhamAgadhI AgamoM kA adhyayana zvetAmbara, mUrtipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI yA terApaMthI dRSTi se na kareM, apitu ina sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara kareM, tabhI hama unake mAdhyama se jainadharma ke prAcIna svarUpa kA yathArtha darzana kara sakeMgeM aura prAmANika rUpa se yaha bhI samajha sakeMgeM ki kAlakrama meM unameM kaise aura kyA parivartana hue haiN| Aja AvazyakatA hai paM. becaradAsajI jaisI niSpakSa evaM taTastha buddhi se unake adhyayana kI, anyathA digambara ko usameM vastrasambandhI ullekha prakSepa lageMge, to zvetAmbara sAre vastrapAtra ke ullekhoM ko mahAvIrakAlIna mAnane lageMge aura donoM hI yaha nahIM samajha sakeMge ki vastra-pAtra kA kramika vikAsa kina paristhitiyoM meM aura kaise huA hai ? isa sambandha meM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkA kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai, kyoMki ye inake adhyayana kI kuMjiyA~ haiN| zaurasenI aura arddhamAgadhI AgamoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI unameM nihita satya ko yarthAtha rUpa se Alokita kara skegaa| AzA hai, yuvA-vidvAn merI isa prArthanA para dhyAna deNge| ... jaina Agama-sAhitya kA paricaya dene ke uddezya se sampratikAla meM aneka prayatna hue haiN| sarvaprathama pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM harmana jaikobI, zubiMga, viNTaranitja Adi ne apanI bhUmikAoM evaM svatantra nibandhoM meM isa para prakAza DAlA hai| isa dizA meM aMgrejI meM sarvaprathama hIrAlAla rasikalAla kApaDiyA ne "A History of the Cononical Literature of the Jainas" nAmaka pustaka likhii| yaha grantha atyanta zodhaparaka dRSTi se likhA gayA aura prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 47 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Aja bhI eka prAmANika grantha ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt, pro. jagadIzacandra jaina kA grantha, 'prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa' bhI isa kSetra meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna dvArA jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa yojanA ke antargata prakAzita prathama tInoM khaNDoM meM prAkRta Agama-sAhitya kA vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| isI dizA meM AcArya devendramunizAstrI kI pustaka 'jainAgama : manana aura mImAMsA' bhI eka mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| muni nagarAjajI kI pustaka 'jainAgama aura pAlI-tripiTaka bhI tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai, paM. kailAzacandra jI dvArA likhita "jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA" meM arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA aura usake prathama bhAga meM zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA ullekha huA hai kintu usameM niSpakSa dRSTi kA nirvAha nahIM huA hai aura arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke mUlya aura mahattva ko samyaka prakAra se nahIM samajhA gayA pUjya AcArya zrI jayantasenasUrijI ne 'jaina Agama sAhitya : eka anuzIlana' kRti kI sRjanA janasAdhAraNa ko Agama-sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu kI paricaya dene ke uddezya se kI hai, phira bhI unhoMne pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha saMzodhanAtmaka dRSTi ko bhI nirvAha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| isa grantha kI merI bhUmikA vizeSa rUpa se paThanIya hai| . prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza / 48 For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAcya vidyApITha: eka paricaya DaoN. sAgaramala jaina pAramArthika zikSaNa nyAsa dvArA san 1997 se saMcAlita prAcya vidyA pITha, zAjApura AgarA-mumbaI mArga para sthita isa saMsthAna kA mukhya udezya bhAratIya prAcya vidyAoM ke ucca starIya adhyayana, prazikSaNa evaM zodhakArya ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko punaH pratiSThita karanA hai| ___isa vidyApITha meM jaina, bauddha aura hindu dharma Adi ke lagabhaga 12,000 durlabha grantha upalabdha hai| isake atirikta 700 hastalikhita pANDulipiyA~ bhI hai| yahA~ 40 patrapatrikAe~ bhI niyamita AtI hai bhI isa parisara meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM, zodhArthiyoM aura mumukSujanoM ke - lie adhyayana adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha nivAsa, bhojana Adi kI bhI uttama vyavasthA hai| ma zodhakArya ke mArgadarzana evaM zikSaNa hetu DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina kA satat sAnidhya prApta hai| ise vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ujjaina dvArA zodha saMsthAna ke rupa meM mAnyatA pradAna kI gaI hai| ate Use Only jainelibrary.org

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1987 DaoN. sAgaramala jaina janma di. 22.02.1932 janma sthAna zAjApura (ma.pra.) zikSA sAhityaratna : 1954 ema.e. (darzana zAstra) : 1963 pI-eca.DI. : 1969 akAdamika upalabdhiyA~ : pravaktA (darzanazAstra) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevAH 1964-67 sahAyaka prAdhyApaka ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1968-85 prAdhyApaka (prophesara) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1985-89 nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 1979-1987 evaM 1989-1997 lekhana 49 pustake sampAdana : 160 pustakeM pradhAna sampAdaka jaina vidyA vizvakoSa (pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI mahatvAkAMkSI pariyojanA) puraskAra : pradIpakumAra rAmapuriyA puraskAra 1986 evaM 1998 svAmI praNavAnanda puraskAra DipTImala puraskAra : 1992 AcArya hastImala smRti sammAna : 1994 vidyAvAradhi sammAna : 2003 presIDensIyala avArDa A~pha jainA yU.esa.e: 2007 vAgArtha sammAna (ma.pra. zAsana) gautama gaNadhara sammAna (prAkRta bhAratI) : 2008 ArcAya tulasI prAkRta sammAna 2009 vidyAcandrasUrI sammAna samatA manISI sammAna 2012 sadasya : akAdamika saMsthAe~ pUrva sadasya - vidvata pariSada, bhopAla vizvavidyAlaya, bhopAla sadasya - jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM : pUrva sadasya - mAnada nidezaka, Agama, ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udypur| samprati saMsthApaka - prabaMdha nyAsI evaM nidezaka prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra) - pUrvasacivaHpArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI videza bhramaNa yU.esa.e., zikAgoM, rAle, hyUTana, nyUjarsI, uttarIkarolInA, vAziMgaTana, senaphrAMsisko, laoNsa eMjilsa, phinIksa, seMTa lUIsa, piTsabarga, ToraNToM, (kanAr3A) nyUyArka, landana (yU.ke.) aura kATamADUM "(nepAla) 2007 : 2011 i Education interational Lonrersonacap WWEMA Drinted at Alirati ffoot I AIN Db 072A ODG1790