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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza bhAratIya saMskRti meM ati prAcInakAla se hI do samAnAntara dhArAoM zramaNa-paramparA ke sAhitya kA prazna hai durbhAgya se vaha Aja hameM upalabdha kI upasthiti pAI jAtI hai- zramaNadhArA aura vaidikdhaaraa| jaina dharma nahIM hai, kintu vedoM meM usa prakAra kI jIvana-dRSTi kI upasthiti ke aura saMskRti isI zramaNadhArA kA aGga hai| jahA~ zramaNadhArA nivRttiparaka saGketa yaha avazya sUcita karate haiM ki unakA apanA koI sAhitya rahI, vahA~ vaidikadhArA prvRttiprk| jahA~ zramaNadhArA meM saMnyAsa kA pratyaya bhI rahA hogA, jo kAlakrama meM lupta ho gyaa| Aja AtmasAdhanA pradhAna pramukha banA, vahA~ vaidikadhArA meM gRhasthajIvana kaa| zramaNadhArA ne sAMsArika nivRttimUlaka zramaNadhArA ke sAhitya kA sabase prAcIna aMza yadi kahIM jIvana kI du:khamayatA ko adhika abhivyakti dI aura yaha mAnA ki upalabdha hai, to vaha aupaniSadika sAhitya meM hai| prAcIna upaniSadoM zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra du:khoM kA sAgara, ata: usane meM na kevala vaidika karma-kANDoM aura bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi kI zarIra aura saMsAra donoM se hI mukti ko apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya maanaa| AlocanA kI gaI hai, apitu AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI jo pratiSThA huI usakI dRSTi meM jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlya gauNa rahe aura anAsakti, hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki ve mUlata: zramaNa jIvana-dRSTi vairAgya aura AtmAnubhUti ke rUpa meM mokSa yA nirvANa ko hI sarvocca ke prastotA haiN| mUlya mAnA gyaa| isake viparIta vaidikadhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana ko yaha satya hai ki upaniSadoM meM vaidikadhArA ke bhI kucha saGketa upalabdha vareNya mAnakara jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlyoM arthAt jIvana ke rakSaNa haiM kintu yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki upaniSadoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana-dRSTi evaM poSaNa ke prayatnoM ke sAtha-sAtha pArasparika sahayoga yA sAmAjikatA vaidika nahIM, zramaNa hai| ve usa yuga kI racanAyeM haiM, jaba vaidikoM dvArA ko pradhAnatA dii| phalata: vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti evaM zramaNa saMskRti ke jIvana mUlyoM ko svIkRta kiyA jA rahA thaa| ve pArasparika sahayoga hetu prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiM, yathA- vaidika saMskRti aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvaya kI kahAnI kahate haiN| hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI santAna baliSTha ho, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha IzAvAsyopaniSad meM samanvaya kA yaha prayatna spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita deM, vanaspati evaM anna pracura mAtrA meM utpanna hoM, hamameM paraspara sahayoga hotA hai| usameM tyAga aura bhoga, pravRtti evaM nivRtti, karma aura ho aadi| jJAtavya hai ki vedoM meM vairAgya evaM mokSa kI avadhAraNA karma-saMnyAsa, vyakti aura samaSTi, avidyA (bhautika jJAna) aura vidyA anupasthita hai, jabaki vaha zramaNadhArA kA kendrIya tattva hai| isa prakAra (AdhyAtmika jJAna) ke madhya eka sundara samanvaya sthApita kiyA ye donoM dhArAe~ do bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM ko lekara pravAhita huI haiN| gayA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa inake sAhitya meM bhI inhIM bhinna-bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM upaniSadoM kA pUrvavartI evaM samasAmayika zramaNa paramparA kA jo kA pratipAdana pAyA jAtA hai| adhikAMza sAhitya thA, vaha zramaNa paramparA kI anya dhArAoM ke jIvita zramaNa-paramparA ke sAhitya meM saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA ko pradarzita na raha pAne yA unake bRhad hindU-paramparA meM samAhita ho jAne ke kAraNa kara tyAga aura vairAgyamaya jIvana-zailI kA vikAsa kiyA gayA, jabaki yA to vilupta ho gayA thA yA phira dUsarI jIvita zramaNa paramparAoM vaidika sAhitya meM aihika jIvana ko adhika sukhI aura samRddha banAne athavA bRhad hindU-paramparA ke dvArA AtmasAt kara liyA gyaa| kintu hetu prArthanAoM kI aura sAmAjika-vyavasthA (varNa-vyavasthA) aura bhautika usake astitva ke saGketa evaM avazeSa Aja bhI aupaniSadika sAhitya, upalabdhiyoM hetu vividha karmakANDoM kI sarjanA huii| prArambhika vaidika pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgamoM meM surakSita haiN| prAcIna AraNyakoM, sAhitya, jisameM mukhyata: veda aura brAhmaNa grantha samAhita haiM, meM laukika upaniSadoM, AcArAGga (prathama zrutaskandha), sUtrakRtAGga, uttarAdhyayana, jIvana ko sukhI aura samRddha banAne vAlI prArthanAoM aura karmakANDoM isibhAsiyAI, theragAthA, suttanipAta aura mahAbhArata meM ina vilupta yA kA hI prAdhAnya hai| isake viparIta zramaNa-paramparA ke prArambhika sAhitya samAhita zramaNa paramparAoM ke aneka RSiyoM ke upadeza Aja bhI pAye meM saMsAra kI du:khamayatA aura kSaNabhaGguratA ko pradarzita kara usase vairAgya jAte haiN| isibhAsiyAI, sUtrakRtAGga aura uttarAdhyayana meM ullikhita aura vimukti ko hI pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| saMkSepa meM zramaNaparamparA kA yAjJavalkya, nArada, asitadevala, kapila, pArAzara, AruNi, uddAlaka, sAhitya vairAgya pradhAna hai| nami, bAhuka, rAmaputta Adi RSi ve hI haiM, jinameM se aneka ke upadeza zramaNadhArA aura usakI dhyAna aura yoga-sAdhanA kI paramparA ke evaM AkhyAna upaniSadoM evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI surakSita haiN| jaina paramparA astitva ke saGketa hameM mohanajodar3o aura har3appA kI saMskRti ke kAla meM RSibhASita meM inheM arhat RSi evaM sUtrakRtAGga meM siddhi ko prApta se hI milane lagate haiN| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki har3appA saMskRti vaidika tapodhana mahApuruSa kahA gayA hai aura unheM apanI pUrva paramparA se sambaddha saMskRti se bhI pUrvavartI rahI hai| Rgveda jaise prAcInatama grantha meM vrAtyoM batAyA gayA hai| pAlitripiTaka dIghanikAya ke sAmaJaphalasutta meM bhI aura vAtarazanA muniyoM ke ullekha bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karate haiM buddha ke samakAlIna chaha tIrthaGkaroM- ajitakezakambala, prakudhakAtyAyana, ki usa yuga meM zramaNadhArA kA astitva thaa| jahA~ taka isa prAcIna pUrNakazyapa, saJjayavelaTThiputta, maGkhaligozAlaka evaM niggaMThanAtaputta kI
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________________ 2 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza huA hai, phira cAhe unheM vikRta rUpa meM hI prastuta 58) meM kahA gayA hai "yaha jo dvAdaza-aGga yA gaNipiTaka hai vaha kyoM na kiyA gayA ho| isI prakAra theragAthA, suttanipAta Adi ke aneka aisA nahIM hai ki yaha kabhI nahIM thA, kabhI nahIM rahegA aura na kabhI thera (sthavira) bhI prAcIna zramaNa paramparAoM se sambandhita rahe haiN| isa hogaa| yaha sadaiva thA, sadaiva hai aura sadaiva rhegaa| yaha dhruva, nitya sabase bhArata meM zramaNadhArA ke prAcInakAla meM astitva kI sUcanA mila zAzvata, akSaya, avasthita aura nitya hai|" isa prakAra jaina cintaka jAtI hai| padmabhUSaNa paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne pAlitripiTaka meM eka ora pratyeka tIrthaGkara ke upadeza ke AdhAra para unake pramukha ziSyoM ajita, araka aura aranemi nAmaka tIrthaGkaroM ke ullekha ko bhI khoja ke dvArA zabda-rUpa meM AgamoM kI racanA hone kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra nikAlA hai| jJAtavya hai ki usameM inheM "tisthakaro kAmesu vItarAgo' karate haiM to dUsarI ora artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se samarUpatA ke AdhAra kahA gayA hai- cAhe hama yaha mAne yA na mAneM ki inakI saGgati jaina para yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki artha-rUpa se jinavANI sadaiva thI paramparA ke ajita, ara aura ariSTanemi nAmaka tIrthaGkaroM se ho sakatI aura sadaiva rhegii| vaha kabhI bhI naSTa nahIM hotI hai| vicAra kI apekSA hai- kintu itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki ye sabhI ullekha zramaNadhArA se AgamoM kI zAzvatatA aura nityatA mAnya karate hue bhI jaina paramparA ke atiprAcIna astitva ko hI sUcita karate haiN| unheM zabda-rUpa se sRSTa aura vicchinna hone vAlA bhI mAnatI hai| anekAnta kI bhASA meM kaheM to tIrthaGkara kI anavarata paramparA kI dRSTi se Agama vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgama zAzvata aura nitya haiM, jabaki tIrthaGkara-vizeSa ke zAsana kI apekSA vaidika sAhitya meM veda prAcInatama haiN| vedoM ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya se ve sRSTa evaM anitya haiN| darzanoM meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ ullikhita haiN| mImAMsakadarzana ke vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgamoM meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa antara yaha anusAra veda apauruSeya haiM arthAt kisI vyakti vizeSa dvArA nirmita hai ki vedoM ke adhyayana meM sadaiva hI zabda-rUpa ko mahattva diyA gayA nahIM haiN| unake anusAra veda anAdi-nidhana haiM, zAzvata haiM, na to unakA aura yaha mAnA gayA ki zabda-rUpa meM koI parivartana nahIM honA cAhie, koI racayitA hai aura nahIM rcnaakaal| naiyAyikoM kI mAnyatA isase usakA artha spaSTa ho yA na ho| isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM tIrthaGkaroM bhinna hai, ve veda-vacanoM ko Izvara-sRSTa mAnate haiN| unake anusAra veda ko artha kA pravaktA mAnA gayA aura isalie isa bAta para bala diyA apauruSeya nahIM, apitu IzvarakRta haiN| IzvarakRta hote hue bhI Izvara ke gayA ki cAhe AgamoM meM zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho jAya kintu unameM anAdi-nidhana hone se veda bhI anAdi-nidhana mAne jA sakate haiM, kintu artha-bheda nahIM honA caahie| yahI kAraNa thA ki zabda-rUpa kI isa jaba unheM IzvarasRSTa mAna liyA gayA hai, to phira anAdi kahanA ucita upekSA ke kAraNa paravartIkAla meM AgamoM meM aneka bhASika parivartana nahIM hai, kyoMki Izvara kI apekSA se to ve sAdi hI hoNge| hue aura Agama pAThoM kI ekarUpatA nahIM raha skii| yadyapi vibhinna jahA~ taka jainAgamoM kA prazna hai unheM artha-rUpa meM arthAt saGgItiyoM ke mAdhyama se ekarUpatA banAne kA prayAsa huA, lekina kathya-viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se tIrthaGkaroM ke dvArA upadiSTa mAnA jAtA usameM pUrNa saphalatA nahIM mila skii| yadyapi vaha zabda-rUpa parivartana hai| isa dRSTi se ve apauruSeya nahIM haiN| ve artha-rUpa meM tIrthaGkaroM dvArA bhI Age nirbAdha rUpa se na cale, isalie eka ora unheM lipibaddha upadiSTa aura zabda-rUpa meM gaNadharoM dvArA racita mAne jAte haiM, kintu karane kA prayAsa huA to dUsarI ora AgamoM meM pada, akSara, anusvAra yaha bAta bhI kevala aGga AgamoM ke sandarbha meM hai| aGgabAhya Agama Adi meM parivartana karanA bhI mahApApa batAyA gyaa| isa prakAra yadyapi grantha to vibhinna sthaviroM aura pUrvadhara-AcAryoM kI kRti mAne hI jAte AgamoM ke bhASAgata svarUpa ko sthiratA to pradAna kI gayI, phira bhI haiN| isa prakAra jaina Agama pauruSeya (puruSakRta) haiM aura kAla vizeSa zabda kI apekSA artha para adhika bala diye jAne ke kAraNa jainAgamoM meM nirmita haiN| kA svarUpa pUrNatayA aparivartita nahIM raha sakA, jabaki veda zabda-rUpa kintu jaina AcAryoM ne eka anya apekSA se vicAra karate hue meM aparivartita rhe| Aja bhI unameM aisI aneka RcAyeM haiM- jinakA aGga AgamoM ko zAzvata bhI kahA hai| unake isa kathana kA AdhAra koI artha nahIM nikalatA hai (anarthakA: hi ved-mntraaH)| isa prakAra yaha hai ki tIrthaGkaroM kI paramparA to anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai veda zabda-pradhAna hai jabaki jaina Agama artha-pradhAna hai| aura anantakAla taka calegI, koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM, jisameM tIrthaGkara veda aura jainAgamoM meM tIsarI bhinnatA unakI viSaya-vastu kI apekSA nahIM hote haiN| ata: isa dRSTi se jaina Agama bhI anAdi-ananta siddha se bhI hai| vedoM meM bhautika upalabdhiyoM hetu prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke prati hote haiN| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra tIrthaGkara bhinna-bhinna AtmAe~ hotI prArthanAe~ hI pradhAna rUpa se dekhI jAtI haiM sAtha hI kucha khagola-bhUgola haiM, kintu unake upadezoM meM samAnatA hotI hai aura unake samAna upadezoM sambandhI vivaraNa aura kathAe~ bhI haiN| jabaki jaina ardhamAgadhI Agama ke AdhAra para racita grantha bhI samAna hI hote haiN| isI apekSA se nandIsUtra sAhitya meM AdhyAtmika evaM vairAgyaparaka upadezoM ke dvArA mana, indriya meM AgamoM ko anAdi-nidhana bhI kahA gayA hai| tIrthaGkaroM ke kathana aura vAsanAoM para vijaya pAne ke nirdeza diye gaye haiN| isake sAtha-sAtha meM cAhe zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho, kintu artha-rUpa meM bhinnatA nahIM hotI usameM muni evaM gRhastha ke AcAra sambandhI vidhi-niSedha pramukhatA se hai| ata: artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se yaha ekarUpatA hI jainAgamoM ko varNita haiM tathA tapa-sAdhanA aura karma-phala viSayaka kucha kathAe~ bhI pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi-ananta siddha karatI hai| nandIsUtra (sUtra haiN| khagola-bhUgola sambandhI carcA bhI jambUdvIpaprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti Adi
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza granthoM meM hai| jahA~ taka jainadarzana kA prazna hai usakA prArambhika rUpa bhinna thiiN| yadyapi vicAra ke kSetra meM mahAvIra aura buddha donoM hI ekAntavAda hI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| ke samAlocaka the, kintu jahA~ buddha ne ekAntavAdoM ko kevala nakArA, vaidika sAhitya meM vedoM ke pazcAt kramaza: brAhmaNa-granthoM, AraNyakoM vahA~ mahAvIra ne una ekAntavAdoM kA samanvaya kiyaa| ata: darzana ke aura upaniSadoM kA krama AtA hai| inameM brAhmaNa grantha mukhyataH yajJa-yAga kSetra meM buddha kI dRSTi nakArAtmaka rahI hai, jabaki mahAvIra kI skaaraatmk| sambandhI karmakANDoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karate haiN| ata: unakI zailI isa darzana aura AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM meM jo bhinnatA thI, vaha unake aura viSaya-vastu donoM hI ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya se bhinna hai| sAhitya meM bhI abhivyakta huI hai| phira bhI sAmAnya pAThaka kI apekSA AraNyakoM ke sambandha meM maiM abhI taka samyak adhyayana nahIM kara se donoM paramparA ke granthoM meM kSaNikavAda, anAtmavAda Adi dArzanika pAyA hU~ ata: unase ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI tulanA kara pAnA prasthAnoM ko chor3akara ekatA hI adhika parilakSita hotI hai| mere liye sambhava nahIM hai| kintu AraNyakoM meM vairAgya, nivRtti evaM vAnaprastha jIvana ke aneka tathyoM ke ullekha hone se vizeSa tulanAtmaka ___ AgamoM kA mahattva evaM prAmANikatA adhyayana dvArA unameM aura jaina AgamoM meM nihita samarUpatA ko khojA pratyeka dharma-paramparA meM dharma-grantha yA zAstra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna jA sakatA hai| hotA hai, kyoMki usa dharma ke dArzanika siddhAnta aura AcAra vyavasthA jahA~ taka upaniSadoM kA prazna hai upaniSadoM ke aneka aMza AcArAGga, donoM ke lie 'zAstra' hI ekamAtra pramANa hotA hai| hindUdharma meM veda isibhAsiyAI Adi prAcIna ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya meM bhI yathAvat kA, bauddhadharma meM tripiTaka kA, pArasIdharma meM avestA kA, IsAIdharma upalabdha hote haiN| yAjJavalkya, nArada, kapila, asitadevala, aruNa, meM bAibila kA aura islAma dharma meM kurAna kA jo sthAna hai, vahI uddAlaka, pArAzara Adi aneka aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke ullekha evaM sthAna jainadharma meM Agama sAhitya kA hai| phira bhI Agama sAhitya ko upadeza isibhAsiyAI, AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga evaM uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha na to veda ke samAna apauruSeya mAnA gayA hai aura na bAibila yA kurAna haiN| isibhAsiyAiM meM yAjJavalkya kA upadeza usI rUpa meM varNita hai, ke samAna kisI paigambara ke mAdhyama se diyA gayA Izvara kA sandeza jaisA vaha upaniSadoM meM milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke aneka AkhyAna, hI, apitu vaha una arhatoM va RSiyoM kI vANI kA saGkalana hai, jinhoMne upadeza evaM kathAe~ mAtra nAma-bheda ke sAtha mahAbhArata meM bhI upalabdha apanI tapasyA aura sAdhanA dvArA satya kA prakAza prApta kiyA thaa| haiN| prastuta prasaGga meM vistArabhaya se vaha saba tulanAtmaka vivecana prastuta jano ke lie Agama jinavANI hai, Aptavacana hai, unake dharma-darzana karanA sambhava nahIM hai| inake tulanAtmaka adhyayana hetu icchuka pAThakoM ___ aura sAdhanA kA AdhAra hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM jainadharma kA digambara ko apanI isibhAsiyAI kI bhUmikA evaM 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke sampradAya upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko pramANabhUta nahIM mAnatA hai, AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana' khaNDa 1 evaM 2 dekhane kI kyoMki usakI dRSTi meM ina AgamoM meM kucha aisA prakSipta aMza hai, anuzaMsA ke sAtha isa carcA ko yahIM virAma detA hai| jo unakI mAnyatAoM ke viparIta hai| merI dRSTi meM cAhe vartamAna meM upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM kucha prakSipta aMza hoM yA unameM kucha pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama parivartana-parivardhana bhI huA ho, phira bhI ve jainadharma ke prAmANika pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama apane udbhava-srota kI apekSA se dastAveja haiN| unameM aneka aitihAsika tathya upalabdha haiN| unakI pUrNata: samakAlika kahe jA sakate haiM, kyoMki pAlitripiTaka ke pravaktA bhagavAn asvIkRti kA artha apanI prAmANikatA ko hI nakAranA hai| zvetAmbara buddha aura jainAgamoM ke pravaktA bhagavAna mahAvIra samakAlika hI haiN| isalie mAnya ina ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye donoM ke prArambhika granthoM kA racanAkAla bhI samasAmayika hai| dUsare I0pU0 pA~cavIM zatI se lekara IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI arthAt lagabhaga jaina-paramparA aura bauddha-paramparA donoM hI bhAratIya saMskRti kI zramaNadhArA eka hajAra varSa meM jaina saMgha ke car3hAva-utAra kI eka prAmANika kahAnI ke aGga haiM ata: donoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana-dRSTi eka hI hai| isa tathya kaha dete haiN| kI puSTi jainAgamoM aura pAlitripiTaka ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se ho jAtI hai| donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se nivRttiparaka jIvana-dRSTi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa ko apanAyA gayA hai aura sadAcAra evaM naitikatA kI prasthApanA ke vartamAna meM jo Agama grantha upalabdha haiM, unheM nimna rUpa meM vargIkRta prayatna kiye gaye haiM, ata: viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se bhI donoM hI paramparAoM kiyA jAtA haike sAhitya meM samAnatA hai| uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika evaM kucha prakIrNakoM kI aneka gAthAe~, suttanipAta, dhammapada Adi meM mila jAtI 11 aGga haiN| kintu jahA~ taka donoM ke darzana evaM AcAra niyamoM kA prazna hai, 1. AyAra (AcArAGgaH), 2. sUyagaDa (sUtrakRtAGgaH), 3. ThANa vahA~ spaSTa antara bhI dekhA jAtA hai| kyoMki jahA~ bhagavAn buddha AcAra (sthAnAGgaH), 4. samavAya (samavAyAGgaH), 5.viyAhapatratti (vyAkhyAprajJaptiH ke kSetra meM madhyamamArgI the, vahA~ mahAvIra tapa, tyAga aura titIkSA para yA bhagavatI), 6. nAyAdhammakahAo (jJAtAdharmakathA:), 7. uvAsagadasAo adhika bala de rahe the| isa prakAra AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM kI dRSTiyA~ (upAsakadazA:), 8. aMtagaDadasAo (antakRddazA:), 9. anuttarovavAiya
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 dasAo (anuttaraupapAtikadazA:), 10. paNhAvAgaraNAI (praznavyAkaraNAni), dazavaikAlika mAnya rahe haiM, apitu yApanIya AcArya aparAjita (navIM 11. vivAgasurya (vipAkazrutam), 12. dRSTivAdaH (diTThivAya), jo zatI) ne to dazavaikAlika kI TIkA bhI likhI thii| vicchinna huA hai| 6. chedasUtra 12 upAGga chedasUtroM ke antargata vartamAna meM 1. AyAradazA (dazAzrutaskandha), 1. uvavAiyaM (aupapAtikaM), 2. rAyapaseNaija (rAjaprasenajitkaM) 2. kappa (kalpa), 3. vavahAra (vyavahAra), 4. nisIha (nizItha), athavA rAyapaseNiyaM (rAjapraznIya), 3. jIvAjIvAbhigama, 4. paNNavaNA 5. 'mahAnizItha aura 6. jIyakappa (jItakalpa)- ye chaha grantha mAne (prajJApanA), 5. sUrapaNNatti (sUryaprajJaptiH), 6. jambuddIvapaNNatti (jambUdvIpa- jAte haiN| inameM se mahAnizItha aura jItakalpa ko zvetAmbaroM kI terApanthI prajJaptiH), 7. caMdapaNNatti (candraprajJaptiH),8-12.nirayAvaliyAsuyakkhaMdha aura sthAnakavAsI sampradAyeM mAnya nahIM karatI haiN| ve donoM mAtra cAra (nirayAvalikAzrutaskandhaH), 8. nirayAvaliyAo (nirayAvalikAH), hI chedasUtra mAnate haiN| jabaki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya uparyukta 6 9. kappavaDiMsiyAo (kalpAvataMsikA:), 10. puphiyAo (puSpikA:), chedasUtroM ko mAnatA hai| jahA~ taka digambara aura yApanIya paramparA kA 11. puSphacUlAo (puSpacUlA:), 12. vaNhidasAo (vRssnnidshaa:)| prazna hai unameM aGgabAhya granthoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra aura nizItha kA ullekha milatA hai| yApanIya sampradAya ke granthoM meM na kevala inakA ullekha jahA~ taka uparyukta aGga aura upAGga granthoM kA prazna hai| zvetAmbara milatA hai, apitu inake avataraNa bhI diye gaye haiN| Azcarya yaha hai paramparA ke sabhI sampradAya inheM mAnya karate haiN| jabaki digambara sampradAya ki vartamAna meM digambara paramparA meM pracalita mUlata: yApanIya paramparA inhIM gyAraha aGgasUtroM ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki aGgasUtra ke prAyazcitta sambandhI grantha "chedapiNDazAstra" meM kalpa aura vyavahAra vartamAna meM vilupta ho gaye haiN| upAGgasUtroM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara paramparA ke prAmANya ke sAtha-sAtha jItakalpa kA bhI prAmANya svIkAra kiyA ke sabhI sampradAyoM meM ekarUpatA hai, kintu digambara paramparA meM bAraha gayA hai| isa prakAra digambara evaM yApanIya paramparAoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra, upAGgoM kI na to koI mAnyatA rahI aura na ve vartamAna meM ina granthoM nizItha aura jItakalpa kI mAnyatA rahI hai, yadyapi vartamAna meM digambara ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| yadyapi jambUdvIpaprajJapti, dvIpasAgaraprajJapti AcArya inheM mAnya nahIM karate haiN| Adi nAmoM se unake yahA~ kucha grantha avazya pAye jAte haiN| sAtha hI sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti ko bhI unake dvArA dRSTivAda 10 prakIrNaka ke parikarma vibhAga ke antargata svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| isake antargata nimna dasa grantha mAne jAte haiM - 1. causaraNa (catuHzaraNa), 2. AurapaccakkhANa (AturapratyAkhyAna), 4 mUlasUtra 3. bhattaparitrA (bhaktaparijJA), 4. saMthAraya (saMstAraka), 5. taMDulaveyAliya sAmAnyatayA (1) uttarAdhyayana, (2) dazavaikAlika, (3) Avazyaka (taMdulavaicArika), 6. caMdavejjhaya (candravedhyaka), 7. devindatthaya aura (4) piNDaniyukti-ye cAra mUlasUtra mAne gaye haiN| phira bhI mUlasUtroM (devendrastava), 8. gaNivijjA (gaNividyA), 9. mahApaccakkhANa kI saMkhyA aura nAmoM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM ekarUpatA (mahApratyAkhyAna) aura 10 vIratthaya (viirstv)| nahIM hai| jahA~ taka uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika kA prazna hai inheM zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI ina prakIrNakoM sabhI zvetAmbara sampradAyoM evaM AcAryoM ne eka mata se mUlasUtra mAnA ko mAnya nahIM karate haiN| yadyapi merI dRSTi meM inameM unakI paramparA ke hai| samayasundara, bhAvaprabhasUri tathA pAzcAttya vidvAnoM meM pro.byUhalara, pro. viruddha aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai, jisase inheM amAnya kiyA jaaye| inameM zArapenTiyara, pro. vinTarnitz2a, pro.zubiMga Adi ne eka svara se Avazyaka se 9 prakIrNakoM kA ullekha to nandIsUtra meM mila jAtA hai| ata: inheM ko mUlasUtra mAnA hai, kintu sthAnakavAsI evaM terApanthI sampradAya amAnya karane kA koI aucitya nahIM hai| hamane isakI vistRta carcA Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra ke antargata nahIM mAnate haiN| ye donoM sampradAya Agama saMsthAna, udayapura se prakAzita 'mahApaccakkhANa' kI bhUmikA Avazyaka evaM piNDaniyukti ke sthAna para nandI aura anuyogadvAra ko meM kI hai| jahA~ taka dasa prakIrNakoM ke nAma Adi kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara mUlasUtra mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM kucha AcAryoM ne mUrtipUjaka sampradAya ke AcAryoM meM bhI kiMcit matabheda pAyA jAtA piNDaniyukti ke sAtha-sAtha oghaniyukti ko bhI mUlasUtra meM mAnA hai| hai| lagabhaga 9 nAmoM meM to ekarUpatA hai kintu bhattaparinnA, maraNavidhi isa prakAra mUlasUtroM ke vargIkaraNa aura unake nAmoM meM ekarUpatA kA aura vIrastava ye tIna nAma aise haiM jo bhinna-bhinna AcAryoM ke vargIkaraNa abhAva hai| digambara paramparA meM ina mUlasUtroM meM se dazavaikAlika, meM bhinna-bhinna rUpa se Aye haiN| kisI ne bhaktaparijJA ko chor3akara maraNavidhi uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka mAnya rahe haiN| tattvArtha kI digambara TIkAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai to kisI ne usake sthAna para vIrastava kA ullekha meM, dhavalA meM tathA aGgapaNNatti meM inakA ullekha hai| jJAtavya hai ki kiyA hai| muni zrI puNyavijayajI ne 'paiNNayasuttAI' ke prathama bhAga aGgapaNNatti meM nandIsUtra kI bhA~ti hI Avazyaka ke chaha vibhAga kiye kI bhUmikA meM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita lagabhaga 22 granthoM kA ullekha gaye haiN| yApanIya paramparA meM bhI na kevala Avazyaka, uttarAdhyayana evaM kiyA hai| inameM se adhikAMza mahAvIra vidyAlaya se paiNNayasuttAiM nAma
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza se 2 bhAgoM meM prakAzita haiN| aGgavidyA kA prakAzana prAkRta TeksTa sthAna para pUrvokta tIsa prakIrNaka mAnate haiN| isake sAtha dasa niyuktiyoM sosAyaTI kI ora se huA hai| ye bAIsa nimna haiM tathA yatijItakalpa, zrAddhajItakalpa, pAkSikasUtra, kSamApanAsUtra, vandittu, 1. catuHzaraNa, 2. AturapratyAkhyAna, 3. bhaktaparijJA, 4.saMstAraka, tithi-prakaraNa, kavacaprakaraNa, saMzaktaniyukti aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya 5. taMdulavaicArika, 6. candravedhyaka, 7. devendrastava, 8. gaNividyA, ko bhI AgamoM meM sammilita karate haiN| 9. mahApratyAkhyAna, 10. vIrastava, 11. RSibhASita, 12. ajIvakalpa, isa prakAra vartamAnakAla meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko 13. gacchAcAra, 14. maraNasamAdhi, 15. titthogAliya, 16. ArAdha- aGga, upAGga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra ke rUpa meM vargIkRta nApatAkA, 17. dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, 18. jyotiSkaraNDaka, 19.aGgavidyA, kiyA jAtA hai, kintu yaha vargIkaraNa paryApta paravartI hai| 12vIM zatI 20. siddhaprAbhRta, 21. sArAvalI aura 22. jiivvibhkti| se pUrva ke granthoM meM isa prakAra ke vargIkaraNa kA kahIM ullekha nahIM isake atirikta eka hI nAma ke aneka prakIrNaka bhI upalabdha milatA hai| vargIkaraNa kI yaha zailI sarvaprathama hameM AcArya zrIcanda hote haiM, yathA- "AurapaccakkhAna" ke nAma se tIna grantha upalabdha kI 'sukhabodhA samAcArI' (I0san 1112) meM AMzika rUpa se upalabdha hote haiN| unameM se eka to dasavIM zatI ke AcArya vIrabhadra kI hotI hai| isameM Agama-sAhitya ke adhyayana kA jo krama diyA gayA kRti hai| hai usase kevala itanA hI pratiphalita hotA hai ki aGga, upAGga Adi inameM se nandI aura pAkSikasUtra ke utkAlika sUtroM ke varga meM kI avadhAraNA usa yuga meM bana cukI thii| kintu vartamAnakAla meM jisa devendrastava, taMdulavaicArika, candravedhyaka, gaNividyA, maraNavibhakti, prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaisA vargIkaraNa usa samaya taka AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna ye sAta nAma pAye jAte haiM aura bhI pUrNa rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM huA thaa| usameM mAtra aGga-upAGga, prakIrNaka kAlikasUtroM ke varga meM RSibhASita aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti ye do nAma itane hI nAma milate haiN| vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM nandIsUtra va pAye jAte haiN| isa prakAra nandI evaM pAkSikasUtra meM nau prakIrNakoM kA anuyogadvArasUtra ko bhI prakIrNakoM meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka samAja ke kucha sukhabodhAsamAcArI kA yaha vivaraNa mukhya rUpa se to Agama granthoM ke AcArya jo 84 Agama mAnate haiM, ve prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA 10 ke adhyayana-krama ko hI sUcita karatA hai| isameM muni-jIvana sambandhI AcAra sthAna para 30 mAnate haiN| isameM pUrvokta 22 nAmoM ke atirikta nimna niyamoM ke pratipAdaka Agama-granthoM ke adhyayana ko prAthamikatA dI gayI 8 prakIrNaka aura mAne gaye haiM- piNDavizuddhi, paryanta-ArAdhanA, hai aura siddhAnta granthoM kA adhyayana bauddhika paripakvatA ke pazcAt yoniprAbhRta, aGgacUliyA, vaGgacUliyA, vRddhacatuHzaraNa, jambUpayannA aura ho aisI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| klpsuutr| isI dRSTi se eka anya vivaraNa jinaprabha ne apane grantha jahA~ taka digambara paramparA evaM yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai, ve 'vidhimArgaprapA' meM diyA hai| isameM vartamAna meM ullikhita AgamoM ke spaSTata: ina prakIrNakoM ko mAnya nahIM karatI haiM, phira bhI mUlAcAra meM nAma to mila jAte haiM, kintu kauna Agama kisa varga kA hai, yaha ullekha AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna se aneka gAthAe~ usake saMkSipta nahIM hai| mAtra pratyeka varga ke AgamoM ke nAma eka sAtha Ane ke kAraNa pratyAkhyAna aura bRhat-pratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyAyoM meM avatarita kI yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya taka cAhe aGga, upAGga gaI haiN| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA meM bhI maraNavibhakti, ArAdhanApatAkA / Adi kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pUrNata: sthira na huA ho, kintu jaisA Adi aneka prakIrNakoM kI gAthAe~ avatarita haiN| jJAtavya hai ki inameM padmabhUSaNa paM0 dalasukhabhAI kA kathana hai ki kauna grantha kisake sAtha aGga bAhyoM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai| ullikhita honA cAhie aisA eka krama bana gayA thA, kyoMki usameM aGga, upAGga, cheda, mUla, prakIrNaka evaM cUlikAsUtroM ke nAma eka hI 2 cUlikAsUtra sAtha milate haiN| vidhimArgaprapA meM aGga, upAGga granthoM kA pArasparika cUlikAsUtra ke antargata nandIsUtra aura anuyogadvAra- ye do grantha sambandha bhI nizcita kiyA gayA thaa| mAtra yahI nahIM eka matAntara kA mAne jAte haiN| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM ki sthAnakavAsI ullekha karate hue usameM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki kucha AcArya paramparA inheM cUlikAsUtra na kahakara mUlasUtra meM vargIkRta karatI hai| phira candraprajJapti evaM sUryaprajJapti ko bhagavatI kA upAGga mAnate haiN| jinaprabha bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ye donoM grantha zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM ne isa grantha meM sarvaprathama vAcanAvidhi ke prArambha meM aGga, upAGga, prakIrNaka, ko mAnya rahe haiN| cheda aura mUla- ina vargoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne vidhimArgaprapA ___isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki 11 aGga, 12 upAGga, 4 mUla, ko I0 san 1306 meM pUrNa kiyA thA, ata: yaha mAnA jA sakatA 6 cheda, 10 prakIrNaka, 2 cUlikAsUtra-ye 45 Agama zvetAmbara hai ki isake Asa-pAsa hI AgamoM kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pracalana meM mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM mAnya haiN| sthAnakavAsI va terApanthI isameM se 10 AyA hogaa| prakIrNaka, jItakalpa, mahAnizItha aura piNDaniyukti- ina 13 granthoM ko kama karake 32 Agama mAnya karate haiN| AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI .. jo loga caurAsI Agama mAnya karate haiM ve dasa prakIrNakoM ke ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI isase .
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 bhinna rahI hai| isa prAcIna zailI kA sarvaprathama nirdeza hameM nandIsUtra evaM 3. kalpa 3. cullakalpazruta pAkSikasUtra (IsvI san pA~cavIM zatI) meM milatA hai| usa yuga meM AgamoM 4. vyavahAra 4. mahAkalpazruta ko aGgapraviSTa va aGgabAhya- ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA 5. nizItha 5. nizItha thaa| aGgapraviSTa ke antargata AcArAGga Adi 12 aGga Ate the| zeSa 8. mahAnizItha 6. rAjapraznIya grantha aGgabAhya kahe jAte the| usameM aGgabAhyoM kI eka saMjJA prakIrNaka 7. RSibhASita 7. jIvAbhigama bhI thii| aGgaprajJapti nAmaka digambara grantha meM bhI aGgabAhyoM ko prakIrNaka 8. prajJApanA kahA gayA hai| aGgabAhya ko puna: do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA thA- 9. dvIpasAgaraprajJapti 9. mahAprajJApanA 1. Avazyaka aura 2. aavshyk-vytirikt| Avazyaka ke antargata 10. candraprajJapti 10. pramAdApramAda sAmAyika Adi chaH grantha the| jJAtavya hai ki vartamAna vargIkaraNa meM 11. kSullikAvimAnapravibhakti 11. nandI Avazyaka ko eka hI grantha mAnA jAtA hai aura sAmAyika Adi chaH 12. mahallikAvimAnapravibhakti 12. anuyogadvAra Avazyaka aGgoM ko usake eka-eka adhyAya rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai, 13. aGgacUlikA 13. devendrastava kintu prAcInakAla meM inheM chaH svatantra grantha mAnA jAtA thaa| isakI 14. vaggacUlikA 14. tandulavaicArika puSTi aGgapaNNatti Adi digambara granthoM se bhI ho jAtI hai| unameM bhI 15. candravedhyaka sAmAyika Adi ko cha: svatantra grantha mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi usameM 16. aruNopapAta 16. sUryaprajJapti kAyotsarga evaM pratyAkhyAna ke sthAna para vainayika evaM kRtikarma nAma 17. varuNopapAta 17. pauruSImaNDala milate haiN| Avazyaka-vyatirikta ke bhI do bhAga kiye jAte the- 18. garuDopapAta 18. maNDalapraveza 1. kAlika aura 2. utkaalik| jinakA svAdhyAya vikAla ko chor3akara 19. dharaNopapAta 19. vidyAcaraNa vinizcaya kiyA jAtA thA, ve kAlika kahalAte the, jabaki utkAlika granthoM ke 20. vaizramaNopapAta 20. gaNividyA adhyayana yA svAdhyAya meM kAla evaM vikAla kA vicAra nahIM kiyA 21. velandharopapAta 21. dhyAnavibhakti jAtA thaa| nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra ke anusAra AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa 22. devendropapAta 22. maraNavibhakti kI sUcI nimnAnusAra hai - 23. utthAnazruta 23. Atmavizodhi 24. samutthAnazruta 24. vItarAgazruta zruta (Agama) 25. nAgaparijJApanikA 25. saMlekhaNAzruta 26. nirayAvalikA 26. vihArakalpa (ka) aGgapraviSTa (kha) aGgabAhya 27. kalpikA 27. caraNavidhi 28. kalpAvataMsikA 28. AturapratyAkhyAna 1. AcArAGga 29. puSpitA 29. mahApratyAkhyAna 2. sUtrakRtAGga (ka) Avazyaka (kha) Avazyaka vyatirikta 30. puSpacUlikA 3. sthAnAGga 31. vRSNidazA 4. samavAyAGga 1. sAmAyika 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti 2. caturviMzatistava isa prakAra nandIsUtra meM 12 aGga, 6 Avazyaka, 31 kAlika 6. jJAtAdharmakathA 3. vandanA evaM 29 utkAlika sahita 78 AgamoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya 7. upAsakadazAGga 4. pratikramaNa hai ki Aja inameM se aneka grantha anupalabdha haiN| 8. antakRddazAGga 5. kAyotsarga 9. anuttaraupapAtikadazAMga6. pratyAkhyAna yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa 10. prazravyAkaraNa yApanIya aura digambara paramparAoM meM jaina Agama-sAhitya ke 11.vipAkasUtra vargIkaraNa kI jo zailI mAnya rahI hai, vaha bhI bahuta kucha nandIsUtra 12. dRSTivAda kI zailI ke hI anurUpa hai| unhoMne use umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra se grahaNa kiyA hai| usameM AgamoM ko aGga aura aGgabAhya aise do (ka) kAlika (kha) utkAlika vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| inameM aGgoM kI bAraha saMkhyA kA 1. uttarAdhyayana 2. dazAzrutaskandha 1. dazavaikAlika 2. kalpikAkalpika nahIM hai| mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai aGgabAhya aneka prakAra ke haiN| kintu apane tattvArthabhASya (1/20) meM AcArya umAsvAti ne aGga-bAhya ke
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza antargata sarvaprathama sAmAyika Adi chaH AvazyakoM kA ullekha kiyA aGga bAhyoM ko Avazyaka aura Avazyaka-vyatirikta, aise do vibhAgoM dhyayana, dazA, kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha meM bA~TA jAtA thaa| Avazyaka-vyatirikta meM bhI kAlika aura utkAlika aura RSibhASita ke nAma dekara anta meM Adi zabda se anya granthoM aise do vibhAga sarvamAnya the| lagabhaga gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI ke bAda kA grahaNa kiyA hai| kintu aGgabAhya meM spaSTa nAma to unhoMne kevala se aGga, upAGga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra-yaha vartamAna bAraha hI diye haiN| isameM kalpa-vyavahAra kA ekIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| vargIkaraNa astitva meM AyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara evaM digambara eka anya sUcanA se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki tattvArthabhASya meM upAGga donoM paramparAoM meM sabhI aGgabAhya AgamoM ke lie prakIrNaka (paiNNaya) saMjJA kA nirdeza hai| ho sakatA hai ki pahale 12 aGgoM ke samAna hI nAma bhI pracalita rahA hai| 12 upAGga mAne jAte hoN| tattvArthasUtra ke TIkAkAra pUjyapAda, akalaGka, vidyAnandI Adi digambara AcAryoM ne aGgabAhya meM na kevala uttarAdhyayana, ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya kI prAcInatA evaM racanAkAla dazavakAlika Adi granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu kAlika evaM bhArata jaise vizAla deza meM atiprAcInakAla se hI aneka boliyoM utkAlika aise vargoM kA bhI nAma nirdeza (1/20) kiyA hai| harivaMzapurANa kA astitva rahA hai, kintu sAhityika dRSTi se bhArata meM tIna prAcIna evaM dhavalATIkA meM AgamoM kA jo vargIkaraNa upalabdha hotA hai usameM bhASAe~ pracalita rahI haiM- saMskRta, prAkRta aura paali| inameM saMskRta 12 aGgoM evaM 14 aGgabAhyoM kA ullekha hai| usameM bhI aGgabAhyoM ke do rUpa pAye jAte haiM- chAndas aura sAhityika sNskRt| veda meM sarvaprathama cha: AvazyakoM kA ullekha hai, tatpazcAt dazavaikAlika, chAndas saMskRta meM hai, jo pAli aura prAkRta ke nikaTa hai| upaniSadoM uttarAdhyayana, kalpa-vyavahAra, kappAkappIya (kalpikAkalpika), mahAkappIya kI bhASA chAndas kI apekSA sAhityika saMskRta ke adhika nikaTa (mahAkalpa), puNDarIka, mahApuNDarIka va nizItha kA ullekha hai| isa hai| prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha jo sAhitya upalabdha hai, usameM ardhamAgadhI prakAra dhavalA meM 12 aGga aura 14 aGgabAhyoM kI gaNanA kI gyii| Agama sAhitya prAcInatama hai| yahA~ taka ki AcArAGga kA prathama zrutaskandha isameM bhI kalpa aura vyavahAra ko eka hI grantha mAnA gayA hai| jJAtavya aura RSibhASita to azokakAlIna prAkRta abhilekhoM se bhI prAcIna hai ki tattvArthabhASya kI apekSA isameM kappAkappIya, mahAkappIya, puNDarIka hai| ye donoM grantha lagabhaga I0pU0 pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanAe~ aura mahApuNDarIka-ye cAra nAma adhika haiN| kintu bhASya meM ullikhita haiN| AcArAGga kI sUtrAtmaka aupaniSadika zailI use upaniSadoM kA dazA aura RSibhASita ko chor3a diyA gayA hai| isameM jo cAra nAma nikaTavartI aura svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI siddha karatI hai| bhAva, adhika haiM- unameM kappAkappIya aura mahAkappIya kA ullekha bhASA aura zailI tInoM ke AdhAra para yaha sampUrNa pAli aura prAkRta nandIsUtra meM bhI hai, mAtra puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka ye do nAma sAhitya meM prAcInatama hai| AtmA ke svarUpa evaM astitva sambandhI vizeSa haiN| isake vivaraNa aupaniSadika vivaraNoM ke anurUpa haiN| isameM pratipAdita digambara paramparA meM AcArya zubhacandra kRta aGgaprajJapti (aGgapaNNatti) mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta bhI alaukikatA aura atizayatA rahita hai| aisA nAmaka eka grantha milatA hai| yaha grantha dhavalATIkA ke pazcAt kA pratIta pratIta hotA hai ki yaha vivaraNa bhI usI vyakti dvArA kahA gayA hai, hotA hai| isameM dhavalATIkA meM varNita 12 aGgapraviSTa va 14 aGgabAhya jisane svayaM unakI jIvanacaryA ko nikaTatA se dekhA aura jAnA hogaa| granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| isameM aGgabAhya granthoM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM hI sUtrakRtAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa saMkSipta hI hai| isa grantha meM aura digambara chaThe adhyAya, AcAraGgacUlA aura kalpasUtra meM bhI mahAvIra kI jIvanacaryA paramparA ke anya granthoM meM aGgabAhyoM ko prakIrNaka bhI kahA gayA hai kA ullekha hai, kintu ve bhI AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI apekSA (3.10) / isameM kahA gayA hai ki sAmAyika pramukha 14 prakIrNaka paravartI haiM, kyoMki unameM kramaza: alaukikatA, atizayatA aura aGgabAhya haiN| isameM diye gaye viSaya-vastu ke vivaraNa se lagatA hai atiraJjanA kA praveza hotA gayA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita kI ki yaha vivaraNa mAtra anuzruti ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai, mUla sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se rahita udAradRSTi tathA bhAva aura bhASAgata granthoM ko lekhaka ne nahIM dekhA hai| isameM bhI puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka aneka tathya use AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara sampUrNa kA ullekha hai| ina donoM granthoM kA ullekha zvetAmbara paramparA meM mujhe prAkRta evaM pAlisAhitya meM prAcInatama siddha karate haiN| pAlisAhitya kahIM nahIM milaa| yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA ke sUtrakRtAGga meM eka adhyayana meM prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta mAnA jAtA hai, kintu aneka tathyoM ke kA nAma puNDarIka avazya milatA hai| prakIrNakoM meM eka sArAvalI AdhAra para yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki RSibhASita, suttanipAta se bhI prakIrNaka hai| isameM puNDarIka mahAtIrtha (zatruJjaya) kI mahattA kA vistRta prAcIna hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA sthUlibhadra ke samaya vivaraNa hai| sambhava hai ki puNDarIka sArAvalI prakIrNaka kA hI yaha arthAt IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI meM huI thI, ata: itanA nizcit hai ki dUsarA nAma ho| phira bhI spaSTa pramANa ke abhAva meM isa sambandha meM usa samaya taka ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya astitva meM A cukA thaa| adhika kucha kahanA ucita nahIM hogaa| isa prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ke kucha granthoM ke racanAkAla isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prathama zatI se lekara dasavIM zatI kI uttara sImA I.pU. pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI siddha hotI hai, jo ki taka AgamoM ko nandIsUtra kI zailI meM aGga aura aGgabAhya- punaH isa sAhitya kI prAcInatA ko pramANita karatI hai|
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama kAla nirdhArita karate samaya unameM upalabdha sAMskRtika sAmagrI, sAhitya na to eka vyakti kI racanA hai aura na eka kAla kii| yaha satya dArzanika-cintana kI spaSTatA evaM gahanatA, bhASA-zailI Adi sabhI pakSoM hai ki isa sAhitya ko antima rUpa vIranirvANa samvat 980 meM valabhI para prAmANikatA ke sAtha vicAra karanA caahie| isa dRkSiA adhyayana meM sampanna huI vAcanA meM prApta huaa| kintu isa AdhAra para hamAre kucha karane para hI yaha spaSTa bodha ho sakegA ki ardhamAgadhI bhAgA sAhitya vidvAn mitra yaha galata niSkarSa nikAla lete haiM ki ardhamAgadhI Agama kA kauna sA grantha athavA usakA kauna sA aMza-vizeSa kisa kAla sAhitya IsvI san kI pA~cavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| yadi ardhamAgadhI kI racanA hai| Agama IsA kI pA~cavI zatI kI racanA haiM, to valabhI kI isa antima ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza zvetAmbara vAcanA ke pUrva bhI valabhI, mathurA, khaNDagiri aura pATalIputra meM jo paramparA meM hameM sthAnAGga, samavAyAGga, nandIsUtra, nandIcUrNi evaM vAcanAyeM huI thIM unameM saGkalita sAhitya kauna sA thA? unheM yaha smaraNa tattvArthabhASya meM tathA digambara paramparA meM tattvArtha kI TIkAoM ke rakhanA cAhie ki valabhI meM AgamoM ko saGkalita, suvyavasthita aura sAtha-sAtha dhavalA, jayadhavalA meM milate haiN| tattvArthasUtra kI digambara sampAdita karake lipibaddha (pustakArUr3ha) kiyA gayA thA, ata: yaha kisI paramparA kI TIkAoM aura dhavalAdi meM unakI viSaya-vastu sambandhI bhI sthiti meM unakA racanAkAla nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| saGkalana aura nirdeza mAtra anuzrutiparaka hai, ve granthoM ke vAstavika adhyayana para sampAdana kA artha racanA nahIM hai| punaH AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu, bhASA AdhArita nahIM haiN| unameM diyA gayA vivaraNa tattvArthabhASya evaM paramparA aura zailI kI jo vividhatA aura bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai, vaha se prApta sUcanAoM para AdhArita hai| jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAGga, spaSTatayA isa tathya kI pramANa hai ki saGkalana aura sampAdana ke samavAyAGga, nandI Adi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura unakI vyAkhyAoM samaya unakI maulikatA ko yathAvat rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, evaM TIkAoM meM unakI viSaya-vastu kA jo vivaraNa hai vaha una granthoM anyathA Aja unakA prAcIna svarUpa samApta hI ho jAtA aura ke avalokana para AdhArita hai kyoMki prathama to isa paramparA meM AgamoM AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI bhASA aura zailI bhI parivartita ho ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA Aja taka jIvita calI A rahI jAtI tathA usake upadhAnazruta nAmaka naveM adhyayana meM varNita hai| dUsare, Agama-granthoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kAlakrama se kyA parivartana mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta alaukikatA evaM atizayoM se yukta bana huA hai, isakI sUcanA zvetAmbara paramparA ke uparyukta Agama granthoM se jaataa| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kucha prakSipta hI prApta ho jAtI hai| inake adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai aMza haiM, kintu prathama to aise prakSepa bahuta hI kama haiM aura dUsare unheM ki kisa kAla meM kisa Agama grantha meM kauna sI sAmagrI jur3I aura spaSTa rUpa se pahacAnA bhI jA sakatA hai| ata: isa AdhAra para sampUrNa alaga huI hai| AcArAGga meM AcAracUlA aura nizItha ke jur3ane aura ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ko paravartI mAna lenA sabase bar3I punaH nizItha ke alaga hone kI ghaTanA, samavAyAGga aura sthAnAGga meM bhrAnti hogii| samaya-samaya para hue prakSepa, jJAtAdharmakathA ke dvitIya varga meM jur3e hue ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya para kabhI-kabhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke adhyAya, praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu meM huA sampUrNa parivartana, prabhAva ko dekhakara bhI usakI prAcInatA para saMdeha kiyA jAtA hai| kintu ___antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtika evaM vipAka ke adhyayanoM meM hue AMzika prAcIna hastapratoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha parivartana- ina sabakI prAmANika jAnakArI hameM una vivaraNoM kA spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka prAcIna hastapratoM meM Aja bhI unakA 'ta' tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana karane se mila jAtI hai| inameM zrutipradhAna ardhamAgadhI svarUpa surakSita hai| AcArAGga ke prakAzita praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu kA parivartana hI aisA hai, jisake vartamAna saMskaraNoM ke adhyayana se bhI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki paravartIkAla svarUpa kI sUcanA kevala nandIcUrNi (IsvI san sAtavIM zatI) meM milatI meM usameM kitane pAThAntara ho gaye haiN| isa sAhitya para jo mahArASTrI hai| vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa lagabhaga IsvI san kI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI prabhAva A gayA hai vaha lipikAroM aura TIkAkAroM kI apanI bhASA meM astitva meM AyA hai| isa prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya lagabhaga ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAGga kA 'rAmaputte' eka sahasra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM kisa prakAra nirmita, parivardhita, pATha cUrNi meM 'rAmAutte' aura zIlAGka kI TIkA meM 'rAmagutte' ho gyaa| parivartita evaM sampAdita hotA rahA hai isakI sUcanA bhI svayaM ardhamAgadhI ata: ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM, mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara Agama-sAhitya aura usakI TIkAoM se mila jAtI hai| unakI prAcInatA para sandeha nahIM karanA caahiye| apitu una granthoM kI vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama vizeSa yA usake aMza vizeSa ke vibhinna pratoM evaM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkAoM ke AdhAra para racanAkAla kA nirdhAraNa eka jaTila samasyA hai, isa sambandha meM pAThoM ke prAcIna svarUpoM ko surakSita rakhane kA prayatna karanA caahiye| viSaya-vastu sambandhI vivaraNa, vicAroM kA vikAsakrama, bhASA-zailI vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya meM vibhinna kAla kI sAmagrI Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se nirNaya karanA hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM surakSita hai| isakI uttara sImA I0pU0 pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI aura sthAnAGga meM sAta nihnavoM aura nau gaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo ki nimna sImA I0san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI hai| vastuta: ardhamAgadhI vIranirvANa saM0609 athavA usake bAda astitva meM Aye, ata: Agama-sAhitya ke vibhinna granthoM kA yA unake kisI aMza-vizeSa kA viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se sthAnAGga ke racanAkAla kI antima sImA
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza vIranirvANa samvat 609 ke pUrva arthAt IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI AgamoM kA racanAkAla I.san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| kA uttarArdha yA dvitIya zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha siddha hotI hai| isI prakAra DaoN. harmana yAkobI ne yaha nizcita kiyA hai ki AgamoM kA prAcIna AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI viSaya-vastu evaM bhASA-zailI AcArAGga aMza I.pU. cauthI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se lekara I.pU. tIsarI zatAbdI ke racanAkAla ko ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna siddha ke pUrvArddha ke bIca kA hai| na kevala aGga Agama apitu dazAzrutaskandha, karatI hai| ardhamAgadhI Agama ke kAla-nirdhAraNa meM ina sabhI pakSoM para bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra bhI, jinheM AcArya bhadrabAhu kI racanA mAnA vicAra apekSita hai| jAtA hai yAkobI aura zubiMga ke anusAra I.pU. caturtha zatI ke uttarArddha isa prakAra na to hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM kI yaha dRSTi samucita se I.pU. tIsarI zatI ke pUrvArddha meM nirmita haiN| paM. dalasukhabhAI Adi hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama devarddhigaNi kI vAcanA ke samaya arthAt IsA kI mAnyatA hai ki AgamoM kA racanAkAla pratyeka grantha kI bhASA, kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM astitva meM Aye aura na kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM chandayojanA, viSaya-vastu aura upalabdha Antarika aura bAhya sAkSyoM kA yaha kahanA hI samucita hai ki sabhI aGga Agama apane vartamAna ke AdhAra para hI nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArAGga kA prathama svarUpa meM gaNadharoM kI racanA hai aura unameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana, zrutaskandha apanI bhASA-zailI, viSaya-vastu, chandayojanA Adi kI dRSTi parivardhana, prakSepa yA vilopa nahIM huA hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki se mahAvIra kI vANI ke sarvAdhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai| usakI kucha prakSepoM ko chor3akara ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya zaurasenI Agama aupaniSadika zailI bhI yahI batAtI hai ki vaha eka prAcIna grantha hai| sAhitya se prAcIna hai| zaurasenI Agama-sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha usakA kAla kisI bhI sthiti meM I.pU. caturtha zatI ke bAda kA nahIM kasAyapAhuDasutta bhI IsvI san kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se prAcIna ho sktaa| usake dvitIya zrutaskandha ke rUpa meM jo 'AyAracUlA' jor3I nahIM hai| usake pazcAt SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhAnA, gayI hai, vaha bhI I.pU. dUsarI yA prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAGga tiloyapaNNatti, piNDachedazAstra, Avazyaka (pratikamaNasUtra) Adi kA bhI eka prAcIna Agama hai usakI bhASA, chandayojanA evaM usameM vibhinna krama AtA hai, kintu piNDachedazAstra aura Avazyaka (pratikramaNa) ke dArzanika paramparAoM tathA RSiyoM ke jo ullekha mile haiM unake AdhAra atirikta ina sabhI granthoM meM guNasthAna siddhAnta Adi kI upasthiti para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha bhI I.pU. cauthI-tIsarI zatI se se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ye sabhI grantha pA~cavIM zatI ke pazcAt ke bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usake bAda vikasita dArzanika haiN| digambara Avazyaka (pratikramaNa) evaM piNDachedazAstra kA AdhAra mAnyatAoM kA usameM kahI koI ullekha nahIM hai| usameM upalabdha vIrastuti bhI kramaza: zvetAmbara mAnya Avazyaka aura kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha Adi meM bhI atiraJjanAoM kA prAya: abhAva hI hai| aGga AgamoM meM tIsarA chedasUtra hI rahe haiN| unake pratikramaNa sUtra meM bhI vartamAna sUtrakRtAGga krama sthAnAGga kA AtA hai| sthAnAGga, bauddha Agama aGguttaranikAya kI ke teIsa evaM jJAtAdharmakathA ke unnIsa adhyayanoM kA vivaraNa hai tathA zailI kA grantha hai| grantha-lekhana kI yaha zailI bhI prAcIna rahI hai| sthAnAGga piNDachedazAstra meM jItakalpa ke AdhAra para prAyazcitta dene kA nirdeza meM nau gaNoM aura sAta nihnavoM ke ullekha ko chor3akara anya aisA hai| ye yahI siddha karate haiM ki prAkRta Agama-sAhitya meM ardhamAgadhI kucha bhI nahIM hai jisase use paravartI kahA jA ske| ho sakatA hai ki Agama hI prAcInatama hai cAhe unakI antima vAcanA pA~cavIM zatI ke jainadharma ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hone ke kAraNa ye ullekha uttarArdha (I.san 453) meM hI sampanna kyoM na huI ho? usameM antima vAcanA ke samaya prakSipta kiye gaye hoN| usameM jo dasa isa prakAra jahA~ taka AgamoM ke racanAkAla kA prazna hai use I.pU. dazAoM aura usameM pratyeka ke adhyAyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai, vaha pA~cavIM zatAbdI se IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka lagabhaga eka hajAra bhI una AgamoM kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA nirdeza karatA hai| yadi varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM vyApta mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki upalabdha vaha valabhI ke vAcanAkAla meM nirmita huA hotA to usameM dasa dazAoM AgamoM meM sabhI eka kAla kI racanA nahIM haiN| AgamoM ke sandarbha meM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai vaha bhinna hotii| ata: usakI prAcInatA aura vizeSa rUpa se aGga AgamoM ke sambandha meM paramparAgata mAnyatA meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| samavAyAGga, sthAnAGga kI apekSA eka to yahI hai ki ve gaNadharoM dvArA racita hone ke kAraNa I.pU. pA~cavIM paravartI grantha hai| isake prArambha meM dvAdaza aGgoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| zatAbdI kI racanA haiN| kintu dUsarI ora kucha vidvAn unheM valabhI meM sAtha hI isameM uttarAdhyayana ke 36, RSibhASita ke 44, sUtrakRtAGga saGkalita evaM sampAdita kiye jAne ke kAraNa IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI ke 23, sUtrakRtAGga prathama zrutaskandha ke 16, AcArAGga ke cUlikA kI racanA mAna lete haiN| merI dRSTi meM ye donoM hI mata samIcIna nahIM sahita 25 adhyayana, dazA, kalpa, vyavahAra ke 26 adhyayana Adi haiN| devardhi ke saGkalana, sampAdana evaM tADapatroM para lekhana kAla ko kA ullekha hone se itanA to nizcita hai ki yaha grantha isameM nirdiSTa unakA racanAkAla nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| aGga Agama to prAcIna hI AgamoM ke svarUpa ke nirdhArita hone ke pazcAt hI banA hogaa| puna: hai| IsA pUrva cauthI zatI meM pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM jina dvAdaza aGgoM isameM caturdaza guNasthAnoM kA jIvasthAna ke rUpa meM spaSTa ullekha milatA kI vAcanA huI thI, ve nizcita rUpa se usake pUrva hI bane hoNge| yaha hai| yaha nizcita hai ki guNasthAna kA yaha siddhAnta umAsvAti ke pazcAt satya hai ki AgamoM meM devardhi kI vAcanA ke samaya athavA usake bAda arthAt IsA kI caturtha zatI ke bAda hI astitva meM AyA hai| yadi bhI kucha prakSepa hue hoM, kintu una prakSepoM ke AdhAra para sabhI aGga isameM jIvaThANa ke rUpa meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke ullekha ko bAda meM
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________________ 10 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 prakSipta bhI mAna liyA jAya to bhI apanI bhASA-zailI aura viSaya-vastu ullikhita isake dasa adhyAyoM kI carcA hotI rahI hai| ho sakatA hai kI dRSTi se isakA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI 3-4 zatI se pahale kA ki isakI mAthurI vAcanA meM ye dasa adhyayana rahe hoNge| nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai usake kucha aMza prAcIna hoM, lekina Aja unheM bahuta kucha yahI sthiti anuttaraupapAtikadazA kI hai| sthAnAGgasUtra khoja pAnA ati kaThina kArya hai| jahA~ taka bhagavatIsUtra kA prazna hai, kI sUcanA ke anusAra isameM nimna dasa adhyayana kahe gaye haiMvidvAnoM ke anusAra isase aneka stara haiN| isameM kucha stara avazya 1. RSidAsa, 2. dhanya, 3. sunakSatra, 4. kArtika, 5. saMsthAna, hI I.pU. ke haiM, kintu samavAyAGga kI bhA~ti bhagavatI meM bhI paryApta 6.zAlibhadra, 7. Ananda, 8. tetalI, 9. dazArNabhadra, 10. atimukti| prakSepa huA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM aneka sthaloM para jIvAjIvAbhigama, upalabdha anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM tIna varga haiM, usameM dvitIya varga meM prajJApanA, anuyogadvAra, nandI Adi paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza huA RSidAsa, dhanya aura sunakSatra aise tIna adhyayana milate haiM inameM bhI hai| inake ullekha hone se yaha spaSTa hai ki isake sampAdana ke samaya dhanya kA adhyayana hI vistRta hai| sunakSatra aura RSidAsa ke vivaraNa isameM ye aura isI prakAra kI anya sUcanAyeM de dI gayI haiN| isase atyanta saMkSepa meM hI haiN| sthAnAGga meM ullikhita zeSa sAta adhyAya yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki vallabhI vAcanA meM isameM paryApta rUpa se vartamAna anuttaraupapAtikasUtra meM upalabdha nahIM hote| isase yaha pratIta parivardhana aura saMzodhana avazya huA hai, phira bhI isake kucha zatakoM hotA hai ki yaha grantha valabhI vAcanA ke samaya hI apane vartamAna svarUpa kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| kucha pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAn isake meM AyA hogaa| prAcIna evaM paravartI staroM ke pRthakkaraNa kA kArya kara rahe haiN| unake jahA~ taka praznavyAkaraNadazA kA prazna hai itanA nizcita hai ki vartamAna niSkarSa prApta hone para hI isakA racanAkAla nizcita kiyA jA praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu na kevala sthAnAGga meM ullikhita sakatA hai| viSaya-vastu se bhinna hai, apitu nandI aura samavAyAGga kI ullikhita upAsakadazA Agama-sAhitya meM zrAvakAcAra kA varNana karane vaalaa| viSaya-vastu se bhI bhinna hai| prazravyAkaraNa kI vartamAna Asrava aura prathama grantha hai| sthAnAGgasUtra meM ullikhita isake dasa adhyayanoM aura saMvara dvAra vAlI viSaya-vastu kA sarvaprathama nirdeza nandIcUrNi meM milatA unakI viSaya-vastu meM kisI prakAra ke parivartana hone ke saGketa nahIM hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNasUtra nandI ke milate haiN| ata: maiM samajhatA hU~ ki yaha grantha bhI apane vartamAna svarUpa pazcAt I.san kI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatI ke madhya hI kabhI nirmita huA meM I.pU. kI hI racanA hai aura isake kisI bhI adhyayana kA vilopa hai| itanA to nizcita hai ki nandI ke racayitA devavAcaka ke sAmane nahIM huA hai| zrAvakavratoM ko aNuvrata aura zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM vargIkRta yaha grantha apane vartamAna svarUpa meM nahIM thaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA, karane ke sambandha meM tattvArthasUtra meM spaSTata: isakA anusaraNa dekhA jAtA antakRddazA aura anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM jo parivartana hue the, ve hai| ata: yaha tattvArtha se arthAt IsA kI tIsarI zatI se paravartI nahIM nandIsUtrakAra ke pUrva ho cuke the, kyoMki ve unake isa parivartita svarUpa ho sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki anuttaraupapAtika meM upalabdha vargIkaraNa kA vivaraNa dete haiN| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA maiMne apane eka svatantra paravartI hai, kyoMki usameM guNavrata kI avadhAraNA A gayI hai| lekha meM kI hai jo 'jaina Agama-sAhitya', sampAdaka DaoN. ke.Ara.candrA, ___aGga Agama sAhitya meM antakRddazA kI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha ahamadAbAda, meM prakAzita hai|* hameM sthAnAGga sUtra meM milatA hai| isameM isake nimna dasa adhyAya ullikhita isI prakAra jaba hama upAGga sAhitya kI ora Ate haiM to usameM haiM- nami, mAtaGga, somila, rAmaputta, sudarzana, jamAli, bhagAli, rAyapaseNiyasutta meM rAjA paseNIya dvArA AtmA ke astitva ke sambandha kiMkima, pallatetiya, phAla ambddputr| inameM se sudarzana sambandhI kucha meM jo prazna uThAye gaye haiM unakA vivaraNa hameM pAlitripiTaka meM bhI upalabdha aMza ko chor3akara vartamAna antakRddazAsUtra meM ye koI bhI adhyayana nahIM hotA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki aupapAtika kA yaha aMza milate haiN| kintu samavAyAGga aura nandIsUtra meM kramaza: isake sAta aura kama se kama pAlitripiTaka jitanA prAcIna to hai hii| jIvAjIvAbhigama ATha vargoM ke ullekha milate haiN| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki ke racanAkAla ko nizcita rUpa se batA pAnA to kaThina hai, kintu isakI sthAnAGga meM ullikhita antakRddazA kA prAcIna aMza vilupta ho gayA viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vaha grantha I.pU. hai| yadyapi samavAyAGga aura nandI meM kramaza: isake sAta evaM ATha vargoM kI racanA honI caahiye| upAGga sAhitya meM prajJApanAsUtra ko to spaSTata: kA ullekha hone se itanA taya hai ki vartamAna antakRddazA samavAyAGga / Arya zyAma kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai| Arya zyAma kA AcAryakAla aura nandI kI racanA ke samaya astitva meM A gayA thaa| ata: isakA vI.ni.saM. 335-376 ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| ata: isakA racanAkAla vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatI kA hai| usake prAcIna dasa I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI ke lagabhaga nizcita hotA hai| adhyAyoM ke jo ullekha hameM sthAnAGga meM milate haiM, unhIM dasa adhyayanoM isI prakAra upAGga varga ke antargata varNita candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti ke ullekha digambara evaM yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM meM yathA akalaGka aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti- ye tIna prajJaptiyA~ bhI prAcIna hI haiN| vartamAna ke rAjavArtika, dhavalA, aGgaprajJapti Adi meM bhI milate haiN| isase yaha meM candraprajJapti aura sUryaprajJapti meM koI bheda nahIM dikhAI detA hai| kintu phalita hotA hai ki isa aGga Agama ke prAcIna svarUpa ke vilupta sUryaprajJapita meM jyotiSa sambandhI jo carcA hai vaha vedAGga jyotiSa ke ho jAne ke pazcAt bhI mAthurI vAcanA kI anazrati se sthAnAGga meM : 1. isa grantha meM bhI yaha lekha prakAzita hai|
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________________ 11 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza samAna hai, isase isakI prAcInatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| yaha grantha kisI bhI saMgha-bheda yA sampradAya-bheda ke pUrva kI racanA haiN| ata: inakI prAcInatA bhI sthiti meM I.pU. prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| ina tInoM prajJaptiyoM meM koI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 'Avazyaka' zramaNoM kI dainandina ko digambara paramparA meM bhI dRSTivAda ke eka aMza- parikarma ke antargata kriyAoM kA grantha thA ata: isake kucha prAcIna pATha to bhagavAn mahAvIra mAnA jAtA hai| ata: yaha grantha bhI dRSTivAda ke pUrNa viccheda evaM sampradAya- ke samakAlika hI mAne jA sakate haiN| cU~ki dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana bheda ke pUrva kA hI honA caahiye| aura Avazyaka ke sAmAyika Adi vibhAga digambara aura yApanIya paramparA chedasUtroM meM dazAzruta, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra ko spaSTataH bhadrabAhu meM bhI mAnya rahe haiM, ata: inakI prAcInatA asaMdigdha hai| prathama kI racanA mAnA gayA hai| ata: isakA kAla I.pU. caturtha-tRtIya prakIrNaka sAhitya meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hai| zatAbdI ke bAda kA bhI nahIM ho sakatA hai| ye sabhI grantha acela paramparA ata: ye sabhI nandIsUtra se to prAcIna haiM hI, isameM sandeha nahIM kiyA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiN| isI prakAra nizItha bhI apane mUla rUpa meM to jA sktaa| puna: AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, maraNasamAdhi Adi AcArAGga kI hI eka cUlA rahA hai, bAda meM use pRthak kiyA gayA prakIrNakoM kI saiMkar3oM gAthAe~ yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra aura bhagavatIArAdhanA hai| ata: isakI prAcInatA meM bhI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yAkobI, meM pAyI jAtI haiM, mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatIArAdhanA bhI chaThI zatI se zubiMga Adi pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne ekamata se chedasUtroM kI prAcInatA paravartI nahIM haiN| ata: ina nau prakIrNakoM ko to I.sana kI cauthI-pA~cavIM svIkAra kI hai| isa varga meM mAtra jItakalpa hI aisA grantha hai jo nizcita zatI ke paravartI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadyapi vIrabhadra dvArA racita kucha hI paravartI hai| paM0dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra yaha AcArya prakIrNaka navIM-dasavIM zatI kI racanAe~ haiN| isI prakAra calikAstroM jinabhadra kI kRti hai| ye jinabhadra vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kartA haiN| inakA ke antargata nandI aura anuyogadvAra sUtroM meM bhI anuyogadvAra ko kucha kAla aneka pramANoM se I.san kI sAtavIM zatI nizcita hai| ataH vidvAnoM ne AryarakSita ke samaya kA mAnA hai| ata: vaha I.san kI jItakalpa kA bhI kAla vahI honA caahiye| merI dRSTi meM paM. dalasukhabhAI __prathama zatI kA grantha honA caahie| nandIsUtra ke kartA devavAcaka devardhi kI yaha mAnyatA nirApada nahIM hai, kyoMki digambara paramparA meM indranandi se pUrvavartI haiM ata: unakA kAla bhI pA~cavIM zatAbdI se paravartI nahIM ke chedapiNDazAstra meM jItakalpa ke anusAra prAyazcitta dene kA vidhAna ho sktaa| kiyA gayA hai, isase phalita hotA hai ki yaha grantha spaSTa rUpa se isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upalabdha AgamoM meM prakSepoM ko chor3akara sampradAya-bheda se pUrva kI racanA honI caahiye| ho sakatA hai isake kartA adhikAMza grantha to I.pU. ke haiN| yaha to eka sAmAnya carcA huI, abhI jinabhadra vizeSAvazyaka ke kartA jinabhadra se bhinna hoM aura unake pUrvavartI ina granthoM meM se pratyeka ke kAla-nirdhAraNa ke lie svatantra aura sampradAya bhI hoN| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM jo nirapekSa dRSTi se adhyayana kI AvazyakatA banI huI hai| AzA hai jaina AgamoM kI sUcI milatI hai usameM jItakalpa kA nAma nahIM hai| ataH vidvAnoM kI bhAvI pIr3hI isa dizA meM kArya kregii| yaha usake bAda kI hI racanA hogii| isakA kAla bhI I.san kI pA~cavIM zatI kA uttarArddha honA caahiye| isakI digambara aura yApanIya paramparA AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ meM mAnyatA tabhI sambhava ho sakatI hai jaba yaha spaSTa rUpa se saMghabheda yaha satya hai ki vartamAna meM upalabdha zvetAmbara mAnya ardhamAgadhI ke pUrva nirmita huA ho| spaSTa saMgha-bheda pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArdha meM AgamoM ke antima svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa valabhI vAcanA meM vI.na.saMvat astitva meM AyA hai| cheda varga meM mahAnizItha kA uddhAra AcArya haribhadra 980 yA 993 meM huA kintu usake pUrva bhI AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ ne kiyA thA, yaha sunizcita hai| AcArya haribhadra kA kAla I.san kI to hotI rahI haiN| jo aitihAsika sAkSya hameM upalabdha haiM unake anusAra AThavIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai| ata: yaha grantha usake pUrva hI nirmita ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI pA~ca vAcanAe~ hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| huA hogaa| haribhadra isake uddhAraka avazya haiM, kintu racayitA nhiiN| mAtra itanA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne isake truTita bhAga kI racanA prathama vAcanA kI ho| isa prakAra isakA kAla bhI AThavIM zatI se pUrva kA hI hai| prathama vAcanA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt huii| mUlasUtroM ke varga meM dazavakAlika ko Arya zayyaMbhava kI kRti paramparAgata mAnyatA to yaha hai ki madhyadeza meM dvAdazavarSIya bhISaNa akAla mAnA jAtA hai| inakA kAla mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 75 varSa bAda kA ke kAraNa kucha muni kAla-kavalita ho gaye aura kucha samudra ke taTavartI hai| ata: yaha grantha I.pU. pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| uttarAdhyayana pradezoM kI ora cale gye| akAla kI samApti para ve munigaNa vApasa yadyapi eka saGkalana hai, kintu isakI prAcInatA meM koI zaMkA nahIM lauTe to unhoMne yaha pAyA ki unakA Agama-jJAna aMzata: vismRta evaM hai| isakI bhASA-zailI tathA viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne ise vizRGkhalita ho gayA hai aura kahIM-kahIM pAThabheda ho gayA hai| ata: usa I.pU. cauthI-tIsarI zatI kA grantha mAnA hai| merI dRSTi meM yaha pUrva yuga ke pramukha AcAryoM ne pATalIputra meM ekatrita hokara AgamajJAna ko praznavyAkaraNa kA hI eka vibhAga thaa| isakI aneka gAthAe~ tathA kathAnaka vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| dRSTivAda aura pUrva sAhitya kA koI pAlitripiTaka sAhitya, mahAbhArata Adi meM yathAvat milate haiN| dazavaikAlika viziSTa jJAtA vahA~ upasthita nahIM thaa| ata: gyAraha aGga to vyavasthita aura uttarAdhyayana yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM mAnya rahe haiM, ata: ye kiye gaye, kintu dRSTivAda aura usameM antarnihita sAhitya ko vyavasthita
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________________ 12 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 nahIM kiyA jA sakA, kyoMki usake viziSTa jJAtA bhadrabAhu usa samaya uttara, pUrva aura madhya kSetra meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha mathurA nepAla meM the| saMgha kI vizeSa prArthanA para unhoMne sthUlibhadra Adi kucha meM ekatrita huA, usI samaya dakSiNa-pazcima meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muniyoM ko pUrva sAhitya kI vAcanA denA svIkAra kiyaa| sthUlibhadra muni saMgha vallabhI (saurASTra) meM Arya nAgArjuna ke netRtva meM ekatrita bhI unase dasa pUrvo taka kA hI adhyayana artha sahita kara sake aura huaa| ise nAgArjunIya vAcanA bhI kahate haiN| zeSa cAra pUrvo kA mAtra zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara paaye| Arya skandila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI isa prakAra pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM dvAdaza aGgoM ko suvyavasthita vAcanA samakAlika haiN| nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya skandila aura karane kA prayatna avazya kiyA gayA, kintu unameM ekAdaza aGga hI nAgArjuna ke madhya Arya himavanta kA ullekha hai| isase yaha phalita suvyavasthita kiye jA ske| dRSTivAda aura usameM antarbhukta pUrva sAhitya hotA hai ki Arya skandila aura nAgArjuna samakAlika hI rahe hoNge| ko pUrNata: surakSita nahIM kiyA jA sakA aura usakA kramaza: vilopa nandI sthavirAvalI meM Arya skandila ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA hai honA prArambha ho gyaa| phalata: usakI viSaya-vastu ko lekara aGgabAhya ki unakA anuyoga Aja bhI dakSiNArddha bharata kSetra meM pracalita hai| isakA grantha nirmita kiye jAne lge| eka tAtparya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki unake dvArA sampAdita Agama dakSiNa bhArata meM pracalita the| aitihAsika sAkSyoM se yaha jJAta hotA dvitIya vAcanA hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha ke vibhAjana ke phalasvarUpa jisa AgamoM kI dvitIya vAcanA I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI meM mahAvIra yApanIya sampradAya kA vikAsa huA thA usameM Arya skandila ke dvArA ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 300 varSa pazcAt ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata para sampAdita Agama hI mAnya kiye jAte the aura isa yApanIya sampradAya samrAT khAravela ke kAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sandarbha meM vizeSa kA prabhAva kSetra madhya aura dakSiNa bhArata thaa| AcArya pAlyakIrti jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai- mAtra yahI jJAta hotA hai ki isameM zruta zAkaTAyana ne to strI-nirvANa prakaraNa meM spaSTa rUpa se mathurAgama kA ke saMrakSaNa kA prayatna huA thaa| vastuta: usa yuga meM AgamoM ke ullekha kiyA hai| ata: yaha spaSTa hai ki yApanIya sampradAya jina AgamoM adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA guru-ziSya ke mAdhyama se maukhika rUpa ko mAnya karatA thA, ve mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| mUlAcAra, bhagavatImeM hI calatI thii| ata: dezakAlagata prabhAvoM tathA vismRti-doSa ke ArAdhanA Adi yApanIya AgamoM meM vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mAnya AcArAGga, kAraNa usameM svAbhAvika rUpa se bhinnatA A jAtI thii| ata: vAcanAoM uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, vyavahAra, saMgrahaNIsUtroM, niyuktiyoM ke mAdhyama se unake bhASAyI svarUpa tathA pAThabheda ko suvyavasthita kiyA Adi kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ Aja bhI upalabdha ho rahI haiN| isase yahI jAtA thaa| kAlakrama meM jo sthaviroM ke dvArA navIna granthoM kI racanA phalita hotA hai ki yApanIyoM ke pAsa mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| hotI thI, usa para bhI vicAra karake unheM inhIM vAcanAoM meM mAnyatA hama yaha bhI pAte haiM ki yApanIya granthoM meM jo AgamoM kI gAthAe~ milatI pradAna kI jAtI thii| isI prakAra paristhitivaza AcAra-niyamoM meM evaM haiM ve na to ardhamAgadhI meM haiM, na mahArASTrI prAkRta meM, apitu ve zaurasenI unake Agamika sandarbho kI vyAkhyA meM jo antara A jAtA thA, usakA meM haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM aparAjita kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM nirAkaraNa bhI inhIM vAcanAoM meM kiyA jAtA thaa| khaNDagiri para huI AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, kalpasUtra, nizItha Adi se jo aneka avataraNa isa dvitIya vAcanA meM aise kina vivAdoM kA samAdhAna khojA gayA thA- diye haiM ve sabhI ardhamAgadhI meM na hokara zaurasenI meM haiN| isakI prAmANika jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki skaMdila kI adhyakSatA vAlI mAthurI vAcanA meM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA para zaurasenI kA prabhAva A tRtIya vAcanA gayA thaa| dUsare mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI pATha bhagavatIArAdhanA AgamoM kI tRtIya vAcanA vI.ni.saMvat 827 arthAt I.san kI TIkA Adi meM upalabdha hote haiM, unameM vallabhI vAcanA ke vartamAna kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM mathurA meM Arya skaMdila ke netRtva meM huii| isalie AgamoM se pAThabheda bhI dekhA jAtA hai| sAtha hI acelakatva kI samarthaka ise mAthurI vAcanA yA skandilI vAcanA ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| kucha gAthAe~ aura gadyAMza bhI pAye jAte haiN| kundakunda ke granthoM meM mAthurI vAcanA ke sandarbha meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ nandIcUrNi meM haiN| prathama anuyogadvArasUtra, prakIrNakoM, niyukti Adi kI kucha gAthAe~ kvacit mAnyatA ke anusAra sukAla hone ke pazcAt Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA pAThabheda ke sAtha milatI haiM- sambhavataH unhoMne ye gAthAe~ yApanIyoM meM zeSa rahe muniyoM kI smRti ke AdhAra para kAlikasUtroM ko suvyavasthita ke mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se hI lI hogii| kiyA gayA hai| anya kucha kA mantavya yaha hai ki isa kAla meM sUtra eka hI samaya meM Arya skandila dvArA mathurA meM aura nAgArjuna naSTa nahIM huA thA kintu anuyogadhara svargavAsI ho gaye the| ata: eka dvArA vallabhI meM vAcanA kiye jAne kI eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI mAtra jIvita skandila ne anuyogoM kA punaH pravartana kiyaa| hai ki donoM meM kinhIM bAtoM ko lekara matabheda the| sambhava hai ki ina matabhedoM meM vastra-pAtra Adi sambandhI prazna bhI rahe hoN| paM. kailAzacandrajI caturtha vAcanA ne jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa- pUrva pIThikA (pR. 500) meM mAthurI caturtha vAcanA tRtIya vAcanA ke samakAlIna hI hai| jisa samaya vAcanA kI samakAlIna vallabhI vAcanA ke pramukha rUpa meM devardhigaNi
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza 13 kA ullekha kiyA hai, yaha unakI bhrAnti hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai kI vAcanA ke samaya dvAdaza aGgoM ko hI vyavasthita karane kA prayatna ki mAthurI vAcanA kA netRtva Arya skandila aura vallabhI kI huA thaa| usameM ekAdaza aGga suvyavasthita hue aura bArahaveM dRSTivAda, prathama vAcanA kA netRtva Arya nAgArjuna kara rahe the aura ye donoM jisameM anya darzana evaM mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA sAhitya samakAlika the, yaha bAta hama nandIsUtra ke pramANa se pUrva meM hI kaha samAhita thA, isakA saGkalana nahIM kiyA jA skaa| isI sandarbha meM cuke haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki Arya skandila aura nAgArjuna kI vAcanA sthUlibhadra ke dvArA bhadrabAhu ke sAnidhya meM nepAla jAkara caturdaza pUrvo meM matabheda thaa| ke adhyayana kI bAta kahI jAtI hai| kintu sthUlibhadra bhI mAtra dasa paM0kailAzacandrajI ne yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki yadi vallabhI vAcanA pUrvo kA hI jJAna artha sahita grahaNa kara sake, zeSa cAra pUrvo kA kevala nAgArjuna kI thI to devardhi ne vallabhI meM kyA kiyA? sAtha hI unhoMne zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara ske| isakA phalitArtha yahI hai ki pATalIputra yaha bhI kalpanA kara lI ki vAdivetAlazAntisUri vallabhI kI vAcanA kI vAcanA meM ekAdaza aGgoM kA hI saGkalana aura sampAdana huA thaa| meM nAgArjunIyoM kA pakSa upasthita karane vAle AcArya the| hamArA yaha kisI bhI caturdaza pUrvavid kI upasthiti nahIM hone se dRSTivAda ke durbhAgya hai ki digambara vidvAnoM ne zvetAmbara sAhitya kA samagra evaM saGkalana evaM sampAdana kA kArya nahIM kiyA jA skaa| niSpakSa adhyayana kiye binA mAtra yatra-tatra uddhRta yA aMzata: paThita upAGga sAhitya ke aneka grantha jaise prajJApanA Adi, chedasUtroM aMzoM ke AdhAra para aneka bhrAntiyA~ khar3I kara dii| isake pramANa ke meM AcAradazA, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi tathA cUlikAsUtroM meM nandI, rUpa meM unake dvArA uddhRta mUla gAthA meM aisA kahIM koI ullekha hI anuyogadvAra Adi- ye sabhI paravartI kRti hone se isa vAcanA meM nahIM hai ki zAntisUri vallabhI vAcanA ke samakAlika the| yadi hama sammilita nahIM kiye gaye hoNge| yadyapi Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, Agamika vyAkhyAoM ko dekheM to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka varSoM uttarAdhyayana Adi grantha pATalIputra kI vAcanA ke pUrva ke haiM, kintu taka nAgArjunIya aura devardhi kI vAcanAe~ sAtha-sAtha calatI rahI haiM, isa vAcanA meM inakA kyA kiyA gayA, yaha jAnakArI prApta nahIM hai| kyoki inake pAThAntaroM kA ullekha mUla granthoM meM kama aura TIkAoM ho sakatA hai ki sabhI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke liye inakA svAdhyAya Avazyaka meM adhika huA hai| hone ke kAraNa inake vismRta hone kA prazna hI na uThA ho| pATalIputra vAcanA ke bAda dUsarI vAcanA ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata paJcama vAcanA (khaNDagiri) para khAravela ke rAjya kAla meM haI thii| isa vAcanA ke vI.ni. ke 980 varSa pazcAt I. san kI pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArddha sambandha meM mAtra itanA hI jJAta hai ki isameM bhI zruta ko suvyavasthita meM Arya skandila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA thaa| sambhava hai ki isa vAcanA meM I.pU. vAcanA ke lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAt devardhigaNikSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA prathama zatI se pUrva racita granthoM ke saGkalana aura sampAdana kA koI meM puna: vallabhI meM eka vAcanA huii| isa vAcanA meM mukhyata: AgamoM prayatna kiyA gayA ho| ko pustakArur3ha karane kA kArya kiyA gyaa| aisA lagatA hai ki isa jahA~ taka mAthurI vAcanA kA prazna hai, itanA to nizcita hai ki vAcanA meM mAthurI aura nAgArjunIya donoM vAcanAoM ko samanvita kiyA usameM I.san kI cauthI zatI taka ke racita sabhI granthoM ke saGkalana gayA hai aura jahA~ matabheda parilakSita huA vahA~ "nAgArjunIyAstu paThanti' evaM sampAdana kA prayatna kiyA gayA hogaa| isa vAcanA ke kArya ke aisA likhakara nAgArjunIya pATha ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA hai| sandarbha meM jo sUcanA milatI hai, usameM isa vAcanA meM kAlikasUtroM pratyeka vAcanA ke sandarbha meM prAya: yaha kahA jAtA hai ki madhyadeza ko vyavasthita karane kA nirdeza hai| nandisUtra meM kAlikasUtra ko aGgabAhya, meM dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla ke kAraNa zramaNasaMgha samudrataTIya pradezoM kI Avazyaka vyatirikta sUtroM kA hI eka bhAga batAyA gayA hai| kAlikasUtroM ora calA gayA aura vRddha muni, jo isa akAla meM lambI yAtrA na ke antargata uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita, dazAzruta, kalpa, vyavahAra, kara sake kAlagata ho gye| sukAla hone para jaba munisaMgha lauTakara nizItha tathA vartamAna meM upAGga ke nAma se abhihita aneka grantha Ate AyA to usane yaha pAyA ki inake zrutajJAna meM vismRti aura visaMgati haiN| ho sakatA hai ki aGga sUtroM kI jo pATalIputra kI vAcanA calI A gayI hai| pratyeka vAcanA se pUrva akAla kI yaha kahAnI mujhe buddhigamya / A rahI thI vaha mathurA meM mAnya rahI ho, kintu upAGgoM meM se kucha nahIM lagatI hai| merI dRSTi meM prathama vAcanA meM zramaNa saMgha ke vizRGkhalita ko tathA kalpa Adi chedasUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gayA ho| kintu hone kA kAraNa akAla kI apekSA magadha rAjya meM yuddha se utpanna azAMti yApanIya granthoM kI TIkAoM meM jo mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke uddharaNa aura arAjakatA hI thI kyoMki usa samaya nandoM ke atyAcAroM evaM milate haiM, una para jo zaurasenI kA prabhAva dikhatA hai, usase aisA candragupta maurya ke AkramaNa ke kAraNa magadha meM azAMti thii| usI ke lagatA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA meM na kevala kAlika sUtroM kA apitu phalasvarUpa zramaNa saMgha sudUra samudrItaTa kI ora yA nepAla Adi parvatIya usa kAla taka racita sabhI granthoM ke saGkalana kA kAma kiyA gayA kSetra kI ora calA gayA thaa| bhadrabAhu kI nepAla yAtrA kA bhI sambhavata: thaa| jJAtavya hai ki yaha mAthurI vAcanA acelatA kI poSaka yApanIya yahI kAraNa rahA hogaa| paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahI hai| yApanIya granthoM kI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM __ jo bhI upalabdha sAkSya haiM unase yaha phalita hotA hai ki pATaliputra meM isa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke avataraNa tathA ina AgamoM ke prAmANya
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ke ullekha milate haiN| Arya zAkaTAyana ne apanI strI-nirvANa prakaraNa kA hI ullekha milatA hai| prAcIna granthoM meM dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa evaM apane vyAkaraNa kI svopajJaTIkA meM na kevala mathurA Agama kA vargoM kA kahIM koI nirdeza nahIM hai| ullekha kiyA hai, apitu unakI aneka mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza bhI kiyA isI prakAra antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA hai tathA aneka avataraNa bhI diye haiN| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA para ke sandarbha meM sthAnAGga meM jo dasa-dasa adhyayana hone kI sUcanA hai aparAjita kI TIkA meM bhI AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha ke avataraNa usake sthAna para inameM bhI jo vargoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI vaha devardhi bhI pAye jAte haiM, yaha hama pUrva meM kaha cuke haiN| kI hI dena hai| unhoMne inake vilupta adhyAyoM ke sthAna para anuzruti se Arya skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA vastuta: uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha prApta sAmagrI jor3akara ina granthoM ko naye sire se vyavasthita kiyA thaa| saMgha ke sacela-acela donoM pakSoM ke liye mAnya thI aura usameM donoM yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki Aja praznavyAkaraNa kI Asrava-saMvara hI pakSoM ke sampoSaka sAkSya upasthita the| yahA~ yaha prazna svAbhAvika dvAra sambandhI jo viSaya-vastu upalabdha hai vaha kisake dvArA saGkalita rUpa se uThatA hai ki yadi mAthurI vAcanA ubhaya pakSoM ko mAnya thI va sampAdita hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina kArya hai, kintu yadi hama to phira usI samaya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM vAcanA karane yaha mAnate haiM ki nandIsUtra ke racayitA devardhi na hokara deva vAcaka kI kyA AvazyakatA thii| merI mAnyatA hai ki aneka praznoM para skaMdila ___haiM, jo devardhi se pUrva ke haiM to yaha kalpanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai aura nAgArjuna meM matabheda rahA hogaa| isI kAraNa se nAgArjuna ko svatantra ki devardhi ne Asrava va saMvara dvAra sambandhI viSaya-vastu ko lekara vAcanA karane kI AvazyakatA pdd'ii| praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA jo viccheda ho gayA thA, usakI isa samasta carcA se paM. kailAzacandrajI ke isa prazna kA uttara pUrti kI hogii| isa prakAra jJAtAdharma se lekara vipAkasUtra taka ke cha: bhI mila jAtA hai ki vallabhI kI dUsarI vAcanA meM kyA kiyA gayA? aGga AgamoM meM jo AMzika yA sampUrNa parivartana hue haiM, ve devardhi eka ora muni zrI kalyANavijayajI kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki vallabhI ke dvArA hI kiye hue mAne jA sakate haiN| yadyapi yaha parivartana unhoMne meM AgamoM ko mAtra pustakArur3ha kiyA gayA to dUsarI ora paM.kailAzacandrajI kisI pUrva paramparA yA anuzruti ke AdhAra para hI kiyA hogA yaha yaha mAnate haiM ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko naye sire se likhA gayA, vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake atirikta devardhi ne eka yaha mahattvapUrNa kintu ye donoM hI mata mujhe ekAGgI pratIta hote haiN| yaha satya hai ki kArya bhI kiyA ki jahA~ aneka AgamoM meM eka hI viSaya-vastu kA vallabhI meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA, apitu unheM vistRta vivaraNa thA vahA~ unhoMne eka sthala para vistRta vivaraNa rakhakara saGkalita evaM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA kintu yaha saGkalana evaM sampAdana anyatra usa grantha kA nirdeza kara diyaa| hama dekhate haiM ki bhagavatI Adi nirAdhAra nahIM thaa| na to digambara paramparA kA yaha kahanA ucita hai kucha prAcIna staroM ke AgamoM meM bhI, unhoMne prajJApanA, nandI, anuyogadvAra ki vallabhI meM zvetAmbaroM ne apanI mAnyatA ke anurUpa AgamoM ko jaise paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza karake AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu ke naye sire se raca DAlA aura na yaha kahanA hI samucita hogA ki vallabhI punarAvartana ko kama kiyaa| isI prakAra jaba eka hI Agama meM koI meM jo Agama saGkalita kiye gaye ve akSuNNa rUpa se vaise hI the jaise- vivaraNa bAra-bAra A rahA thA to usa vivaraNa ke prathama zabda ke bAda pATalIputra Adi kI pUrva vAcanAoM meM unheM saGkalita kiyA gayA thaa| 'jAva' zabda rakhakara antima zabda kA ullekha kara use saMkSipta banA yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sAtha-sAtha aneka Agama diyaa| isake sAtha hI unhoMne kucha mahattvapUrNa sUcanAe~ jo yadyapi grantha bhI kAlakrama meM vilupta hue haiN| vartamAna AgamoM kA yadi samyak paravartIkAla kI thIM, unheM bhI AgamoM meM de diyA jaise sthAnAGgasUtra prakAra se vizleSaNa kiyA jAya to isa tathya kI puSTi ho jAtI hai| meM sAta nihnavoM aura sAta gaNoM kA ullekh| isa prakAra vallabhI kI Aja AcArAGga kA sAtavA~ adhyayana vilupta hai| isI prakAra antakRddazA, vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArur3ha kiyA gayA, apitu unakI anuttaraupapAtika va vipAkadazA ke bhI aneka adhyAya Aja anupalabdha viSaya-vastu ko suvyavasthita aura sampAdita bhI kiyA gyaa| sambhava haiN| nandIsUtra kI sUcI ke aneka Agama grantha Aja anupalabdha haiN| hai ki isa sandarbha meM prakSepa aura vilopana bhI huA hogA, kintu yaha isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA hamane AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA ke sabhI anuzruti yA paramparA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA thA anyathA AgamoM prasaGga meM kI hai| jJAtavya hai ki devardhi kI vallabhI vAcanA meM na kevala ko mAnyatA na miltii| AgamoM ko pustakArur3ha kiyA gayA hai, apitu unheM sampAdita bhI kiyA sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vAcanAoM meM kevala anuzruti gayA hai| isa sampAdana ke kArya meM unhoMne AgamoM kI avaziSTa upalabdha se prApta AgamoM ko hI saGkalita kiyA jAtA thA, kintu merI dRSTi viSaya-vastu ko apane DhaGga se puna: vargIkRta bhI kiyA thA aura paramparA meM vAcanAoM meM na kevala Agama pAThoM ko sampAdita evaM saGkalita yA anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ke ve aMza jo unake pUrva kI vAcanAoM kiyA jAtA thA, apitu unameM navanirmita granthoM ko mAnyatA bhI pradAna meM samAhita nahIM the, unheM samAhita bhI kiyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM kI jAtI thI aura jo AcAra aura vicAra sambandhI matabheda hote the jJAtAdharmakathA meM sampUrNa dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa varga aura adhyayana unheM samanvita yA nirAkRta bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta ina isI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye gaye haiM, kyoki zvetAmbara, yApanIya evaM vAcanAoM meM vAcanA sthaloM kI apekSA se AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa digambara paramparA ke pratikramaNasUtra evaM anyatra usake unnIsa adhyayanoM meM bhI parivartana huA hai|
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza 15 udAharaNa ke rUpa meM Agama paTanA athavA ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata ho| phira bhI devardhi ko jo Agama paramparA se prApta the, unakA aura (khaNDagiri) meM suvyavasthita kiye gaye the, unakI bhASA ardhamAgadhI mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM kA mUlasrota to eka hI thaa| ho sakatA hI rahI, kintu jaba ve Agama mathurA aura vallabhI meM puna: sampAdita hai ki kAlakrama meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu kI apekSA donoM meM kvacit kiye gaye to unameM bhASika parivartana A gye| mAthurI vAcanA meM jo antara A gaye hoN| ata: yaha dRSTikoNa bhI samucita nahIM hogA ki AgamoM kA svarUpa taya huA thA, usa para vyApaka rUpa se zaurasenI devardhi kI vallabhI vAcanA ke Agama mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| durbhAgya se Aja hameM mAtharI vAcanA ke Agama nitAnta bhinna the| upalabdha nahIM haiM, kintu ina AgamoM ke jo uddhRta aMza uttara bhArata kI acela dhArA yApanIya-saMgha ke granthoM meM aura unakI TIkAoM meM yApanIyoM ke Agama uddhRta milate haiM, unameM hama yaha pAte haiM ki bhAvagata samAnatA ke hote yApanIya saMgha ke AcArya AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, uttarAdhyayana, hue bhI zabda-rUpoM aura bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatA hai| AcArAGga dazavakAlika, kalpa, nizItha, vyavahAra, Avazyaka Adi AgamoM ko uttarAdhyayana, nizItha, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi se jo aMza bhagavatIArAdhanA mAnya karate the| isa prakAra AgamoM ke viccheda hone kI jo digambara kI TIkA meM uddhRta haiM ve apane bhASika svarUpa aura pAThabheda kI apekSA mAnyatA hai, vaha unheM svIkArya nahIM thii| yApanIya AcAryoM dvArA nirmita se vallabhI ke AgamoM se kiJcit bhinna haiN| kisI bhI grantha meM kahIM bhI yaha ullekha nahIM hai ki aGgAdi-Agama __ata: ina vAcanAoM ke kAraNa AgamoM meM na kevala bhASika parivartana vicchinna ho gaye haiN| ve AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, dazavaikAlika, hue, apitu pAThAntara bhI astitva meM Aye haiN| vallabhI kI antima uttarAdhyayana, nizItha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra, kalpa Adi ko apanI vAcanA meM vallabhI kI hI nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara to liye paramparA ke granthoM ke rUpa meM uddhRta karate the| isa sambandha meM AdaraNIya gaye, kintu mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara samAhita nahIM haiN| yadyapi kucha paM.nAthUrAma premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR. 91) kA yaha kathana vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vallabhI kI devardhi vAcanA kA AdhAra mAthurI draSTavya hai- "aksara granthakAra kisI mata kA khaNDana karane ke lie vAcanA ke Agama the aura yahI kAraNa thA ki unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA usI mata ke granthoM kA havAlA diyA karate haiM aura apane siddhAnta ke pAThAntara diye haiN| kintu merA mantavya isase bhinna hai| merI dRSTi ko puSTa karate haiN| parantu isa TIkA (arthAt bhagavatI-ArAdhanA kI meM unakI vAcanA kA AdhAra bhI paramparA se prApta nAgArjunIya vAcanA vijayodayA TIkA) meM aisA nahIM hai, isameM to TIkAkAra ne apane hI ke pUrva ke Agama rahe hoMge, kintu jahA~ unheM apanI paramparAgata vAcanA AgamoM kA havAlA dekara acelatA siddha kI hai|" / kA nAgArjunIya vAcanA se matabheda dikhAyI diyA, vahA~ unhoMne nAgArjunIya AgamoM ke astitva ko svIkAra kara unake adhyayana aura svAdhyAya vAcanA kA ullekha kara diyA, kyoMki mAthurI vAcanA spaSTata: zaurasenI sambandhI nirdeza bhI yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra meM spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha se prabhAvita thI, dUsare usa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI avataraNa hote haiN| mUlAcAra (5/80-82) meM cAra prakAra ke Agama granthoM kA Aja milate haiM unameM kucha vartamAna AgamoM kI vAcanA se mela nahIM ullekha hai- 1 gaNadhara kathita, 2. pratyekabuddha kathita, 3. zrutakevali khAte haiN| unase yahI phalita hotA hai ki devardhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra kathita aura 4. abhinna dazapUrvI kthit| skaMdila kI vAcanA to nahIM rahI hai| tIsare mAthurI vAcanA ke avataraNa isake sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki saMyamI puruSoM evaM striyoM Aja yApanIya granthoM meM milate haiM, unase itanA to phalita hotA hai arthAt muniyoM evaM AryikAoM ke lie asvAdhyAyakAla meM inakA ki mAthI vAcanA ke AgamoM meM bhI vastra-pAtra sambandhI evaM strI kI svAdhyAya karanA varjita hai, kintu inake atirikta kucha anya aise grantha tadbhava mukti ke ullekha to the, kintu unameM acelatA ko utsarga mArga haiM jinakA asvAdhyAyakAla meM pATha kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaise---ArAdhanA mAnA gayA thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM uddhRta, acelapakSa ke sampoSaka kucha (bhagavatI ArAdhanA yA ArAdhanApatAkA), niyukti , maraNavibhakti, saMgraha avataraNa to vartamAna vallabhI vAcanA ke AgamoM yathA AcArAGga ke (paMcasaMgraha yA saMgrahaNIsUtra), stuti (deviMdatthu), pratyAkhyAna (AurapaccakkhANa prathama zrutaskandha Adi meM milate haiM, kintu kucha avataraNa vartamAna evaM mahApaccakkhANa), dharmakathA (jJAtAdharmakathA) tathA aise hI anya grnth| vAcanA meM nahIM milate haiN| ataH mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara vallabhI yahA~ para cAra prakAra ke Agama granthoM kA jo ullekha huA hai, kI devardhi kI vAcanA meM samAhita nahIM hue haiM, isakI puSTi hotI hai| usa para thor3I vistRta carcA apekSita hai, kyoMki mUlAcAra kI mUlagAyA mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki vallabhI kI devardhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra meM mAtra ina cAra prakAra ke sUtroM kA ullekha huA hai| usameM ina granthoM mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama na hokara unakI apanI hI guru-paramparA se kA nAma nirdeza nahIM hai| mUlAcAra ke TIkAkAra vasunandi na to yApanIya prApta Agama rahe hoNge| merI dRSTi meM unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke hI paramparA se sambaddha the aura na unake sammukha ye grantha hI the| ata: pAThAntara apanI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye- kyoMki donoM meM bhASA isa prasaMga meM unakI pratyeka-buddhakathita kI vyAkhyA pUrNataH bhrAnta hI evaM viSaya-vastu donoM hI dRSTi se kama hI antara thaa| mAthurI vAcanA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, agalI gAthA kI TIkA meM unhoMne "thudi" ke Agama yA to unheM upalabdha hI nahIM the athavA bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu / "paccakkhANa" evaM "dhammakahA" ko jina granthoM se samIkRta kiyA donoM kI apekSA bhinnatA adhika hone se unhoMne use AdhAra na banAyA hai vaha to aura bhI adhika bhrAmaka hai| Azcarya hai ki ve "thudi" se
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 devAgamastotra aura parameSThistotra ko samIkRta karate haiM, jabaki mUlAcAra AgamoM ko mAnatA thaa| isa saMgha ke AcArya aparAjitasUri kI saMskRta kA mantavya anya hI hai| jahA~ taka gaNadharakathita granthoM kA prazna hai TIkA bhagavatI ArAdhanA nAmaka prAcIna grantha para hai, jo mudrita bhI vahA~ lekhaka kA tAtparya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga Adi aMga granthoM se hai, ho cukI hai| usameM nagnatA ke samarthana meM aparAjitasUri ne Agama-granthoM pratyekabuddhakathita granthoM se tAtparya praznavyAkaraNa, uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita se aneka uddharaNa diye haiM, jinameM se aneka uddharaNa vartamAna AgamoM Adi se hai, kyoMki ye grantha pratyekabuddhakathita mAne jAte haiN| ye grantha meM nahIM milte| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne yahA~ jo "aneka" zabda kA pratyekabuddhakathita haiM, aisA spaSTa ullekha bhI samavAyAMga, uttarAdhyayananiyukti prayoga kiyA hai vaha bhrAnti utpanna karatA hai| maiMne aparAjitasUri kI Adi meM hai| zrutakevalikathita granthoM se tAtparya AcArya zayyambhavaracita TIkA meM uddhRta Agamika sandarbho kI zvetAmbara AgamoM se tulanA karane dazavaikAlika, AcArya bhadrabAhu (prathama) racita bRhatkalpa, dazAzrutaskandha para spaSTa rUpa se yaha pAyA hai ki lagabhaga 90 pratizata sandarbho meM (AyAradasA), vyavahAra Adi se hai tathA abhinna dazapUrvIkathita granthoM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta para zaurasenI prAkRta ke prabhAva ke se unakA tAtparya kammapayaDI Adi "pUrva" sAhitya ke granthoM se hai| phalasvarUpa hue AMzika pAThabheda ko chor3akara koI antara nahIM hai| yahA~ smaraNa rakhane yogya tathya yaha hai ki yadi yApanIya paramparA meM jahA~ kiMcit pAThabheda hai vahA~ bhI artha-bheda nahIM hai| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ye grantha vicchinna mAne jAte, to phira inake svAdhyAya kA nirdeza lagabhaga ne isa grantha meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA (pR0 320IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke grantha mUlAcAra meM kaise ho paataa| digambara 327) se eka uddharaNa diyA hai, jo vartamAna AcArAMga meM nahIM milatA paramparA ke anusAra to vIranirvANa ke 683 varSa pazcAt arthAt IsA hai| unake dvArA prastuta vaha uddharaNa nimna haikI dUsarI zatI meM AcArAMga dhAriyoM kI paramparA bhI samApta ho gaI tathA coktamAcArAne-sudaM *Aussatto* bhagavadA evamakkhAdA thI phira vIranirvANa ke eka hajAra varSa pazcAt bhI AcArAMga Adi ke iha khalu saMyamAbhimukha duvihA itthI purisA jAdA hvNti| taM jahA svAdhyAya karane kA nirdeza dene kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| savvasamaNNagade No savvasamaNNAgeda cev| tattha je savvasamaNNAgade thiNA jJAtavya hai ki mUlAcAra kI yahI gAthA kundakunda ke suttapAhuDa meM bhI hatthapAyaNIpAde savviMdiya samaNNAgade tassa NaM No kappadi egamavi vattha milatI hai, kintu kundakunda AgamoM ke uparyukta prakAroM kA ullekha dhAriuM evaM parihiuM evaM aNNattha egeNa paDilehageNa iti| karane ke pazcAt unakI svAdhyAya vidhi ke sambandha meM kucha nahIM kahate nizcaya hI uparyukta sandarbha AcArAMga meM isI rUpa meM zabdaza: nahIM haiN| jabaki mUlAcAra spaSTa rUpa se unake svAdhyAya kA nirdeza karatA hai, kintu "savvasamannAgaya' nAmaka pada aura ukta kathana kA bhAva hai| mAtra yahI nahIM mUlAcAra meM AgamoM ke adhyayana kI upadhAna vidhi AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke aSTama adhyayana meM Aja bhI surakSita arthAt tapapUrvaka AgamoM ke adhyayana karane kI vidhi kA bhI ullekha hai| ataH isa AdhAra para yaha kalpanA karanA anucita hogA ki yApanIya hai| AgamoM ke adhyayana kI yaha upadhAna vidhi zvetAmbaroM meM Aja bhI paramparA kA AcArAMga, vartamAna meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha AcArAMga pracalita hai| vidhimArgaprapA (pR0 49-51) meM isakA vistRta ullekha se bhinna thaa| kyoMki aparAjitasUri dvArA uddhRta AcArAMga ke anya hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se pramANita ho jAtA hai ki mUlAcAra sandarbha Aja bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ke isI AcArAMga meM upalabdha haiN| AgamoM ko vicchinna nahIM mAnatA thaa| yApanIya paramparA meM ye aMga Agama aparAjita ne AcArAMga ke "lokavicaya" nAmaka dvitIya adhyayana ke aura aMgabAhya Agama pracalana meM the, isakA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai paMcama uddezaka kA ullekhapUrvaka jo uddharaNa diyA hai, vaha Aja bhI ki navIM zatAbdI meM yApanIya AcArya aparAjita bhagavatI ArAdhanA usI adhyAya ke usI uddezaka meM upalabdha hai| isI prakAra usameM "ahaM kI TIkA meM na kevala ina AgamoM se aneka uddharaNa prastuta karate puNa evaM jANejja upAtikate hemaMte... Thavijja" jo yaha pATha AcArAMga haiM, apitu svayaM dazavaikAlika para TIkA bhI likha rahe haiN| mAtra yahI se uddhRta hai- vaha bhI vartamAna AcArAMga ke aSTama adhyayana ke caturtha, nahIM, yApanIya paryuSaNa ke avasara para kalpasUtra kI vAcanA bhI karate uddezaka meM hai| uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga kalpa Adi ke sandarbho kI bhI the, aisA nirdeza svayaM digambarAcArya kara rahe haiN| lagabhaga yahI sthiti hai| aba hama uttarAdhyayana ke sandarbho para vicAra kreNge| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne jaina sAhitya kI pUrvapIThikA meM aparAjita kyA yApanIya Agama vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM se bhinna the? kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA kI nimna do gAthAe~ uddhRta kI haiM__ isa prasaMga meM yaha vicAraNIya hai ki yApanIyoM ke ye Agama kauna paricattesu vatyesu Na puNo celmaadie| se the? kyA ve ina nAmoM se upalabdha zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM acelapavare bhikkhU jiNarUpadhare sdaa| se bhinna the yA yahI the? hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM ne yaha kahane sacelago sukhI bhavadi asukhI vA vi acelgo| kA atisAhasa bhI kiyA hai ki ye Agama vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM ahaM to sacelo hokkhAmi idi bhikkhu na ciNte|| se sarvathA bhinna the| pa0 kailAzacandrajI (jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, paMDitajI ne inheM uttarAdhyayana kI gAthA kahA hai aura unheM vartamAna pUrva pIThikA, pR0 525) ne aisA hI anumAna kiyA hai| ve likhate uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha bhI batAyA hai| kintu jaba hamane svayaM paMDitajI hai "jaina paramparA meM digambara aura zvetAmbara ke samAna eka yApanIya dvArA hI sampAdita evaM anuvAdita bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA dekhI saMgha bhI thaa| yaha saMgha yadyapi nagnatA kA pakSadhara thA, tathApi zvetAmbarI to usameM inheM spaSTa rUpa se uttarAdhyayana kI gAthAe~ nahIM kahA gayA
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________________ 17 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza hai| usameM mAtra "imAni ca sUtrANi acelatAM darzayanti" kahakara inheM ardhamAgadhI kI racanA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki yApanIyoM ne apane uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ko yaha bhrAnti kaise ho samaya ke avibhakta paramparA ke AgamoM ko mAnya karate hue bhI unheM gaI, hama nahIM jaante| puna: ye gAthAe~ bhI cAhe zabdaza: uttarAdhyayana zaurasenI prAkRta meM rUpAntarita karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA, anyathA meM na hoM, kintu bhAvarUpa se to donoM hI gAthAe~ aura zabda-rUpa se aparAjita kI TIkA meM mUla AgamoM ke uddharaNoM kA zaurasenI rUpa inake ATha caraNoM meM se cAra caraNa to upalabdha hI haiN| uparyukta uddhRta na milakara ardhamAgadhI rUpa hI miltaa| isa sambandha meM paM0 nAthUrAmajI gAthAoM se tulanA ke lie uttarAdhyayana kI ye gAthAe~ prastuta haiM- premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR0 60) kA nimna vaktavya vicAra"parijuNNehi patthehi hokkhAmi tti acele| NIya haiaduvA "sacelae hokkhaM" idaM bhikkhU na cinte|| "zvetAmbara sampradAya mAnya jo Agama grantha haiM, yApanIya saMgha zAyada "egayA acelae hoI sacele yAvi egyaa|" una sabhI ko mAnatA thA, parantu aisA jAna par3atA hai ki donoM ke AgamoM eyaM dhammahiyaM naccA nANI no prideve|| meM kucha pAThabheda thA aura usakA kAraNa yaha ho ki upalabdha vallabhI - uttarAdhyayana, 2/12-13 vAcanA ke pahale kI koI vAcanA (saMbhavata: mAthurI vAcanA) yApanIya jisa prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM hI cUrNi meM Agata pAThoM aura saMgha ke pAsa thI, kyoki vijayodayA TIkA meM AgamoM ke jo uddharaNa zIlAMka yA abhayadeva kI TIkA meM Agata pAThoM meM ardhamAgadhI aura haiM ve zvetAmbara AgamoM meM bilkula jyoM ke tyoM nahIM balki kucha pAThabheda ke mahArASTrI prAkRta kI dRSTi se pAThabheda rahA hai, usI prakAra yApanIya paramparA sAtha milate haiN| yApanIya ke pAsa skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama ke Agama ke pATha mAthurI vAcanA ke hone ke kAraNa zaurasenI prAkRta the yaha mAnane meM eka bAdhA AtI hai, vaha yaha ki skaMdila kI vAcanA se yukta rahe hoNge| kintu yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki kA kAla vIranirvANa 827-840 arthAt IsA kI tRtIya zatI kA prAcIna stara ke sabhI Agama grantha mUlata: ardhamAgadhI ke rahe haiN| unameM anta aura caturtha zatI kA prArambha hai, jabaki saMghabheda usake lagabhaga 200 jo mahArASTrI yA zaurasenI ke zabda-rUpa upalabdha hote haiM, ve paravartI varSa pahale hI ghaTita ho cukA thaa|" kintu paM0 nAthUrAmajI kI yaha haiN| vijayodayA meM AcArAMga Adi ke sabhI Agamika sandarbho ko dekhane zaMkA isa AdhAra para nirasta ho jAtI hai ki vAstavika sampradAya-bheda IsvI se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ve pUrNata: zaurasenI prabhAva se yukta haiN| san kI dvitIya zatAbdI meM na hokara pA~cavIM zatI meM huaa| yadyapi mUlata: AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi Agama to nizcita hI ardhamAgadhI yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki phalgumitra kI paramparA kI koI vAcanA thI, kintu meM rahe haiN| yahA~ do sambhAvanAe~ ho sakatI haiM, prathama yahI hai ki isa vAcanA ke sambandha meM spaSTa nirdeza kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hai| mAthurI vAcanA ke samaya una para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA ho aura niSkarSa yaha hai ki yApanIya Agama vahI the, jo una nAmoM se yApanIyoM ne use mAnya rakhA ho| dUsare yaha hai ki yApanIyoM dvArA una Aja zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha haiN| mAtra unameM kiMcit pAThabheda thA AgamoM kA zaurasenIkaraNa karate samaya zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AcArAMga tathA bhASA kI dRSTi se zaurasenI kA prabhAva adhika thaa| yApanIya granthoM Adi se unameM pAThabheda ho gayA ho, kintu isa AdhAra para bhI yaha meM AgamoM ke jo uddharaNa milate haiM unameM kucha to vartamAna zvetAmbara kahanA ucita nahIM hogA ki yApanIya aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke Agama paramparA ke AgamoM meM anupalabdha haiM, kucha pAThAntara ke sAtha upalabdha bhinna the| aisA pAThabheda to eka hI paramparA ke AgamoM meM bhI upalabdha haiN| jo anupalabdha haiM, unake sambandha meM do vikalpa haiM-prathama yaha hai| svayaM paM0 kailAzacandrajI ne apane grantha jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa- ki mUlAgamoM ke ve aMza bAda ke zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne agalI vAcanA pUrvapIThikA meM aparAjitasUri kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA se meM nikAla diye aura dUsarA yaha ki ve aMza yApanIya mAnyatA ke prakSipta AcArAMga kA jo uparyukta pATha diyA hai, usameM aura svayaM unake dvArA aMza hoN| kintu prathama vikalpa meM isalie vizvAsa nahIM hotA ki sampAdita bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM uddhRta yadi paravartI vAcanAoM meM ve saba bAteM, jo usa yuga ke AcAryoM ko pATha meM hI antara hai--eka meM "thINa" pATha hai--dUsare meM "thIrAMga' mAnya nahIM thIM yA unakI paramparA ke virUddha thIM, nikAla dI gaI hotI pATha hai, jisase artha-bheda bhI hotA hai| eka hI lekhaka aura sampAdaka to vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM meM acelatA ke samarthaka sabhI aMza nikAla kI kRti meM bhI pAThabheda ho to bhinna paramparAoM meM kiMcit pAThabheda diye jAne cAhie the| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki AgamoM kI vAcanAoM honA svAbhAvika hai, kintu usase unakI pUrNa bhinnatA kI kalpanA nahIM (saMkalana) ke samaya kevala ve hI aMza nahIM A pAye the jo vismRta kI jA sakatI hai| punaH yApanIya paramparA dvArA uddhRta AcArAMga, ho gaye the athavA punarAvRtti se bacane ke lie "jAva" pATha dekara uttarAdhyayana Adi ke uparyukta pAThoM kI acelakatva kI avadhAraNA kA vahA~ se haTA diye gaye the| mAnyatA bheda ke kAraNa kucha aMza jAnabUjhakara prazna hai, vaha zvetAbambara paramparA ke AgamoM meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai| nikAle gaye hoM, aisA koI bhI vizvasanIya pramANa hameM nahIM milatA isI prasaMga meM uttarAdhyayana kI jo anya gAthAe~ uddhRta kI gaI hai| kintu yaha ho sakatA hai ki ve aMza kisI anya gaNa kI vAcanA haiM, ve Aja bhI uttarAdhyayana ke 23veM adhyayana meM kucha pAThabheda ke ke rahe hoM, jinake pratinidhi usa vAcanA meM sammilita nahIM the| kucha sAtha upalabdha haiN| ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uddhRta ina gAthAoM para bhI aise pramANa upalabdha haiM ki vibhinna gaNoM meM vAcanA-bheda yA pAThabheda zaurasenI kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki mUla uttarAdhyayana hotA thaa|
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________________ 18 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 AgamoM meM pAThabheda evaM prakSepa haiM, kyoMki inake kAraNa aneka yApanIya granthoM kA yApanIya svarUpa vibhinna gaNoM ke nirmANa kA eka kAraNa vAcanA bheda bhI mAnA hI vikRta ho gayA hai| hamAre digambara vidvAn zvetAmbara granthoM meM prakSepaNa gayA hai| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadharoM kI nau kI bAta to kahate haiM, kintu ve isa bAta ko vismRta kara jAte haiM vAcanAe~ thIM arthAt mahAvIra ke kAla meM bhI vAcanA-bheda thA kyoMki ki svayaM unhoMne yApanIya aura apane granthoM meM bhI kisa prakAra herapratyeka vAcanAcArya kI adhyApana zailI bhinna hotI thii| jJAtavya hai ki phera kiye haiN| isa sambandha meM maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara digambara jaina paramparA meM zabda ke sthAna para artha para bala diyA jAtA thA, tIrthaGkara vidvAnoM kA mata prastuta karanA caahuuNgaa| ko artha kA pravartaka mAnA gayA thA jabaki vaidika paramparA zabda pradhAna paM0 kailAzacandrajI sva-sampAdita "bhagavatI ArAdhanA" kI thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainoM ne yaha mAnA ki cAhe zabda-bheda ho, para prastAvanA (pR0 9) meM likhate haiM--"vijayodayA ke adhyayana se prakaTa artha-bheda nahIM honA caahie| yahI kAraNa hai ki vAcanA bheda bar3hate gye| hotA hai ki unake sAmane TIkA likhate samaya jo mUlagrantha upasthita hameM yApanIya granthoM meM upalabdha Agamika uddharaNoM se vartamAna AgamoM thA, usameM aura vartamAna mUla (grantha) meM antara hai| aneka gAthAoM ke pAThoM kA jo pAThabheda milatA hai unakA kAraNa vAcanA-bheda hai,artha- meM ve zabda nahIM milate jo TIkAoM meM haiN|" bheda nahIM, kyoMki aise anupalabdha aMzoM yA pAThabhedoM meM viSaya-pratipAdana isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jaba digambara AcAryoM ne isa yApanIya kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa antara nahIM hai| kintu isa sambhAvanA se pUrI grantha ko apane meM samAhita kiyA hogA to isakI mUla gAthAoM ke taraha inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki svayaM yApanIyoM ne bhI apanI zabdoM meM bhI hera-phera kara diyA hogaa| yadi paM0 kailAzacandrajI ne una mAnyatA kI puSTi ke lie kucha aMza jor3e hoM athavA parivartita kiye sabhI sthaloM kA jahA~ unheM pAThabheda pratIta huA, nirdeza kiyA hotA hoN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI vallabhI vAcanA meM yA usake pazcAt bhI to sambhavataH hama adhika prAmANikatA se kucha bAta kaha sakate the| AgamoM meM kucha aMza jur3ate rahe haiM--isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA TIkA aura mUla ke sAre antaroM ko hama bhI abhI taka khoja nahIM jA sktaa| hama paNDita kailAzacandrajI (jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pAye haiN| ata: abhI to unake mata ko hI vizvasanIya mAnakara saMtoSa pUrvapIThikA, pR0 527) ke isa kathana se sahamata haiM ki vallabhI vAcanA kreNge| svayaMbhU ke riTThanemicariu (harivaMzapurANa) meM bhI isI prakAra kI ke samaya aura usake bAda bhI AgamoM ke svarUpa meM kucha parivartana cher3a-chAr3a huI thii| isa sandarbha meM paM0 nAthUrAmajI premI (jaina sAhitya hue haiN| kintu unake dvArA prayukta "bahuta" zabda Apattijanaka hai| aura itihAsa,pR0 202) likhate haiM- "isameM to saMdeha nahIM hai ki phira bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki inameM prakSepa hI adhika huA hai, vismRti isa antima aMza meM muni jasakitti (yazakIrti) kA bhI hAtha hai, parantu ko chor3akara jAna-bUjhakara nikAlA kucha nahIM gayA hai| yaha kitanA hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| bahuta kucha soca-vicAra kintu aisA prakSepa mAtra zvetAmbaroM ne kiyA hai aura digambaroM tathA ke bAda hama isa nirNaya para pahu~ce haiM ki muni jasakitti ko isa grantha yApanIyoM ne nahIM kiyA hai--yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| sambhava hai ki kI koI aisI jIrNa-zIrNa prati milI thI jisake antima patra naSTa-bhraSTa yApanIya paramparA ne bhI AgamoM meM apane anukUla kucha aMza prakSipta the aura zAyada anya pratiyA~ durlabha thIM, isalie unhoMne gopagiri kiye hoN| mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi granthoM ko dekhane se aisA (gvAliyara) ke samIpa kumaranagarI ke jaina mandira meM vyAkhyAna karane spaSTa lagatA hai ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI hI saikar3oM ke lie ise ThIka kiyA arthAt jahA~-jahA~ jitanA aMza phaTa gayA gAthAe~ zaurasenI prAkRta meM rUpAntarita karake apane ina granthoM kI racanA thA yA naSTa ho gayA thA, usako svayaM racakara jor3a diyA aura jahA~kI hai, mUlAcAra kA lagabhaga AdhA bhAga prakIrNakoM, niyuktiyoM evaM jahA~ jor3A, vahA~-vahA~ apane parizrama ke evaja meM apanA nAma bhI jor3a AgamoM kI gAthAoM se nirmita hai| yaha to nizcita hai ki prAcIna Agama diyaa| isase spaSTa hai ki kucha digambara AcAryoM ne dUsaroM kI racanAoM sAhitya ardhamAgadhI meM thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM upalabdha Agamika sandarbha ko bhI apane nAma para car3hA liyaa| ke sadaiva zaurasenI rUpa hI milate haiM, jo isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa isI prakAra tiloyapaNNatti meM bhI paryApta rUpa se milAvaTa huI haiM ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ko zaurasenI meM apane DhaMga hai| jahA~ "tiloyapaNNatti' kA grantha-parimANa 8000 zloka batAyA se rUpAntarita karane kA prayatna kiyA hogA aura isa prayatna meM unhoMne gayA hai vahA~ vartamAna tiloyapaNNatti kA zloka-parimANa 9340 hai apane mata kI puSTi kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hogaa| arthAt lagabhaga 1340 zloka adhika haiN| paM0 nAthUrAmajI premI ke ata: isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki yApanIya zabdoM meM- "ye isa bAta ke saMketa dete haiM ki pIche se isameM milAvaTa AcAryoM ne bhI mUla AgamoM ke sAtha cher3achAr3a kI thI aura apane kI gayI hai|" isa sandarbha meM paM0 phUlacandrazAstrI ke, jaina sAhitya mata kI puSTi hetu unhoMne unameM parivardhana aura prakSepa bhI kiye| bhAskara, bhAga 11, aMka prathama meM prakAzita "vartamAna tiloyapaNNatti mAtra zvetAmbara aura yApanIya hI AgamoM ke sAtha cher3achAr3a karane aura usake racanAkAra kA vicAra" nAmaka lekha ke AdhAra para ve likhate ke doSI nahIM haiM, balki digambara AcArya aura paNDita bhI isa daur3a haiM- "usase mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha grantha apane asala rUpa meM nahIM meM pIche nahIM rahe haiN| yApanIya granthoM meM digambara paramparA ke dvArA jo rahA hai| usameM na kevala bahuta sA lagabhaga eka aSTamAMza prakSipta hai, prakSepaNa aura parivartana kiye gaye haiM ve to aura bhI adhika vicAraNIya balki bahuta-sA parivartana aura parizodha bhI kiyA gayA hai, jo mUla
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________________ 19 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza grantha kartA ke anukUla nahIM hai|" isI prakAra kasAyapAhuDasutta kI mUla kI, vahA~ yApanIyoM ne zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM aura Agamika gAthAe~ 180 thIM, kintu Aja usameM 233 gAthAe~ milatI haiM- arthAt vyAkhyAoM se aura digambaroM ne yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM se aisI usameM 53 gAthAe~ paravartI AcAryoM dvArA prakSipta haiN| yahI sthiti kundakunda hI cher3a-chAr3a kii| ke samayasAra, vaTTakera ke mUlAcAra Adi kI bhI hai| prakAzita saMskaraNoM niSkarSa yaha hai ki isa prakAra kI cher3a-chAr3a prAcIna kAla se meM bhI gAthAoM kI saMkhyAoM meM bahuta adhika antara hai| samayasAra lekara vartamAna kAla taka hotI rahI hai| koI bhI paramparA isa sandarbha ke jJAnapITha ke saMskaraNa meM 415 gAthAe~ haiM to ajitAzrama saMskaraNa meM pUrNa nirdoSa nahIM kahI jA sktii| ata: kisI bhI paramparA kA adhyayana meM 437 gaathaaeN| mUlAcAra ke digambara jainagranthamAlA ke saMskaraNa meM karate samaya yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama una prakSipta athavA parivardhita 1242 gAthAe~ haiN| to phalaTaNa ke saMskaraNa meM 1414 gAthAyeM haiM, aMzoM para niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM, kyoMki isa cher3a-chAr3a meM kahIM arthAt 162 gAthAyeM adhika haiM, yaha saba isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki kucha aisA avazya raha jAtA hai, jisase yathArthatA ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| digambara paramparA ke AcAryoM ne zvetAmbaroM aura yApanIyoM kI apekSA parivardhanoM aura parivartanoM ke bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara AgamoM kI bahuta adhika prakSepa evaM parivartana kiyA hai| ina ullekhoM ke atirikta eka vizeSatA hai, vaha yaha ki ve saba bAteM bhI jinakA unakI paramparA vartamAna meM bhI isa prakAra ke parivartanoM ke prayAsa hue haiM, jaise "dhavalA" se spaSTa virodha hai, unameM yathAvat rUpa se surakSita haiN| yahI kAraNa ke sampAdana ke samaya mUla grantha SaTkhaNDAgama se "saMjada" pada ko hai ki zvetAmbara Agama jaina dharma ke prAcIna svarUpa kI jAnakArI dene haTA denA, tAki usa grantha ke yApanIya svarUpa yA strI-mukti ke samarthaka meM Aja bhI pUrNatayA sakSama haiN| AvazyakatA hai niSpakSa bhAva se unake hone kA pramANa naSTa kiyA jA ske| isa sandarbha meM digambara samAja adhyayana kii| kyoki unameM bahuta kucha aisA mila jAtA hai, jisameM meM kitanI UhApoha macI thI aura pakSa-vipakSa meM kitane lekha likhe jainadharma ke vikAsa aura usameM Aye parivartanoM ko samajhA jA sakatA gaye the, yaha tathya kisI se chipA nahIM hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki anta hai| yahI bAta kisI sImA taka yApanIya aura digambara granthoM ke sandarbha meM mUlaprati meM "saMjada" pada pAyA gyaa| tathApi tAmrapatra vAlI prati meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, yadyapi zvetAmbara sAhitya kI apekSA vaha meM vaha pada nahIM likhA gayA, sambhavata: bhaviSya meM vaha eka naI samasyA alpa hI hai| prakSepa aura pariSkAra ke bAda bhI samagra jaina sAhitya meM utpanna kregaa| isa sandarbha meM bhI maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara __ bahuta kucha aisA hai, jo satya ko prastuta karatA hai, kintu zarta yahI digambara paramparA ke mAnya vidvAn paM0 kailAzacandrajI ke zabdoM ko hI hai ki usakA adhyayana aitihAsika aura sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se ho, uddhRta kara rahA huuN| paM0 bAlacandrazAstrI kI kRti "SakhaNDAgama- tabhI hama satya ko samajha skeNge| parizIlana" ke apane pradhAna sampAdakIya meM ve likhate haiM-"samUcA grantha prakAzita hone se pUrva hI eka aura vivAda uTha khar3A huaa| prathama jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI? bhAga ke sUtra 93 meM jo pATha hameM upalabdha thA, unameM artha-saMgati kI vartamAna meM 'prAkRta-vidyA' nAmaka zodha patrikA ke mAdhyama se jaina dRSTi se "saMjadAsaMjada" ke Age "saMjada' pada jor3ane kI AvazyakatA vidyA ke vidvAnoM kA eka varga AgrahapUrvaka yaha mata pratipAdita kara pratIta huI, kintu isase phalita hone vAlI saiddhAntika vyavasthAoM se rahA hai "jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta thI, jo kAlAntara kucha vidvAnoM ke mana AloDita hue aura ve "saMjada" pada ko jor3anA meM parivartita karake ardhamAgadhI banA dI gii"| isa varga kA yaha bhI eka anadhikAra ceSTA kahane lge| isa para bahuta bAra maukhika zAstrArtha dAvA hai ki zaurasenI prAkRta hI prAcInatama prAkRta hai aura anya sabhI bhI hue aura uttara-pratyuttara rUpa lekhoM kI zrRMkhalAe~ bhI cala par3I, prAkRteM yathA- mAgadhI, paizAcI, mahArASTrI Adi isI se vikasita jinakA saMgraha kucha svataMtra granthoM meM prakAzita bhI huaa| isake maukhika huI haiM, ata: ve sabhI zaurasenI prAkRta se paravartI bhI haiN| isI krama samAdhAna hetu jaba sampAdakoM ne tAr3apatrIya pratiyoM ke pATha kI sUkSmatA / meM digambara paramparA meM AgamoM ke rUpa meM mAnya AcArya kundakunda ke se jA~ca karAyI taba patA calA ki vahA~ kI donoM bhinna pratiyoM meM hamArA granthoM meM nihita ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI zabdarUpoM ko parivartita sujhAyA gayA 'saMjada' pada vidyamAna hai| isase do bAteM spaSTa huI- kara unheM zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita karane kA eka suniyojita prayatna bhI eka to yaha ki sampAdakoM ne jo pATha-saMzodhana kiyA hai, vaha gambhIra kiyA jA rahA hai| isa samasta pracAra-prasAra ke pIche mUlabhUta uddezya cintana aura samajhadArI para AdhArita hai aura dUsarI yaha ki mUla pratiyoM yaha hai ki zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM ko digambara paramparA meM mAnya Agamatulya se pATha milAna kI AvazyakatA aba bhI banI huI hai, kyoMki jo granthoM se arvAcIna aura apane zaurasenI meM nibaddha Agamatulya granthoM pAThAntara mUDabidrI se prApta hue the aura tRtIya bhAga ke anta meM samAviSTa ko prAcIna siddha kiyA jaaye| isa pArasparika vivAda kA eka pariNAma kiye gaye the unameM yaha saMzodhana nahIM milaa|" yaha bhI ho rahA hai ki zvetAmbara-digambara paramparA ke bIca kaTutA kI mere uparyukta lekhana kA tAtparya kisI kI bhAvanAoM ko Thesa khAI gaharI hotI jA rahI hai aura ina saba meM eka niSpakSa bhASAzAstrIya pahu~cAnA nahIM hai, kintu mUlagranthoM ke sAtha aisI cher3a-chAr3a karane ke adhyayana ko pIche chor3a diyA jA rahA hai| prastuta nibandha meM maiM ina lie zvetAmbara, digambara, yApanIya sabhI samAnarUpa se doSI haiN| jahA~ sabhI praznoM para zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparA meM Agama rUpa meM granthoM zvetAmbara ne apane hI pUrva avibhakta paramparA ke AgamoM se aisI cher3a-chAr3a ke Aloka meM carcA karane kA prayatna kruuNgaa|
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________________ 20 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kyA Agama sAhitya mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha thA? dUsarI ora prAkRta-vidyA ke sampAdaka DaoN. sudIpa jI kA kathana ___ yahA~ sarvaprathama maiM isa prazna kI carcA karanA cAhU~gA ki kyA jaina hai ki unake vyAkhyAna kI Tepa hamAre pAsa upalabdha hai aura hamane use Agama sAhitya mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha thA aura use bAda avikala rUpa se yathAvat diyA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM DaoN. sudIpajI meM parivartita karake ardhamAgadhI rUpa diyA gayA? jaina vidyA ke kucha kA to yaha bhI kathana hai ki tulasIprajJA ke khaNDana ke bAda bhI ve vidvAnoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki jaina Agama sAhitya mUlata: zaurasenI TaoNTiyA jI se mile haiM aura TaoNTiyA jI ne unheM kahA hai ki ve apane kathana prAkRta meM nibaddha huA thA aura use bAda meM ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita para Aja bhI dRr3ha haiN| TaoNTiyA jI ke isa kathana ko unhoMne kiyA gyaa| apane isa kathana ke pakSa meM ve zvetAmbara, digambara kinhIM prAkRta-vidyA julAI-sitambara 96 ke aGka meM nimna zabdoM meM prastuta bhI AgamoM kA pramANa na dekara pro. TaoNTiyA ke vyAkhyAna se kucha aMza kiyA - uddhRta karate haiN| DaoN. sudIpa jaina ne 'prAkRta vidyA', janavarI-mArca 96 "maiM saMskRta vidyApITha kI vyAkhyAnamAlA meM prastuta tathyoM para ke sampAdakIya meM unake kathana ko nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai- pUrNatayA dRr3ha hU~ tathA yaha merI tathyAdhArita spaSTa avadhAraNA hai jisase "hAla hI meM zrI lAlabahAdurazAstrI saMskRta vidyApITha meM sampatra vicalita hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai"| (pR. 9) . dvitIya AcArya kundakundasmRti vyAkhyAnamAlA meM vizvavizruta bhASAzAstrI yaha samasta vivAda do patrikAoM ke mAdhyama se donoM sampAdakoM evaM dArzanika vicAraka pro0 nathamala jI TaoNTiyA ne spaSTa rUpa se ghoSita ke madhya hai, kintu isa vivAda meM satyatA kyA hai aura usakA mUla kiyA ki "zramaNa-sAhitya kA prAcIna rUpa, cAhe ve bauddhoM ke tripiTaka mantavya kyA hai, isakA nirNaya to tabhI sambhava hai jaba DaoN. TaoNTiyA Adi hoM, zvetAmbaroM ke AcArAGgasUtra, dazavaikAlikasUtra Adi hoM athavA svayaM isa sambandha meM likhita vaktavya deM, kintu ve isa sambandha meM digambaroM ke SaTkhaNDAgamasUtra, samayasAra Adi hoM, sabhI zaurasenI prAkRta mauna haiN| maiMne svayaM unheM patra likhA thA, kintu unakA koI pratyuttara meM hI nibaddha the| unhoMne Age sapramANa spaSTa kiyA ki bauddhoM ne bAda nahIM aayaa| maiM DaoN. TaoNTiyA kI ulajhana samajhatA huuN| eka ora kundakundameM zrIlaMkA meM eka bRhatsaGgIti meM yojanApUrvaka zaurasenI meM nibaddha bhAratI ne unheM kundakunda vyAkhyAnamAlA meM Amantrita kara puraskRta kiyA bauddhasAhitya kA mAgadhIkaraNa kiyA aura prAcIna zaurasenI meM nibaddha hai to dUsarI aura ve jaina vizvabhAratI kI sevA meM haiM, jaba jisa maJca bauddhasAhitya ke granthoM ko agnisAt kara diyaa| isI prakAra zvetAmbara se bole hoMge bhAvAveza meM unake anukUla vaktavya de diye hoMge aura jaina sAhitya kA bhI prAcIna rUpa zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI thA, jisakA aba spaSTa khaNDana bhI kaise kareM? phira bhI merI antarAtmA yaha svIkAra rUpa kramaza: ardhamAgadhI meM badala gyaa| yadi hama vartamAna ardhamAgadhI nahIM karatI hai ki DaoN. TaoNTiyA jaise gambhIra vidvAn binA pramANa ke Agama sAhitya ko hI mUla zvetAmbara Agama-sAhitya mAnane para jora aise vaktavya deN| kahIM na kahIM zabdoM kI jor3a-tor3a avazya ho rahI deMge, to isa ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA Aja se pandraha sau varSa ke pahile hai| DaoN. sudIpajI prAkRta-vidyA, julAI-sitambara 96 meM DaoN. TaoNTiyA astitva hI nahIM hone se isa sthiti meM hameM apane Agama sAhitya jI ke ukta vyAkhyAnoM ke vicAra binduoM ko avikala rUpa se prastuta ko bhI 500 varSa I. ke paravartI mAnanA pdd'egaa|" unhoMne spaSTa kiyA karate hue likhate haiM ki- "haribhadra kA sArA yogazataka dhavalA ki Aja bhI AcArAGgasUtra Adi kI prAcIna pratiyoM meM zaurasenI ke se hai|" zabdoM kI pracuratA milatI hai, jabaki naye prakAzita saMskaraNoM meM una isakA tAtparya hai ki haribhadra ke yogazataka ko dhavalA ke AdhAra zabdoM kA arddhamAgadhIkaraNa ho gayA hai| unhoMne kahA ki pakSavyAmoha para banAyA gayA hai| kyA TaoNTiyA jI jaise vidvAn ko itanA bhI itihAsa ke kAraNa aise parivartanoM se hama apane sAhitya kA prAcIna mUlarUpa bodha nahIM hai ki yogazataka ke kartA haribhadrasUri aura dhavalA ke kartA kho rahe haiN| unhoMne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA ki digambara jaina sAhitya meM meM kauna pahale huA hai? yaha to aitihAsika satya hai ki haribhadrasUri hI zaurasenI bhASA ke prAcInarUpa surakSita upalabdha haiN|" kA yogazataka (AThavIM zatI), dhavalA (10vIM zatI) se pUrvavartI hai| nissaMdeha proTaoNTiyA jaina aura bauddha vidyAoM ke variSThatama vidvAnoM mujhe vizvAsa hI nahIM hotA hai, ki TaoNTiyA jI jaisA vidvAn isa aitihAsika meM eka haiM aura unake kathana kA koI artha aura AdhAra bhI hogaa| satya ko anadekhA kara de| kahIM na kahIM unake nAma para koI bhrama kintu ye kathana unake apane haiM yA unheM apane pakSa kI puSTi hetu tor3a-maror3a khar3A kiyA jA rahA hai| DaoN. TaoNTiyA jI ko apanI cuppI tor3akara kara prastuta kiyA gayA hai, yaha eka vivAdAspada prazna hai? kyoMki eka isa bhrama kA nirAkaraNa karanA caahie| vastuta: yadi koI bhI carcA ora tulasIprajJA ke sampAdaka kA kahanA hai ki TaoNTiyA jI ne isakA pramANoM ke AdhAra para nahIM hotI hai to usako kaise mAnya kiyA jA khaNDana kiyA hai| ve tulasIprajJA (apraila-jUna, 96, khaNDa 22, aMka sakatA hai, phira cAhe use kitane hI bar3e vidvAn ne kyoM na kahA ho? 4) meM likhate haiM ki- "DaoN. nathamala TaoNTiyA ne dillI kI eka yadi vyakti kA hI mahattva mAnya hai, to abhI saMyoga se TaoNTiyA jI patrikA meM chape aura unake nAma se pracArita isa kathana kA khaNDana se bhI variSTha antarrASTrIya khyAti ke jaina, bauddha vidyAoM ke mahAmanISI kiyA hai ki mahAvIravANI zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha huii| unhoMne spaSTa aura svayaM TaoNTiyA jI ke guru padmavibhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA mata prakaTa kiyA ki AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAGga aura hamAre bIca haiM, phira to unake kathana ko adhika prAmANika mAnakara dazavaikAlika meM ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA utkRSTa rUpa hai|" prAkRta-vidyA ke sampAdaka ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| khaira yaha saba
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza 21 prAstAvika bAteM thIM, jisase yaha samajhA jA sake ki samasyA kyA artha meM likhA hai- "eka yojana taka bhagavAna kI vANI svayameva hai, kaise utpanna huI aura prastuta spaSTIkaraNa kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? sunAI detI hai| usake Age saMkhyAta yojanoM taka usa divyadhvani kA hameM to vyaktiyoM ke kathanoM yA vaktavyoM para na jAkara tathyoM ke prakAza vistAra magadha jAti ke deva karate haiN| ata: ardhamAgadhI bhASA devakRta meM isakI samIkSA karanI hai ki AgamoM kI mUlabhASA kyA thI aura hai| (SaTprAbhRtam, caturtha bodha gAthA 32, pAhuDaTIkA, pR0176)| ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI meM kauna prAcIna hai? ___ mAtra yahI nahIM vartamAna meM bhI digambara paramparA ke mahAn saMta evaM AcArya vidyAsAgara jI ke pramukha ziSya muni zrI pramANasAgarajI AgamoM kI mUlabhASA ardhamAgadhI apanI pustaka 'jainardhamadarzana' meM likhate haiM ki 'una bhagavAn mahAvIra yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki mahAvIra kA janmakSetra aura kAryakSetra kA upadeza sarvagrAhya ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM huaa| donoM hI mukhya rUpa se magadha aura usake samIpavartI kSetra meM hI thA, ataH jaba zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAe~ yaha mAnakara cala yaha svAbhAvika hai ki unhoMne jisa bhASA ko bolA hogA vaha samIpavartI rahI haiM ki bhagavAn kA upadeza ardhamAgadhI meM huA thA aura isI bhASA kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita mAgadhI arthAt ardhamAgadhI hI rahI hogii| meM unake upadezoM ke AdhAra para AgamoM kA praNayana huA to phira vyakti kI bhASA kabhI bhI apanI mAtRbhASA se aprabhAvita nahIM hotI zaurasenI ke nAma se nayA vivAda khar3A karake isa khAI ko caur3A kyoM hai| punaH zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya jo bhI Agama sAhitya Aja upalabdha kiyA jA rahA hai? haiM, unameM aneka aise sandarbha haiM, jinameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha hai yaha to Agamika pramANoM kI carcA huii| vyAvahArika evaM ki mahAvIra ne apane upadeza ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM diye the| aitihAsika tathya bhI isI kI puSTi karate haiM - - isa sambandha meM ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya se kucha pramANa prastuta 1. yadi mahAvIra ne apane upadeza ardhamAgadhI meM diye to yaha svAbhAvika kiye jA rahe haiM yathA - hai ki gaNadharoM ne usI bhASA meM AgamoM kA praNayana kiyA hogaa| 1. bhagavaM ca NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe dhmmmaaikkhi| -samavAyAGga, ata: siddha hai ki AgamoM kI mUla bhASA kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita samavAya 34, sUtra 22 / / mAgadhI arthAt ardhamAgadhI rahI hai, yaha mAnanA hogaa| 2. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre kuNiassa bhaMbhasAraputtassa addhamAgahIe 2. isake viparIta zaurasenI Agamatulya mAnya granthoM meM se kisI eka bhAsAe bhAsatti arihAdhamma prikhi| - auppaatiksuutr| bhI grantha meM eka bhI sandarbha aisA nahIM hai, jisase yaha pratidhvanita 3. goyamA! devANaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe bhAsaMti saviyaNaM addhamAgahA bhI hotA ho ki AgamoM kI mUla bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta thii| unameM bhAsA bhAsijjamANI visjjti|- bhagavaI, lADanUM : zataka 5, mAtra yaha ullekha hai ki tIrthaGkaroM kI jo vANI khiratI hai, vaha uddezaka 4, sUtra 93 / sarvabhASArUpa pariNata hotI hai| usakA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hai 4. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre usabhadattamAhaNassa devANaMdA mAhaNIe ki unakI vANI janasAdhAraNa ko AsAnI se samajha meM AtI tIse ya mahati mahaliyAe isiparisAe maNiparisAe jaiparisAe.... thii| vaha lokavANI thii| usameM magadha ke nikaTavartI kSetroM kI kSetrIya savva bhAsaNugAmaNie sarassaIe joyaNaNIhAriNAsareNaM addhamagahAe boliyoM ke zabda rUpa bhI hote the aura yahI kAraNa thA ki use bhAsAi dhamma prikhi| - bhagavaI lADanUM, zataka 9, uddezaka mAgadhI na kahakara ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA thaa| 33, sUtra 149 / 3. jo grantha jisa kSetra meM racita yA sampAdita hotA hai, usakA vahA~ 5. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre jAmAlissa khattiyakumArassa.... kI bolI se prabhAvita honA svAbhAvika hai| prAcIna stara ke jaina addhamagAhAe bhAsAe bhAsai dhamma prikhi| -bhagavaI, lADanaM Agama yathA AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga isibhAsiyaiM (RSibhASita), : zataka 9, uddezaka 33, sUtra 163 / uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi magadha aura usake samIpavartI kSetra 6. savvasattasamadarisIhiM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe suttaM uvditthtth| - meM racita haiM aura unameM isI kSetra ke nagaroM Adi kI sUcanAe~ AcArAGgacUrNi, jinadAsagaNi, pR0 255 / haiN| mUla AgamoM meM eka bhI aisI sUcanA nahIM hai ki mahAvIra mAtra itanA hI nahIM, digambara paramparA meM mAnya AcArya kundakunda ne bihAra, baGgAla aura pUrvI uttara pradeza se Age vihAra kiyA ke grantha bodhapAhuDa, jo svayaM zaurasenI meM nibaddha hai, usakI TIkA ho| ata: unakI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hI rahI hogii| meM digambara AcArya zrutasAgara jI likhate haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra 4. punaH AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA pATaliputra meM aura dUsarI khaNDagiri ne ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM apanA upadeza diyaa| pramANa ke liye usa (ur3IsA) meM huI, ye donoM kSetra mathurA se paryApta dUrI para sthita TIkA ke anuvAda kA vaha aMza prastuta hai - ardha magadha deza haiM, ata: kama se kama prathama aura dvitIya vAcanA ke samaya taka bhASAtmaka aura ardha sarvabhASAtmaka bhagavAn kI dhvani khiratI hai| arthAt I.pU. dUsarI zatI taka unake zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita hone zaGkA- ardhamAgadhI bhASA devakRta atizaya kaise ho sakatI hai, kA yA usase prabhAvita hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| kyoMki bhagavAn kI bhASA hI ardhamAgadhI hai? uttara- magadha deva yaha satya hai ki usake pazcAt jaba jaina dharma evaM vidyA kA kendra ke sAnnidhya se hone se AcArya prabhAcandra ne nandIzvara bhakti ke pATaliputra se haTakara lagabhaga I.pU. prathama zatI meM mathurA banA to usa
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AnA prArambha huaa| yadyapi mathurA se prApta dUsarI hai, yahI kAraNa thA ki jo uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha mathurA meM ekatrita zatI taka ke abhilekhoM kA zaurasenI ke prabhAva se mukta honA yahI huA usake Agama pATha usa kSetra kI bolI-zaurasenI se prabhAvita hue siddha karatA hai ki jainAgamoM para zaurasenI kA prabhAva dUsarI zatI ke aura jo pazcimI bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha valabhI meM ekatrita huA usake pazcAt hI prArambha huA hogaa| sambhavataH phalgumitra (dUsarI zatI) ke Agama pATha usa kSetra kI bolI mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita hue| puna: samaya yA usake bhI pazcAt skaMdila (caturtha zatI) kI mAthurI vAcanA yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ina donoM vAcanAoM meM sampAdita ke samaya una para zaurasenI prabhAva AyA thA, yahI kAraNa hai ki yApanIya AgamoM kA mUla AdhAra to ardhamAgadhI Agama hI the, yahI kAraNa paramparA meM mAnya AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, nizItha, kalpa hai ki zaurasenI Agama na to zuddha zaurasenI meM haiM aura na valabhI vAcanA Adi jo Agama rahe haiM, ve zaurasenI se prabhAvita rahe haiN| yadi DaoN0 ke Agama zuddha mahArASTrI meM haiM, una donoM meM ardhamAgadhI ke zabda rUpa TaoNTiyA ne yaha kahA hai ki AcArAGga Adi zvetAmbara AgamoM kA zaurasenI to upalabdha hote hI haiN| zaurasenI AgamoM meM to ardhamAgadhI ke sAtha-sAtha prabhAvita saMskaraNa bhI thA jo mathurA kSetra meM vikasita yApanIya paramparA mahArASTrI prAkRta ke zabda rUpa bhI bahulatA se milate haiM, yahI kAraNa ko mAnya thA, to unakA kathana satya hai, kyoMki bhagavatI ArAdhanA hai ki bhASAvid unakI bhASA ko jaina zaurasenI aura jaina mahArASTrI kI TIkA meM AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha Adi ke jo sandarbha diye kahate haiN| durbhAgya to yaha hai ki jina zaurasenI AgamoM kI duhAI dIjA gaye haiM ve sabhI zaurasenI se prabhAvita haiN| kintu isakA yaha artha kadApi rahI hai, unameM se aneka 50 pratizata se adhika ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI nahIM hai ki AgamoM kI racanA zaurasenI meM huI thI aura bAda meM ve prAkRta se prabhAvita haiN| zvetAmbara aura digambara mAnya AgamoM meM prAkRta ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita kiye gye| jJAtavya hai ki yaha mAthurI vAcanA ke rUpoM kA jo vaividhya hai usake kAraNoM kI vistRta carcA maiMne apane skaMdila ke samaya mahAvIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga ATha sau varSa pazcAt lekha "jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana' meM kI hai| huI thI aura usameM AgamoM kI vAcanA huI, ve sabhI usake pUrva astitva meM the| yApanIyoM ne AgamoM ke isI zaurasenI prabhAvita saMskaraNa ko kyA zaurasenI AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM ekarUpatA hai? mAnya kiyA thA, kintu digambaroM ko to ve Agama bhI mAnya nahIM the, kintu DaoN. sudIpa jaina kA dAvA hai ki- "Aja bhI zaurasenI kyoMki unake anusAra to isa mAthurI vAcanA ke lagabhaga do sau varSa Agama-sAhitya meM bhASika tattva kI ekarUpatA hai, jabaki ardhamAgadhI pUrva hI Agama sAhitya vilupta ho cukA thaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya Agama-sAhitya meM bhASA ke vividha rUpa pAye jAte haiN| udAharaNasvarUpa AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, zaurasenI meM sarvatra "Na" kA prayoga milatA hai, kahIM bhI 'na' kA prayoga vyavahAra, nizItha Adi to I.pU. cauthI zatI se dUsarI zatI taka kI nahIM hai, jabaki ardhamAgadhI meM nakAra ke sAtha-sAtha NakAra kA prayoga racanAe~ haiM, jise pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| jJAtavya bhI vikalpata: milatA hai| yadi zaurasenI yuga meM nakAra kA prayoga alaga hai ki mathurA kA jaina vidyA ke kendra ke rUpa meM vikAsa I.pU. prathama bhASA meM pracalita hotA to digambara sAhitya meM kahIM to vikalpa se zatI se hI huA hai aura usake pazcAt hI ina AgamoM para zaurasenI prApta hotaa|" (prAkRtavidyA julAI-sitambara, 96, pR.7)| prabhAva AyA hogaa| yahA~ DaoN. sudIpa jaina ne do bAteM uThAI hai- prathama zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kI bhASika ekarUpatA kI aura dUsarI 'Na' kAra aura AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kaba aura kaise? 'na' kAra kii| kyA sudIpa jI, Apane zaurasenI Agama sAhitya ke yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki skaMdila kI isa mAthurI vAcanA ke upalabdha saMskaraNoM kA bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se koI prAmANika adhyayana samaya hI samAnAntara rUpa se eka vAcanA vallabhI (gujarAta) meM nAgArjuna kiyA hai? yadi Apane kiyA hotA to Apa aisA khokhalA dAvA prastuta kI adhyakSatA meM huI thI aura isI kAla meM una para mahArASTrI prabhAva nahIM karate? Apa kevala 'Na' kAra kA hI udAharaNa kyoM dete haiMbhI AyA kyoMki usa kSetra kI prAkRta mahArASTrI prAkRta thii| isI mahArASTrI vaha to mahArASTrI aura zaurasenI donoM meM sAmAnya hai| dUsare zabda rUpoM prAkRta se prabhAvita Agama Aja taka zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya haiN| kI carcA kyoM nahIM karate haiM? nIce maiM digambara zaurasenI Agamatalya ata: isa tathya ko bhI spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA cAhie ki AgamoM granthoM se hI kucha udAharaNa de rahA hU~, jinase unake bhASikatattva kI ke mahArASTrI prabhAvita aura zaurasenI prabhAvita saMskaraNa jo lagabhaga IsA ekarUpatA kA dAvA kitanA khokhalA hai yaha siddha ho jAtA hai| mAtra kI caturtha-paJcama zatI meM astitva meM Aye, unakA mUla AdhAra yahI nahIM isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki zaurasenI Agamatulya grantha ardhamAgadhI Agama hI the| yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki na to skaMdila kI na kevala ardhamAgadhI se prabhAvita haiM, apitu usase paravartI mahArASTrI mAthurI vAcanA meM aura na nAgArjuna kI valabhI vAcanA meM AgamoM kI prAkRta se bhI prabhAvita haiM - bhASA meM soca-samajha pUrvaka koI parivartana kiyA gayA thaa| vAstavikatA 1. AtmA ke liye ardhamAgadhI meM AtA, attA, appA Adi zabda yaha hai ki usa yuga taka Agama kaNThastha cale A rahe the aura koI rUpoM kA prayoga upalabdha hai, jabaki zaurasenI meM "da" zruti ke bhI kaNThastha grantha svAbhAvika rUpa se kaNThastha karane vAle vyakti kI kAraNa "AdA" rUpa banatA hai| samayasAra meM "AdA'' ke sAtha-sAtha kSetrIya bolI se arthAt uccAraNa zailI se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sakatA "appA' zabda rUpa jo ki ardhamAgadhI kA hai aneka bAra prayoga
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________________ 23 "249, ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza meM AyA hai| kevala samayasAra meM hI nahIM, apitu niyamasAra (120, 'na' kAra aura 'Na' kAra meM kauna prAcIna 121,183) Adi meM bhI "appA" zabda kA prayoga hai| aba hama NakAra aura nakAra ke prazna para Ate haiN| bhAI sudIpa 2. zruta kA zaurasenI rUpa "suda" banatA hai| zaurasenI Agamatulya jI ApakA yaha kathana satya hai ki ardhamAgadhI meM nakAra aura NakAra granthoM meM aneka sthAnoM para "suda" "sudakevalI" zabda ke prayoga donoM pAye jAte haiN| kintu digambara zaurasenI Agamatulya granthoM meM sarvatra bhI hue haiM, jabaki samayasAra (varNI granthamAlA, gAthA 9 evaM 10) NakAra kA pAyA jAnA yahI siddha karatA hai ki jisa zaurasenI ko Apa meM spaSTa rUpa meM "suyakevalI" "suyaNANa" zabdarUpoM kA bhI prayoga ariSTanemi ke kAla se pracalita prAcInatama prAkRta kahanA cAhate haiM, milatA hai aura ye donoM mahArASTrI zabda rUpa haiM tathA paravartI bhI usa NakAra pradhAna zaurasenI kA janma to IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI taka haiN| ardhamAgadhI meM to sadaiva 'suta' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai| huA bhI nahIM thaa| "Na" kI apekSA na kA prayoga prAcIna hai| I.pU. 3. zaurasenI "da" zrutipradhAna hai sAtha hI usameM "lopa" kI pravRtti tRtIya zatI ke azoka ke abhilekha evaM I.pU. dvitIya zatI ke khAravela atyalpa hai, ata: usake kriyA rUpa "havadi, hodi, kuNadi, ke zilAlekha se lekara mathurA ke zilAlekha (I.pU. dUsarI zatI se giNhadi, kuvvadi, pariNamadi, bhaNNadi, passadi Adi banate haiN| IsA kI dUsarI zatI taka) ina lagabhaga 80 jaina zilAlekhoM meM eka ina kriyA rUpoM kA prayoga una granthoM meM huA bhI hai, kintu unhIM bhI NakAra kA prayoga nahIM hai| inameM zaurasenI prAkRta ke rUpoM yathA granthoM ke kriyA rUpoM para mahArASTrI prAkRta kA kitanA vyApaka prabhAva "Namo" "arihaMtANaM" aura "Namo vaDDamANaM' kA sarvathA abhAva hai| hai, ise nimna udAharaNoM se jAnA jA sakatA hai - yahA~ hama kevala unhIM prAcIna zilAlekhoM ko uddhRta kara rahe haiM, jinameM jANai (gAthA saM. 10), havaI (11,315,386,384), muNai ina zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai- jJAtavya hai ki ye sabhI abhilekhIya (32), vuccai (45), kuvvai (81,286,319,321,325,340), sAkSya jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2 se prastuta haiM, jo digambara jaina pariNamai (76,79,80), (jJAtavya hai ki samayasAra ke isI saMskaraNa samAja dvArA hI prakAzita haiM - kI gAthA kramAMka 77,78,79, meM pariNamadi rUpa bhI milatA hai)| 1. hAthIguMphA bihAra kA zilAlekha- prAkRta, jaina samrAT khAravela, isI prakAra ke anya mahArASTrI prAkRta ke rUpa, jaise veyaI (84), kuNaI mauryakAla 165vA~ varSa, pR.4 lekha kramAGka 2- namo arahaMtAnaM, (71,96,289,293,322,326), hoi (94,197,306,349, namo savasidhAnaM 358), kareI (94,237,238,328,348), havaI (41,326, 2. baikuNTha svargapurI guphA, udayagiri bihAra, prAkRta, mauryakAla 329), jANaI (185,316,319,320,361), bahai (189), 165vaoN varSa lagabhaga I.pU. dUsarI zatI pR.11, le.kra. sevai (197), marai (257,290), (jabaki gAthA 258 meM maradi 'arhntpsaadn'| hai), pAvai (291,292), dhippai (296), uppajjai (308), 3. mathurA, prAkRta mahAkSatrapa zoDAzake 81 varSa kA. pR.12, kramAGka viNassai (312,345), dIsai (323), Adi bhI milate haiM 5, 'nama arahato vdhmaans'| (samayasAra varNI granthamAlA, vaaraannsii)| ye to kucha hI udAharaNa haiM- 4. mathurA, prAkRta kAla nirdeza nahIM diyA hai, kintu je.epha.phlITa aise aneka mahArASTrI prAkRta ke kriyA rUpa samayasAra meM upalabdha haiN| ke anusAra lagabhaga 14-13 I.pUrva kA honA cAhie, pR. 15, na kevala samayasAra apitu niyamasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra, pravacanasAra kramAGka 8, 'arahato vrdhmaansy'| Adi kI bhI yahI sthiti hai| 5. mathurA, prAkRta sambhavata: 14-13, I.pU. prathamazatI, pR.15, lekha bArahavIM zatI meM racita vasunandikRta zrAvakAcAra (bhAratIya jJAnapITha kramAGka 10, 'mA arhtpuujaa'| saMskaraNa) kI sthiti to kundakunda ke ina granthoM se bhI badatara hai, 6. mathurA, prAkRta pR.17, kramAGka 14, 'mA ahatAnaM shrmnnshrvikaa'| usakI prArambha kI sau gAthAoM meM 40 pratizata kriyA rUpa mahArASTrI 7. mathurA, prAkRta pR.17, kramAGka 15, 'namo arhNtaanN'| prAkRta ke haiN| 8. mathurA, prAkRta pR.18, kramAGka 16, 'namo arahato mhaavirs'| isase phalita yaha hotA hai ki tathAkathita zaurasenI AgamoM ke 9. mathurA, prAkRta huviSka saMvat 39- hastistambha, pR.34, kramAGka bhASAgata svarUpa meM to ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI apekSA bhI na kevala 43, 'ayaryena rudradAsena' arahaMtanaM pujaaye| adhika vaividhya hai, apitu usa mahArASTrI prAkRta kA bhI vyApaka prabhAva 10.mathurA, prAkRta bhagna varSa 93, pR.46, kramAGka 67, 'namo arhato hai, jise sudIpa jI zaurasenI se paravartI mAna rahe haiN| yadi ye grantha mhaavirsy'| prAcIna hote to ina para ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI kA prabhAva kahA~ se 11. mathurA, prAkRta vAsudeva saM.98, pR.47, kramAGka 60, 'namo arahato AtA? pro.e.ena. upAdhye ne pravacanasAra kI bhUmikA meM spaSTataH mhaaviirsy| svIkAra kiyA hai ki usakI bhASA para ardhamAgadhI kA prabhAva hai| 12. mathurA, prAkRta pR.48, kramAGka 71, 'namo arahaMtAnaM sihksN'| pro.khar3abar3I ne to SaTkhaNDAgama kI bhASA ko bhI zuddha zaurasenI nahIM 13. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna, pR.48, kramAGka 72, 'namo arhNtaan'| mAnA hai| 14. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna, pR.48, kramAGka 73, 'namo arhNtaan'|
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________________ 24 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 15. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna, pR.48, kramAGka 75, 'arahaMtAna vdhmaansy'| ke hI zaurasenI saMskaraNa the, jo yApanIya paramparA meM mAnya the aura 16. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna, pR.51, kramAGka80 'namo arhNtaan..dvn"| jinakI bhASika svarUpa aura kucha pATha bhedoM ko chor3akara zvetAmbara zUrasena pradeza, jahA~ se zaurasenI prAkRta kA janma huA, vahA~ mAnya AgamoM se samarUpatA thii| inake svarUpa Adi ke sambandha meM ke zilAlekhoM meM dUsarI-tIsarI zatI taka NakAra evaM 'da' zruti ke vistRta carcA maiMne "jaina dharma kA yApanIya sampradAya" nAmaka grantha ke prayoga kA abhAva yahI siddha karatA hai ki digambara AgamoM evaM nATakoM tIsare adhyAya ke prArambha meM kI hai| icchuka pAThaka use vahA~ dekha kI zaurasenI kA janma IsA kI dUsarI zatI ke pUrva kA nahIM hai, jabaki sakate haiN| nakAra pradhAna ardhamAgadhI kA prayoga to azoka ke abhilekhoM se arthAt vastuta: Aja jinheM hama zaurasenI Agama ke nAma se jAnate haiM I.pU. tIsarI zatI se siddha hotA hai| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki unameM mukhyata: nimna grantha Ate haiM - ardhamAgadhI Agama prAcIna the, AgamoM kA zabda rUpAntaraNa ardhamAgadhI se zaurasenI meM huA hai, na ki zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI meN| digambara a. yApanIya mAnya AgamoM kI zaurasenI kI jisa prAcInatA kA bar3ha-car3ha kara 1. kasAyapAhuDa, lagabhaga IsA kI cauthI zatI, guNadhara . dAvA kiyA jAtA hai, vaha ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI donoM se hI 2. SaTkhaNDAgama, IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI kA uttarArdha, puSpadaMta aura prabhAvita hai aura na kevala bhASAyI svarUpa ke AdhAra para apitu bhUtabalI viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para bhI IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavI zatI ke pUrva 3. bhagavatIArAdhanA, IsA kI chaThI zatI, zivArya kA nahIM hai| 4. mUlAcAra, IsA kI chaThI zatI, vaTTakera yadi zaurasenI prAcInatama prAkRta hai, to phira sampUrNa deza meM IsA jJAtavya hai ki ye sabhI grantha mUlata: yApanIya paramparA ke haiM aura kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI taka eka bhI abhilekha zaurasenI prAkRta meM kyoM inameM aneka gAthAe~ zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM, vizeSa rUpa se niyuktiyoM nahIM milatA hai| azoka ke abhilekha, khAravela ke abhilekha, balaDI aura prakIrNakoM ke samarUpa haiN| ke abhilekha aura mathurA ke zatAdhika abhilekha koI bhI to zaurasenI prAkRta meM nahIM haiN| ina sabhI abhilekhoM kI bhASA kSetrIya boliyoM se ba. kundakunda dvArA racita IsA kI lagabhaga chaThI zatI ke grantha prabhAvita mAgadhI hI hai| ata: use ardhamAgadhI to kahA jA sakatA hai, 5. samayasAra kintu zaurasenI kadApi nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| ata: prAkRtoM meM 6. niyamasAra ardhamAgadhI hI prAcIna hai, kyoMki mathurA ke prAcIna abhilekhoM meM bhI 7. pravacanasAra 'namo arahaMtAnaM', 'namo vadhamAnasa' Adi ardhamAgadhI zabda rUpa milate 8. paJcAstikAyasAra haiN| zvetAmbara AgamoM evaM abhilekhoM meM Aye 'arahaMtAnaM' pATha ko to 9. aSTapAhuDa (inakA kundakunda dvArA racita honA sandigdha hai, kyoMki prAkRta-vidyA meM khoTe sikke kI taraha batAyA gayA hai, isakA artha isakI bhASA meM apabhraMza ke zabda bhI pAye jAte haiN)| hai ki yaha pATha zaurasenI kA nahIM hai (prAkRta-vidyA, akTUbara-disambara 94, pR.10-11)| ataH zaurasenI usake bAda hI vikasita huI hai| sa anya grantha, IsA kI chaThI zatI ke pazcAt 10.tiloyapaNNatti-yativRSabha zaurasenI Agama aura unakI prAcInatA 11.lokavibhAga jaba hama Agama kI bAta karate haiM to hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se samajha 12.jambUdvIpapaNNatti lenA cAhie ki AcArAGga Adi dvAdazAGgI jinheM zvetAmbara, digambara 13.aGgapaNNatti aura yApanIya paramparA Agama kahakara ullekha karatI haiM, ve sabhI mUlataH 14.kSapaNasAra ardhamAgadhI meM nibaddha hue haiN| cAhe zvetAmbara paramparA meM nandIsUtra meM 15.gommaTasAra (dasavIM zatI) ullikhita Agama ho, cAhe mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura unakI kintu inameM se kaSAyapAhuDa ko chor3akara koI bhI grantha aisA TIkAoM meM yA tattvArtha aura usakI digambara TIkAoM meM ullikhita nahIM hai, jo pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva kA ho| ye sabhI grantha guNasthAna Agama ho, athavA aGgapaNNatti evaM dhavalA ke aGga aura aGga bAhya siddhAnta evaM saptabhaGgI kI carcA avazya karate haiM aura guNasthAna kI ke rUpa meM ullikhita Agama ho, unameM se eka bhI aisA nahIM hai jo carcA jaina darzana meM pAMcavIM zatI se pUrva ke granthoM meM anupasthita hai| zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha rahA ho| hA~ itanA avazya hai ki inameM se zvetAmbara AgamoM meM samavAyAGga aura Avazyakaniyukti kI do prakSipta kucha ke zaurasenI prAkRta se prabhAvita saMskaraNa mAthurI vAcanA ke lagabhaga gAthAoM ko chor3akara guNasthAna kI carcA pUrNata: anupasthita hai, jabaki caturtha zatI ke samaya astitva meM avazya Aye the, kintu inheM zaurasenI SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi granthoM meM aura kundakunda Agama kahanA ucita nahIM hogA, vastuta: ye AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, ke granthoM meM inakI carcA pAyI jAtI hai, ata: ye sabhI grantha unase dazavaikAlika, RSibhASita Adi zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AgamoM paravartI haiN| isI prakAra umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra mUla aura usake svopajJa
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza 25 bhASya meM bhI guNasthAna kI carcA anupasthita hai, jabaki isakI paravartI kA eka bhI aisA grantha yA abhilekha dikhA deM, jo ardhamAgadhI AgamoM TIkAe~ guNasthAna kI vistRta carcA prastuta karatI haiN| umAsvAti kA aura mAgadhI pradhAna azoka, khAravela, Adi ke abhilekhoM se prAcIna kAla tIsarI-cauthI zatI ke lagabhaga hai| ata: yaha nizcita hai ki guNasthAna ho| ardhamAgadhI ke atirikta jisa mahArASTrI prAkRta ko ve zaurasenI kA siddhAnta pA~cavIM zatI meM astitva meM AyA hai| ata: zaurasenI se paravartI batA rahe haiM, usameM sAtavAhana nareza hAla kI gAthA saptazatI prAkRta meM nibaddha koI bhI grantha jo guNasthAna kA ullekha kara rahA lagabhaga prathama zatI meM racita hai aura zaurasenI ke kisI bhI grantha se hai, IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva kA nahIM hai| prAcIna zaurasenI Agamatulya prAcIna hai| granthoM meM mAtra kasAyapAhuDa hI aisA hai jo spaSTata: guNasthAnoM kA puna: maiM DaoN.sudIpa ke nimna kathana kI ora pAThakoM kA dhyAna ullekha nahIM karatA hai, kintu usameM bhI prakArAntara se 12 guNasthAnoM dilAnA cAhU~gA, ve prAkRta-vidyA, julAI-sitambara 96 meM likhate haiM kI carcA upalabdha hai, ata: vaha bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI una dasa ki digambaroM ke grantha usa zaurasenI prAkRta meM haiM, jisase 'mAgadhI' avasthAoM, jinakA ullekha AcArAGganiyukti aura tattvArthasUtra meM hai, Adi prAkRtoM kA janma huA, isa sambandha meM merA unase nivedana hai se paravartI aura guNasthAna siddhAnta ke vikAsa ke saMkramaNa kAla kI ki mAgadhI ke sambandha meM 'prakRti: zaurasenI' (prAkRtaprakAza, 11/2) racanA hai, ata: usakA kAla bhI cauthI se pA~cavIM zatI ke bIca siddha isa kathana kI ve jo vyAkhyA kara rahe haiM vaha bhrAnta hai aura ve svayaM hotA hai| bhI zaurasenI ke sambandha meM 'prakRtiH saMskRtam' (prAkRtaprakAza, 12/ 2), isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM 'prakRti:' kA janmadAtrI yaha artha asvIkAra zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA dAvA, kitanA khokhalA kara cuke haiN| isakI vistRta samIkSA hamane agrima pRSThoM meM kI hai| zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA guNagAna isa AdhAra bhI kiyA jAtA isake pratyuttara meM merA dUsarA tarka yaha hai ki yadi zaurasenI prAkRta hai ki yaha nArAyaNa kRSNa aura tIrthaGkara ariSTanemi kI mAtRbhASA rahI granthoM ke AdhAra para hI mAgadhI ke prAkRta AgamoM kI racanA huI, to hai, kyoMki ina donoM mahApuruSoM kA janma zUrasena janapada meM huA thA unameM kisI bhI zaurasenI prAkRta ke grantha kA ullekha kyoM nahIM hai? aura ye zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI apanA vAk vyavahAra karate the| DaoN.sudIpa zvetAmbara AgamoM meM ve eka bhI sandarbha dikhA deM, jinameM bhagavatIArAdhanA, jI ke zabdoM meM "ina donoM mahApuruSoM ke prabhAvaka vyaktitva ke mahAprabhAva mUlAcAra, SaTkhaNDAgama, tiloyapaNNatti, pravacanasAra, samayasAra, se zUrasena janapada meM janmI zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA ko sampUrNa AryAvarta niyamasAra Adi kA ullekha huA ho| TIkAoM meM bhI malayagiri (terahavIM meM prasArita hone kA suavasara milA thaa|" (prAkRtavidyA-julAI-sitambara zatI) ne mAtra 'samayapAhuDa' kA ullekha kiyA hai| isake viparIta 96, pR.6)| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA aura SaTkhaNDAgama kI TIkAoM meM evaM yadi hama eka bAra unake isa kathana ko mAna bhI leM, to prazna tattvArthasUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi, rAjavArtika, zlokavArtika Adi sabhI uThatA hai ariSTanemi ke pUrva nami mithilA meM janme the, vAsupUjya campA digambara TIkAoM meM ina AgamoM evaM niyuktiyoM ke ullekha haiN| meM janme the, supArzva, candraprabha aura zreyAMsa kAzI janapada meM janme the, bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM to AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, kalpa tathA yahI nahIM prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva aura maryAdA puruSottama rAma ayodhyA nizItha se aneka avataraNa bhI diye gaye haiN| mUlAcAra meM na kevala meM janme the| ye sabhI kSetra to magadha ke hI nikaTavartI haiM, ata: inakI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA ullekha hai, apitu unakI saikar3oM gAthAe~ bhI mAtRbhASA to ardhamAgadhI rahI hogii| bhAI sudIpa jI ke anusAra yadi haiN| mUlAcAra meM Avazyakaniyukti, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, zaurasenI ariSTanemi jitanI prAcIna hai, to phira ardhamAgadhI to RSabha candravedhyaka, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi kI aneka gAthAe~ apane jitanI prAcIna siddha hotI hai, ata: zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI prAcIna zaurasenI zabda rUpoM meM yathAvat pAyI jAtI haiN| digambara paramparA meM jo pratikramaNasUtra upalabdha haiM, usameM jJAtAsUtra yadi zaurasenI prAcIna hotI to sabhI prAcIna abhilekha aura prAcIna ke unhIM 19 adhyayanoM ke nAma milate haiM, jo vartamAna meM zvetAmbara Agamika grantha zaurasenI meM milate, kintu IsA kI cauthI, pA~cavIM paramparA meM upalabdha jJAtAdharmakathA meM upalabdha haiN| tArkika dRSTi se yaha zatI se pUrva kA koI bhI jaina grantha aura abhilekha zaurasenI meM upalabdha spaSTa hai ki jo grantha jina-jina granthoM kA ullekha karatA hai, vaha unase kyoM nahIM hotA hai? punaH nATakoM meM bhI bhAsa ke samaya se arthAt paravartI hI hotA hai, pUrvavartI kadApi nhiiN| zaurasenI Agama yA Agamatulya IsA kI dUsarI zatI se hI zaurasenI ke prayoga (vAkyAMza) upalabdha granthoM meM yadi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke nAma milate haiM to phira zaurasenI hote haiN| aura usakA racita sAhitya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM se prAcIna kaise ho nATakoM meM zaurasenI prAkRta kI upalabdhatA ke AdhAra para usakI sakatA hai? prAcInatA kA guNagAna kiyA jAtA hai, maiM vinamratApUrvaka pUchanA cAhU~gA AdaraNIya TaoNTiyA jI ke mAdhyama se yaha bAta bhI uThAyI gayI ki kyA ina upalabdha nATakoM meM koI bhI nATaka IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI ki mUlata: Agama zaurasenI meM racita the aura kAlAntara meM unakA zatI se pUrva kA hai? phira unheM zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhIkaraNa (mahArASTrIkaraNa) kiyA gyaa| yaha eka aitihAsika satya kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai| mAtra nATaka hI nahIM, ve zaurasenI prAkRta hai ki jainadharma kA udbhava magadha meM huA aura vahIM se vaha dakSiNI
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________________ 26 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 evaM uttarapazcimI bhArata meM phailaa| ata: AvazyakatA huI ardhamAgadhI prAntoM ke loga bhI AsAnI se samajha skeN| ata: buddhavacana mUlataH AgamoM ke zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI rUpAntaraNa kI, na ki zaurasenI mAgadhI meM the, na ki zaurasenI meN| bauddha tripiTaka kI pAli aura jaina AgamoM ke ardhamAgadhI rUpAntaraNa kii| satya to yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI meM kitanA sAmya hai, yaha to suttanipAta aura Agama hI zaurasenI yA mahArASTrI meM rUpAntarita hue na ki zaurasenI isibhAsiyAiM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| prAcIna Agama ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hue| ata: aitihAsika tathyoM kI pAli granthoM evaM prAcIna ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI bhASA meM adhika dUrI avahelanA kara mAtra kutarka karanA kahA~ taka ucita hai? nahIM hai| jisa samaya ardhamAgadhI aura pAli meM grantha racanA ho rahI thI, usa samaya taka zaurasenI eka bolI thI, na ki eka sAhityika buddha vacanoM kI mUla bhASA mAgadhI thI, na ki zaurasenI bhaassaa| sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM usakA janma to IsA kI tIsarI zaurasenI ko mUlabhASA evaM mAgadhI se prAcIna siddha karane hetu zatAbdI ke bAda hI huA hai| saMskRta ke pazcAt sarvaprathama sAhityika AdaraNIya pro.nathamala jI TATiyA ke nAma se yaha bhI pracArita kiyA bhASA ke rUpa meM yadi koI bhASA vikasita huI hai to ve ardhamAgadhI jA rahA hai ki "zaurasenI pAli bhASA kI jananI hai- yaha merA spaSTa evaM pAli hI haiM, na ki shaursenii| zaurasenI kA koI bhI grantha yA cintana hai| pahale bauddhoM ke grantha zaurasenI meM the, unako jalA diyA nATakoM ke aMza IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI se pUrva kA nahIM haigayA aura pAli meM likhA gyaa|" (prAkRta-vidyA, julAI-sitambara 96, jabaki pAli tripiTaka aura ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ke aneka grantha pR.10|) I.pU. tIsarI-cauthI zatI meM nirmita ho cuke the| TaoNTiyA jI jaisA bauddha-vidyA kA prakANDa vidvAna aisI kapolakalpita bAta kaise kaha sakatA hai? yaha vicAraNIya hai| kyA aisA koI 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' kA samyaka artha bhI abhilekhIya yA sAhityika pramANa upalabdha hai, jisake AdhAra para jo vidvAn mAgadhI ko zaurasenI se paravartI evaM usI se vikasita yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUla buddhavacana zaurasenI meM the| yadi ho mAnate haiM ve apane kathana kA AdhAra vararuci (lagabhaga 7vIM zatI) ke to AdaraNIya TaoNTiyA jI yA bhAI sudIpa jI use prastuta kareM, anyathA prAkRtaprakAza aura hemacandra (lagabhaga 12vIM zatAbdI) ke prAkRtavyAkaraNa aisI AdhArahIna bAteM karanA vidvAnoM ke liye zobhanIya nahIM hai| yaha ke nimna sUtroM ko batAte haiM - bAta to bauddha vidvAn svIkAra karate haiM ki mUla buddhavacana 'mAgadhI' a. 1. prakRti: zaurasenI / / 10/2 / / meM the aura kAlAntara meM unakI bhASA ko saMskArita karake pAli meM asyAH paizAcyA prakRtiH shaursenii| sthitAyAM zaurasenyA likhA gyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jisa prakAra mAgadhI aura paizAcIlakSaNaM pravartitavyam / ardhamAgadhI meM kiJcit antara hai, usI prakAra 'mAgadhI' aura 'pAli' 2. prakRti: zaurasenI / / 11/2 / / meM bhI kiJcit antara hai, vastuta: 'pAli' bhagavAn buddha kI mUla bhASA asyAH mAgadhyA: prakRti: zaurasenIti veditavyam / 'mAgadhI' kA eka saMskArita rUpa hI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki kucha vidvAn vararucikRta 'prAkRta prkaash| pAli ko mAgadhI kA hI eka prakAra mAnate haiM, donoM meM bahuta adhika ba. 1. zeSaM zaurasenIvat / / 8/4/302 / / antara nahIM hai| pAli, saMskRta aura mAgadhI kI madhyavartI bhASA hai yA mAgadhyA yaduktaM, tato'nyacchaurasenIvad draSTavyam / mAgadhI kA hI sAhityika rUpa hai| yaha to pramANasiddha hai ki bhagavAna 2. zeSaM zaurasenIvat / / 8/4/323 / / buddha ne mAgadhI meM hI apane upadeza diye the- kyoMki unakI janmasthalI paizAcyAM yaduktaM, taoanyaccheSaM paizAcyAM zaurasenIvad bhvti| aura kAryasthalI donoM magadha aura usakA nikaTavartI pradeza hI thaa| 3. zeSaM zaurasenIvat / / 8/4/446 / / bauddha vidvAnoM kA spaSTa mantavya hai ki mAgadhI hI mUla bhASA hai| isa apabhraMzo prAya: + zaurasenIvat kAryaM bhvti| sambandha meM buddhaghoSa kA nimna kathana sabase bar3A pramANa hai - aprabhaMzabhASAyAM prAya: zaurasenIbhASAtulyakArya jAyate; zaurasenIsA mAgadhI mUlabhAsA narAyAya AdikappikA / bhASAyAH ye niyamAH santi, teSAM pravRttirapabhraMzabhASAyAmapi brahmaNo ca assutAlApA saMbuddhA cApi bhAsare / / jaayte| - hemacandrakRta 'praakRtvyaakrnn'| arthAt mAgadhI hI mUlabhASA hai, jo sRSTi ke prArambha meM utpanna ata: isa prasaGga meM to yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama sarvaprathama ina huI aura na kevala brahmA (devatA) apitu bAlaka aura buddha bhI isI sUtroM meM 'prakRti' zabda kA vAstavika tAtparya kyA hai, ise smjheN| yadi bhASA meM bolate haiM - (See-The preface to the Childer's Pali hama yahA~ prakRti kA artha udbhava kA kAraNa mAnate haiM, to nizcita hI Dictionary). ina sUtroM kA yaha 'phalita hotA hai ki mAgadhI yA paizAcI kA udbhava isase yahI phalita hotA hai mUla buddhavacana mAgadhI meM the| pAli zaurasenI se huA, kintu zaurasenI ko ekamAtra prAcIna bhASA mAnane usI mAgadhI kA saMskArita sAhityika rUpa hai, jisameM kAlAntara meM vAle tathA mAgadhI aura paizAcI ko usase udbhUta mAnane vAle ye vidvAn buddhavacana likhe gye| vastuta: pAli ke rUpa meM mAgadhI kA eka aisA vararuci ke usa sUtra ko bhI uddhRta kyoM nahIM karate, jisameM zaurasenI saMskaraNa taiyAra kiyA gayA, jise saMskRta ke vidvAn aura bhinna-bhinna kI prakRti saMskRta batAI gayI hai yathA- "zaurasenI-12/1 TIkA
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________________ 27 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza zUrasenAnAM bhASA zaurasenI sA ca lakSyalakSaNAbhyAM sphuTIkriyate iti usI kA deza-pradeza ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA saMskArita rUpa saMskRta veditvym| adhikArasUtrametadAparicchedasamApteH 12/1, prakRtiH aura usake vibhinna bheda, arthAt vibhinna sAhityika prAkRteM haiN| satya sNskRtm-12/2| TIkA- zaurasenyAM ye zabdAsteSAM prakRti: sNskRtm|| yaha hai ki bolI ke rUpa meM to prAkRteM hI prAcIna haiM aura saMskRta prAkRtaprakAza ke ukta sUtra ke AdhAra para hameM yaha bhI svIkAra karanA unakA saMskArita rUpa haiM- vastuta: saMskRta vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM hogA ki zaurasenI prAkRta saMskRta se utpanna huii| isa prakAra prakRti ke bIca setu kA kAma karane vAlI eka sAmAnya sAhityika bhASA ke kA artha udgama sthala karane para usI prAkRtaprakAza ke AdhAra para yaha rUpa meM astitva meM aaii| bhI mAnanA hogA ki mUlabhASA saMskRta thI aura usI se zaurasenI utpanna yadi hama bhASA-vikAsa kI dRSTi se isa prazna para carcA kareM to huii| kyA zaurasenI ke pakSadhara isa satya ko svIkAra karane ko taiyAra bhI yaha spaSTa hai ki saMskRta suparimArjita; suvyavasthita aura vyAkaraNa haiM? bhAI sudIpa jI, jo zaurasenI ke pakSadhara haiM aura 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' ke AdhAra para sunibaddha bhASA hai| yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki saMskRta ke AdhAra para mAgadhI ko zaurasenI se utpanna batAte haiM, ve svayaM bhI se prAkRteM nirmita huI haiM, to hameM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki mAnava jAti 'prakRti saMskRtam -prAkRtaprakAza 12/2' ke AdhAra para yaha mAnane apane AdikAla meM vyAkaraNazAstra ke niyamoM se saMskRta bhASA bolatI ko taiyAra nahIM haiM ki prakRti kA artha usase utpanna huI aisA hai| ve thI aura usI se apabhraSTa hokara zaurasenI aura zaurasenI se apabhraSTa svayaM likhate haiM "Aja jitane bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra upalabdha haiM, hokara mAgadhI, paizAcI, apabhraMza Adi bhASAe~ nirmita huiiN| isakA ve sabhI saMskRta bhASA meM haiM evaM saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke maoNDala para nirmita artha yaha bhI hogA ki mAnava jAti kI mUla bhASA arthAt saMskRta se haiN| ataeva unameM 'prakRti: saMskRtam' jaise prayoga ko dekhakara katipayajana apabhraSTa hote-hote hI vibhinna bhASAoM kA janma huA, kintu mAnava aisA bhrama karane lagate haiM ki prAkRtabhASA saMskRta bhASA se utpanna huI, jAti aura mAnavIya saMskRti ke vikAsa kA vaijJAnika itihAsa isa aisA artha kadApi nahIM hai- 'prAkRta-vidyA, julAI-sitambara 96, bAta ko kabhI bhI svIkAra nahIM kregaa| pR.14| bhAI sudIpa jI, jaba zaurasenI kI bArI AtI hai, taba Apa vaha to yahI mAnatA hai ki mAnavIya boliyoM ke saMskAra dvArA prakRti kA artha AdhAra maoNDala kareM aura jaba mAgadhI kA prazna Aye hI vibhinna sAhityika bhASAe~ astitva meM AIM arthAt vibhinna boliyoM taka Apa 'prakRti: zaurasenI' kA artha mAgadhI zaurasenI se utpanna huI se hI vibhinna bhASAoM kA janma huA hai| vastuta: isa vivAda ke mUla aisA kareM- yaha doharA mApadaNDa kyoM? kyA kevala zaurasenI ko prAcIna meM sAhityika bhASA aura loka bhASA arthAt bolI ke antara ko nahIM aura mAgadhI ko ArvAcIna batAne ke liye| vastuta: prAkRta aura saMskRta samajha pAnA hai| vastuta: prAkRteM apane mUlasvarUpa meM bhASAe~ na hokara zabda svayaM hI isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki unameM mUlabhASA kauna boliyA~ rahI haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki prAkRta koI sI hai? eka bolI nahIM apitu bolI samUha kA nAma hai| jisa prakAra prArambha saMskRta zabda svayaM hI isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki saMskRta svAbhAvika meM vibhinna prAkRtoM arthAt boliyoM ko saMskArita karake eka sAmAnya yA mUla bhASA na hokara eka saMskArita kRtrima bhASA hai| prAkRta zabdoM vaidika bhASA kA nirmANa huA, usI prakAra kAlakrama meM vibhinna boliyoM evaM zabda rUpoM kA vyAkaraNa dvArA saMskAra karake jo bhASA nirmita hotI ko alaga-alaga rUpa meM saMskArita karake unase vibhinna sAhityika hai, use hI saMskRta kahA jA sakatA hai, jise saMskArita na kiyA gayA prAkRtoM kA nirmANa huaa| ata: yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki bolI ho vaha saMskRta kaise hogI? vastuta: prAkRta svAbhAvika yA sahaja bhASA ke rUpa meM prAkRteM mUla evaM prAcIna haiM aura unhIM se saMskRta kA vikAsa hai aura usI ko saMskArita karake saMskRta bhASA nirmita huI hai| isa eka 'kAmana' (Common) bhASA ke rUpa meM huaa| prAkRteM boliyA~ haiM dRSTi se prAkRta mUla bhASA hai aura saMskRta usase udbhUta huI hai| aura saMskRta bhaassaa| bolI ko vyAkaraNa se saMskArita karake ekarUpatA hemacandra ke pUrva thArApadragacchIya namisAdhu ne rudraTa ke kAvyAlaGkAra dene se bhASA kA vikAsa hotA hai| bhASA se bolI kA vikAsa nahIM kI TIkA meM prAkRta aura saMskRta zabda kA artha spaSTa kara diyA hai| hotA hai| vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM ko Age calakara vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ve likhate haiM - se saMskArita kiyA gayA to unase vibhinna prAkRtoM kA janma huaa| sakala jagajjantenAM vyAkaraNAdibhiranAhitasaMskAra: sahajo vacanavyApAraH jaise mAgadhI bolI se mAgadhI prAkRta kA, zaurasenI bolI se zaurasenI prakRti: tatra bhavaM saiva vA praakRtm| ArisavayaNe siddhaM, devANaM addhamAgahA prAkRta kA aura mahArASTra kI bolI se mahArASTrI prAkRta kA vikAsa vANI ityAdi, vacanAdvA prAk pUrvakRtaM prAkRtam- bAlamahilAdi subodhaM huaa| prAkRta ke zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, mahArASTrI Adi bheda tat-tat sklbhaassaanibndhnbhuutvcnmucyte| meghanirmuktajalamivaikasvarUpaM tadeva pradezoM kI boliyoM se utpanna hue haiM na ki kisI prAkRta vizeSa se| ca dezavizeSAt saMskArakaraNAt ca samAsAditavizeSaM sat saMskRtAduttara- yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki koI bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa sAtavIM zatI bhedaanaapnoti| - kAvyAlaGkAra TIkA namisAdhu, 2/12 / se pUrva kA nahIM hai| sAtha hI unameM pratyeka prAkRta ke liye alaga-alaga arthAt jo saMsAra ke prANiyoM kA vyAkaraNa Adi ke liye bhI maoNDala apanAye gaye haiN| vararuci ke liye zaurasenI kI prakRti saMskRta subodha hai aura pUrva meM nirmita hone se (prAkkRta) sabhI bhASAoM kI hai, jabaki hemacandra ke liye zaurasenI kI prakRti (mahArASTrI) prAkRta racanA kA AdhAra hai vaha to megha se nirmukta jala kI taraha sahaja hai, hai, ata: prakRti kA artha Adarza yA maoNDala hai| anyathA hemacandra ke
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________________ 28 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 zaurasenI ke sambandha meM 'zeSaM prAkRtavat' (8/04/286) kA artha hogA TaoNTiyA jI jaisA vidvAn isa prakAra kI mithyA dhAraNA ko zaurasenI mahArASTrI se utpanna huI, jo zaurasenI ke pakSadharoM ko mAnya pratipAdita kare ki zaurasenI Agama hI ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita huenahIM hogaa| yaha vizvasanIya nahIM lagatA hai| yadi TaoNTiyA jI kA yaha kathana ki pAli tripiTaka aura ardhamAgadhI Agama mUlataH zaurasenI meM the aura kyA ardhamAgadhI Agama mUlataH zaurasenI meM the? phira pAli aura ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hue' satya hai, to unheM yA prAkRta vidyA, janavarI-mArca 96 ke sampAdakIya meM DaoN.sudIpa sudIpa jI ko isakA pramANa prastuta karanA caahie| jaina ne proTaoNTiyA ko yaha kahate hue prastuta kiyA hai ki "zvetAmbara vastutaH jaba kisI bolI ko sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa diyA jaina sAhitya kA bhI prAcIna rUpa zaurasenI prAkRtamaya hI thA, jisakA jAtA hai to ekarUpatA ke liye niyama yA vyavasthA Avazyaka hotI svarUpa kramaza: ardhamAgadhI ke rUpa meM badala gyaa"| isa sandarbha meM hai aura yahI niyama bhASA kA vyAkaraNa banAte haiN| vibhinna prAkRtoM ko hamArA prazna yaha hai ki yadi prAcIna zvetAmbara Agama-sAhitya zaurasenI jaba sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa diyA gayA to unake liye bhI vyAkaraNa prAkRta meM thA, to phira vartamAna upalabdha pAThoM meM kahIM bhI zaurasenI ke niyama Avazyaka hue aura ye vyAkaraNa ke niyama mukhyata: saMskRta kI 'da' zruti kA prabhAva kyoM nahIM dikhAI detaa| isake viparIta hama se gRhIta kiye gye| jaba vyAkaraNazAstra meM kisI bhASA kI prakRti yaha pAte haiM ki digambara paramparA meM mAnya zaurasenI Agama-sAhitya batAI jAtI hai taba vahA~ tAtparya hotA hai ki usa bhASA ke vyAkaraNa para ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kA vyApaka prabhAva hai, isa tathya ke niyamoM kA mUla Adarza kisa bhASA ke zabda rUpa haiM? udAharaNa kI sapramANa carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| isa sambandha meM digambara ke rUpa meM jaba hama zaurasenI ke vyAkaraNa kI carcA karate haiM to hama paramparA ke zIrSastha vidvAn pro.e.ena. upAdhye kA yaha spaSTa mantavya yaha mAnate haiM ki usake vyAkaraNa kA Adarza apanI kucha vizeSatAoM hai ki pravacanasAra kI bhASA para zvetAmbara AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA ko chor3akara jisakI carcA usa bhASA ke vyAkaraNa meM hotI hai, saMskRta kA paryApta prabhAva hai aura ardhamAgadhI bhASA kI aneka vizeSatAe~ ke zabda rUpa haiN| uttarAdhikAra ke rUpa meM isa grantha ko prApta huI haiN| kisI bhI bhASA kA janma bolI ke rUpa meM pahale hotA hai phira isameM svara-parivartana, madhyavartI vyaJjanoM ke parivartana, 'ya' zruti bolI se sAhityika bhASA kA janma hotA hai| jaba sAhityika bhASA ityAdi ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke samAna hI milate haiN| dUsare variSTha digambara banatI hai taba usake liye vyAkaraNa ke niyama banAye jAte haiM, ye vyAkaraNa vidvAn pro.khaDabaDI kA kahanA hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama kI bhASA zuddha ke niyama jisa bhASA ke zabdarUpoM ke AdhAra para usa bhASA ke zabdarUpoM zaurasenI nahIM hai| isa prakAra jahA~ eka ora digambara vidvAn isa tathya ko samajhAte haiM vahI bhASA kI kisI prakRti kahalAte haiN| yaha satya ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kara rahe haiM ki digambara AgamoM para zvetAmbara hai ki bolI kA janma pahale hotA hai, vyAkaraNa usake bAda banatA hai| AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA prabhAva hai vahA~ yaha kaise mAnA jA zaurasenI athavA prAkRta kI prakRti ko saMskRta mAnane kA artha itanA sakatA hai ki zvetAmbara Agama zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hI hai ki ina bhASAoM ke jo bhI vyAkaraNa bane haiM ve saMskRta zabda hue| apitu isase to yahI phalita hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama rUpoM ke AdhAra para bane haiN| yahA~ para yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prAkRta hI zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita hue haiN| puna: ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke svarUpa kA koI bhI vyAkaraNa prAkRta ke likhane yA bolane vAloM ke liye ke sambandha meM digambara vidvAnoM meM jo bhrAMti pracalita rahI hai usakA nahIM banAyA gayA, apitu, unake liye banAyA gayA jo saMskRta meM likhate spaSTIkaraNa bhI Avazyaka hai| sambhavataH ye vidvAn ardhamAgadhI aura yA bolate the| yadi hameM kisI saMskRta ke jAnakAra vyakti ko prAkRta mahArASTrI ke antara ko spaSTa rUpa se nahIM samajha pAye haiM tathA sAmAnyataH ke zabda yA zabdarUpoM ko samajhAnA ho to hameM usakA AdhAra saMskRta ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI ko paryAyavAcI mAnakara hI calate rahe haiN| ko hI banAnA hogA aura usI ke AdhAra para yaha samajhAnA hogA ki yahI kAraNa hai ki DaoN.e.ena upAdhye jaise vidvAn bhI 'ya' zruti ko saMskRta ke kisI zabda se prAkRta kA kauna sA zabdarUpa kaise niSpanna ardhamAgadhI kA lakSaNa batAte haiN| jabaki vaha mUlata: mahArASTrI huA hai isaliye jo bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa nirmita kiye gaye aparihArya prAkRta kA lakSaNa hai, na ki ardhamAgadhI kaa| ardhamAgadhI to 'ta' zruti rUpa se ve saMskRta zabdoM yA zabdarUpoM ko AdhAra mAnakara prAkRta zabda pradhAna hai| yA zabdarUpoM kI vyAkhyA karate haiM / saMskRta ko prAkRta kI prakRti yaha satya hai ki zvetAmbara AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM kahane kA itanA hI tAtparya hai| isI prakAra jaba mAgadhI, paizAcI yA kAlakrama meM parivartana hue haiM aura usa para mahArASTrI prAkRta kI 'ya' apabhraMza kI 'prakRti' zaurasenI ko kahA jAtA hai to usakA tAtparya zruti kA prabhAva AyA hai, kintu yaha mAnanA pUrNata: mithyA hai ki hotA hai, prastuta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM ina bhASAoM ke zabdarUpoM ko zvetAmbara AgamoM kA zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntaraNa huA hai| zaurasenI zabdoM ko AdhAra mAnakara samajhAyA gayA hai| 'prAkRtaprakAza' vAstavikatA yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama hI mAthurI aura valabhI kI TIkA meM vararuci ne spaSTata: likhA hai- zaurasenyA ye zabdAsteSAM vAcanAoM ke samaya kramaza: zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI se prabhAvita prakRtiH saMskRtam (12/2) arthAt zaurasenI ke jo zabda haiM unakI prakRti yA AdhAra saMskRta zabda haiN| hue haiN|
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________________ 29 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prAkRtoM meM tIna prakAra ke zabdarUpa se aura bhAI sudIpajI se sAgraha nivedana karU~gA kI ve AcArAGga, milate haiM- tadbhava, tatsama aura deshj| dezaja zabda ve haiM jo kisI RSibhASita, satrakatAGga Adi kI ki zabda ve haiM jo kisI RSibhASita, sUtrakRtAGga Adi kI kinhIM bhI prAcIna pratiyoM meM 'Ta' deza vizeSa meM kisI vizeSa artha meM prayukta haiN| inake artha kI vyAkhyA zruti pradhAna pATha dikhalA deN| prAcIna pratiyoM meM jo pATha mila rahe haiM, ke liye vyAkaraNa kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai| tadbhava zabda ve ardhamAgadhI yA ArSa prAkRta ke haiM, na ki zaurasenI ke| yaha eka ve haiM jo saMskRta zabdoM se nirmita haiM jabaki saMskRta ke samAna zabda alaga bAta hai ki kucha zabdarUpa ArSa ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI meM tatsama haiN| saMskRta vyAkaraNa meM do zabda prasiddha haiM- prakRti aura samAna haiN| prtyy| inameM mUla zabdarUpa ko prakRti kahA jAtA hai| mUla zabda se vastuta: ina prAcIna pratiyoM meM na to 'da' zrati dekhI jAtI hai jo zabdarUpa banA hai vaha tadbhava hai| prAkRta-vyAkaraNa saMskRta zabda aura na "na" ke sthAna para "Na" kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai, jise se prAkRta kA tadbhava zabdarUpa kaise banA hai, isakI vyAkhyA karatA vyAkaraNa meM zaurasenI kI vizeSatA kahA jAtA hai| satya to yaha hai hai| ata: yahA~ saMskRta ko prakRti kahane kA tAtparya mAtra itanA hai ki ki ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA hI zaurasenI rUpAntaraNa huA hai na ki zaurasenI tadbhava zabdoM ke sandarbha meM saMskRta zabda ko Adarza mAnakara yA maoNDala AgamoM kA ardhamAgadhI ruupaantrnn| yaha satya hai ki na kevala ardhamAgadhI mAnakara yaha vyAkaraNa likhA gayA hai| ata: prakRti kA artha Adarza AgamoM para apitu zaurasenI Agamatulya kundakunda Adi ke granthoM para yA maoNDala hai| saMskRta zabda rUpa ko maoNDala/Adarza mAnanA isaliye bhI mahArASTrI kI 'ya' zruti kA spaSTa prabhAva hai jise hama pUrva meM siddha Avazyaka thA ki prAkRta vyAkaraNa saMskRta ke jAnakAra vidvAnoM ko kara cuke haiN| dRSTi meM rakhakara yA unake liye hI likhe gaye the| jaba DaoN. sudIpajI kyA pandraha sau varSa pUrva ardhamAgadhI bhASA evaM zvetAmbara ardhamAgadhI saurasenI ke sandarbha meM 'prakRti: saMskRtam' kA artha maoNDala yA Adarza AgamoM kA astitva nahIM thA? karate haiM to unheM mAgadhI, paizAcI Adi ke sandarbha meM prakRtiH zaurasenI DaoN.sudIpajI dvArA TaoNTiyAjI ke nAma se uddhRta yaha kathana ki kA artha bhI yahI karanA cAhie ki zaurasenI ko maoNDala yA Adarza 1500 varSa pahale ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA astitva hI nahIM thA' pUrNata: mAnakara inakA vyAkaraNa likhA gayA hai| isase yaha siddha nahIM hotA bhrAnta hai| AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, RSibhASita jaise AgamoM ko pAzcAtya hai ki mAgadhI Adi prAkRtoM kI utpatti zaurasenI se huI hai| hemacandra vidvAnoM ne eka svara se I.pU. tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI yA usase bhI pahale ne mahArASTrI prAkRta ko AdhAra mAnakara zaurasenI, mAgadhI Adi prAkRtoM kA mAnA hai| kyA usa samaya se Agama ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM nibaddha ko samajhAyA hai| isase yaha siddha nahIM hotA hai ki mahArASTrI prAcIna na hokara zaurasenI meM nibaddha the| jJAtavya hai ki 'da' zruti pradhAna aura hai yA mahArASTrI se mAgadhI, zaurasenI Adi utpanna huii| 'Na' kAra kI pravRtti vAlI zaurasenI kA janma to usa samaya huA hI nahIM thA, anyathA azoka ke abhilekhoM meM aura mathurA (jo zaurasenI prAcIna kauna? ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI kI janmabhUmi hai) ke jaina abhilekhoM meM kahIM to isa zaurasenI ke vaiziSTya isI sandarbha meM TaoNTiyA jI ke nAma se yaha bhI pratipAdita kiyA vAle zabda rUpa upalabdha hone cAhie the? kyA zaurasenI prAkRta meM gayA hai ki "yadi vartamAna ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ko hI mUla nibaddha aisA eka bhI grantha hai jo I0pU0 meM racA gayA ho? satya to Agama-sAhitya mAnane para jora deMge to isa ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA Aja yaha hai ki bhAsa (IsA kI dUsarI zatI) ke nATakoM ke atirikta IsA se 1500 varSa pahale astitva hI nahIM hone se, isa sthiti meM hameM kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva zaurasenI meM nibaddha eka bhI grantha apane Agama sAhitya ko hI 500I. ke paravartI mAnanA pdd'egaa|" nahIM thaa| jabaki mAgadhI ke abhilekha aura ardhamAgadhI ke Agama I0pU0 jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ bhI mahArASTrI aura ardhamAgadhI ke antara ko na tIsarI zatI se upalabdha ho rahe haiN| puna: yadi ye loga jise ardhamAgadhI samajhate hue eka bhrAnti ko khar3A kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama to yaha kaha rahe haiM use mahArASTrI bhI mAna leM to usake bhI grantha IsA kI samajha lenA cAhie ki AgamoM ke prAcIna ardhamAgadhI ke 'ta' zruti prathama zatAbdI se upalabdha hote haiN| sAtavAhana nareza hAla kI gAthA pradhAna pATha cUrNiyoM aura aneka prAcIna pratiyoM meM Aja bhI mila rahe saptazatI mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prAcIna grantha hai, jo I0pU0 prathama zatI haiN| usase ni:sandeha yaha siddha hotA hai ki mUla ardhamAgadhI 'ta' zruti se IsA kI prathama zatI ke madhya racita hai| yaha eka saMkalana grantha pradhAna thI aura usameM lopa kI pravRtti nagaNya hI thI aura yaha ardhamAgadhI hai jisameM aneka granthoM se mAthAe~ saMkalita kI gaI haiN| isakA tAtparya bhASA zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI se prAcIna bhI hai| yadi zvetAmbara Agama yaha huA ki isake pUrva bhI mahArASTrI prAkRta meM grantha race gaye the| zaurasenI se mahArASTrI meM jise digambara vidvAn bhrAnti se ardhamAgadhI kAlidAsa ke nATaka, jinameM zaurasenI kA prAcInatama rUpa milatA kaha rahe haiM, badale gaye to phira unakI prAcIna pratiyoM meM 'ta' zruti hai, bhI IsA kI caturtha zatAbdI ke bAda ke hI haiN| kundakunda ke grantha ke sthAna para 'da' zruti ke pATha kyoM upalabdha nahIM hote haiM jo zaurasenI spaSTa rUpa se na kevala ardhamAgadhI AgamoM se, apitu paravartI 'ya' kI vizeSatA hai| isa prasaGga meM DaoN. TaoNTiyAjI ke nAma se yaha bhI zruti pradhAna mahArASTrI se bhI prabhAvita haiM, kisI bhI sthiti meM IsA kahA gayA hai ki Aja bhI AcArAGgasUtra Adi kI prAcIna pratiyoM meM kI pA~cavIM, chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrva ke siddha nahIM hote haiN| SaTkhaNDAgama zaurasenI ke zabdoM kI pracuratA milatI hai| maiM AdaraNIya TaoNTiyAjI aura kundakunda ke granthoM meM guNasthAna, saptabhaMgI Adi lagabhaga 5 vIM
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________________ 30 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 zatI meM nirmita avadhAraNAoM kI upasthiti unheM zvetAmbara AgamoM aura kA sRjana huA hai| paizAcI prAkRta ke prabhAva se yukta mAtra eka granthaumAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra (lagabhaga caturtha zatI) se paravartI hI siddha prAkRta dhammapada milA hai| inhIM jana-boliyoM ko jaba eka sAhityika karatI haiM, kyoMki inameM ye avadhAraNAe~ anupasthita haiN| isa sambandha bhASA kA rUpa dene kA prayatna jainAcAryoM ne kiyA, to usameM bhI AdhAragata meM maiMne apane grantha 'guNasthAna siddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa' aura 'jaina vibhinnatA ke kAraNa zabda rUpoM kI vibhinatA raha gii| satya to yaha dharma kA yApanIya sampradAya' meM vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai| isa prakAra hai ki vibhinna boliyoM para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa sAhityika prAkRtoM satya to yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI bhASA yA ardhamAgadhI Agama nahIM, apitu meM bhI zabda rUpoM kI yaha vividhatA raha jAnA svAbhAvika hai| zaurasenI bhASA IsA kI dUsarI zatI ke pazcAt aura zaurasenI Agama vibhinna boliyoM kI lakSaNagata vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa hI prAkRta IsA0 kI 5 vI zatI ke pazcAt astitva meM aaye| acchA hogA ki bhASAoM ke vividha rUpa bane haiN| boliyoM ke AdhAra para vikasita ina bhAI sudIpa jI pahale mAgadhI aura pAli tathA ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRtoM ke jo mAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi rUpa bane haiM, unameM ke antara evaM inake pratyeka ke lakSaNoM tathA jaina Agamika sAhitya bhI pratyeka meM vaikalpika zabda rUpa pAye jAte haiN| ata: una sabhI meM ke granthoM ke kAlakrama aura jaina itihAsa ko taTastha dRSTi se samajha vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se pUrNa ekarUpatA kA abhAva hai| phira bhI bhASAvidoM leM aura phira pramANa sahita apanI kalama nirbhIka rUpa se calAyeM, vyartha / ne vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para unakI kucha lakSaNagata vizeSatAe~ kI AdhArahIna bhrAntiyA~ khar3I karake samAja meM kaTutA ke bIja na boyeN| mAna lI haiM jaise mAgadhI meM "sa" ke sthAna para "za", "ra" ke sthAna para "la" kA uccAraNa hotA hai| ata: mAgadhI meM "puruSa" kA "puliza" jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana aura "rAjA" kA "lAjA' rUpa pAyA jAtA hai, jabaki mahArASTrI meM jaina Agama mUlata: prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha haiM, kintu prAkRta eka "purisa" aura "rAyA" rUpa banatA hai| jahA~ arddhamAgadhI meM "ta" zruti bhASA na hokara, bhASA samUha hai| prAkRta ke ina aneka bhASika rUpoM kI pradhAnatA hai aura vyaMjanoM ke lopa kI pravRtti alpa hai, vahIM zaurasenI kA ullekha hemacandra prabhRti prAkRta-vyAkaraNavidoM ne kiyA hai| prAkRta meM "da" zruti kI aura mahArASTrI meM "ya" zruti kI pradhAnatA pAyI ke jo vibhinna bhASika rUpa upalabdha haiM, unheM nimna bhASika vargoM meM jAtI hai tathA lopa kI pravRtti adhika hai| dUsare zabdoM meM arddhamAgadhI vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai- mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, jaina-zaurasenI, meM "ta" yathAvat rahatA hai, zaurasenI meM "ta" ke sthAna para "da" aura mahArASTrI, jaina mahArASTrI, paizAcI, brAcaDa, cUlikA, DhakkI aadi| ina mahArASTrI meM lupta-vyaMjana ke bAda zeSa rahe "a" kA "ya' hotA hai| vibhinna prAkRtoM se hI Age calakara apabhraMza ke vividha rUpoM kA prAkRtoM meM ina lakSaNagata vizeSatAoM ke bAvajUda bhI dhAtu rUpoM evaM vikAsa huA aura jinase kAlAntara meM asamiyA, baMgalA, ur3iyA, zabda rUpoM meM aneka vaikalpika rUpa to pAye hI jAte haiN| yahA~ yaha bhojapurI yA pUrvI hindI, paMjAbI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, marAThI Adi bhI smaraNa rahe ki nATakoM meM prayukta vibhinna prAkRtoM kI apekSA jaina bhAratIya bhASAe~ astitva meM aayiiN| ata: prAkRteM sabhI bhAratIya bhASAoM granthoM meM prayukta ina prAkRta bhASAoM kA rUpa kucha bhinna hai aura kisI kI pUrvaja haiM aura Adhunika hindI kA vikAsa bhI inhIM ke AdhAra sImA taka unameM lakSaNagata bahurUpatA bhI hai| isIlie jaina AgamoM para huaa| meM prayukta mAgadhI ko ardhamAgadhI kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki usameM mAgadhI prAkRta ke sandarbha meM hameM eka do bAteM aura samajha lenA caahie| ke atirikta anya boliyoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa mAgadhI se bhinna lakSaNa prathama to yaha ki prAkRta bhASA kI AdhAragata bahuvidhatA kA kAraNa bhI pAye jAte haiN| jahA~ abhilekhIya prAkRtoM kA prazna hai unameM zabda yaha hai ki usakA vikAsa vividha boliyoM se huA hai aura boliyoM rUpoM kI itanI adhika vividhatA yA bhitratA hai ki unheM vyAkaraNa meM vividhatA hotI hai| sAtha hI unameM deza kAlagata prabhAvoM aura kI dRSTi se vyAkhyAyita kara pAnA sambhava hI nahIM hai kyoMki unakI mukha-suvidhA (uccAraNa suvidhA) ke kAraNa parivartana hote rahate haiN| prAkRta prAkRta sAhityika prAkRta na hokara sthAnIya boliyoM para AdhArita hai| nirjhara kI bhA~ti bahatI bhASA hai use vyAkaraNa meM Abaddha kara pAnA yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA ke granthoM meM jisa bhASA kA prayoga sambhava nahIM hai| isIlie prAkRta ko "bahula" arthAt vividha vaikalpika huA hai, vaha jaina-zaurasenI kahI jAtI hai| use jaina-zaurasenI isaliye rUpoM vAlI bhASA kahA jAtA hai| __ kahate haiM ki usameM zaurasenI ke atirikta arddhamAgadhI ke bhI kucha lakSaNa vastutaH prAkRteM apane mUla rUpa meM bhASA na hokara boliyA~ hI pAye jAte haiN| usa para arddhamAgadhI- kA spaSTa prabhAva dekhA jAtA rahIM haiN| yahA~ taka ki sAhityika nATakoM meM bhI inakA prayoga boliyoM hai kyoMki isameM racita granthoM kA AdhAra arddhamAgadhI Agama hI the| ke rUpa meM hI dekhA jAtA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki mRcchakaTika jaise isI prakAra zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne prAkRta ke jisa bhASAyI rUpa ko apanAyA nATaka meM aneka prAkRtoM kA prayoga huA hai, usake vibhinna pAtra bhinna-bhinna vaha jaina-mahArASTrI kahI jAtI hai| isameM mahArASTrI ke lakSaNoM ke atirikta prAkRteM bolate haiN| ina vibhinna prAkRtoM meM se adhikAMza kA astitva kahIM-kahIM arddhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI ke lakSaNa bhI pAye jAte haiM, kyoMki mAtra bolI ke rUpa meM hI rahA, jinake nidarzana kevala nATakoM aura isameM racita granthoM kA AdhAra bhI mukhyata: arddhamAgadhI aura aMzata: abhilekhoM meM pAye jAte haiN| mAtra arddhamAgadhI, jaina-zaurasenI aura zaurasenI sAhitya rahA hai| jaina-mahArASTrI hI aisI bhASAyeM haiM, jinameM jainadharma ke vipula sAhitya ata: jaina paramparA meM upalabdha kisI bhI grantha kI prAkRta kA
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza svarUpa nizcita karanA eka kaThina kArya hai, kyoMki zvetAmbara aura digambara kahIM kriyA rUpoM meM bhI "ta" zruti upalabdha hotI hai aura kahIM usake donoM paramparAoM meM koI bhI aisA grantha nahIM milatA, jo vizuddha rUpa lopa kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai| prAcIna AgamoM meM hue ina bhASika se kisI eka prAkRta kA pratinidhitva karatA ho| Aja upalabdha vibhinna parivartanoM se unake artha meM bhI kitanI vikRti AyI, isakA bhI DaoN. zvetAmbara arddhamAgadhI AgamoM meM cAhe pratizatoM meM kucha bhinnatA ho, candrA ne apane lekhoM ke mAdhyama se saMketa kiyA hai tathA yaha batAyA kintu vyApaka rUpa se mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| AcArAMga hai ki arddhamAgadhI "khetanna' zabda kisa prakAra "kheyantra" bana gayA aura RSibhASita jaise prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM arddhamAgadhI ke lakSaNa aura usakA jo mUla "kSetrajJa" artha thA vaha badalakara "khedajJa' ho pramukha hote hue bhI kahIM-kahIM AMzika rUpa se mahArASTrI kA prabhAva gyaa| ina saba kAraNoM se unhoMne pATha saMzodhana hetu eka yojanA prastuta A hI gayA hai| isI prakAra digambara paramparA ke zaurasenI granthoM meM kI aura AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke prathama adhyayana ke prathama eka ora arddhamAgadhI kA to dUsarI ora mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA uddezaka kI bhASA kA sampAdana kara use prakAzita bhI kiyA hai| isI jAtA hai| kucha aise grantha bhI haiM jinameM lagabhaga 60 pratizata zaurasenI krama meM maiMne bhI Agama saMsthAna udayapura ke DaoN. subhASa koThArI evaM evaM 40 pratizata mahArASTrI pAyI jAtI hai-jaise vasunandI ke zrAvakAcAra DaoN. sureza sisodiyA dvArA AcArAMga ke vibhinna prakAzita saMskaraNoM kA prathama sNskrnn| jJAtavya hai ki isake paravartI saMskaraNoM meM se pAThAntaroM kA saMkalana karavAyA hai| isake virodha meM pahalA svara zaurasenIkaraNa adhika hai| kundakunda ke granthoM meM bhI yatra-tatra mahArASTrI zrI jauharImala jI pArakha ne uThAyA hai| zvetAmbara vidvAnoM meM AyI isa kA paryApta prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| ina saba vibhinna bhASika rUpoM ke cetanA kA prabhAva digambara vidvAnoM para bhI par3A aura AcArya zrI vidyAnanda pArasparika prabhAva yA mizraNa ke atirikta mujhe apane adhyayana ke daurAna jI ke nirdezana meM AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM ko pUrNata: zaurasenI eka mahattvUparNa bAta yaha milI ki jahA~ zaurasenI granthoM meM jaba arddhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita karane kA eka prayatna prArambha huA hai, isa dizA meM prathama AgamoM ke uddharaNa diye gaye, to vahA~ unheM apane arddhamAgadhI rUpa kArya balabhadra jaina dvArA sampAdita samayasAra, niyamasAra Adi kA meM na dekara unakA zaurasenI rUpAntaraNa karake diyA gayA hai| isI prakAra kundakunda bhAratI se prakAzana hai| yadyapi digambara paramparA meM hI paM. mahArASTrI ke granthoM meM athavA zvetAmbara AcAryoM dvArA likhita granthoM ___ khuzAlacanda gorAvAlA, padmacandra zAstrI Adi digambara vidvAnoM ne isa meM jaba bhI zaurasenI ke grantha kA uddharaNa diyA gayA, to sAmAnyatayA pravRtti kA virodha kiyaa| use mUla zaurasenI meM na rakhakara usakA mahArASTrI rUpAntaraNa kara diyA Aja zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparAoM meM Agama yA Agama rUpa gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM jo uttarAdhyayana, meM mAnya granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa ke puna: saMzodhana kI jo cetanA AcArAMga Adi ke uddharaNa pAye jAte haiM, ve unake arddhamAgadhI rUpa jAgRta huI hai, usakA kitanA aucitya hai, isakI carcA to maiM bAda meM na hokara zaurasenI rUpa meM hI milate haiN| isI prakAra haribhadra ne meM kruuNgaa| sarvaprathama to ise samajhanA Avazyaka hai ki ina prAkRta zaurasenI prAkRta ke "yApanIya-tantra' nAmaka grantha se "lalitavistarA" Agama granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM kina kAraNoM se aura kisa prakAra meM jo uddharaNa diyA, vaha mahArASTrI prAkRta meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| ke parivartana Aye haiN| kyoMki isa tathya ko pUrNata: samajhe binA kevala isa prakAra cAhe arddhamAgadhI Agama ho yA zaurasenI Agama, unake eka-dUsare ke anukaraNa ke AdhAra para athavA apanI paramparA ko prAcIna upalabdha saMskaraNoM kI bhASA na to pUrNata: arddhamAgadhI hai aura na hI siddha karane hetu kisI grantha ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kara denA shaursenii| arddhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI donoM hI prakAra ke AgamoM para sambhavata: ina granthoM ke aitihAsika krama evaM kAla nirNaya evaM inake mahArASTrI kA vyApaka prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai jo ki ina donoM kI apekSA pArasparika prabhAva ko samajhane meM bAdhA utpanna karegA aura isase kaI paravartI hai| isI prakAra mahArASTrI prAkRta ke kucha granthoM para paravartI apabhraMza prakAra ke anya anartha bhI sambhava ho sakate hai| kA bhI prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| ina AgamoM athavA Agama tulya granthoM kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI satya hai ki jainAcAryoM evaM ke bhASika svarUpa kI vividhatA ke kAraNa unake kAlakrama tathA pArasparika jaina vidvAnoM ne apane bhASika vyAmoha ke kAraNa athavA pracalita bhASA AdAna-pradAna ko samajhane meM vidvAnoM ko paryApta ulajhanoM kA anubhava ke zabda rUpoM ke AdhAra para prAcIna stara ke Agama granthoM ke bhASika hotA hai, mAtra itanA hI nahIM kabhI-kabhI ina prabhAvoM ke kAraNa ina svarUpa meM parivartana kiyA hai| jaina AgamoM kI vAcanA ko lekara jo granthoM ko paravartI bhI siddha kara diyA jAtA hai| mAnyatAe~ pracalita haiM, unake anusAra sarvaprathama I.pU. tIsarI zatI meM Aja Agamika sAhitya ke bhASika svarUpa kI vividhatA ko vIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga eka sau pacAsa varSa pazcAt pATalIputra meM prathama dUra karane tathA unheM apane mUla svarUpa meM sthira karane ke kucha prayatna vAcanA huii| isameM usa kAla taka nirmita Agama granthoM, vizeSata: aMga bhI prArambha hue haiN| sarvaprathama DaoN. ke. RSabhacandra ne prAcIna arddhamAgadhI AgamoM kA sampAdana kiyA gyaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki paTanA kI yaha vAcanA Agama jaise- AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga meM Aye mahArASTrI ke prabhAva ko magadha meM huI thI aura isalie isameM AgamoM kI bhASA kA jo svarUpa dUra karane evaM unheM apane mUla svarUpa meM lAne ke liye prayatna prArambha nirdhArita huA hogA, vaha nizcita hI mAgadhI rahA hogaa| isake pazcAt kiyA hai kyoMki eka hI adhyAya yA uddezaka meM "loya" aura "loga" lagabhaga I.pU. prathama zatI meM khAravela ke zAsana kAla meM ur3IsA meM yA "AyA" aura "AtA" donoM hI rUpa dekhe jAte haiN| isI prakAra dvitIya vAcanA huii| yahA~ para isakA svarUpa arddhamAgadhI rahA hogA,
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________________ 32 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kintu isake lagabhaga cAra sau varSa pazcAt skaMdila aura Arya nAgArjuna upalabdha hai, usameM arddhamAgadhI kA sarvAdhika pratizata isI grantha meM kI adhyayakSatA meM kramaza: mathurA va valabhI meM vAcanAe~ huii| sambhava pAyA jAtA hai| hai ki mathurA meM huI isa vAcanA meM arddhamAgadhI AgamoM para vyApaka jaina Agamika evaM Agama rUpa meM mAnya arddhamAgadhI tathA zaurasenI rUpa se zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA hogaa| valabhI ke vAcanA vAle AgamoM granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kyoM huA? isa prazna kA uttara meM nAgArjunIya pAThoM ke to ullekha milate haiM, kintu skaMdila kI vAcanA aneka rUpoM meM diyA jA sakatA hai| vastuta: ina granthoM meM hue bhASika ke pATha bhedoM kA koI nirdeza nahIM hai| skaMdila kI vAcanA sambandhI parivartanoM kA koI eka hI kAraNa nahIM hai, apitu aneka kAraNa haiM, pAThabhedoM kA yaha anullekha vicAraNIya hai| nandIsUtra meM skaMdila ke jina para hama kramaza: vicAra kreNge| sambandha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki unake anuyoga (Agama-pATha) hI dakSiNa 1. bhArata meM jahA~ vaidika paramparA meM veda vacanoM ko maMtra mAnakara bhArata kSetra meM Aja bhI pracalita haiN| sambhavata: yaha saMketa yApanIya unake svara-vyaMjana kI uccAraNa yojanA ko aparivartanIya banAye rakhane AgamoM ke sambandha meM hogaa| yApanIya paramparA jina AgamoM ko mAnya para adhika bala diyA gayA, unake liye zabda aura dhvani hI mahattvapUrNa kara rahI thI, usameM vyApaka rUpa se bhASika parivartana kiyA gayA thA rahI aura artha gaunn| Aja bhI aneka vedapAThI brAhmaNa aise haiM, jo aura unheM zaurasenI rUpa de diyA gayA thaa| yadyapi Aja pramANa ke veda maMtroM ke uccAraNa, laya Adi ke prati atyanta satarka rahate haiM, abhAva meM nizcita rUpa se yaha batA pAnA kaThina hai ki yApanIya AgamoM kintu ve unake arthoM ko nahIM jAnate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki veda zabda kI bhASA kA svarUpa kyA thA, kyoki yApanIyoM dvArA mAnya aura rUpa meM yathAvat bane rhe| isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM yaha mAnA vyAkhyAyita ve Agama upalabdha nahIM haiN| yadyapi aparAjita ke dvArA gayA ki tIrthaGkara artha ke upadeSTA hote haiM unake vacanoM ko zabda rUpa dazavaikAlika para TIkA likhe jAne kA nirdeza prApta hotA hai, kintu to gaNadhara Adi ke dvArA diyA jAtA hai| jainAcAryoM ke liye kathana vaha TIkA bhI Aja prApta nahIM hai| ata: yaha kahanA to kaThina hai ki kA tAtparya hI pramukha thA, unhoMne kabhI bhI zabdoM para bala nahIM diyaa| yApanIya AgamoM kI bhASA kitanI arddhamAgadhI thI aura kitanI shaursenii| zabdoM meM cAhe parivartana ho jAya, lekina arthoM meM parivartana nahIM honA kintu itanA taya hai ki yApanIyoM ne apane granthoM meM AgamoM, prakIrNakoM cAhiye, yahI jaina AcAryoM kA pramukha lakSya rhaa| zabda rUpoM kI unakI evaM niyuktiyoM kI jina gAthAoM ko gRhIta kiyA hai athavA uddhRta isa upekSA ke phalasvarUpa AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana hote kiyA hai ve sabhI Aja zaurasenI rUpoM meM hI pAyI jAtI haiN| yadyapi gye| Aja bhI una para bahuta kucha arddhamAgadhI kA prabhAva zeSa raha gayA hai| 2. Agama sAhitya meM jo bhASika parivartana hue usakA dUsarA cAhe yApanIyoM ne sampUrNa AgamoM ke bhASAyI svarUpa ko arddhamAgadhI kAraNa yaha thA ki jainabhikSu-saMgha meM vibhinna pradezoM ke bhikSugaNa sammilita se zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita kiyA ho yA nahIM, kintu unhoMne Agama the| apanI-apanI prAdezika boliyoM se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa unakI sAhitya se jo gAthAe~ uddhRta kI haiM, ve adhikAMzata: Aja apane zaurasenI uccAraNa zailI meM bhI svAbhAvika bhinnatA rahatI, phalata: Agama sAhitya svarUpa meM pAyI jAtI haiN| yApanIya AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM yaha ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatA A gyii| parivartana jAnabUjhakara kiyA gayA yA jaba mathurA jainadharma kA kendra banA 3. jainabhikSu sAmAnyatayA bhramaNazIla hote haiM, unakI bhramaNazIlatA taba sahaja rUpa meM yaha parivartana A gayA thA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| ke kAraNa unakI boliyoM, bhASAoM para bhI anya pradezoM kI boliyoM jainadharma sadaiva se kSetrIya bhASAoM ko apanAtA rahA aura yahI kAraNa kA prabhAva par3atA hI hai| phalata: AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana ho sakatA hai ki zrutaparamparA se calI AyI ina gAthAoM meM yA to yA mizraNa ho gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaba pUrva kA bhikSu pazcimI sahaja hI kSetrIya prabhAva AyA ho yA phira usa kSetra kI bhASA ko dhyAna pradezoM meM adhika vihAra karatA hai to usakI bhASA meM pUrva evaM pazcima meM rakhakara use usa rUpa meM parivartita kiyA gayA ho| donoM hI boliyoM kA prabhAva A hI jAtA hai| ata: bhASika svarUpa yaha bhI satya hai ki valabhI meM jo devardhigaNi kI adhyakSatA meM kI ekarUpatA samApta ho jAtI hai| vI.ni.saM. 980 yA 993 meM antima vAcanA huI, usameM kSetragata mahArASTrI 4. sAmAnyatayA buddhavacana buddha nirvANa ke 200-300 varSa ke prAkRta kA prabhAva jaina AgamoM para vizeSarUpa se AyA hogA, yahI andara hI andara likhita rUpa meM A ge| ata: unake bhASika svarUpa kAraNa hai ki vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mAnya arddhamAgadhI AgamoM kI bhASA meM unake racanAkAla ke bAda bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM AyA, tathApi kA jo svarUpa upalabdha hai, usa para mahArASTrI kA prabhAva hI adhika unakI uccAraNa zailI vibhinna dezoM meM bhinna-bhinna rahI aura vaha Aja hai| arddhamAgadhI AgamoM meM bhI una AgamoM kI bhASA mahArASTrI se adhika bhI hai| thAI, barmA aura zrIlaMkA ke bhikSuoM kA tripiTaka kA uccAraNa prabhAvita huI hai, jo adhika vyavahAra yA pracalana meM rhe| udAharaNa bhinna-bhinna hotA hai, phira bhI unake likhita svarUpa meM bahuta kucha ekarUpatA ke rUpa meM uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika jaise prAcIna stara ke Agama hai| isake viparIta jaina Agamika evaM Agamatulya sAhitya eka sudIrgha mahArASTrI se adhika prabhAvita haiN| jabaki RSibhASita jaisA Agama kAla taka likhita rUpa meM nahIM A sakA, vaha guruziSya paramparA se mahArASTrI ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha mukta rahA hai| usa para mahArASTrI prAkRta maukhika hI calatA rahA, phalataH dezakAlagata uccAraNa bheda se unake kA prabhAva atyalpa hai| Aja arddhamAgadhI kA jo Agama sAhitya hameM bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana hotA gyaa|
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza bhArata meM kAgaja kA pracalana na hone se grantha bhojapatroM yA tAr3apatroM vAcaka ho gyaa| isI AdhAra para kucha vidvAnoM ne use guptazAsaka para likhe jAte the| tAr3apatroM para granthoM ko likhavAnA aura unheM surakSita rAmagupta mAna liyA hai aura usake dvArA pratiSThApita vidizA kI jina rakhanA jaina muniyoM kI ahiMsA evaM aparigraha kI bhAvanA ke pratikUla ____ mUrtiyoM ke abhilekhoM se usakI puSTi bhI kara dii| jabaki vastuta: vaha thaa| lagabhaga I. san kI 5 vIM zatI taka isa kArya ko pApa-pravRtti nirdeza buddha ke samakAlIna rAmaputra nAmaka zramaNa AcArya ke sambandha mAnA jAtA thA tathA isake lie prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA bhI thii| phalataH meM thA, jo dhyAna evaM yoga ke mahAn sAdhaka the aura jinase svayaM mahAvIra ke pazcAt lagabhaga 1000 varSa taka jaina sAhitya zruta-paramparA bhagavAn buddha ne dhyAna prakriyA sIkhI thii| unase sambandhita eka adhyayana para hI AdhArita rhaa| zruta-paramparA ke AdhAra para AgamoM ke bhASika RSibhASita meM Aja bhI hai, jabaki aMtakRddadazA meM unase sambandhita svarUpa ko surakSita rakhanA kaThina thaa| ata: uccAraNa zailI kA bheda jo adhyayana thA, vaha Aja vilupta ho cukA hai| isakI vistRta carcA AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa ke parivartana kA kAraNa bana gyaa| Aspects of Jainology Vol. II meM maiMne apane eka svatantra lekha meM 5. Agamika evaM Agama tulya sAhitya meM Aja bhASika rUpoM kI hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM prayukta "khettana" zabda, kA jo parivartana dekhA jAtA hai, usakA eka kAraNa lahiyoM jo "kSetrajJa" (AtmajJa) kA vAcI thA, mahArASTrI ke prabhAva se Age (pratilipikAroM) kI asAvadhAnI bhI rahI hai| pratilipikAra jisa kSetra calakara "kheyaNNa" bana gayA aura use "khedajJa" kA vAcI mAna liyA ke hote the, una para bhI usa kSetra kI bolI/bhASA kA prabhAva rahatA gyaa| isakI carcA pro. ke. Ara. candrA ne zramaNa 1992 meM prakAzita thA aura asAvadhAnI se apanI prAdezika bolI ke zabda rUpoM ko likha apane lekha meM kI hai| ata: spaSTa hai ki ina parivartanoM ke kAraNa aneka detA thaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM cAhe mUla pATha meM "gacchati' likhA sthaloM para bahuta adhika arthabheda bhI ho gaye haiN| Aja vaijJAnika rUpa ho lekina pracalana meM "gacchaI" kA vyavahAra hai, to pratilipikAra se sampAdana kI jo zailI vikasita huI hai usake mAdhyama se ina samasyAoM "gacchaI' rUpa hI likha degaa| ke samAdhAna kI apekSA hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA thA 6. jaina Agama evaM Agama tulya grantha meM Aye bhASika parivartanoM ki Agamika evaM Agama tulya granthoM ke prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira karane kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki ve vibhinna kAloM evaM pradezoM meM sampAdita ke lie zvetAmbara paramparA meM pro. ke.Ara. candrA aura digambara paramparA hote rahe haiN| sampAdakoM ne unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira rakhane kA meM AcArya zrI vidyAnanda jI ke sAnidhya meM zrI balabhadra jaina ne prayatna prayatna nahIM kiyA apitu unheM sampAdita karate samaya apane yuga evaM kSetra prArambha kiyA hai| kintu ina prayatnoM kA kitanA aucitya hai aura isa ke pracalita bhASAyI svarUpa ke AdhAra para unameM parivartina kara diyaa| sandarbha meM kina-kina sAvadhAniyoM kI AvazyakatA hai, yaha bhI vicAraNIya yahI kAraNa hai ki arddhamAgadhI meM likhita Agama bhI jaba mathurA meM hai| yadi prAcIna rUpoM ko sthira karane kA yaha prayatna sampUrNa sAvadhAnI saMkalita evaM sampAdita hue to unakA bhASika svarUpa arddhamAgadhI kI aura ImAnadArI se na huA to isake duSpariNAma bhI ho sakate haiN| apekSA zaurasenI ke nikaTa ho gayA aura jaba valabhI meM likhe gaye prathamataH, prAkRta ke vibhinna bhASika rUpa liye hue ina granthoM meM to vaha mahArASTrI se prabhAvita ho gyaa| yaha alaga bAta hai ki aisA pArasparika prabhAva aura pArasparika avadAna ko arthAt kisane kisa parivartana sampUrNa rUpa meM na ho sakA aura usameM arddhamAgadhI ke tattva paramparA se kyA liyA hai, ise samajhane ke lie Aja jo suvidhA hai, bhI bane rhe| vaha inameM bhASika ekarUpatA lAne para samApta ho jaayegii| Aja namaskAra sampAdana aura pratilipi karate samaya bhASika svarUpa kI ekarUpatA maMtra meM "namo" aura "Namo' zabda kA jo vivAda hai, usakA samAdhAna para vizeSa bala nahIM die jAne ke kAraNa jaina Agama evaM Agamatulya aura kauna sA zabdarUpa prAcIna hai isakA nizcaya, hama khAravela aura sAhitya arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI evaM mahArASTrI kI khicar3I hI bana gayA mathurA ke abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para kara sakate haiM aura yaha kaha sakate aura vidvAnoM ne unakI bhASA ko jaina-zaurasenI aura jaina-mahArASTrI aise haiM ki arddhamAgadhI kA "namo" rUpa prAcIna hai, jabaki zaurasenI aura nAma de diye| na prAcIna saMkalana kartAoM ne usa para dhyAna diyA aura mahArASTrI kA "Namo" rUpa paravartI hai, kyoMki I. kI dUsarI zatI taka na Adhunika kAla ke sampAdanoM, prakAzanoM meM isa tathya para dhyAna diyA abhilekhoM meM kahIM bhI "Namo' rUpa nahIM miltaa| jabaki chaThI zatI gyaa| pariNAmata: eka hI Agama ke eka hI vibhAga meM "loka", "loga", se dakSiNa bhArata ke jaina abhilekhoM meM "Namo" rUpa bahutAyata se milatA "loa" aura "loya' aise cAroM hI rUpa dekhane ko mila jAte haiN| hai| isase phalita yaha nikalatA hai ki Namo rUpa paravartI hai aura jina yadyapi sAmAnya rUpa se to ina bhASika rUpoM ke parivartanoM ke granthoM meM "na" ke sthAna para "Na" kI bahulatA hai, ve grantha bhI paravartI kAraNa koI bahuta bar3A artha-bheda nahIM hotA hai, kintu kabhI-kabhI inake haiN| yaha satya hai ki 'namo' se parivartita hokara hI "Namo" rUpa banA kAraNa bhayaMkara artha-bheda bhI ho jAtA hai| isa sandarbha meM eka do udAharaNa hai| jina abhilekhoM meM "Namo" rUpa milatA hai ve sabhI I. san kI dekara apanI bAta ko spaSTa karanA caahuuNgaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga cauthI zatI ke bAda ke hI haiN| isI prakAra se namaskAra maMtra kI antima kA prAcIna pATha "rAmaputte' badalakara cUrNi meM "rAmAutte" ho gayA, gAthA meM- eso paMca namukkAro svvpaavppnnaasnno| maMgalANa ca kintu vahI pATha sUtrakRtAMga kI zIlAMka kI TIkA meM "rAmagutte" ho savvesiM par3hama havai maMgalaM- aisA pATha hai| inameM prayukta prathamAvibhakti gyaa| isa prakAra jo zabda rAmaputra kA vAcaka thA, vaha rAmagupta kA meM "ekAra" ke sthAna para "okAra" kA prayoga tathA "havati" ke
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________________ 34 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 sthAna para "havaI" zabda rUpa kA prayoga yaha batAtA hai ki isakI racanA hote hue bhI mahArASTrI rUpa "kheyanna' banAye rakhanA ucita nahIM hogaa| ardhamAgadhI se mahArASTrI ke saMkramaNakAla ke bIca kI hai aura yaha aMza jahA~ taka arddhamAgadhI Agama granthoM kA prazna hai una para paravartIkAla namaskAra maMtra meM bAda meM jor3A gayA hai| isameM zaurasenI rUpa "hodi" meM jo zaurasenI yA mahArASTrI prAkRtoM kA prabhAva A gayA hai, use dUra yA "havadi" ke sthAna para mahArASTrI zabda rUpa "havaI" hai jo yaha karane kA prayatna kisI sImA taka ucita mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu batAtA hai ki yaha aMza mUlata: mahArASTrI meM nirmita huA thA aura vahIM isa prayatna meM bhI nimna sAvadhAniyA~ apekSita haiMse zaurasenI meM liyA gayA hai| 1. prathama to yaha ki yadi mUla hastapratiyoM meM kahIM bhI vaha zabda isI prakAra zaurasenI AgamoM meM bhI isake "havai' zabda rUpa rUpa nahIM milatA hai, to usa zabda rUpa ko kisI bhI sthiti meM parivartita kI upasthiti bhI yahI sUcita karatI hai ki unhoMne isa aMza ko paravartI na kiyA jaaye| kintu prAcIna arddhamAgadhI zabda rUpa jo kisI bhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke granthoM se hI grahaNa kiyA hai| anyathA vahA~ mUla mUla hastaprati meM eka do sthAnoM para bhI upalabdha hotA hai, use anyatra zaurasenI kA "havadi" yA "hodi" rUpa hI honA thaa| Aja yadi kisI parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi kisI arddhamAgadhI ke prAcIna grantha ko zaurasenI kA adhika Agraha ho, to kyA ve namaskAra maMtra ke isa meM "loga" evaM "loya' donoM rUpa milate hoM to vahA~ arvAcIna rUpa "havai" zabda ko "havadi" yA "hodi" rUpa meM parivartita kara deMge? "loya" ko prAcIna rUpa "loga' meM rUpAntarita kiyA jA sakatA hai jabaki tIsarI-cauthI zatI se Aja taka kahIM bhI "havai" ke atirikta kintu isake sAtha hI yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki yadi eka pUrA anya koI zabda rUpa upalabdha nahIM hai| kA pUrA gadyAMza yA padyAMza mahArASTrI meM hai aura usameM prayukta zabdoM prAkRta ke bhASika svarUpa ke sambandha meM dUsarI kaThinAI yaha hai ke vaikalpika arddhamAgadhI rUpa kisI eka bhI Adarza prati meM nahIM milate ki prAkRta kA mUla AdhAra kSetrIya boliyA~ hone se usake eka hI haiM to una aMzoM ko parivartita na kiyA jAye, kyoMki sambhAvanA yaha hai vaha svayaM isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki cAhe zabda rUpa ho, cAhe dhAtu usa aMza ke prakSipta hone kA AdhAra jo usakA bhASika svarUpa hai, rUpa ho, yA upasarga Adi ho, unakI bahuvidhatA ko asvIkAra nahIM usako badalane se Agamika zodha meM bAdhA utpanna hogii| udAharaNa ke kiyA jA sktaa| eka bAra hama mAna bhI leM ki eka kSetrIya bolI rUpa meM AcArAMga ke prArambha meM "suyaM me AusaMteNa bhagavayA evaM meM eka hI rUpa rahA hogA, kintu cAhe vaha zaurasenI, arddhamAgadhI yA akkhAyaM" ke aMza ko hI leM, jo sAmAnyatayA sabhI pratiyoM meM isI mahArASTrI prAkRta ho, sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM inake vikAsa ke rUpa meM milatA hai| yadi hama ise arddhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita karake "sutaM mUla meM vividha boliyA~ rahI haiN| ata: bhASika ekarUpatA kA prayatna me AusanteNaM bhagavatA evaM akkhAtA" kara degeM to isake prakSipta prAkRta kI apanI mUla prakRti kI dRSTi se kitanA samIcIna hogA, hone kI jo sambhAvanA hai vaha samApta ho jaayegii| ataH prAcInastara yaha bhI eka vicAraNIya prazna hai| ke AgamoM meM kisa aMza ke bhASika svarUpa ko badalA jA sakatA punaH cAhe hama eka bAra yaha mAna bhI leM ki prAcIna arddhamAgadhI hai aura kisako nahIM, isa para gambhIra cintana kI AvazyakatA hai| kA jo bhI sAhityika rUpa rahA vaha bahuvidha nahIM thA aura usameM vyaMjanoM isI sandarbha meM RSibhASita ke eka anya udAharaNa para bhI vicAra ke lopa, unake sthAna para "a" yA "ya" kI upasthiti athavA "na" kara sakate haiN| isameM pratyeka RSi ke kathana ko prastuta karate hue ke sthAna para "Na" kI pravRtti nahIM rahI hogI aura isa AdhAra para sAmAnyatayA yaha gadyAMza milatA hai- arahatA isiNA buintaM, kintu AcArAMga Adi kI bhASA kA arddhamAgadhI svarUpa sthira karane kA hama dekhate haiM ki isake 45 adhyAyoM meM se 37 meM "buinta" pATha prayatna ucita bhI mAna liyA jAye, kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina hai, jabaki 7 meM "buiyaM" pATha hai| aisI sthiti meM yadi isa "buiyaM" paramparA meM zaurasenI kA Agama tulya sAhitya mUlata: arddhamAgadhI pATha vAle aMza ke Asa-pAsa anya zabdoM ke prAcIna arddhamAgadhI rUpa Agama-sAhitya ke AdhAra para aura usase hI vikasita huA, ataH milate hoM to "buiyaM' ko buintaM meM badalA jA sakatA hai| kintu yadi usameM jo arddhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai, use pUrNataH kisI zabda rUpa ke Age-pIche ke zabda rUpa bhI mahArASTrI prabhAva vAle nikAla denA kyA ucita hogA? yadi hamane yaha duHsAhasa kiyA bhI hoM, to phira use badalane ke lie hameM eka bAra socanA hogaa| to usase granthoM ke kAla-nirdhAraNa Adi meM aura unakI pArasparika kucha sthitiyoM meM yaha bhI hotA hai ki grantha kI eka hI Adarza prabhAvakatA ko samajhane meM, Aja jo sugamatA hai, vaha naSTa ho jaayegii| prati upalabdha ho, aisI sthiti meM jaba taka unakI pratiyA~ upalabdha yahI sthiti mahArASTrI prAkRta kI bhI hai| usakA AdhAra bhI na hoM, taba taka unake sAtha cher3a-chAr3a karanA ucita nahIM hogaa| ata: arddhamAgadhI aura aMzata: zaurasenI Agama rahe haiN| yadi unake prabhAva arddhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ke bhASika rUpoM ko parivartita karane ke kisI ko nikAlane kA prayatna kiyA gayA to vaha bhI ucita nahIM hogaa| nirNaya se pUrva sAvadhAnI aura bauddhika ImAnadArI kI AvazyakatA hai| kheyaNNa kA prAcIna rUpa khettanna hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta ke grantha meM eka isa sandarbha meM antima rUpa se eka bAta aura nivedana karanA Avazyaka bAra khettanna rUpa prApta hotA hai to use hama prAcIna zabda rUpa mAnakara hai, vaha yaha ki yadi mUlapATha meM kisI prakAra kA parivartana kiyA bhI rakha sakate haiM, kintu arddhamAgadhI ke grantha meM "khetana" rUpa upalabdha jAtA hai, to bhI itanA to avazya hI karaNIya hogA ki pAThAntaroM
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza ke rUpa meM anya upalabdha zabda rUpoM ko bhI anivArya rUpa se rakhA ke niyama thope nahIM jA sakate ki ve vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke anusAra jAya, sAtha hI bhASika rUpoM ko parivartita karane ke lie jo prati hI boleN| yaha koI tarka nahIM, mAtra unakI zraddhA kA atireka hI hai| AdhAra rUpa meM mAnya kI gayI ho usakI mUla pratichAyA ko bhI prakAzita prathama prazna to yahI hai ki kyA ardhamAgadhI Agama apane vartamAna svarUpa kiyA jAya, kyoMki cher3a-chAr3a ke isa krama meM jo sAmpradAyika meM sarvajJa kI vANI hai? kyA unameM kisI prakAra kA vilopana, prakSepa Agraha kArya kareMge, usase grantha kI maulikatA ko paryApta dhakkA laga yA parivartana nahIM huA hai? yadi aisA hai to unameM aneka sthaloM para sakatA hai| antarvirodha kyoM hai? kahIM lokAntika devoM kI saMkhyA ATha hai to AcArya zAntisAgara jI aura unake samarthaka kucha digambara vidvAnoM kahIM nau kyoM hai? kahIM cAra sthAvara aura do trasa haiM, kahIM tIna trasa dvArA SaTkhaNDAgama (1/1/93) meM se "saMjada" pATha ko haTAne kI aura tIna sthAvara kahe gaye, to kahIM pA~ca sthAvara aura eka vs| yadi evaM zvetAmbara paramparA meM muni zrI phUlacanda jI dvArA paramparA ke viparIta Agama zabdaza: mahAvIra kI vANI hai, to AgamoM aura vizeSa rUpa lagane vAle kucha Agama ke aMzoM ko haTAne kI kahAnI abhI hamAre se aMga AgamoM meM mahAvIra ke tIna sau varSa pazcAt utpanna hue gaNoM . sAmane tAjA hI hai| yaha to bhAgya hI thA ki isa prakAra ke prayatnoM ke ullekha kyoM haiM? yadi kahA jAya ki bhagavAna sarvajJa the aura unhoMne ko donoM hI samAja ke prabuddha varga ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA aura isa bhaviSya kI ghaTanAoM ko jAnakara yaha ullekha kiyA to prazna yaha prakAra se saiddhAntika saMgati ke nAma para jo kucha anartha ho sktaa| ki vaha kathana vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se bhaviSyakAlika bhASA rUpa meM honA thA, usase hama baca gye| kintu Aja bhI "SaTkhaNDAgama" ke tAmra thA vaha bhUtakAla meM kyoM kahA gyaa| kyA bhagavatI meM gozAlaka ke patroM evaM prathama saMskaraNa kI mudrita pratiyoM meM 'saMjada' zabda anupasthita prati jisa aziSTa zabdAvalI kA prayoga huA hai kyA vaha aMza vItarAga hai| isI prakAra phUlacanda jI dvArA sampAdita aMga-suttANi meM kucha Agama bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI ho sakatI hai? kyA Aja praznavyAkaraNadazA, pAThoM kA jo vilopana huA hai ve pratiyA~ to bhaviSya meM bhI raheMgI, antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA kI viSayavastu vahI ata: bhaviSya meM to yaha saba nizcaya hI vivAda kA kAraNa bnegaa| isaliye hai, jo sthAnAMga meM ullikhita hai? tathya yaha hai ki yaha saba parivartana aise kisI bhI prayatna se pUrva pUrI sAvadhAnI evaM sajagatA Avazyaka huA hai, Aja hama usase iMkAra nahIM kara sakate haiN| hai| mAtra "saMjada' pada haTa jAne se usa grantha ke yApanIya hone kI Aja aise aneka tathya haiM, jo vartamAna AgamasAhitya ko akSaraza: jo pahacAna hai, vahI samApta ho jAtI aura jaina paramparA ke itihAsa sarvajJa ke vacana mAnane meM bAdhaka haiN| paramparA ke anusAra bhI sarvajJa ke sAtha anartha ho jaataa| to artha (viSayavastu) ke pravaktA haiM- zabda rUpa to unako gaNadharoM - uparyukta samasta carcA se merA prayojana yaha nahIM hai ki arddhamAgadhI yA paravartI sthaviroM dvArA diyA gayA hai| kyA Aja hamAre pAsa jo Agama Agama evaM Agama tulya zaurasenI granthoM ke bhASAyI svarUpa kI ekarUpatA haiM, ve ThIka vaise hI haiM jaise zabda rUpa se gaNadhara gautama ne unheM racA evaM unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira karane kA koI prayatna hI na ho| thA? Agama granthoM meM paravartIkAla meM jo vilopana, parivartana, parivardhana merA dRSTikoNa mAtra yaha hai ki usameM vizeSa satarkatA kI AvazyakatA Adi huA aura jinakA sAkSya svayaM Agama hI de rahe haiM, usase kyA hai| sAtha hI isa prayatna kA pariNAma yaha na ho ki jo paravartI grantha hama inkAra kara sakate haiM? svayaM devardhi ne isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA prAcIna arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke AdhAra para nirmita hue haiM, unakI hai to phira hama nakArane vAle kauna hote haiN| AdaraNIya pArakhajI likhate usa rUpa meM pahacAna hI samApta kara dI jAye aura isa prakAra Aja hai- "paNDitoM se hamArA yahI Agraha rahegA ki kRpayA binA bhela-sela granthoM ke paurvAparya ke nirdhAraNa kA jo bhASAyI AdhAra hai vaha bhI naSTa ke vahI pATha pradAna kareM jo tIrthakaroM ne artharUpa meM prarupita aura gadhaNaroM ho jaaye| yadi praznavyAkaraNa, nandIsUtra Adi paravartI AgamoM kI bhASA ne sUtrarUpa meM saMkalita kiyA thaa| hamAre liye vahI zuddha hai| sarvajJoM ko prAcIna arddhamAgadhI meM badalA gayA athavA kundakunda ke granthoM kA ko jisa akSara, zabda, pada, vAkya yA bhASA kA prayoga abhISTa thA, yA mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA pUrNa zaurasenIkaraNa kiyA gayA vaha sUcita kara gaye, aba usameM asarvajJa phera badala nahIM kara sktaa|" to yaha ucita nahIM hogA, kyoMki isase unakI pahacAna aura itihAsa unake isa kathana ke prati merA prathama prazna to yahI hai ki Aja taka hI naSTa ho jaayegaa| AgamoM meM jo parivartana hotA rahA vaha kisane kiyA? Aja hamAre pAsa jo loga isa parivartana ke pUrNata: virodhI haiM unase bhI maiM sahamata jo Agama haiM unameM ekarUpatA kyoM nahIM hai? Aja murzidAbAda, haidarAbAda, nahIM huuN| maiM yaha mAnatA hU~ AcArAMga, RSibhASita evaM sUtrakRtAMga jaise bambaI, lADanUM Adi ke saMskaraNoM meM itanA adhika pATha bheda kyoM prAcIna AgamoM kA isa dRSTi se puna: sampAdana honA caahie| isa prakiyA hai? inameM se hama kisa saMskaraNa ko sarvajJa vacana mAne aura Apake ke virodha meM jo svara ubhara kara sAmane Aye haiM unameM jauharImala jI zabdoM meM kise bhela-sela kaheM? merA dUsarA prazna yaha hai ki kyA Aja pArakha kA svara pramukha hai| ve vidvAn adhyetA ora zraddhAzIla donoM paNDita AgamoM meM koI bhela-sela kara rahe haiM yA phira ve usake zuddha hI haiN| phira bhI tulasI-prajJA meM unakA jo lekha prakAzita huA hai svarUpa ko sAmane lAnA cAhate haiM? kisI bhI pAzcAtya saMzodhaka dRSTi usameM unakA vaiduSya zraddhA ke atireka meM daba sA gayA hai| unakA sarvaprathama sampanna vidvAn ne AgamoM meM koI bhela-sela kiyA? isakA eka bhI tarka yaha hai ki Agama sarvajJa ke vacana haiM, ata: una para vyAkaraNa udAharaNa ho to hameM btaayeN| durbhAgya yaha hai ki zuddhi ke prayatna ko
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 bhela-sela kA nAma diyA jA rahA hai aura vyartha meM usakI AlocanA nahIM hai| kI jA rahI hai| puna: jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai DaoN. candrA ne eka vartamAna meM upalabdha AgamoM ke saMskaraNoM meM lADanUM aura mahAvIra bhI aisA pATha nahIM sujhAyA hai, jo Adarza sammata nahIM hai| unhoMne mAtra vidyAlaya ke saMskaraNa adhika prAmANika mAne jAte haiM, kintu unameM yahI prayatna kiyA hai ki jo bhI prAcIna zabda rUpa kisI bhI eka Adarzaprata bhI "ta" zruti aura "ya" zruti ko lekara yA madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke meM eka-do sthAnoM para bhI mila gaye, unheM AdhAra mAnakara anya sthaloM lopa sambandhI jo vaividhya hai, vaha na kevala Azcaryajanaka hai, apitu para bhI vahI prAcIna rUpa rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yadi unheM bhela-sela vidvAnoM ke lie cintanIya bhI hai| karanA hotA to ve itane sAhasa ke sabhI pUjya munijanoM evaM vidvAnoM yahA~ mahAvIra vidyAlaya se prakAzita sthAnAMgasUtra ke hI eka-do ke vicAra jAnane ke liye use prasArita nahIM krte| phira jaba pArakha udAharaNa Apake sAmane prastuta kara rahA hU~ - jI svayaM yaha kahate haiM ki kula 116 pAThabhedoM meM kevala 1 "AusaMteNa" cattAri vatthA pannattA, taMjahA-sutI nAma ege sutI, saInAma ege asaI, ko chor3akara zeSa 115 pAThabheda aise haiM ki jinase artha meM koI pharka cubhNgo| nahIM par3atA- to phira unhoMne aisA kauna sA aparAdha kara diyA jisase evAmeva cattAri purisajAtA pannattA, taMjahA sutI NAmaM ege sutI, unake zrama kI mUlyavattA ko svIkAra karane ke sthAna para use nakArA cubhNgo| jA rahA hai? Aja yadi AcArAMga ke lagabhaga 40 se adhika saMskaraNa -(caturtha) sthAna, prathama uddezaka, sUtrakramAMka 241, pR0 94) haiM- aura yaha bhI satya hai ki sabhI ne AdarzoM ke AdhAra para hI isa prakAra yahA~ Apa dekheMge ki eka hI satra meM "satI" aura pATha chApe haiM to phira kise zuddha aura kise azuddha kaheM? kyA sabhI "suI' donoM rUpa upasthita haiN| isase mAtra zabda-rUpa meM hI bheda nahIM ko samAna rUpa se zuddha mAna liyA jaayegaa| kyA hama byAvara, jaina hotA hai, artha bheda bhI ho sakatA hai, kyoMki "sutI" kA artha hai vizvabhAratI, lADanUM aura mahAvIra vidyAlaya vAle saMskaraNoM ko samAna sUta se nirmita, jabaki "suI" (zuci) kA artha hai pvitr| isa prakAra mahattva kA samajheM? bhaya bhela-sela kA nahIM hai, bhaya yaha hai ki adhika isI sUtra meM "NAma" aura "nAma" donoM zabda rUpa eka hI sAtha upasthita prAmANika evaM zuddha saMskaraNa ke nikala jAne se pUrva saMskaraNoM kI haiN| isI sthAnAMgasUtra se eka anya udAharaNa lIjie- sUtra kramAMka sampAdana meM rahI kamiyA~ ujAgara ho jAne kA aura yahI khIja kA mUla 445, pR0 197 para "nirgrantha" zabda ke lie prAkRta zabdarUpa"niyaMTha" kAraNa pratIta hotA hai| puna: kyA zraddheya pArakhajI yaha batA sakate haiM prayukta hai to sUtra 446 meM "niggaMtha" aura pAThAntara meM "nitaMTha' rUpa ki kyA koI bhI aisI Adarza prati hai, jo pUrNata: zuddha hai- jaba bhI diyA gayA hai| isI grantha meM sUtra saMkhyA 458, pR. 197 para AdarzoM meM bhinnatA aura azuddhiyA~ haiM, to unheM dUra karane ke liye dhammatthikAtaM, adhammatthikAtaM aura AgAsatthikAyaM- isa prakAra vidvAn vyAkaraNa ke atirikta kisakA sahArA leMge? kyA Aja taka "kAya' zabda ke do bhinna zabda rUpa kAya aura kAtaM diye gaye haiN| koI bhI Agama grantha binA vyAkaraNa kA sahArA liye mAtra Adarza ke yadyapi "ta" zruti prAcIna arddhamAgadhI kI pahacAna hai, kintu prastuta AdhAra para chapA hai| pratyeka sampAdaka vyAkaraNa kA sahArA lekara hI sandarbha meM sutI, niThaMta aura kAtaM meM jo "ta" kA prayoga hai vaha mujhe Adarza kI azuddhi ko ThIka karatA hai| yadi ve svayaM yaha mAnate haiM paravartI lagatA hai| lagatA hai ki "ya" zruti ko "ta" zruti meM badalane ki AdarzoM meM azuddhiyA~ svAbhAvika haiM, to phira unheM zuddha kisa ke prayatna bhI kAlAntara meM hue aura isa prayatna meM binA artha kA vicAra AdhAra para kiyA jAyegA? maiM bhI yaha mAnatA hU~ ki sampAdana meM Adarza kiye "ya" ko "ta" kara diyA gayA hai| zuci kA sUtI, nirgrantha kA prati kA AdhAra Avazyaka hai| kintu na to mAtra Adarza se aura na nitaMTha aura kAya kA kAtaM kisa prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyama se banegA, mAtra vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se samAdhAna hotA hai, usameM donoM kA sahayoga merI jAnakArI meM to nahIM hai| isase bhI adhika Azcaryajanaka eka udAharaNa Avazyaka hai| mAtra yahI nahIM aneka pratoM ko sAmane rakhakara tulanA hameM harSapuSpAmRta jaina granthamAlA dvArA prakAzita niyuktisaMgraha meM karake evaM viveka se bhI pATha zuddha karanA hotA hai| jaisA ki AcArya oghaniyukti ke prArambhika maMgala meM milatA haizrI tulasI jI ne muni zrI jambUvijaya jI ko apanI sampAdana zailI namo arihaMtANaM, Namo siddhANaM, Namo AyariyANaM, Namo uvajjhAyANaM, kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue batAyA thaa| Namo loe savvasAhUNaM, AdaraNIya pArakhajI evaM unake dvArA uddhRta muni zrI jambUvijayajI eso paMcanamukkAro, svvpaavppnnaasnno| maMgalANaM ca savvesiM, paDhamaM kA yaha kathana ki AgamoM meM anunAsika parasavarNa vAle pATha prAyaH havai mNgl||1|| nahIM milate haiM, svayaM hI yaha batAtA hai ki kvacit to milate haiN| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ namo arihaMtANaM meM prArambha meM "na' puna: isa sambandha meM DaoN. candrA ne Agamodaya samiti ke saMskaraNa, rakhA gayA jabaki Namo siddhANaM se lekara zeSa cAra padoM meM Adi kA TIkA tathA cUrNi ke saMskaraNoM se pramANa bhI diye haiN| vastutaH lekhana "na" "Na' kara diyA gayA hai| kintu "eso paMcanamukkAroM" meM puna: kI suvidhA ke kAraNa hI anunAsika parasavarNa vAle pATha AdarzoM meM "na" upasthita hai| hama AdaNIya pArakhajI se isa bAta meM sahamata kama hote gaye haiN| kintu lokabhASA meM ve Aja bhI jIvita haiN| ata: ho sakate haiM ki bhinna kAloM meM bhinna vyaktiyoM se carcA karate hue prAkRta candrA jI ke kArya ko pramANarahita yA Adarzarahita kahanA ucita bhASA ke bhinna zabda rUpoM kA prayoga ho sakatA hai| kintu grantha-nirmANa
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza 37 ke samaya aura vaha bhI eka hI sUtra yA vAkyAMza meM do bhinna rUpoM ve jo kArya kara rahe haiM vaha na kevala karaNIya hai balki eka sahI kA prayoga to kabhI bhI nahIM hogA, puna: yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki dizA dene vAlA kArya hai| hama unheM sujhAva to de sakate haiM lekina Agama sarvajJa vacana haiM, to jaba sAmAnya vyakti bhI aisA nahIM karatA anadhikRta rUpa se yena-kena prakAreNa sarvajJa aura zAstra-zraddhA kI duhAI hai, to phira sarvajJa kaise karegA? isa prakAra kI bhinnatA ke lie lekhaka dekara unakI AlocanA karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM rkhte| kyoMki nahIM, apitu pratilipikAra hI uttaradAyI hotA hai| ata: aise pAThoM ve jo bhI kArya kara rahe haiM vaha bauddhika ImAnadArI ke sAtha, nirlipta kA zuddhIkaraNa anucita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| eka hI sUtra meM "sutI" bhAva se tathA sampradAyagata AgrahoM se Upara uThakara kara rahe haiM, unakI aura "suI" "nAma" aura "NAma", "niyaMTha" aura "niggaMtha", "kAtaM" niyata meM bhI koI zaMkA nahIM kI jA sktii| ata: maiM jaina vidyA aura "kAyaM" aise do zabda rUpa nahIM ho skte| unakA pATha saMzodhana ke vidvAnoM se namra nivedana karU~gA ki ve zAntacitta se unake prayatnoM Avazyaka hai| yadyapi isameM bhI yaha sAvadhAnI Avazyaka hai ki "ta" kI mUlyavattA ko samajheM aura apane sujhAvoM evaM sahayoga se unheM isa zruti kI prAcInatA ke vyAmoha meM kahIM sarvatra "ya" kA "ta" nahIM dizA meM protsAhita kreN| dUsarI ora maiM pro. candrA se bhI nivedana kara diyA jAve, jaise zuci-sui kA "sutI', niggaMtha kA "nitaMTha" karU~gA ki ve binA pramANa ke aisA koI parizodhana na kre| athavA kAyaM kA "kAtaM" pATha mahAvIra vidyAlaya vAle saMskaraNa meM hai| hama pArakhajI se isa bAta meM sahamata haiM ki koI bhI pATha Adarza AgamoM ke viccheda kI avadhAraNA meM upalabdha hue binA nahIM badalA jAya, kintu "Adarza' meM upalabdha Agama ke viccheda kI yaha avadhAraNA jainadharma ke zvetAmbara evaM hone kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki "sarvatra" aura sabhI "Adarzo' meM upalabdha digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM meM ullikhita hai| digambara paramparA meM AgamoM ho| hA~ yadi AdarzoM yA Adarza ke aMza meM prAcIna pATha mAtra eka ke viccheda kI yaha avadhAraNA tiloyapaNNatti, SaTkhaNDAgama kI do sthaloM para hI mileM aura unakA pratizata 20 se bhI kama ho to dhavalATIkA, harivaMzapurANa, AdipurANa Adi meM milatI hai| ina saba vahA~ unheM prAyaH na badalA jaay| kintu yadi unakA pratizata 20 se granthoM meM tiloyapaNNatti apekSAkRta prAcIna hai| tiloyapaNNatti kA adhika ho to unheM badalA jA sakatA hai- zarta yahI ho ki Agama racanAkAla vidvAnoM ne IsA kI chaThI-sAtavIM zatI ke lagabhaga mAnA kA vaha aMza paravartI yA prakSipta na ho-jaise AcArAMga kA dUsarA zrutaskandha hai| isake pazcAt SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA, harivaMzapurANa, yA prshnvyaakrnn| kintu eka hI sUtra meM yadi isa prakAra ke bhinna rUpa AdipurANa Adi grantha Ate haiM jo lagabhaga I. kI navIM zatI kI Ate haiM to eka sthala para bhI prAcIna rUpa milane para anyatra unheM racanAe~ haiN| harivaMza purANa meM Agama-viccheda kI carcA ko kucha vidvAnoM parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai| ne prakSipta mAnA hai, kyoMki vaha yApanIya paramparA kA grantha hai aura pATha zuddhIkaraNa meM dUsarI sAvadhAnI yaha Avazyaka hai ki AgamoM yApanIyoM meM navIM-dasavIM zatAbdI taka AgamoM ke adhyayana aura una meM kahIM-kahIM prakSipta aMza haiM athavA saMgrahiNiyoM aura niyuktiyoM kI para TIkA likhane kI paramparA jIvita rahI hai| sambhava yaha bhI hai ki anekoM gAthAe~ bhI avatarita kI gayIM, aise sthaloM para pATha-zuddhikaraNa jisa prakAra zvetAmbaroM meM AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA hote hue bhI karate samaya prAcIna rUpoM kI upekSA karanI hogI aura Adarza meM upalabdha AgamoM kI paramparA jIvita rahI usI prakAra yApanIyoM meM bhI zruta-viccheda pATha ko paravartI hote hue bhI yathAvat rakhanA hogaa|is tathya ko hama kI paramparA kA ullekha hote hue bhI zruta ke adhyayana evaM una para isa prakAra bhI samajhA sakate haiM ki yadi eka adhyayana, uddezaka yA TIkA Adi ke lekhana kI paramparA jIvita rahI hai| puna: harivaMzapurANa eka pairAgrApha meM yadi 70 yA 80 pratizata prayoga mahArASTrI yA "ya" meM bhI mAtra pUrva evaM aMga grantha ke viccheda kI carcA hai, zeSa grantha zruti ke haiM aura mAtra 10 pratizata prayoga prAcIna arddhamAgadhI ke haiM to the hii| to vahA~ pATha ke mahArASTrI rUpa ko rakhanA hI ucita hogaa| sambhava ina granthoM ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt gautama, hai ki vaha. prakSipta rUpa ho, kintu isake viparIta unameM 60 pratizata sudharmA (lohArya) aura jambU ye tIna AcArya kevalI hue, ina tInoM prAcIna rUpa haiM aura 40 pratizata arvAcIna mahArASTrI ke rUpa haiM, to kA sammilita kAla 62 varSa mAnA gayA hai| tatpazcAt viSNu, nandimitra, vahA~ prAcIna rUpa rakhe jA sakate haiN| aparAjita, govardhana aura bhadrabAhu ye pA~ca AcArya caturdaza pUrvo ke puna: Agama-saMpAdana aura pATha-zuddhIkaraNa ke isa upakrama meM diye dhAraka zrutakevalI hue| ina pA~ca AcAryoM kA sammilita kAla 100 jAne vAle mUlapATha ko zuddha evaM prAcIna rUpa meM diyA jAya, kintu varSa hai| isa prakAra bhadrabAhu ke kAla taka aMga aura pUrva kI paramparA pAda TippaNiyoM meM sampUrNa pAThAntaroM kA saMgraha kiyA jaay| isakA avicchinna banI rhii| usake bAda prathama pUrva sAhitya kA viccheda prArambha lAbha yaha hogA ki kAlAntara meM yadi koI saMzodhana kArya kareM to huaa| bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt vizAkha, proSThila, kSatriya, jaya, nAga, siddhArtha, usameM suvidhA ho| dhRtisena, vijaya buddhila, dharmasena aura gaMgadeva- ye gyAraha AcArya pro. ke.Ara candrA apanI aneka sImAoM ke bAvajUda bhI AgamoM dasa pUrvo ke dhAraka hue| inakA sammilita kAla 183 varSa mAnA gayA ke pATha saMzodhana kA jo yaha atyanta mahattvapUrNa aura zramasAdhya kArya hai| isa prakAra vIranirvANa ke pazcAt 345 varSa taka pUrvadharoM kA astitva kara rahe haiM, usakI mAtra AlocanA karanA kathamapi ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki rhaa| isake bAda pUrvadharoM ke viccheda ke sAtha hI pUrva jJAna kA viccheda
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________________ 38 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ho gyaa| inake pazcAt nakSatra, yazapAla, pANDu, dhruvasena aura kaMsa- titthogAliya evaM anya granthoM ke sAkSya se jJAta hotA hai ki ye pA~ca AcArya ekAdaza aMgoM ke jJAtA hue| inakA sammilita kAla zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra antima caturdazapUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu hue| 220 varSa mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra nirvANa ke 565 Arya bhadrabAhu ke svargavAsa ke sAtha hI caturdaza pUrvadharoM kI paramparA varSa pazcAt AcArAMga ko chor3akara zeSa aMgoM kA bhI viccheda ho gyaa| samApta ho gyii| inakA svargavAsa kAla vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt inake bAda subhadra, yazobhadra, yazobAhu aura lohAcArya- ye cAra AcArya / mAnA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt sthUlibhadra dasa pUrvo ke artha sahita aura AcArAMga ke dhAraka hue| inakA kAla 118 varSa rhaa|is prakAra zeSa cAra pUrvo ke mUla mAtra ke jJAtA hue| yathArtha meM to ve dasa pUrvo vIranirvANa ke 683 varSa pazcAt aMga evaM pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM ke ke hI jJAtA the| titthogAliya meM sthUlibhadra ko dasa pUrvadharoM meM prathama pUrNajJAtA AcAryoM kI paramparA samApta ho gii| inake bAda AcArya kahA gayA hai| usameM antima dasapUrvI satyamitra (pAThabheda se sarvamitra) dharasena taka aMga aura pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA (AMzikajJAtA) AcAryoM ko batAyA gayA hai, kintu unake kAla kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA kI paramparA clii| usake bAda pUrva aura aMga-sAhitya kA viccheda ho hai| usake bAda usa grantha meM yaha ullikhita hai ki anukrama se bhagavAn gyaa| mAtra aMga aura pUrva ke AdhAra para unake ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 1000 varSa pazcAt vAcaka vRSabha ke samaya meM dvArA nirmita grantha hI zeSa rhe| aMga aura pUrvadharoM kI yaha sUcI hamane / pUrvagata zruta kA viccheda ho jaaygaa| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra dasa harivaMzapurANa ke AdhAra para dI hai| anya granthoM evaM zravaNabelagolA pUrvadharoM ke pazcAt bhI pUrvadharoM kI paramparA calatI rahI hai, zvetAmbaroM meM kahIM nAmoM meM aura kahIM krama meM antara hai, jisase inakI prAmANikatA ke vargoM kA ullekha hai| jo sampUrNa dasa pUrvo ke jJAtA hote the, ve saMdehAspada bana jAtI hai| kintu jo kucha sAhityika aura abhilekhIya abhinna akSara dasapUrvadhara kahe jAte the aura jo AMzika rUpa se dasa sAkSya upalabdha haiM unheM hI AdhAra banAnA hogA, anya koI vikalpa pUrvo ke jJAtA hote the, unheM bhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara kahA jAtA thaa| bhI nahIM hai| yadyapi ina sAkSyoM meM bhI eka bhI sAkSya aisA nahIM hai, isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki caturdaza pUrvadharoM ke viccheda kI jo sAtavIM zatI se pUrva kA ho| ina samasta vivaraNoM se hama isa isa carcA meM donoM paramparA meM antima caturdazapUrvI bhadrabAhu ko hI mAnA niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki digambara paramparA meM zruta viccheda kI gayA hai| zvetAbara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt isa carcA kA prArambha lagabhaga chaThIM-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM huA aura usameM aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra 162 varSa pazcAt caturdaza pUrvadharoM aMga evaM pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke viccheda kI carcA kA viccheda huaa| yahA~ donoM paramparAoM meM mAtra ATha varSoM kA antara hai| kintu dasa pUrvadharoM ke viccheda ke sambandha meM donoM paramparAoM meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM pUrva-jJAna ke viccheda kI carcA to niyukti, koI samarUpatA nahIM dekhI jAtI hai| zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra Arya sarvamitra bhASya, cUrNi Adi AgAmika vyAkhyA granthoM meM huI hai| kintu aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra Arya dharmasena yA Arya siddhArtha antima aMga-AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA mAtra titthogAliya prakIrNaka ke dasa pUrvI hue haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM Arya sarvamitra ko antima dasa atirikta anyatra kahIM nahIM milatI hai| titthogAliya prakIrNaka ko dekhane pUrvadhara kahA gayA hai| digambara paramparA meM bhagavatIArAdhanA ke kartA se lagatA hai ki yaha grantha lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM nirmita zivArya ke guruoM ke nAmoM meM sarvaguptagaNi aura mitragaNi nAma Ate haA hai| isakA racanA kAla aura kucha viSaya-vastu bhI tiloyapaNNatti haiM kintu donoM meM koI samarUpatA ho yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| se samarUpa hI hai| isa prakIrNaka kA ullekha nandIsUtra kI kAlika digambara paramparA meM dasa pUrvadharoM ke pazcAt ekadeza pUrvadharoM kA ullekha aura utkAlika granthoM kI sUcI meM nahIM hai, kintu vyavahArabhASya (10/ to huA hai, kintu unakI koI sUcI upalabdha nahIM hotii| ata: isa 704) meM isakA ullekha huA hai| vyavahArabhASya spaSTata: sAtavIM zatAbdI sambandha meM kisI prakAra kI tulanA kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| kI racanA hai| antata: titthogAliya pA~cavIM zatI ke pazcAt tathA sAtavIM pUrva sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA ke pazcAt titthogAliya meM zatI ke pUrva arthAt lagabhaga IsvI san kI chaThI zatAbdI meM nirmita aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai| jo nimnAnusAra haihuA hogaa| yahI kAla tiloyapaNNatti kA bhI hai| ina donoM granthoM meM usameM ullikhita hai ki vIranirvANa ke 1250 varSa pazcAt hI sarvaprathama zruta ke viccheda kI carcA hai| titthogAliya meM tIrthaGkaroM vipAkasUtra sahita cha: aMgoM kA viccheda ho jAyegA, isake pazcAt kI mAtAoM ke caudaha svapna, strI-mukti tathA dasa AzcaryoM kA ullekha vIranirvANa saM. 1300 meM samavAyAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1350 hone se evaM nandIsUtra, anuyogadvAra tathA Avazyakaniyukti se isameM meM sthAnAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1400 meM kalpa-vyavahAra kA, vIranirvANa aneka gAthAe~ avatarita kiye jAne se yahI siddha hotA hai ki yaha saM. 1500 meM AyAradazA kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1900 meM sUtrakRtAMga zvetAmbara grantha hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM prakIrNaka rUpa meM isakI Aja kA aura vIranirvANa saM. 2000 meM nizIthasUtra kA viccheda hogaa| jJAtavya bhI mAnyatA hai| isa grantha kI gAthA 807 se 857 taka meM na kevala hai ki isake pazcAt lagabhaga aThAraha hajAra varSa taka viccheda kI koI pUrvo ke viccheda kI carcA hai, apitu aMga-sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA nahIM hai| phira vIranirvANa saM. 20,000 meM AcArAMga kA, bhI carcA hai| vIranirvANa saM. 20500 meM uttarAdhyayana kA, vIranirvANa saM. 20900
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________________ / hA ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza meM dazavakAlika mUla kA aura vIranirvANa saM. 21,000 meM dazavaikAlika the| inake bAda aMga evaM pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM kI paramparA ke artha kA viccheda hogA- yaha kahA gayA hai| bhI samApta ho gayI ho, aisA ullekha hameM kisI bhI digambara grantha _jJAtavya hai ki paNDita dalasukhabhAI ne jaina sAhitya ke bRhad meM nahIM milaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA (vahI, itihAsa kI bhUmikA (pR. 61) meM AcArAMga kA viccheda vIranirvANa pR0 62) Adi kucha vidvAn ina ullekhoM ko zrutadharoM ke viccheda ke 2300 varSa pazcAt likhA hai kintu mUla gAthA se kahIM bhI yaha kA ullekha mAnate haiM na ki zruta ke viccheda kaa| puna: isa carcA meM artha phalita nahIM hotaa| unhoMne kisa AdhAra para yaha artha kiyA yaha mAtra pUrva aura aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI hI carcA huI hai| kAlika hama nahIM jAnate haiN| ho sakatA haiM ki unake pAsa isa gAthA kA koI aura utkAlika sUtroM ke athavA chedasUtroM ke viccheda kI kahIM koI dUsarA pAThAntara rahA ho| carcA digambara paramparA meM nahIM uThI hai| durbhAgya yaha hai ki digambara isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki aMga AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA vidvAnoM ne zrutadharoM ke viccheda ko hI zruta kA viccheda mAna liyA zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI calI hai, kintu isake bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara aura kAlika, utkAlika Adi AgamoM ke viccheda kI koI carcA paramparA ne aMga sAhitya ko, cAhe AMzika rUpa se hI kyoM na ho, na hone para bhI unakA viccheda svIkAra kara liyaa| yaha satya hai ki surakSita rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jaba zruta ke adhyayana kI paramparA maukhika ho to zrutadhara ke viccheda __prathama to prazna yaha hai ki kyA viccheda kA artha tat-tat grantha se zruta kA viccheda mAnanA hogA, kintu jaba zruta likhita rUpa meM bhI kA sampUrNa rUpa se vinAza hai? merI dRSTi meM viccheda kA artha yaha ho, to zrutadhara ke viccheda se zruta kA viccheda nahIM mAnA jA nahIM ki usa grantha kA sampUrNa lopa ho gyaa| merI dRSTi meM viccheda sktaa| dUsare maukhika paramparA se cale A rahe zruta meM vismRti Adi kA tAtparya usake kucha aMzoM kA viccheda hI mAnanA hogaa| yadi hama ke kAraNa kisI aMza-vizeSa ke viccheda ko pUrNa viccheda mAnanA bhI niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM to jJAta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM samIcIna nahIM hai| viccheda kI isa carcA kA tAtparya mAtra yahI hai ki bhI jo aMga sAhitya Aja avaziSTa haiM ve usa rUpa meM to nahIM haiM mahAvIra kI yaha zruta-sampadA akSuNNa nahIM raha sakI aura usake kucha jisa rUpa meM unakI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, aMza vilupta ho gye| ata: AMzika rUpa meM jinavANI Aja bhI hai, nandIsUtra Adi meM huA hai| yaha satya hai ki na kevala pUrva sAhitya ise svIkAra karane meM kisI ko koI vipratipatti nahIM honI caahiye| kA apitu aMga sAhitya kA bhI bahuta kucha aMza vicchinna huA hai| Aja AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kA sAtavA~ mahAparijJA nAmaka adhyAya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sarala hai anupalabdha hai| bhagavatIsUtra, jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtika, ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu mukhyata: upadezaparaka, praznavyAkaraNa, vipAkadazA Adi granthoM kI bhI bahuta kucha sAmagrI AcAraparaka evaM kathAparaka hai| bhagavatI ke kucha aMza, prajJApanA, vicchinna huI hai, isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| sthAnAMga meM dasa anuyogadvAra, jo ki apekSAkRta paravartI hai, ko chor3akara unameM prAya: dazAoM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai, vaha unakI vartamAna viSaya-vastu gahana dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcAoM kA abhAva hai| viSaya-pratipAdana se mela nahIM khAtI hai| unameM jahA~ kucha prAcIna adhyayana vilupta hue sarala, sahaja aura sAmAnya vyakti ke lie bhI bodhagamya hai| vaha mukhyata: haiM, vahIM kucha navIna sAmagrI samAviSTa bhI huI hai| antima vAcanAkAra vivaraNAtmaka evaM upadezAtmaka hai| isake viparIta zaurasenI AgamoM devardhigaNi ne svayaM bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki mujhe jo meM ArAdhanA aura mUlAcAra ko chor3akara lagabhaga sabhI grantha dArzanika bhI truTita sAmagrI milI hai, usako hI maiMne saMkalita kiyA hai| ataH evaM saiddhAntika carcA se yukta haiN| ve paripakva dArzanika vicAroM ke Agama granthoM ke viccheda kI jo carcA hai, usakA artha yahI lenA cAhiye paricAyaka haiN| guNasthAna aura karmasiddhAnta kI ve gaharAiyA~, jo zaurasenI ki yaha zruta-saMpadA yathAvat rUpa meM surakSita nahIM raha skii| vaha AMzika AgamoM meM ulabdha haiM, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM unakA prAyaH abhAva hI rUpa se vismRti ke garbha meM calI gii| kyoMki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke hai| kundakunda ke samayasAra ke samAna unameM saiddhAntika dRSTi se nirvANa ke pazcAt lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa taka yaha sAhitya maukhika adhyAtmavAda ke pratisthApana kA bhI koI prayAsa parilakSita nahIM hotaa| rahA aura maukhika paramparA meM vismRti svAbhAvika hai| viccheda kA krama yadyapi ye saba unakI kamI bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, kintu cintana ke tabhI rukA jaba AgamoM ko likhita rUpa de diyA gyaa| vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha phalita digambara paramparA meM zruta-viccheda sambandhI jo carcA hai usake sambandha hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya prAthamika stara kA hone se meM yaha bAta vizeSa rUpa se jJAtavya hai ki usameM zrutadharoM ke arthAt prAcIna bhI hai aura sAtha hI vikasita zaurasenI AgamoM ke lie zruta ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai na ki zruta granthoM AdhAra-bhUta bhii| samavAyAMga meM jIvasthAnoM ke nAma se 14 guNasthAnoM ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai| dUsare yaha ki pUrva aura aMga ke isa kA mAtra nirdeza hai, jabaki SaTkhaNDAgama jaisA prAcIna zaurasenI Agama viccheda kI carcA meM bhI pUrva aura aMgoM ke ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM bhI unakI gambhIratA se carcA karatA hai| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA, kA astitva to svIkAra kiyA hI gayA hai| dharasena ke sambandha meM kundakunda ke grantha aura gommaTasAra Adi sabhI meM guNasthAnoM kI vistRta bhI mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai ki ve aMga aura pUrvo ke ekadeza jJAtA carcA hai| cU~ki tattvArtha meM guNasthAnoM kI carcA kA evaM syAdvAda-saptabhaMgI
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________________ 40 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kA abhAva hai, ata: ve sabhI racanAe~ tattvArtha ke bAda kI kRtiyA~ mAnI ke pandrahaveM zataka meM maMkhalI gozAla kI samAlocanA bhI kI gaI hai| jA sakatI haiN| isI prakAra kaSAyaprAbhRta, SaTkhaNDAgama, gommaTasAra Adi isa AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM anya paramparAoM zaurasenI Agama granthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kI jo gahana carcA hai, vaha bhI ke prati udAratA kA bhAva kaise parivartita hotA gayA aura sAmpradAyika ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya meM anupalabdha hai| ata: zaurasenI AgamoM abhiniveza kaise dRDhamUla hote gaye, isakA yathArtha citraNa unameM upalabdha kI apekSA ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sarala, bodhagamya evaM prAthamika stara ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha, AcAracUlA, kI vivaraNAtmaka zailI unakI prAcInatA kI sUcaka hai| dazavaikAlika, nizItha Adi chedasUtra tathA unake bhASya aura cUrNiyoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jainAcAra meM kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana parivartana huA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana kiyA gayA hai jJAtAdharma kathA Adi ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki pArthApatyoM kA ata: aneka sthAnoM para saiddhAntika dRSTi se unameM bhinnatAe~ bhI paayii| mahAvIra ke saMgha para kyA prabhAva par3A aura donoM ke bIca sambandhoM meM jAtI haiN| vastuta: ye grantha akRtrima bhAva se race gaye haiM aura unake kaise parivartana hotA gyaa| isI prakAra ke aneka prazna, jinake kAraNa sampAdana kAla meM bhI saMgatiyukta banAne kA koI prayAsa nahIM kiyA Aja kA jaina samAja sAmpradAyika kaTagharoM meM banda hai, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM gayA hai| eka ora utsarga kI dRSTi se unameM ahiMsA kI sUkSmatA ke ke niSpakSa adhyayana ke mAdhyama se sulajhAye jA sakate haiN| zaurasenI sAtha pAlana karane ke nirdeza haiM to dUsarI ora apavAda kI apekSA AgamoMmeM mAtra mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA ko, jo apanI se aise aneka vivaraNa bhI haiM jo isa sUkSma ahiMsaka jIvanazailI ke viSaya-vastu ke liye ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ke RNI haiM, isa koTi anukUla nahIM haiN| isI prakAra eka ora unameM muni kI acelatA kA meM rakhA jA sakatA hai, kintu zeSa Agamatulya zaurasenI grantha jainadharma pratipAdana-samarthana kiyA gayA hai, to dUsarI ora vastra-pAtra ke sAtha-sAtha ko sImita gheroM meM Abaddha hI karate haiN| muni ke upakaraNoM kI lambI sUcI bhI mila jAtI hai| eka ora kezaloca kA vidhAna hai to dUsarI ora kSura-muNDana kI anujJA bhI hai| uttarAdhyayana ardhamAgadhI-AgamaH zaurasenI-Agama aura paravartI mahArASTrI vyAkhyA meM vedanIya ke bhedoM meM krodha vedanIya Adi kA ullekha hai, jo ki sAhitya ke AdhAra karmasiddhAnta ke granthoM meM yahA~ taka ki svayaM uttarAdhyayana ke karmaprakRti ardhamAgadhI-Agama zaurasenI-Agama aura mahArASTrI-Agamika nAmaka adhyayana meM bhI anupalabdha hai| ukta sAkSyoM se aisA pratIta hotA vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra rahe haiN| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI vyAkhyA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya jaina saMgha kA niSpakSa itihAsa prastuta ke rUpa meM kramaza: niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, vRtti, TabbA Adi likhe karatA hai| tathyoM kA yathArtha rUpa meM prastutIkaraNa usakI apanI vizeSatA gaye haiM, ye sabhI jainadharma evaM darzana ke prAcInatama srota haiN| yadyapi hai| vastuta: tathyAtmaka vividhatAoM evaM antarvirodhoM ke kAraNa zaurasenI Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya meM cintana ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke granthoM ke kAla-krama kA nirdhAraNa bhI deza, kAla aura sahagAmI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha aisI sahaja ho jAtA hai| sAmagrI bhI hai, jo unakI apanI maulika kahI jA sakatI hai phira bhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko unake aneka granthoM ke mUlasrota ke rUpa meM ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM jainasaMgha ke itihAsa kA prAmANika rUpa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAtra mUlAcAra meM hI tIna sau se adhika yadi hama ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana gAthAe~ uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyakaniyukti, jIvasamAsa, kareM, to hameM yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina paramparA ke AcAra evaM AturapratyAkhyAna, candravedhyaka (candAvejjhaya) Adi meM upalabdha hotI vicAra meM deza-kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA haiN| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA meM bhI aneka gAthAe~ ardhamAgadhI Agama parivartana hue isako jAnane kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hI hai, kyoMki aura vizeSa rUpa se prakIrNakoM (painnA) se milatI haiN| SaTkhaNDAgama ina parivartanoM ko samajhane ke lie unameM una tathyoM ke vikAsa krama aura prajJApanA meM bhI jo samAnatAe~ parilakSita hotI haiM, unakI vistRta ko khojA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jainadharma meM sAmpradAyika carcA paNDita dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne (pro.e.ena. upAdhye vyAkhyAnamAlA abhiniveza kaise dRr3ha-mUla hotA gayA isakI jAnakArI RSibhASita, meM) kI hai| niyamasAra kI kucha gAthAe~ anuyogadvAra evaM itara AgamoM uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka ke samIkSAtmaka meM bhI pAI jAtI haiM, jabaki samayasAra Adi kucha aise zaurasenI Agama adhyayana se mila jAtI hai| RSibhASita meM nArada, maMkhaligozAla, tulya grantha bhI haiM, jinakI maulika racanA kA zreya unake kartAoM ko asitadevala, nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, bAhuka Adi RSiyoM ko arhat hI hai| tiloyapannatti kA prAthamika rUpa vizeSa rUpa se Avazyakaniyukti RSi kahakara sammAnita kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM bhI kapila, nami, tathA kucha prakIrNakoM ke AdhAra para taiyAra huA thA, yadyapi bAda meM karakaNDa, naggati, gardabhAlI, saMjaya Adi kA sammAnapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA usameM paryApta rUpa se parivartana aura parivardhana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra gayA aura sUtrakRtAMga meM inameM se kucha ko AcArabheda ke bAvajUda bhI zaurasenI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai paramparA-sammata mAnA gyaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA meM nArada kI aura bhagavatI ki unakA mUla AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya hI rahA hai tathApi
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza 41 unameM jo saiddhAntika gaharAiyA~ aura vikAsa parilakSita hote haiM, ve anta meM vidvAnoM se merI yaha apekSA hai ki ve AgamoM aura vizeSa unake racanAkAroM kI maulika dena haiN| rUpa se ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA adhyayana zvetAmbara, digambara, mUrtipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI yA terApaMthI dRSTi se na kareM apitu ina sAmpradAyika ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA kartRtva ajJAta abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara kareM, tabhI hama unake mAdhyama se jainadharma ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM prajJApanA, dazavaikAlika aura chedasUtroM ke ke prAcIna svarUpa kA yathArtha darzana kara sakegeM aura prAmANika rUpa kartRtva ko chor3akara zeSa ke racanAkAroM ke sambandha meM hameM koI spaSTa se yaha bhI samajha sakegeM ki kAlakrama meM unameM kaise aura kyA parivartana jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai| yadyapi dazavaikAlika Arya zayyambhavasUri hue haiN| Aja AvazyakatA hai paM. becaradAsa jI jaisI niSpakSa evaM taTastha kI, tIna chedasUtra AryabhadrabAhu kI aura prajJApanA zyAmAcArya kI kRti buddhi se unake adhyayana kii| anyathA digambara ko usameM vastrasambandhI mAnI jAtI hai, mahAnizItha kA usakI dImakoM se bhakSita prati ke AdhAra ullekha prakSepa lageMge, to zvetAmbara sAre vastrapAtra ke ullekhoM ko para AcArya haribhadra ne samuddhAra kiyA thA, yaha svayaM usI meM ullikhita mahAvIrakAlIna mAnane lagegA aura donoM hI yaha nahIM samajha sakeMge ki hai, tathApi anya AgamoM ke kartAoM ke bAre meM hama andhakAra meM hI vastra-pAtra kA kramika vikAsa kina paristhitiyoM meM aura kaise huA haiN| sambhavata: usakA mUla kAraNa yaha rahA hogA ki sAmAnyajana meM isa hai? isa sambandha meM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkA kA adhyayana bAta kA pUrNa vizvAsa banA rahe ki ardhamAgadhI Agama gaNadharoM athavA Avazyaka hai kyoMki ye inake adhyayana kI kuMjiyA~ haiN| zaurasenI aura pUrvadharoM kI kRti hai, isaliye kartAoM ne apane nAma kA ullekha nahIM ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI unameM nihita satya kiyaa| yaha vaisI hI sthiti hai jaisI hindU-purANoM ke kartA ke rUpa ko yathArtha rUpa se Alokita kara skegaa| AzA hai yuvA-vidvAn merI meM kevala veda vyAsa ko jAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi ve aneka AcAryoM isa prArthanA para dhyAna degeN| kI aura paryApta paravartIkAla kI racanAe~ haiN| jaina Agama-sAhitya kA paricaya dene ke uddezya se sampratikAla isake viparIta zaurasenI AgamoM kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki meM aneka prayatna hue haiN| sarvaprathama pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM harmana jaikobI unameM sabhI granthoM kA kartRtva sunizcita hai| yadyapi unameM bhI kucha parivartana zubiMga, viNTaranitja Adi ne apanI bhUmikAoM evaM svatantra nibandhoM aura prakSepa paravartI AcAryoM ne kiye haiN| phira bhI isa sambandha meM unakI meM isa para prakAza ddaalaa| isa dizA meM aMgrejI meM sarvaprathama hIrAlAla sthiti ardhamAgadhI Agama kI apekSA kAphI spaSTa hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM rasikalAla kApar3iyA meM 'A History of the Cononical Literature of meM to yahA~ taka bhI huA hai ki kucha vilupta kRtiyoM ke sthAna para the Jainas' nAmaka pustaka likhii| yaha grantha atyanta zodhaparaka dRSTi paryApta paravartI kAla meM dUsarI kRti hI rakha dI gii| isa sambandha meM se likhA gayA aura Aja bhI eka prAmANika grantha ke rUpa meM mAnya praznavyAkaraNa kI sampUrNa viSaya-vastu ke parivartana kI carcA pUrva meM kiyA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt pro. jagadIzacandra jaina kA grantha 'prAkRta hI kI jA cukI hai| abhI-abhI aMgacUliyA aura baMgacUliyA nAmaka sAhitya kA itihAsa' bhI isa kSetra meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| pArzvanAtha do vilupta AgamoM kA patA calA, ye bhogIlAla leharacanda bhAratIya vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna dvArA jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa yojanA saMskRti vidyAmandira meM upalabdha haiM, jaba inakA adhyayana kiyA gayA ke antargata prakAzita prathama tInoM khaNDoM meM prAkRta Agama-sAhitya to patA calA ki ve lokAzAha ke pazcAt arthAt solahavIM yA satrahavIM kA vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| isI dizA meM AcArya zatAbdI meM kisI ajJAta AcArya ne banAkara rakha diye haiN| yadyapi isase devendramunizAstrI kI pustaka 'jainAgama : manana aura mImAMsA' bhI eka yaha niSkarSa bhI nahIM nikAla lenA cAhie ki yaha sthiti sabhI ardhamAgadhI mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| muni nagarAjajI kI pustaka 'jainAgama AgamoM kI hai| satya to yaha hai ki unake prakSepoM aura parivartanoM ko aura pAlI-tripiTaka' bhI tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se AsAnI se pahacAnA jA sakatA hai, jabaki zaurasenI AgamoM meM hue mahattvapUrNa hai| paM. kailAzacandra jI dvArA likhita 'jaina sAhitya ke prakSepoM ko jAnanA jaTila hai| itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA' meM ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya kA aura ___ AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sambandha meM jisa atizayatA kI carcA usake prathama bhAga meM zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA ullekha huA hai paravartI AcAryoM ne kI hai, vaha unake kathana kI vizvasanIyatA para prazna kintu usameM niSpakSa dRSTi kA nirvAha nahIM huA hai aura ardhamAgadhI cihna upasthita karatI hai| hamArI zraddhA aura vizvAsa cAhe kucha bhI ho Agama sAhitya ke mUlya aura mahattva ko samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA kintu tarkabuddhi aura gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi se to aisA pratIta hotA hai gayA hai| ki Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu ko bar3hA-car3hAkara batAyA gyaa| pUjya AcArya zrI jayantasenasUri jI ne 'jaina Agama sAhitya yaha kahanA ki AcArAMga ke Age pratyeka aMga grantha kI zloka saMkhyA : eka anuzIlana' kRti kI sRjanA janasAdhAraNa ko Agama-sAhitya eka dUsare se kramazaH dviguNita rahI thI athavA 14 veM pUrva kI viSaya-vastu kI viSaya-vastu kA paricaya dene ke uddezya kI hai, phira bhI unhoMne itanI thI ki use caudaha hAthiyoM ke barAbara syAhI se likhA jA sakatA pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha saMzodhanAtmaka dRSTi kA bhI nirvAha thA, AsthA kI vastu ho sakatI hai, kintu buddhigamya nahIM hai| kiyA hai|