________________
78: Śramana, Vol 64, No. 2, April-June 2013 mode) of a substance, respectively. The term bhāva is used for modes as well as for entity (padārtha). In Yāska's Nirukta the term bhāva is used in the sense of entity (sattva). While the term non-existence (abhāva) is regarded as one of the categories of entity (padārtha) in the Nyāya-Vaišeșika system. Modified state (vikārātmaka-bhāva) of an entity is paryāya. That is why guņa is defined as 'sahabhāvr4 or yugapadavasthāyi i.e. that which exists permanently and coexistingly or simultaneously with the substance is guņa. Paryāya is kramabhāvī or ayugapadavasthāyī i.e. that which exists in the substance successively.Uttarādhyayana clearly mentions that guņa is inherent in one single substance (ekadravyāśrita) while that of paryāya exists in both the substance and quality (ubhayāśrita). The characteristics of paryāya are oneness, separatedness, number, figure, conjunction and disjunction. Vidyānanda offers logical arguments in support of distinction in question, but Akalanka, who preceded him, maintains that there is an identity-as-well-as-distinction (bhedābheda) between the meaning of the terms guņa and paryāya, a position followed by Āmộtacandra as also by Siddhasena Gaņi in his commentary on Tattvārthabhāsya. He adds that generality (sāmānya), general rule (utsarga), association (anvaya) and guņa are synonymous and so are particular (višeşa), difference or distinction (bheda) and paryāya. Siddhasena Gani holds that guņas are of special capacities inherent in a dravya; they exist in it simultaneously such as, form (rūpa), etc. in matter (pudgala), while paryāyas or modes, exist in a dravya in succession. Matter substance (pudgala dravya) as clay etc. does not give up its own inherent nature (svabhāva or guna) clayness or earthiness, while the particular forms the lump of clay, pitcher, etc. are paryāyas as another state and another name of the same substance. Therefore, the relation between the guna and the paryāya is one of somehow identity-cum-difference. Qualities and modifications can be roughly compared with inseparable and separable accidents. Quality is mainly a differentia of a substance, while the modification stands for the apparent condition or state of appearance which serves as badge for individual discrimination.
