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CONCEPT OF SUBSTANCE QUALITY....: 87
erudition (pandiyattam) are non-eternal. Acārānga Sūtra3 - je āyā se vinnāyā, je vinnāyā se āyā) also records the relation of soul as substance with its knowledge (as transformation -paryāya) and maintains that there is difference of knowledge from soul, but knowledge being essential quality of the soul, is non- different from it. If there had been absolute non-difference between the soul and knowledge, the soul would have been destroyed with the destruction of knowledge.
Ac. Kundakunda also throws light upon the problem of the identity and difference of substance and modes by explaining it on the basis of the Agamic view and holds that there cannot be a substance without mode nor modes without a substance; they have a non-different state of relation. Though there is difference between substance and its mode from the point of view of significance, quality and utility, yet the one cannot exist apart from the other as the difference not fundamental. For example, an ornament which is mode of gold is different from gold in significance (sanjñā), quality (lakṣaṇa) and utility (prayojana). But there can be no ornament apart from gold and gold apart from some form of its modification. The relation between substance and mode is the same as the relation between the matter and its form.54
Thus, there lies an objective identity among substance, quality and mode. But there is also a subjective difference among them as regard to their concept of distinctness and separateness in the metaphysical analysis. So there arises the question of identity and difference. Ac. Kundakunda maintains that there are two kinds of difference, viz. distinctness and separateness (anyatva and pṛthaktva). The first one is made by thought and the second one is objective. The relation of difference exists among substance, quality and mode in the sense of distinctness (anyatva). In this way the likely occurrence and identity (bhedabheda) is carefully kept down by him through the application of the distinction between distinctness and separateness.
Inter-relation of substance, quality and modes: Substance, quality and modes are called the object of knowledge.55
