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All the above types of water are dead water and come as a by product of house hold activities. No extra activity is indulged into, to kill the water-bodied living-beings. This is considered as safe, pure and perfect dead water for Sãdhakas, because it is obtained by sin-free or offence-free operation with care by the
laity. B) By foreign materials :
Dhovana can also be made by mixing foreign materials into water. By mixing and dissolving ash, lime powder, cardamom, Triphala etc in living-water, it is rendered non-living. However, ash powder has been considered to be most effective and useful for making non-living water. Lime also makes the water effectively non-living. However, there should be a simple and practical way to judge as to how much quantity of lime would convert a unit of living water into non-living water. It is not correct to make dhovana by dissolving one or two pinch of ash powder into living water, because it would still remain either as living or mixed water solution.
The ash powder is mostly, either alkaline or neutral. Germs or bacteria, as such, do not grow in it. While dissolving ash powder into water, if some excess ash powder settles down at the bottom, the dissolved quantity of powder may be considered to be sufficient for making of proper dhovana water.
Some Jains use the clear lime water from the top of the lime solution, to make Dhovana . Lime is considered to be a very strong medium or tool to convert living to non-living water. However, the efficacy of clear lime water for this purpose may be evaluated and tested by modern means.
It is also difficult to judge the correct quantity of trifla to convert a unit quantity of living water into non-living, because its very small quantity is capable of changing the color of water. Thus its color dominance may lead to misjudgment of its efficacy. Ash powder and lime are easily available and are less costly. Dhovana would be acceptable only after the change of its color, smell, taste and touch. C) Boiling:
Water can be made non-living by boiling it above 90°C. Normally,
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