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X, 8.
MIXED CASTES.
403
considered as belonging to the same caste (as their fathers).
6. Sons, begotten by twice-born men on wives of the next lower castes, they declare to be similar (to their fathers, but) blamed on account of the fault (inherent) in their mothers.
7. Such is the eternal law concerning (children) born of wives one degree lower (than their husbands); know (that) the following rule is applicable) to those born of women two or three degrees lower.
8. From a Brâhmana with the daughter of a ! Vaisya is born (a son) called an Ambashtha, with the daughter of a Sudra a Nishâda, who is also called a Parasava.
in each case the bridegroom must be older than the wife. He adds,
Hence it has been declared that the son of a woman who is older than (her husband) is not a Brâhmana, though she may have been legally married, and may be of the same caste (as her husband).' The commentators are at great pains to prove that subsidiary sons, such as Sahodhas, Kânînas, and so forth, and all offspring of illicit unions are outcasts. Medh. and Gov, even take the trouble to discuss the Vedic story of Gâbâla Satyakama (Khandogya Up. IV, 4), whose mother did not know by whom he was begotten, and who, nevertheless, was admitted to be a Brâhmana. They are of opinion that Gabâlâ had been legally married, and had forgotten her husband's family-name during her troubles
6-56. Gaut. IV, 16-28; Vas. XVIII; Baudh. I, 16, 6-17, 15; Vi. XVI, 2-15; Yâgñ. I, 91-95.
6. Blamed,' i. e. excluded from the fathers' caste' (Når.). With the expression similar, compare Baudh.'s term 'savarna.' Nand. places verse 14 immediately after this, and adds that if the latter is placed lower down, that is owing to a mistake of the copyists.
7. Regarding the term Parasava, see above, IX, 178. Gov. and När. remark that the second name Parâsava is added in order to distinguish this Nishâda from the other Nis hâda, who is a Pratiloma, and subsists by catching fish. 8. Medh. does not give this verse.
od 2
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