________________ root is, further, accompanied by one or more Anubandhas or code letters indicating certain features of the root141. An Anubandha is a name given to a letter, or a group of letters, attached to Prakrti, Pratyaya, etc., to indicate the occurrence of certain grammatical operations such as substitution by Guna or Vrddhi, their prevention, accentuation, etc., in the base to which they are applied, but is not allowed to form part of the word or the expression when fully formed 142 Panini has read these roots in ten major groups or classes, called Ganas, the basis of the classification being the manner in which the roots form their present stem, since the present system is the most prominent and important part of the whole conjugation, as its forms are much more frequent than those of all the other systems together, from the earliest period of the language. The sequence of these classes is this : (1) Bhu-class with Sap (an unaccented 'a' as the Vikarana or characteristic class-sign, e. g. Bhav-a-ti; (2) Ad-class marked by an elision (luk) of sap. i. e. by absence of any stembuilding suffix (i. e., the root class); (3) Hu-class with the Vikarana slu', i. e. the class marked by a similar absence of any stem-building suffix, and having a reduplication of the root (i. e. the redulpicating class); (4) Div-class whose Vikarana is ya' (syan); (5) Su- class whose Vikarana is 'nu' (snu); (6) Tud-class whose Vikarana is an accented 'a' (sa); (7) Rudh-class marked with an infix 'na' (snam, which is reduced to mere 'n' in weak forms; (8) Tan-class with 'u' as the Vikarana; (9) Kri-class with the Vikarana 'na' (sna modified into 'ni' or 'n' in the weak forms); (10) Cur-class with its characteristic 'Y' (nic, which with the following 'Sap' combines into 'Aya'. Within these classes, further, are the sub-classes (antarganas) which are formed of roots which undergo a common operation, (as, for instance, the Ghat-sub-class, in which the roots do not lengthen their root-vowel 'a'. while forming the causative stem43 The Dhatupatha that has traditionally come down as belonging to the Katantra school is not really the work of Sarvavarman; it is Durga who prepared it for that school on the basis of the Candra Dhatupatha!44. And, the Vikaranas as mentioned in it at the end of each class, correspond, not to those given by Sarvavarman in the Sutrapatha (yan, nu, an etc.), but to those which are found in the Paninian system (syan, snu, sa etc.) 145. Candra has introduced a few major innovations in his Dhatupatha in that for every root he gives, as a rule, only one meaning, the use of accents is given up, and he uses the terms 'Tananin' and 'Atananin' corresponding to the Paninian terms Atmanepada' and 'Parasmaipada', while the term 'Vibhasita' is used to
